gmgmgbpgj bdwbu-5 ivr‰bwzk †pzbv political awareness · 2020-04-07 · cvv-1 myzš¿, gi...

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GmGmGBPGj wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-88 ivR‰bwZK †PZbv Political Awareness f‚wgKv MÖxK& `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj e‡jb, Ôgvbyl gv‡ÎB mvgvwRK I ivóªxq RxeÕ| hviv ivóªxq AvIZvi evB‡i Zv‡`i ¯’vb gvbe mgv‡Ri Dc‡i ev bx‡P|Õ gbxlx †eKbI Gwi÷U‡ji mv‡_ myi wgwj‡h e‡jb, ÔwbR©bZv hviv Kvgbv K‡i, Zviv nq †`eZv bv nq cï|Õ mgvRe×fv‡e emevm Kiv gvby‡li mnRvZ cÖe„wË| mgv‡R emevm Ki‡Z wM‡q cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡K KZK¸‡jv wbqg-Kvbyb` †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| ivóª msMVb Ges ivóªxq e¨e¯’vw` n‡”Q mywbqwš¿Z wbqg-Kvby‡bi GK we‡kl DbœZ cÖKvk| gvby‡li mvgvwRK Rxe‡b †hgwb mvgvwRK wbqg-Kvbyb we‡klfv‡e ¸iyZ¡cyY© †Zgwb Zvi ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bI ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv (Political Consciousness ) mgfv‡e Zvrch©c~Y©| †h †Kvb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi w¯’wZkxjZv I mvd‡j¨i ¯^v‡_© bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ Gi AbyK‚‡j ivR‰bwZK g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm I wPšÍvaviv M‡o †Zvjv Avek¨K| Gi cwieZ‡Z© Zv‡`i g‡a¨ hw` cÖwZ‡iv‡ai g‡bvfve ev mwμq we‡ivwaZvi gvbwmKZv _v‡K, Zvn‡j cÖwZK‚j cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †Kvb ivR‡bwZK e¨e¯’vi `xN©¯’vwqZ¡ ev mdjZv AR©b Kiv hvq bv| Avi G ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi ¯’vwqZ¡ I mvdj¨ A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i bvMwiK‡`i ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZvi Dci| G Kvi‡YB AvaywbK ivóªweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvq ivR‰bwZK †PZbv welqwUi Dci h‡_ó ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| Avmyb Gev‡i Avgiv ivR‰bwZK †PZbv kxl©K BDwb‡Ui cv‡Vi welq‡K wb‡¤œ DwjøwLZ 5wU fv‡M fvM K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kwi: cvV-1 MYZš¿, Gi ˆewkó¨ I cÖKvi‡f` cvV-2 RbgZ cvV-3 wbe©vPb I wbe©vPKgÛjx cvV-4 ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY cvV-5 ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ BDwbU-5

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Page 1: GmGmGBPGj BDwbU-5 ivR‰bwZK †PZbv Political Awareness · 2020-04-07 · cvV-1 MYZš¿, Gi ˆewkó¨ I cÖKvi‡f` cvV-2 RbgZ cvV-3 wbe©vPb I wbe©vPKgÛjx cvV-4 ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY

GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-88

ivR‰bwZK †PZbv Political Awareness f‚wgKv MÖxK& `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj e‡jb, Ôgvbyl gv‡ÎB mvgvwRK I ivóªxq RxeÕ| hviv ivóªxq AvIZvi evB‡i Zv‡`i ¯’vb gvbe mgv‡Ri Dc‡i ev bx‡P|Õ gbxlx †eKbI Gwi÷U‡ji mv‡_ myi wgwj‡h e‡jb, ÔwbR©bZv hviv Kvgbv K‡i, Zviv nq †`eZv bv nq cï|Õ mgvRe×fv‡e emevm Kiv gvby‡li mnRvZ cÖe„wË| mgv‡R emevm Ki‡Z wM‡q cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡K KZK¸‡jv wbqg-Kvbyb` †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| ivóª msMVb Ges ivóªxq e¨e¯’vw` n‡”Q mywbqwš¿Z wbqg-Kvby‡bi GK we‡kl DbœZ cÖKvk| gvby‡li mvgvwRK Rxe‡b †hgwb mvgvwRK wbqg-Kvbyb we‡klfv‡e ¸iyZ¡cyY© †Zgwb Zvi ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bI ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv (Political Consciousness ) mgfv‡e Zvrch©c~Y©| †h †Kvb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi w¯’wZkxjZv I mvd‡j¨i ¯^v‡_© bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ Gi AbyK‚‡j ivR‰bwZK g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm I wPšÍvaviv M‡o †Zvjv Avek¨K| Gi cwieZ‡Z© Zv‡`i g‡a¨ hw` cÖwZ‡iv‡ai g‡bvfve ev mwµq we‡ivwaZvi gvbwmKZv _v‡K, Zvn‡j cÖwZK‚j cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †Kvb ivR‡bwZK e¨e¯’vi `xN©¯’vwqZ¡ ev mdjZv AR©b Kiv hvq bv| Avi G ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi ¯’vwqZ¡ I mvdj¨ A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i bvMwiK‡`i ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZvi Dci| G Kvi‡YB AvaywbK ivóªweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvq ivR‰bwZK †PZbv welqwUi Dci h‡_ó ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| Avmyb Gev‡i Avgiv ivR‰bwZK †PZbv kxl©K BDwb‡Ui cv‡Vi welq‡K wb‡¤œ DwjøwLZ 5wU fv‡M fvM K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kwi:

cvV-1 MYZš¿, Gi ˆewkó¨ I cÖKvi‡f` cvV-2 RbgZ cvV-3 wbe©vPb I wbe©vPKgÛjx cvV-4 ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY cvV-5 ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ

BDwbU-5

Page 2: GmGmGBPGj BDwbU-5 ivR‰bwZK †PZbv Political Awareness · 2020-04-07 · cvV-1 MYZš¿, Gi ˆewkó¨ I cÖKvi‡f` cvV-2 RbgZ cvV-3 wbe©vPb I wbe©vPKgÛjx cvV-4 ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-89

