REDUCTION: ADVERB CLAUSES

REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES: FAQ

Q: DO YOU EVER NEED TO REDUCE AN ADVERB CLAUSE?

A: NO. IT’S JUST ANOTHER WAY TO WRITE A SENTENCE.

Q: SO, WHY DO YOU DO IT?

A: IT’S MORE CONCISE; IT SOUNDS ACADEMIC; JUST FOR FUN

Q: WHY INSERT ‘HAVING’ INTO REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES?

A: JUST TO MAKE THE ORDER OF EVENTS CLEAR

TYPES OF REDUCTIONS

time reason Opposition

Keep subordinator(While)As

Delete subordinator

Keep subordinator

Delete Subj. Delete subject Delete subject

Verb+ing Verb+ing Verb+ingNounAdjective

*because of

Passive verbs:

Being + participle

‘HAVING’ ORDERS THE ACTIONS IN THE SENTENCE:

COMPARE:

A. SPEAKING TO MY PROFESSOR, I DECIDED TO BECOME A BETTER STUDENT.

**THIS COULD BE A REDUCED FORM OF: WHILE I WAS SPEAKING, AS I WAS SPEAKING, AFTER I SPOKE, BEFORE I SPOKE…

B. HAVING SPOKEN TO MY PROFESSOR, I DECIDED TO BECOME A BETTER STUDENT.

**WE KNOW THIS IS A REDUCED FORM OF: AFTER I SPOKE/HAD SPOKEN

‘HAVING’---WHAT???

HAVING + BEEN+ PAST PARTICIPLE

ORIGINAL: AFTER I HAD BEEN INFORMED BY THE FBI, I KNEW ONE OF MY STUDENTS WAS A SPY.

REDUCTION: HAVING BEEN INFORMED BY THE FBI, I KNEW ONE OF MY STUDENTS WAS A SPY.

‘HAVING’ IN PASSIVE SENTENCES