gm salmon - university of houston law center tech 2011/gm sal… · • gm salmon may be pests...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
GM Salmon
![Page 2: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why GMO?
• output from fisheries has effectively hit a ceiling since the mid-1980s
• any growth in seafood consumption is due to aquaculture
• improving aquaculture output to keep up with growing populations, appetites, preferences
![Page 3: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
World Population
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
6,909
7,6758,309
8,8019,150
682 791 978 1,2621,650
2,521
5,978
6,909
Estimated (millions) Projected (millions)
![Page 4: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Population by Region
0
2,500
5,000
7,500
10,000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
(mill
ions
)
Asia Africa EuropeLatin America Northern America Oceania
![Page 5: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Northern America
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
319
335
352
368383
398410
421431
440448
*excludes Mexico
![Page 6: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Consumption Rates
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
1965 1975 1985 1998 2015 2030
3500344033803206
30652947 305029402803
265524352358
Average Daily Per Capita
kilo
calo
ries
(fo
od c
alor
ies)
Global Industrialized Countries
![Page 7: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Global Total Daily Consumption
0
7.5
15
22.5
30
1965 1975 1985 1998 2015 2030
25.3
21.4
16.7
12.8
9.917.86
tera
calo
ries
(10
^12
calo
ries
)
25.3 teracalories = .106 exajoules (1018 joules)
![Page 8: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Energy Consumption
![Page 9: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Relative Energy
1 Day Consumption (2030)
Tsar Bomba (50 megaton)
Japanese Earthquake (9.0 Richter)
1 Month Consumption (2030) 3.18
1.41
0.2
0.106
exajoules (1018 joules)
![Page 10: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Aquaculture
![Page 11: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Aquaculture Issues• Solid Waste and Effluent Pollution
• uneaten food and waste fall to the ocean floor and build up
• bacteria attempt to break down the sediment, lowering O2 in the water
• Baggiatoa form in absence of O2 and HSO4 and CH4 are released through anaerobic decomposition – toxic
![Page 12: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Aquaculture Issues
• Chemical Pollution
• antifoulants incorporated into the materials of the netpens leach into the water – toxic to some sea life
• pesticides used to control parasites effective at very low levels – deadly to crustaceans like the sea lice they seek to destroy
![Page 13: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Aquaculture Issues• Solid Waste and Effluent Pollution
• effluents rich in nitrogen and phosphorous lead to algae blooms which die and add to the sediments below
• Chemical Pollution
• antibiotics active in water hundreds of meters away from netpens for months – harmful to CNS, liver and promote antibiotic-resistance
![Page 14: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Aquaculture Issues
• Escapees may
• compete with native species for space and food
• may spread parasites or disease to native species or other aquaculture facilities
![Page 15: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
GM Aquaculture
• fish grow more rapidly – food, pesticides, antibiotics used at a greater rate and/or greater quantities as pens have higher turnover rates
• escapees may be significantly more harmful due to their increased space and food requirements
![Page 16: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Aquaculture Issues
• Escapees may
• interbreed
• hybridizatize
![Page 17: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Existing Laws
• Animal Protection
• Nonindigenous and/or Invasive
• Major environmental laws
![Page 18: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Animal Protection
• Animal Health Protection Act
• protects “livestock” (farm-raised animals) or related industries
• from “pests” or “any organism…allied”
• regulates pest “articles” – harbor “pests”
![Page 19: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Animal Protection
• Animal Health Protection Act
• prohibits “export” via “move”
• “export” – extra territorial or interstate move
• “move” – includes “release to environment”
![Page 20: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Animal Protection
• Animal Health Protection Act
• GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice)
• GM salmon may be “articles” as they harbor pests or “disease”
• “disease” broadly interpreted by the secretary…gene transmission?
![Page 21: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Animal Protection
• Animal Damage Control Act
• originally passed to contol damage from wildlife predators
• protects fisheries and aquaculture
• GM salmon may exhibit predatory characteristics, causing loss to fishery and aquaculture operations
![Page 22: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Nonindigenous/Invasive
• Nonindegenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act
• purpose to prevent unintentional spread of nonindigenous species through ballast water or other pathways
![Page 23: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Nonindigenous/Invasive
• Nonindegenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act, amended by National Invasive Species Act
• “nonindigenous species” any species or viable bilogical material that enters an ecosystem beyond its historic range
![Page 24: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Nonindigenous/Invasive
• Nonindegenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act
• “aquatic nuisance species” nonindgenous species that threatens diversity and abundance of native species or ecological stability of infested waters, or commercial, aquacultural…activities
![Page 25: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Nonindigenous/Invasive
• Nonindegenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act
• creates inter-agency task force to identify and prevent the nonindigenous and nuisance aquatic species
![Page 26: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Nonindigenous/Invasive
• Nonindegenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act
• Michigan v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (2010)
• multiple states – Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Ohio, and Pennsylvania sued Corps to take action under prevent Asian Carp from entering Great Lakes
![Page 27: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Nonindigenous/Invasive
• Executive Order 13112
• creates another inter-agency body – the Invasive Species Council
• designed to prevent introduction of invasive species and if introduced, respond to control their populations
![Page 28: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Environmental Laws
• Clean Water Act
• individual fish (or humans/animals) are not “point sources”
• netpens, however, have been found to be “point sources”
• feces, urine, antifoulants, other additives, pesticides, antibiotics – all “pollutants”
![Page 29: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Environmental Laws
• Clean Water Act
• United States Public Interest Research Group v. Atlantic Salmon of Maine, LLC
• found non-native fish to be “pollutants” within the meaning of the CWA
• proof that pollutant causes harm not required
![Page 30: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Environmental Laws
• Endangered Species Act
• potential takings due to effects of aquaculture facilities in general, and in the estimation of some (GM salmon even riskier more resource-intensive than regular aquaculture), more pronounced
![Page 31: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Existing Laws
Destructive Nonindigenous Neither
Animal Protection
NI or Invasive
CWA
ESA
Potential Criminal Penalties
![Page 32: GM Salmon - University of Houston Law Center Tech 2011/GM sal… · • GM salmon may be pests through alliance with actual pests (eg. sea lice) • GM salmon may be “articles”](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011911/5f8e2dce324b5c710c245293/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Thanks. Questions?