MYZš¿t ˆewkó¨ I cÖKvi‡f` Democracy: Its Characteristics and Classification D‡Ïk¨ G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- � MYZ‡š¿i msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb � MYZ‡š¿i ˆewk󨸇jv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, Ges � MYZ‡š¿i cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb| MYZ‡š¿i msÁv (Definition of Democracy) MYZ‡š¿i A_© n‡”Q RbM‡Yi kvmb| AZxZ I ga¨hy‡M MYZš¿ g~jZ G A‡_©B e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ AvaywbK hy‡M MYZš¿ ej‡Z Avgiv †Kej GK ai‡bi miKvi‡KB eywSbv, mv‡_ mv‡_ GK ai‡bi mgvR e¨e¯’v‡KI eywS| G ai‡bi mgvRe¨e¯’v †hLv‡b weivRgvb †bB, †mLv‡b kvmbcÖ_v MYZš¿ bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡jI ZvÕm¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c MYZvwš¿K bq| Z‡e ivóªweÁv‡b MYZš¿ ej‡Z Avgiv GK cÖKvi kvmb e¨e¯’v‡K eywS| cÖvq AvovB nvRvi eQi c~‡e© MÖxK HwZnvwmK wn‡iv‡WvUvm (Herodotus) MYZ‡š¿i msÁv wba©viY K‡i e‡j‡Qb, ÒMYZš¿ GK cÖKvi kvmbe¨e¯’v †hLv‡b kvmb ¶gZv †Kvb †kªYx ev †kªYxmg~‡ni Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K bv, eis mgv‡Ri m`m¨M‡Yi Dci b¨¯Í nq e¨vcKfv‡e|Ó Gi cÖwZaŸwb Avgiv ïb‡Z cvB AvaywbKKv‡ji †kªô wPšÍvwe` jW© eªvB‡mi msÁvq| MYZš¿ m¤ú‡K© jW© eªvBm e‡jb, Ò†h kvmb cÖ_vq Rbmgwói AšÍZ wZb-PZz_©vsk bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvs‡ki g‡Z kvmbKvh© cwiPvwjZ nq, ZvB MYZš¿| G‡¶‡Î GUvI D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †h bvMwiK‡`i †fv‡Ui kw³ †hb Zv‡`i kvixwiK e‡ji mgvb nqÓ ("A government in which the will of the majority of the qualified citizens' rules .... say, at least three-fourths so that the physical force of the citizens coincides with their voting power"). jW© eªvBm G cÖm‡½ AviI e‡jb, H kvmbe¨e¯’vB MYZvwš¿K, hvÕ (K) Rbmvavi‡Yi B”Qv, (L) Zv‡`i gsMjvgsMj I (M) wnZK‡g©i wfwˇZ M‡o I‡V Ges (N) †hLv‡b mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv cÖvavb¨ cvq| weqvUªxm I‡qe (Beatrice Webb) I wmWwb I‡qe (Sidney Webb) Avi GK avc AMÖmi n‡q e‡j‡Qb, Ò†Kvb wbw`©ó GjvKvq mKj cÖvßeq¯‹ Awaevmx‡`i msN hLb ivR‰bwZK AvZ¥kvm‡bi ¶gZv I AwaKvi †fvM K‡i ZLb Zv‡K ivR‰bwZK MYZš¿ ejv nq|Ó m¨vi wµcm e‡jb, ÒMYZš¿ ej‡Z Avgiv †mB kvmbe¨e¯’v‡K eywS, †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvßeq¯‹ e¨w³ mKj wel‡q Zv‡`i gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges mK‡ji g‡a¨ wbR wbR gZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i|Ó g¨vKBfv‡ii g‡Z, ÒMYZvwš¿K kvm‡b miKvi RbM‡Yi G‡R›U gvÎ Ges †mB wn‡m‡e Zviv miKvi‡K Revew`wn Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i|Ó Z‡e MYZš¿ m¤ú‡K© wm Gd ÷ªs (C F Strong) -Gi msÁv AZ¨šÍ ¯úó| wZwb e‡jb, ÒkvwmZM‡Yi mwµq m¤§wZi Dci †h miKvi cÖwZwôZ Zv‡K MYZš¿ ejv hvqÓ ("Democracy implies that government which shall rest on active consent of the governed")| wKš‘, MYZš¿ m¤ú‡K© gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U Aveªvnvg wjsK‡bi msÁvB me©v‡c¶v RbwcÖq, hw`I ZvÕAwaKZi A¯úó| Zuvi g‡Z, ÔMYZš¿ nj, Rbmvavi‡Yi Øviv, Rbmvavi‡Yi Kj¨v‡Yi R‡b¨ cwiPvwjZ I RbcÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK kvmbe¨e¯’vÓ (Government of the people, by the people and for the people")| †cÖwm‡W›U wjsKb AviI e‡jb, ÒRbmvavi‡Yi m¤§wZ Qvov Zv‡`i‡K kvmb Kievi AwaKvi Kv‡iv †bBÓ| ("No man has a right to govern without other man's consent")| A‡b‡K Avevi MYZš¿‡K GKvav‡i kvmbe¨e¯’v I mgvRe¨e¯’v wn‡m‡eI eY©bv K‡ib| MYZš¿ ej‡Z A‡b‡K Avevi A_©‰bwZK mv‡g¨i K_vI e‡jb| kvmbe¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e MYZš¿ ej‡Z GUvB eySvq †h iv‡óªi mKj †kªYxi gvbyl mgfv‡e miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i, AvBb cwil‡` mKj †kªYxi gZvgZ cÖwZdwjZ nq Ges cÖvßeq¯‹‡`i †fvUvwaKvi ¯^xK…Z nq wbqwgZ wbe©vPb

cvV-1

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GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-90

cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq, ivR‰bwZK Kvh©vejx‡Z mK‡ji AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ nq| e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi wfwˇZ M‡o DVv kvmbe¨e¯’vB ivR‰bwZK MYZš¿ ejv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K mgvRe¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e MYZš¿ ej‡Z Avgiv †miƒc mvgvwRK cwi‡ek‡K eywS †hLv‡b Zxeª Amvg¨ Abycw¯’Z Ges mgZvi wfwˇZ mK‡j RbKj¨vYKi Kvh©vejx‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i Ges mK‡j mgv‡Ri Acwinvh© Ask wn‡m‡e myL-myweavi Askx`vi nq| Avevi A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e MYZš¿ mKj‡K mgvb my‡hvM `vb K‡i, KvR Kievi AwaKvi n‡Z †KD ewÂZ bq Ges m‡e©vcwi mK‡ji me©wbæ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¯‘i Afve †eva bv nq| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, GB wZb e¨e¯’v my-mgwš^Z n‡jB †Kej AK…wÎg I Abvwej MYZš¿ m¤¢e|

MYZ‡š¿i ˆewkó¨mg~n (Characteristics) MYZ‡š¿i KZK¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| †Kvb kvmbe¨e¯’v MYZvwš¿K wKbv ZvÕGme ˆewk‡ó¨i gvb`‡Û wePvi K‡i mn‡RB Avgiv Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvwi| cÖ_gZ, j¶¨ Ki‡Z n‡e D³ kvmbe¨e¯’vq cÖvßeq¯‹‡`i †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ miKvi MwVZ nq wKbv; wØZxqZ, wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q miKvi‡K cwieZ©b Kiv hvq wKbv; Z…ZxqZ, D³ e¨e¯’vq `j MVb, gZ cÖKvk I mgv‡jvPbvi AwaKvi ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q wKbv; PZz_©Z, RvwZ-ag© wbwe©‡k‡l cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki ¯^v_©i¶vi mye‡›`ve¯Í i‡q‡Q wKbv; cÂgZ, D³ e¨e¯’vq cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Dc‡hvMx ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK AwaKvimg~n AvBbMZfv‡e msi¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Av‡Q wKbv; Ges †klZ, RbmvaviY G Avk¦vm †c‡q‡Q wK-bv †h, myôz wePvi Qvov Zv‡`i A‡nZzK e›`x`kv †fvM Ki‡Z n‡e bv, A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb kvw¯Í †fvM Ki‡Z n‡e bv| D‡jøwLZ e¨e¯’vmg~‡ni Dcw¯’wZ †h-‡Kvb e¨e¯’v‡K MYZvwš¿K Ki‡Z mg_©| wewkó A_©bxwZwe` mjUz (Soltau) e‡jb, MYZ‡š¿i g‡a¨ Pvi mZ¨ Abyaveb‡hvM¨| cÖ_gZ, MYZ‡š¿ cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ¯^vaxb gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki Rb¥MZ AwaKvi ¯^xKvi Kiv nq; wØZxqZ, MYZ‡š¿i ivóª‡K †Kvb Aåvš— m‡Z¨i cÖZxK e‡j MÖnY Kiv nq bv; Z…ZxqZ, ivR‰bwZK AwaKv‡i †¶‡Î I AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mevB mgvb; PZz_©Z, MYZ‡š¿ kvwšÍc~Y© I wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q mK‡ji gZvg‡Zi Øviv Ab¨‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| G PviwU Dcv`v‡bi mymgš^‡q †h cwi‡ek m„wó nq, ZvÕMYZvwš¿K| myZivs MYZ‡š¿ †gŠwjK K_v n‡”Q- kvmb msµvšÍ e¨vcv‡i kvwmZ‡`i m¤§wZ jvf|

MYZ‡š¿i cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Democracy) Avgiv MYZš¿‡K wb‡¤œv³ `yÕfv‡M fvM K‡i Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvwi| h_v- cÖZ¨¶ MYZš¿ (Direct Democracy) : AvaywbK ivóªe¨e¯’vq cÖZ¨¶fv‡e wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g †h miKvi ev kvmbe¨e¯’v MVb Kiv nq ZvÕ n‡”Q cÖZ¨¶ MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v| A_©vr cÖZ¨¶ MYZš¿ ej‡Z †evSvq Ggb GK miKvi‡K †hLv‡b †`‡ki mKj bvMwiK mivmwi wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnYc~e©K kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖnY K‡i ivóª cwiPvjbv K‡i| eZ©gv‡b iv‡óªi cwiwa I RbmsL¨vi AvK…wZ e„w× cvIqvi d‡j cÖZ¨¶ MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v †ek RwUj I KwVb n‡q c‡o‡Q| ZvB eZ©gvbKv‡j cÖZ¨¶ MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v c„w_exi Lye GKUv †ewk †`‡k †`Lv hvq bv| Z‡e myBRvij¨v‡Ûi K‡qKwU cÖ‡`‡k cÖZ¨¶ MYZš¿ cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| c‡iv¶ MYZš¿ (Indirect Democracy) : †h MYZ‡š¿ c‡iv¶fv‡e wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g RbMY miKvi wbe©vPb K‡i Zv‡K c‡iv¶ MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v ejv nq| A_©vr c‡iv¶ MYZš¿ ej‡Z †evSvq †mB ai‡bi kvmbe¨e¯’v †hLv‡b wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwaMY kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i| cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Kiv nq weavq Gi Aci bvg cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK MYZš¿| G RvZxq kvmbe¨e¯’vq RbMY mivmwi wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g miKvi MVb bv K‡i wbR wbR GjvKvq cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i c‡iv¶fv‡e ivóªxq Kv‡R AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K| G R‡b¨B G‡K c‡iv¶ MYZš¿ ejv nq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k, fviZ, gvwK©b hy³ivóª cÖf…wZ iv‡óª G ai‡bi kvmbe¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| mviK_v: MYZš¿ Ggb GKwU kã hv hyM hyM a‡i ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv RM‡Z Zzgyj Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i‡Q| MYZš¿ K_vwUi ey¨rcwËMZ A_© n‡”Q RbM‡Yi kvmb ev KZ©„Z¡| MYZš¿ Ggb GK ai‡Yi

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weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-91

kvmbe¨e¯’v †h kvmb ¶gZv mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡`i Kv‡Q _v‡K| MYZ‡š¿i g~j K_v n‡”Q kvmb msµvšÍ e¨vcv‡i kvwm‡Zi m¤§wZ jvf| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK DËiwU wjLyb| 1. ÒkvwmZM‡Yi mwµq m¤§wZi Dci †h miKvi cÖwZwôZ, Zv‡K ejv nq MYZš¿|Ó-Dw³wU

K‡i‡Qb- K. Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi L. jW© eªvBm M. wm Gd ÷ªs N. wgj| 2. MYZ‡š¿i wfwË wK? K. GK`jxq kvmb L. RbgZ I mvaviY wbe©vPb M. GK‡Kw›`ªK kvmb N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jv| 3. ''No man has a right to govern without other man's consent" -Dw³wU Kvi? K. Aveªvnvg wjsK‡bi L. jvw¯‹i M. Aa¨vcK nj-Gi N. dv¸‡qi| 4. MYZš¿ nj `yÕcÖKvi| h_v- K. GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq L. GK`jxq I eû`jxq M. cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ N. †KvbwUB bq| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. MYZš¿ ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb? 2. MYZš¿ (Democracy)-Gi ey¨cwËMZ A_© wbiƒcY Kiyb| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. MYZ‡š¿i ˆewk󨸇jv D‡jøL Kiyb| 2. MYZš¿ KZ cÖKvi I wK wK? Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| 3. ÒMYZš¿ †kªô I DrK…ó kvmbe¨e¯’vÓ-e¨vL¨v Kiyb| DËigvjvt 1| M 2| L 3| K 4| M

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GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-92

RbgZ Public Opinion D‡Ïk¨ G cvV †k‡l Avcwb - � RbgZ wK ZvÕ ej‡Z cvi‡eb � AvaywbK Kv‡j wK wK Dcv‡q RbgZ m„wó n‡q _v‡K ZvÕ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, Ges � AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª Rbg‡Zi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Rbg‡Zi msÁv (Definition of Public Opinion)

wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbx I mgvRweÁvbx wewfbœfv‡e Rbg‡Zi msÁv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| ivóªweÁvbx Gj WweøD Wze (L W Doob) e‡jb,ÒGKB mvgvwRK msMV‡bi mf¨ wn‡m‡e RbM‡Yi gZvgZB n‡jv RbgZÓ|

wK¤^vj Bqs (Kimball Young) -Gi g‡Z ÒGKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q RbMY †h gZvgZ †cvlY K‡i Zv‡KB RbgZ ejv nqÓ|

ivóªweÁvbx jW© eªvBm (Lord Bryce) -Gi g‡Z ÒRbm¤úÖ`v‡qi Kj¨vY m¤ú‡K© RbM‡Yi gZvg‡Zi mgwó‡K RbgZ ejv nqÓ| ("The aggregate of the views men hold regarding matters that affect the interest of the community") |

Aw÷b †ibx (Austin Ranny) e‡jb, ÒRbgZ nj †m me e¨w³MZ gZvg‡Zi mgwó hvi cÖwZ miKvix Kg©Pvixe„›` wKQy cwigv‡Y mRvM _v‡K Ges miKvwi Kvhv©ejx wba©vi‡Yi mgq Zviv Gi ¸i“‡Z¡i K_v we‡ePbv K‡iÓ|

Aa¨vcK jvI‡qj e‡jb †h, ÒRbgZ e‡j AwfwnZ nevi Rb¨ mgv‡Ri mK‡ji HKgZ¨ nIqvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv, Avevi Gi Rb¨ msL¨vMwi‡ôi AwfgZ nIqvB h‡_ó bqÓ|

mgvRZË¡we` gwim& wRbm&evM©-Gi g‡Z,Òmgv‡Ri wewfbœ wµqv cÖwZwµqvi dj n‡”Q RbgZÓ|

cÖL¨vZ gvwK©b ivóªweÁvbx wf I Kx (V O Key) -Gi g‡Z,ÒRbgZ nj e¨w³e‡M©i †m me gZvgZ †h¸‡jvi cÖwZ ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv mgxPxb e‡j miKvi g‡b K‡iÓ|

DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, miKvi †Kej †m me gZvgZ‡KB RbgZ e‡j MÖnY K‡i Ges ¸iyZ¡ †`q †h¸‡jv mymsMwVZ, my`„p I RbKj¨vYKi| Rbg‡Zi ci¯úi we‡ivax msÁv¸‡jv mgš^q mvab K‡i Avgiv Rbg‡Zi GKwU me©RbMÖvn¨ msÁv w`‡Z cvwi| RbgZ nj mgKvjxb mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vejx ev Ab¨ †Kvb welq m¤ú‡K© mywPwšÍZ I RbwnZKi †mme my`„p gZvgZ, †h¸‡jv miKvi‡K Ges RbMY‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z m¶g|

RbgZ msMV‡bi wewfbœ gva¨g (Different Agencies of Public Opinion) AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wb¤œwjwLZ gva¨g ev evnbmg~n RbgZ m„wó‡Z mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

gy ª̀Yhš¿ (The Press) : AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª gy`ªYhš¿ RbgZ MV‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i | gy`ªYh‡š¿i Kj¨v‡Y msev`cÎ, cÎ-cwÎKv, cy¯ÍK-cyw¯ÍKv ¯^íg~‡j¨ mvaviY gvby‡li Ávb wccvmv c~iY Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Q| msev`c‡Îi gva¨‡g RbmvaviY †`k we‡`‡ki hveZxq msev` AwZ mn‡RB Rvb‡Z cv‡i| msev`cÎ †Kej msev`B cwi‡ekb K‡i bv, GwU RvZxq

cvV-2

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BDwbU-5 c„ôv-93

mgm¨vw`i Dci gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i RbM‡Yi `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i| msev`cÎ †`‡ki wewfbœ mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© wk¶vwe` Ges gbxlx‡`i cÖeÜ I wbeÜ cÖKvk K‡i RbgZ MV‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| GQvov RbM‡Yi wewfbœ `vwe-`vIqv, AvPvi-Abyôvb I e³‡e¨i gva¨‡g Zv‡`i gZvgZ msev`c‡Î ¯’vb cvq| d‡j RbM‡Yi gZvgZ I `vwe-`vIqv m¤ú‡K© miKvi AewnZ n†Z cv‡i| msev`c‡Îi weiƒc mgv‡jvPbvi f‡q A‡bK mgq miKviI mshZfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| ZvB MYZ‡š¿ RbgZ MV‡b ¯^vaxb I wbi‡c¶ msev`c‡Îi f‚wgKv‡K Avgiv †Kvbg‡ZB A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cvwi bv|

mfvmwgwZ ev e³…Zvg (The Platform) : msev`cÎ, cÎ-cwÎKv, cy¯ÍK-cyw¯ÍKv cÖf…wZ RbgZ MV‡b we‡kl ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡jI Awkw¶Z, wbi¶i e¨w³i wbKU G¸‡jvi we‡kl ‡Kvb Av‡e`b †bB| †mw`K †_‡K wePvi K‡i wbi¶i ev ¯^í wkw¶Z gvby‡li gZvgZ MV‡b mfv mwgwZ ev e³…Zv g‡Âi cÖfve A‡bK †ewk e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| MYZ‡š¿ mfv mwgwZ Kivi Z_v gZvgZ cÖPv‡ii ¯^vaxbZv ¯^xK…Z nIqvi d‡j wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †bZ…e„›` wKsev cwÛZ e¨w³MY †`k we‡`‡ki bvbv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mgm¨vejx wb‡q Avvjvc Av‡jvPbv ev e³…Zv K‡ib| G mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© wfbœ wfbœ gZvgZ mfv-mwgwZ‡Z Av‡jvwPZ nevi d‡j RbmvaviY †mme Av‡jvPbv ev mgv‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ ¯^vaxbfv‡eB wb‡R‡`i gZvgZ MVb Ki‡Z wKsev cÖKvk Ki‡Z m¶g nq| Gw`K †_‡K wePvi K‡i Avgiv mfv-mwgwZ‡K ¯^vaxb I wbi‡c¶ RbgZ msMV‡bi GKwU Acwinvh© gva¨g e‡j we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cvwi|

†iwWI, †Uwjwfkb I Pjw”PÎ (Radio,Television and Cinema) : RbgZ msMV‡b †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb I PjwPÎ LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| †Kej gvÎ mfv-mwgwZi gva¨‡g †`‡ki Avcvgi RbmvaviY‡K cÖfvweZ Kiv m¤¢e bq| eZ©gv‡b †iwWI,‡Uwjwfkb I Pjw”Î cÖf…wZi gva¨‡g A‡bK mn‡R RbgZ MwVZ I cÖKvwkZ n‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ wkw¶Z,¯^íwkw¶Z, wKsev Awkw¶Z me gvbyl‡KB mn‡R cÖfvweZ Kiv m¤¢e, †iwWI I †Uwjwfkb †`k-we‡`‡ki bvbv msev` cÖPvwiZ nq| mgKvjxb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mgm¨vejx m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †bZ…e„›` Ges cwÛZ e¨w³MY we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avevi Pjw”‡Îi RbwcÖqZv DˇivËi e„w× cvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ RbgZ MV‡b Gi my`~icÖmvix cÖfve Avgiv j¶¨ K‡i _vwK|

ivR‰bwZK `j (Political Parties) : AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq ivR‰bwZK `j n‡”Q RbgZ MV‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb gva¨g| D`vi‰bwZK MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq GKvwaK ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯^xK…Z nIqvq cÖwZwU `j, msev`cÎ, mfv-mwgwZ, cy¯ÍK-cyw¯ÍKv, cÖPvicÎ BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g wbR wbR `jxq bxwZ I Kg©m~Px cÖPvi K‡i Rbmg_©b jv‡fi †Póv K‡i| miKvwi `j †hgb wbR mvd‡j¨i we¯Í…Z weeiY cÖPvi K‡i †Zgwb we‡ivax `j¸‡jv miKv‡ii e¨_©Zvi weeiY w`‡q miKv‡ii mgv‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡R‡`i c‡¶ RbgZ msMV‡bi Rb¨ m‡Pó nq| Gfv‡e `jxq cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK Ávb (Political awareness) e„w× cvq| Zviv ci¯úi we‡ivax gZvgZ wePvi we‡kølY K‡i wb‡Riv gZvgZ MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

AvBb mfv (The Legislature) : AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª AvBbmfvq wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖwZwbwae„›` weZK©, Av‡jvPbv, mgv‡jvPbv, cÖ‡kœvËi cÖf…wZi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri bvbvwea mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib, G‡K Ac‡ii †`vl-ÎywU Zz‡j aivi †Póv K‡ib| AvBbmfvi hveZxq Av‡jvPbv, ZK©-weZK© cÖf…wZ msev`cÎ, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g cÖPvwiZ nq| d‡j RbMY G¸‡jvi mZ¨vmZ¨ wbiƒcY K‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e gZvgZ MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wk¶v cÖwZôvb (Educational Institutions) : MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq wk¶v cÖwZôvb¸‡jv RbgZ MV‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| we`¨vjq, gnvwe`¨vjq, wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvR‡Ki hviv QvÎQvÎx Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB AvMvgx w`‡bi ivóª‡bZv ev †bÎx wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk

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GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-94

Ki‡e| myZivs mywk¶v `v‡bi Dci fwel¨r w`‡bi RvZxq PwiÎ A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj | wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b kvšÍ cwi‡e‡k wk¶K-wkw¶KvMY †`k-we‡`‡ki bvbv mgm¨vejx m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| A‡bKmgq Zuviv hyw³Z‡K©i mvnv‡h¨ †h a¨vbaviYv ev Av`k©‡K †kªô e‡j cÖgvY K‡ib QvÎQvÎx‡`i A‡b‡KB †mB a¨vbaviYv Av`‡k©i cÖwZdjb Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB Zv‡`i fwel¨r Kvh©vejxi g‡a¨|

†ckvMZ msN (Professional Organizations) : AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K ivóªmg~‡n wewfbœ †ckv‡Z wbhy³ e¨w³iv wb‡R‡`i †ckvMZ `vwe-`vIqv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ bvbv cÖKvi msN ev BDwbqb M‡o †Zv‡j| Gme msN ev msMVb †ewki fvM †¶‡ÎB †Kej †ckvMZ `vwe-`vIqv c~i‡Yi Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ wb‡R‡`i hy³ iv‡L| G mKj ms‡Ni Kvh©Kjv‡ci d‡j gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK Ávb e„w× cvq| myZivs RbgZ msMV‡bi †¶‡Î Gme †ckvMZ msN¸wji f‚wgKv‡K Avgiv †Kvbfv‡eB Lv‡Uv K‡i †`L‡Z cvwi bv|

agx©q msN (Religious Organizations) : agx©q msN¸‡jv RbgZ m„wói e¨vcv‡i ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| A‡bK agx©q †bZv mwµqfv‡e ivRbxwZ K‡ib Ges ivR‰bwZK e³e¨ iv‡Lb| †`‡ki wewfbœ mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© bvbv gZvgZ w`‡q Zv‡`i f³‡`i cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡Kb| A¨vjgÛ Ges cvIqvj (Almond and Powell) e‡jb,Òagx©q ms‡Ni Kvh©Kjv‡ci d‡j gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK Ávb e„w× cvqÓ|

wbe©vPb (Elections) : wbe©vPbI RbgZ msMV‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| †`‡ki wbe©vP‡bi mgq cÖ‡Z¨K ivR‰bwZK `j wbR wbR g‡bvbxZ cÖv_x©‡K Rqx Kivi R‡b¨ †`‡ki mgm¨v¸‡jvi Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡`i wee„wZi gva¨‡g RbgZ MVb K‡i _v‡K|

cwievi, eÜz-evÜe BZ¨vw` (Family, Friends etc.) : ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxi‡Yi (Political socialization) Ab¨Zg gva¨g n‡”Q cwievi| wcZv-gvZvi ivR‰bwZK a¨vbaviYv ev Av`‡k©i Øviv A‡bK mgq wkïgb cÖfvweZ nq| cieZx© Rxe‡b cwievi wKsev cwiR‡bi G cÖfve e¨w³i ivR‰bwZK Rxeb‡K A‡bKvs‡k cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z m¶g nq| GQvovI eÜz-evÜe, K¬ve BZ¨vw` RbgZ m„wó‡Z we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| e‡qve„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †Q‡j‡g‡qiv eÜz-evÜe‡`i mv‡_ mgv‡Ri mgKvjxb mgm¨ejx m¤ú‡K© Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv, ZK©-weZK© K‡i| Gi d‡j RbgZ m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

cwi‡k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, myôz I kw³kvjx RbgZ msMVb I cÖKv‡ki R‡b¨ GKw`‡K †hgb Rbg‡Zi gva¨g¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvRb, Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb gZvgZ MVb I cÖKv‡ki Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek m„wói cÖ‡qvRb| ZvÕbv n‡j myôz I mej RbgZ msMwVZ I cÖKvwkZ n‡Z cvi‡e bv|

Rbg‡Zi ¸iyZ¡ (Significance of Public Opinion) GKwU MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq Rbg‡Zi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| RbgZB MYZ‡š¿i wfwËg~j| my¯’, mymsMwVZ Ges m`vRvMÖZ RbgZ MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡j¨i g~jgš¿| GKwU MYZvwš¿K miKv‡ii DrKl© wbf©i K‡i Rbg‡Zi DrK‡l©i Dci| MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v g~jZ Rbg‡Zi Dci cÖwZwôZ Ges Rbg‡Zi Øviv cwiPvwjZ| RbgZ‡K D‡c¶v K‡i kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Kiv †Kvb miKv‡ii c‡¶B m¤¢e bq| †h †`‡k Rbg‡Zi cÖfve hZ †ekx †m †`‡ki kvmbe¨e¯’v ZZ‡ekx MYZvwš¿K| Gev‡i Avgiv AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª Rbg‡Zi ¸iyZ¡ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie:

MYZ‡š¿ RbgZB mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix : MYZ‡š¿ RbgZB nj mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi Avavi| Rbg‡Zi gva¨‡gB Rbmvavi‡Yi ev mgwói Kj¨vYKvgx B”Qv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q _v‡K| G

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weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-95

mgwóMZ B”QvB nj iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix| A_©vr Rbg‡Zi g‡a¨B mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv wbwnZ _v‡K Ges Rbg‡Zi gva¨‡gB Zv g~Z© n‡q I‡V|

miKvi‡K MwZkxj K‡i : GKwU MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq RbgZ miKvi‡K MwZkxj Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| i¶Ykxj g‡bve„wË m¤úbœ miKvwi `j A‡bK mgq cÖMwZkxj bxwZi we‡ivwaZv K‡i _v‡K| MYZ‡š¿ cÖej Rbg‡Zi Pv‡c miKvi Zvi †NvwlZ bxwZ I cwiKíbv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|

Rb¯̂v‡_© AvBb cÖYxZ nq : MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq mKj e¨w³i ¯^vaxbfv‡e gZvgZ cÖKvk Kivi my‡hvM _v‡K| d‡j G ai‡bi kvmbe¨e¯’vq miKvi Rbg‡Zi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•¶v eyS‡Z cv‡i| G Ae¯’vq Rb¯^v‡_© AvBb cÖYxZ nq Ges RbKj¨vYg~jK cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv hvq|

miKvi ˆ¯̂ivPvix n‡Z cv‡i bv : MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq RbgZ ‰¯^ivPv‡ii c_iy× K‡i| MYZ‡š¿ kvmKeM©‡K Rbg‡Zi cÖwZ m`v mZK© `„wó ivL‡Z nq Ges Rbg‡Zi mv‡_ msMwZ i¶v K‡i miKvwi bxwZ wba©viY I kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq| Rbg‡Zi Pvc I wbqš¿Y AMÖvn¨ K‡i †Kvb miKviB †Lqvj-LywkgZ AvPiY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

miKv‡ii ’̄vwqZ¡ : Rbg‡Zi AvbyK‚j¨ miKvi‡K ¯’vqx I kw³kvjx K‡i| Rbg‡Zi mg_©b Qvov †Kvb miKviB `„p I ¯’vqx n‡Z cv‡i bv|

MYZ‡š¿i m¦v‡_© Rbg‡Zi mg_©b `iKvi : RbgZ MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡j¨i R‡b¨ Acwinvh©| Rbg‡Zi weiy‡× miKvwi Kv‡h© mvdj¨ Avkv Kiv hvq bv| cÖK…Z MYZvwš¿K miKvi Rbg‡Zi AbyMvgx nq| GLv‡b RbM‡Yi Øviv wbev©wPZ cÖwZwbwaMYB kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Zviv RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e RbM‡Yi gZvgZ Abymv‡iB kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib|

G Kvi‡Y Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h,ÒmRvM I Zx² eyw×m¤úbœ RbgZ MYZ‡š¿i cÖ_g Dc`vb|Ó ("An alert and intelligent public opinion is the first essential to democracy")| mgMÖ we‡k¦i ivR‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡jI ¯úó n‡q I‡V †h, mgMÖ wek¦B RbgZ KZ…©K kvwmZ n‡”Q ("Public opinion rules the world")| AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v I Gi Kvh©vejxi g~‡j i‡q‡Q AvšÍR©vwZK RbgZ| myZivs AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq kw³kvjx I m`vRvMÖZ Rbg‡Zi f‚wgKv LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y© I Ab¯^xKvh©|

mviK_v: RbgZ n‡”Q AvaywbK MYZ‡š¿i cÖvY|ZvB MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v‡K ÔRbgZ cwiPvwjZ kvmbe¨e¯’vÕ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| mvaviY A‡_© Avgiv RbgZ ej‡Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y© RvZxq cÖ‡kœ I mgm¨vejxi Dci RvZxq Kj¨vYv‡_© RbM‡Yi cÖfvekvjx gZvg‡Zi mgwó‡K eywS| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, RbgZ n‡”Q RbM‡Yi mwVK Kj¨vYv‡_© wb‡qvwRZ mvavi‡Yi ewjô I hzw³c~Y© gZvgZ|

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GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-96

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK DËiwU wjLyb| 1. ÒRbm¤úÖ`v‡qi Kj¨vY m¤ú‡K© RbM‡Yi gZvg‡Zi mgwó‡K RbgZ ejv nqÓ -msÁvwU †K

w`‡q‡Qb ? K. Aw÷b †ibx L. gwim& wRbm&evM© M. ievU© cxj N. jW© eªvBm|

2. †Kvb&wU RbgZ msMV‡bi gva¨g? K. AvBbmfv L. †ckvMZ msN M. msev`cÎ N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jv|

3. me©cÖ_g ÔRbgZÕ K_vwUi ivR‰bwZK cÖ‡qvM j¶¨ Kiv hvq - K. iy‡kvi iPbvi g‡a¨ L. †cø‡Uvi iPbvi g‡a¨ M. Rb j‡Ki iPbvi g‡a¨ N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq|

4. ÒRbg‡Zi Rb¨ msL¨vMwi‡ôi AwfgZB h‡_ó bqÓ - GK_v †K e‡j‡Qb ? K. Aa¨vcK jvI‡qj L. gwim& wRbm&evM© M. Gj WweøD Wze N. wf I Kx|

5. "An alert and intelligent public opinion is _

to democracy" -G msÁvwUi Rb¨ wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?

K. The first essential L. crucial M. mandatory N. subsequent|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. RbgZ ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb? 2. ÒMYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq RbgZ miKvi‡K MwZkxj K‡iÓ - e¨vL¨v Kiyb| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. RbgZ MV‡bi gva¨g ev evnb¸‡jvi f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| 2. AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª Rbg‡Zi ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv Kiyb| DËigvjv t 1| N 2| N 3| K 4| K 5| K

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BDwbU-5 c„ôv-97

wbev©Pb I wbe©vPKgÛjx (Election and the Electorate) D‡Ïk¨ G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- � Ômve©Rbxb cÖvßeq¯‹ †fvUvwaKviÕ ej‡Z wK eySvq ZvÕ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb � GKwU DËg wbe©vPb c×wZi ˆewk󨸇jv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, � GKwU MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wbe©vPKgÛjxi Kvh©vejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wbe©vPb c×wZ (Modes of Election) eZ©gvb hy‡M MYZš¿ ej‡Z c‡iv¶ ev cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK (Indirect or Representative) MYZš¿‡K eySvq| G ai‡bi MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi c×wZMZ welqwU LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| eZ©gvb cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi e¨vcv‡i `yÕwU c×wZ Avgiv

-D‡j L Ki‡Z cvwi| G c×wZ `yÕwU m¤ú‡K© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj: cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vPb (Direct Election) : cÖZ¨¶ wbev©Pb e¨e¯’vq †fvU`vZvMY wb‡RivB mivmwi wb‡R‡`i cÖwZwbwa‡K (Representative) wbe©vPb K‡i| eZ©gv‡b MYZvwš¿K ivóªmg~‡ni AvBbmfvi wb¤œK‡¶i m`m¨MY G c×wZ‡ZB RbM‡Yi Øviv cÖZ¨¶fv‡e wbe©vwPZ nb| G ai‡bi wbe©vPb c×wZ LyeB mnR-mij| G c×wZ‡Z wbe©vPKMY wbw`©ó †fvU`vb †K‡›`ª G‡m cÖwZØ›Øx cÖv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ cQ›`gZ GKRb‡K †fvU †`b| MYbvq me©vwaK msL¨K †fvUcÖvß cÖv_©x wbe©vwPZ nb| eZ©gvb MYZvwš¿K ivóªmg~‡n G wbe©vPb c×wZ AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq| c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb (Indirect Election) : c‡iv¶ wbe©vP‡b †fvU`vZvMY cÖZ¨¶fv‡e Zv‡`i cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb bv K‡i GKwU gva¨wgK ms¯’v MVb K‡i| †mB gva¨wgK ms¯’vi wbe©vwPZ m`m¨MYB P‚ovš—fv‡e cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i| GB gva¨wgK ms¯’vwU‡K mvaviYZ Ôwbe©vPK ms¯’vÕ (Electoral College) ejv nq| G ai‡bi wbe©vPb c×wZ‡Z cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi P‚ovšÍ ¶gZv †fvUvi‡`i nv‡Z _v‡K bv; _v‡K wbe©©vwPZ ms¯’vi m`m¨M‡Yi nv‡Z| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb c×wZ‡Z B‡jK‡Uvivj K‡j‡Ri m`m¨‡`i Øviv wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡Kb| mve©Rbxb cÖvßeq‡¯‹i †fvUvwaKvi (Universal Adult Suffrage) : MYZ‡š¿ †fvUvwaKvi (Voting Right) bvMwi‡Ki GKwU AwZ g~j¨evb ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi Ges ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡I e‡U| MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq RbMYB mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix| RbM‡Yi G mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨B mve©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii aviYv Rb¥jvf K‡i‡Q| AvaywbK we‡k¦i mKj MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªB mve©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii aviYv RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i‡Q| RbmvaviY †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ Zv‡`i mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i miKvi I ivóª cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b cÖvq mKj iv‡óªB mve©Rbxb cÖvßeq¯‹‡`i †fvUvwaKvi‡K wbe©vP‡bi wfwË wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nq| RvwZ, ag©, eY©, ¯¿x-cyiyl, wkw¶Z-Awkw¶Z wbwe©‡k‡l hLb †`‡ki mKj my¯’ I cÖvß eq¯‹ e¨w³ †fvU w`‡q cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡ib ZLb Zv‡K Ômve©Rbxb cÖvßeq¯‹ †fvUvwaKviÕ e‡j| G bxwZ Abymv‡i †Kej AcÖvß eq¯‹ Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y RbMY‡K †fvUvwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv nq bv| Z‡e Db¥v`, †`Dwjqv, ivóª‡`ªvnx, ¸iyZi Aciv‡a `wÛZ e¨w³, we‡`kx cÖf…wZ e¨w³‡`i †fvUvwaKvi †`Iqv nq bv| GKwU DËg wbe©vPb c×wZi ˆewkó¨mg~n (Characteristics of a Good Electoral

System) wbev©Pb †h - †Kvb ivóª evQvB‡qi †¶‡Î ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| G Kvi‡Y GKwU DËg wbev©Pb c×wZ cÖ‡Z¨K iv‡óªi wbKUB MÖnY‡hvM¨| wb‡æ GKwU DËg wbe©vPb c×wZi D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj: mve©Rbxb cÖvßeq‡¯‹i †fvUvwaKvi (Universal Adult Franchise) : iv‡óªi Kv‡R mK‡ji AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ RvwZ, ag©, eY©, ¯¿x-cyiyl, wkw¶Z-Awkw¶Z wbwe©‡k‡l mve©Rbxb cÖvßeq‡¯‹i †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ wbe©vPb nIqv DËg| cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vPb (Direct Election) : ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv e„w× I `ybx©wZgy³ wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vPb c×wZ †kªq|

cvV-3

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GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-98

†Mvcb †fvU (Secret Ballot) : †Mvcb †fvU MÖnY c×wZ wbe©vP‡bi cweÎZv eRvq iv‡L| wbf©‡q Dchy³ cÖv_x©‡`i c‡¶ †Mvcb e¨v‡j‡Ui gva¨‡g †fvU cÖ`vb DËg c×wZ| mnR †fvU c×wZ (Easy Voting Pattern) : †fvU`vb c×wZ hZ mnR n‡e wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v ZZ DbœZ n‡e| RwUj †fvU`vb c×wZ ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB †fvUvi‡`i wbe©vPb wegyL K‡i †Zv‡j| GKK I ¶z`ª wbe©vPbx GjvKv (Individual and Small Constituency) : GKwU wbe©vPbx GjvKv n‡Z GKRb cÖwZwbwa wbe©vwPZ nIqvB DËg| G‡Z †fvUvi‡`i †fvU`vb mnR nq| ZvQvov wbe©vPbx GjvKv hZ †QvU nq ZZB fvj| G‡Z cÖv_©x I †fvUvi‡`i g‡a¨ mn‡R †hvMv‡hvM N‡U| msL¨vjNyi cÖwZwbwaË¡ (Representative of the Minority) : iv‡óªi mKj m¤úÖ`v‡qi cÖwZwbwa‡`i R‡b¨ msL¨vjNy †kªYxi Dchy³ cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi weavb DËg wbe©vP‡bi ˆewkó¨|

wbe©vPKgÛjx (The Electorate) MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq wbe©vPKgÛjxi f‚wgKv LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| wbe©vPKgÛjxB P‚ovšÍ ch©v‡q miKv‡ii iƒc I aib wba©viY K‡i _v‡K| wbe©vPKgÛjxB e¨vj‡Ui gva¨‡g †Kvb e¨w³ ev `j‡K ¶gZvq AwawôZ K‡i ev ¶gZv †_‡K AcmviY K‡i| ZvB `¶ miKvi MVb K‡i myôzfv‡e kvmbe¨e¯’v cwiPvjbv Kivi ¸iy`vwqZ¡ AvR wbe©vPKgÛjxi Dci b¨¯Í| G Kvi‡YB A‡bK †jLK wbe©vPKgÛjx‡K ¯^Zš¿ GKwU wefvM wn‡m‡e A¨vLvwqZ K‡ib| †M‡Uj-Gi (Gettell) g‡Z,Òwbe©vPKgÛjx Kvh©Z miKv‡ii GKwU ¯^Zš¿ I AZ¨šÍ cÖfvekvjx kvLv, KviY Gi we¯Í…Z ¶gZv i‡q‡Q Ges ZvÕ miKvwi e¨e¯’vq cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨ nq|Ó Gev‡i Avmv hvK wbe©vPKgÛjx ej‡Z Avgiv wK eywS|

wbe©vPKgÛjxi msÁv (Definition of the Electorate) MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq RbMY Zv‡`i †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K| wbe©vP‡b whwb †fvU`vb ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM K‡ib, Zv‡K Avgiv †fvUvi ev wbe©vPK ewj| Avi mKj wbe©vPK‡`i mgwóMZfv‡e Ôwbe©vPKgÛjxÕ e‡j| A_©vr iv‡óª AvBbMZfv‡e †fvUvwaKvicÖvß e¨w³e‡M©i mgwó‡K Avgiv Ôwbev©PKgÛjxÕ ej‡Z cvwi| wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbx wbe©vPKgÛjx‡K wewfbœfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| ivóªweÁvbx WweøD Gd DB‡jvwe (W F Willoughby)-i gZvbymv‡i, wbe©vPKgÛjx nj, cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK kvmbe¨e¯’vi g~j wfwËÓ| wZwb e‡j‡Qb,"In a pupular government of the repersentative type, the electoral branch may be viewed as the foundation upon which the whole structure of government is erected." wbe©vPKgÛjxi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi e‡j‡Qb, Òwbev©PKgÛjx n‡”Q bvMwi‡Ki †m Ask hviv miKv‡ii MVb cÖK…wZ I Kvh©vejx we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g GKwU MYZvwš¿K miKvi ˆZwi K‡i|Ó

wbev©PKgÛjxi Kvh©vejx (Functions of the Electorate) GKwU MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq wbe©vPKgÛjxi Kvh©vejx m¤ú‡K© wb‡æi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv GKwU ¯úó aviYv cve: cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb t AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wbe©vPKgÛjx †fvU cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g mr I †hvM¨ cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i miKvi MVb I kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K| GQvov ¶gZvmxb ivR‰bwZK `j Rbg‡Zi weiy‡× †Kvb KvR Ki‡j wbe©vPKgÛjx Gi mgv‡jvPbv I cÖwZev` Ki‡Z cv‡i| bxwZ wba©vi‡Y AskMÖnY : MYD‡`¨vM (Initiative), MY‡fvU (Plebiscite), MY wb‡`©k (Referendum) cÖf…wZ c×wZi gva¨‡g cÖZ¨¶fv‡e wbe©vPKgÛjx AvBb cÖYqb, cwieZ©b, ms‡kvab, ivóªxq bxwZ wba©vi‡Y AskMÖnY K‡i| c`Pz¨wZi (Recall) Øviv Abwf‡cÖZ m`m¨‡K mwi‡q wb‡q kvmbe¨e¯’vi cwieZ©b mva‡bi †¶‡ÎI wbe©vPKgÛjx mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| RbgZ MVb : wbe©vPKgÛjx RbgZ MV‡b ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| ¶gZvmxb `‡ji wm×všÍ ev we‡ivax`‡ji e³e¨ wbe©vPKgÛjxi g‡b Mfxi cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| G mKj wm×všÍ, gZvgZ I e³e¨ chv©‡jvPbv K‡i wbe©vPKgÛjx myôz I mej RbgZ M‡o †Zv‡j| cwÎKv, Rbmfv I mwgwZ, ivR‰bwZK `j cÖf…wZi gva¨‡g Gi cÖKvk N‡U| huviv AvBb cÖYqb K‡i A_ev hviv bxwZ

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weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-99

wba©vi‡Yi mv‡_ RwoZ ZuvivI Rbg‡Zi MwZ-cÖK…wZ †`‡L cÖfvweZ nb| cÖvq A‡bK AvBb cwil‡` RbgZ evQvB Kivi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g wbe©vPKgÛjx kvmbe¨e¯’v‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z m¶g nq| †Kvb AvB‡bi cÖwZwµqv hvPvB : A‡bK iv‡óª GwU cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q †h, †Kvb AvB‡bi Lmov ˆZixi c~‡e© m¤¢ve¨ cÖwZwµqv wK n‡e ZvÕhvPvB Kiv nq wbe©vPKgÛjxi gva¨‡g| msweavb MÖnY I ms‡kvab : A‡bK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªB msweavb ms‡kvab ev bZzb msweavb MÖnY Kivi c~‡e© wbe©vPKgÛjxi gZvgZ MÖnY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Gi d‡j wbe©vPKgÛjx †`‡ki m‡ev©”P AvBb cÖYq‡bI ¸iZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvj‡bi my‡hvM cvq| DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgvi ej‡Z cvwi †h, wbe©vPKgÛjxi ¸iyZ¡ AvR me©Rb¯^xK…Z| Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi (Garner) e‡jb, Ò wbe©vPKgÛjx ïay miKv‡ii cÖK…wZ wba©viY I ¶gZv cÖ‡qvMKvix‡`i wbe©vPb K‡i Zv bq, GUv miKv‡ii GKwU A‡½ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|Ó ZvB wbe©vPKgÛjx miKv‡ii Ab¨ †Kvb wefvM n‡Z †Kvb As‡kB Kg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© bq| mviK_v: AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wbe©vPb n‡”Q miKvi MV‡bi Ab¨Zg Dcvq| eZ©gvb MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq wbe©vP‡bi Zvrch© e¨vcK| Ôwbe©vPbÕ (Election) ej‡Z Avgiv †mB my‡hvM‡K eywS hLb †fvUvwaKvicÖvß bvMwiK wewfbœ cÖwZwbwaM‡Yi mc‡¶ A_ev wec‡¶ Zv‡`i gZ cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| Avi GKUz e¨vL¨v K‡i Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi weiwZ‡Z miKvi MV‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ mve©Rbxb cÖvßeq¯‹‡`i †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ iv‡óªi e¨e¯’vax‡b cÖwZwbwa evQvB‡qi cÖwµqv‡K wbe©vPb e‡j| GKwU MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vi DrK‡l©i gvb wbf©i K‡i wbe©vwPZ cÖv_x©‡`i ¸YMZ †hvM¨Zvi Dci| ZvB MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vi mvd‡j¨i R‡b¨ Dchy³ cÖv_x© wbe©vPb Kiv RbM‡Yi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡| b¨vh¨fv‡e I wePvi-we‡ePbvi ms‡M †fvUvwaKvi e¨env‡ii Dci MYZ‡š¿i mvdj¨ A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| G Kvi‡YB †fvUvwaKvi‡K Avgiv mKj cÖKvi ivR‰bwZK AwaKv‡ii g~j Drm wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i _vwK|

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GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-100

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK DËiwU wjLyb| 1. wbe©vP‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wK? K. cÖv_x© evQvB Kiv L. RbMY‡K GKwÎZ Kiv M. `j wbav©iY Kiv N. miKvi MVb Kiv| 2. cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vP‡bi ¸Y †Kvb&wU? K. ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv e„w× K‡i L. †fvU KviPzwci m¤¢vebv Kg M. MYZvwš¿K I RbwcÖq N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jvB| 3. me‡P‡q DËg wbe©vPb c×wZ †Kvb&wU? K. mnR †fvU`vb c×wZ L. mve©Rbxb cÖvßeq‡¯‹i †fvUvwaKvi M. cÖKvk¨ †fvU N. cÖZ¨¶ †fvU| 4. c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb c×wZ‡Z Electoral College -Gi m`m¨‡`i Øviv †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vwPZ n‡q

_v‡K- K. d«v‡Ý L. gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª M. myBRvij¨v‡Û N. K I L DfqB| 5. wbe©vPb KZ cÖKvi? K. 5 cÖKvi L. 2 cÖKvi M. 4 cÖKvi N. 3 cÖKvi| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. wbe©vPb wK? 2. wbe©vPKgÛjx ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb? 3. Ômve©Rbxb cÖvßeq‡¯‹i †fvUvwaKviÕ m¤ú‡K© wK Rv‡bb?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. GKwU DËg wbe©vPb c×wZi ˆewk󨸇jv wPwýZ Kiyb| 2. wbe©vPb KZ cÖKvi I wK wK? Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| 3. GKwU MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wbe©vPKgÛjxi Kvh©vejx D‡jøL Kiyb|

DËigvjvt 1| K 2| N 3| N 4| L 5| L mnvqK MÖš’: E F Bowman, An Introduction to Political Science, London : Methuen, 1927 Abvw`Kzgvi gnvcvÎ, AvaywbK ivóªweÁvb, KwjKvZv : myü` cvewj‡Kkb, 1994

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weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-101

ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY (Political Socialization)

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G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

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ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi msÁv (Definition of Political Socialization)

ivR‰bwZK w`K †_‡K mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi cÖwµqv nj ivR‰bwZK `xw¶ZKi‡Yi GKwU cÖwµqv| ÔivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiYÕ nj we`¨gvb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi mnvqK wk¶v MÖn‡Yi GKwU cÖwµqv| A_©vr we`¨gvb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi AbyK‚j g‡bvfve, g~j¨‡eva I gZv`‡k© GKRb‡K wkw¶Z I `xw¶Z Kivi cÖwµqvB nj ÔivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiYÕ|

Aa¨vcK A¨vjvb ej (Alan R Ball) Zuvi ÔModern Politics and GovernmentÕ kxl©K Mª‡š’ ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY cÖm‡½ e‡jb, "Political socialization is the establishment and development of attitudes and beliefs about the political system" A_©vr Aa¨vcK e‡ji gZvbymv‡i we`¨gvb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi cÖwZ g‡bvfve I ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© wek¦vm cÖwZôv I cÖmvwiZ KivB nj ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY|

†WwfW B÷b I R¨vK †Wwbm (David Easton and Jack Dennis) Zuv‡`i ÔThe Child's Image of GovernmentÕ kxl©K iPbvq ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, ÒivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY nj GKwU we‡kl c_ | GB c‡_ mgvR Zvi ivR‰bwZK Ávb, g‡bvfve, ixwZbxwZ I g~j¨‡eva‡K GK cÖRb¥ †_‡K Av‡iK cÖR‡b¥ cÖevwnZ K‡i|Ó

A¨vjgÛ I cvI‡qj (G A Almond and C B Powell) Zuv‡`i ÔComparative Politics: A Developmental ApproachÕ kxl©K MÖ‡š’ ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| G `yB AvaywbK ivóªweÁvbxi AwfgZ Abymv‡i ÒivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY nj GKwU we‡kl c×wZ| G c×wZi gva¨‡g ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi msi¶Y I cwieZ©b mvab m¤¢e nq| ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ‡K mÂvwiZ Kiv nq| G c×wZi gva¨‡g ivR‰bwZK wel‡q Zv‡`i wek¦vm I `„wófw½ M‡o ‡Zvjv nq| Avevi ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi aib ev cÖK…wZi cwieZ©bI Kiv hvq ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g|Ó

wm‡Rj (Roberta Sigel)I Zuvi ÔAssumptions About the Learning of Political Values kxl©K iPbvq e‡j‡Pb, "The goal of political socialization is to train or develop individuals that they become well functioning members of the political society.Õ wm‡Rj-Gi g‡Z, ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g †h g‡bve„wË I g~j¨‡ev‡ai m„wó nq ZvÕ †`‡ki we`¨gvb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v‡K ¯^v”Q›`¨ I mvejxj MwZm¤úbœ K‡i †Zv‡j|

Gm Gj Iqvmwe (S L Wasby) Zvui ÔPolitical Science : The Discipline and Its DimensionsÕ kxl©K MÖ‡š’ ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY m¤ú©‡K Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Iqvmwei AwfgZ Abymv‡i ÒbvMwiKiv wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK KvRK‡g© cÖZ¨¶fv‡e AskMÖn‡Yi cÖv°v‡j ev Zvui Av‡M †h c×wZ‡Z ivR‰bwZK g~j¨‡eva AR©b K‡i Zv‡K ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY e‡jÓ|

cvV-4

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GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-102

Dcwi D³ msÁv¸‡jvi wePvi-we‡kølY mv‡c‡¶ Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY nj GKwU wbiwew”Qbœ ev Aweivg c×wZ| G c×wZi gva¨‡g wkïi cÖvß eq¯‹ nIqvi c‡_ we`¨gvb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi g~j¨‡eva I g‡bve„wË RvMÖZ Kiv hvq| Avevi G c×wZi gva¨‡g cÖvß eq¯‹‡`i wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK f‚wgKvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e nq|

ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi g~L¨ gva¨gmg~‡ni f~wgKv (Role of Major Agencies

of Political Socialization)

ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v I ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ Awe‡”Q`¨fv‡e RwoZ| mKj †`‡kB we`¨gvb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi cÖwZ †`kevmxi g‡bvfve, g~j¨‡eva I `„wófswM M‡o †Zvjvi †Póv Kiv nq| Avi G‡¶‡Î ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi gva¨g ev evnb¸‡jv we‡kl fzwgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi e¨vcv‡i g~L¨ gva¨gmg~‡ni f~wgKv m¤ú©‡K Avgiv wb‡Pi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K AewnZ ne|

cwievi (Family) : ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi †¶‡Î cwiev‡ii f~wgKv cÖv_wgK I Zvrch©c~Y©| cwiev‡ii cwigÛ‡ji g‡a¨B ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi my¯úó I cÖ”Qbœ cÖwµqv wµqvkxj _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i fwel¨‡Zi Awf‡cÖZ f~wgKvi exR cvwievwiK cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨B Dß nq| e¨w³i wewfbœ †gŠwjK `vwe c~i‡Yi cÖavb Drm nj cwievi| wcZvgvZvi mv‡_ wkï wb‡R‡K GKvZ¥ K‡i| we`¨gvb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v m¤ú©‡K wkï wcZvgvZvi `„wófswM I g~j¨‡eva MÖnY K‡i| G Kvi‡Y e¨w³ gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK e¨w³Z¡ MV‡bi †¶‡Î cwiev‡ii f~wgKv nj †K›`ªxq|

wk¶v cÖwZôvb (Educational Institutions ) : ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi †¶‡Î wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi ¸iyZ¡ Ab¯^xKvh©| wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi cvV¨µg I KvVv‡gv Ges cÖwZôv‡bi wm×v‡šÍi ms‡M wk¶v_x©‡`i m¤ú©K Zv‡`i Rxeb I ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi Dci e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| wk¶v cÖwZôvb wk¶v_©x‡`i g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi AwjwLZ ixwZ-bxwZ mÂvwiZ K‡i| wk¶v e¨e¯’vi cvV¨µ‡g †cŠiwe`¨v I cÖkvmb m¤úwK©Z cvV¨m~PxI AšÍfz©³ _v‡K hvÕ wk¶v_©x‡`i g‡a¨ wbw`©ó ai‡bi ivR‰bwZK g~j¨‡eva I gZv`k© M‡o †Zv‡j| wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡a¨ we‡kl ai‡bi ivR‰bwZK `„wófw½ M‡o †Zvjvi †¶‡Î wk¶K‡`i f‚wgKvI Kg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© bq| †ckvMZ msMVb (Professional Associations): AvaywbKv‡ji ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq wewfbœ †ckvMZ msN (†hgb: kÖwgK msN, K…lK msMVb, ewYK msN cÖf…wZ) ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ms‡M ms‡hvM eRvq iv‡L Ges mswkøó ivR‰bwZK `‡ji c„ô‡cvlKZv (Patronization) jvf K‡i | Gi d‡j †ckvMZ msMV‡bi m`m¨ - mg_©K‡`i g‡a¨ mswkøó c„lV‡cvlK ivR‰bwZK `‡ji gZv`k©,g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½ mÂvwiZ nq| Gfv‡e †ckvMZ msN¸‡jvI ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi †¶‡Î f‚wgKv †i‡L _v‡K| MY gva¨g (Mass Media): AvaywbKKv‡j MY- ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨g¸‡jv (msev` cÎ, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, Pjw”PÎ cÖf…wZ) ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi †¶‡Î ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| ivR‰bwZK welq m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ NUbv Ges AvbymswMK fvl¨ GmKj MYgva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU †cŠu‡Q hvq| Gi d‡j ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi wewfbœ welq m¤ú‡K© RbM‡Yi m‡PZbZv e„w× cvq| ivR‰bwZK wel‡q Zv‡`i wPšÍv-fvebvi cwiwa cÖmvwiZ nq| Gi d‡j ivR‰bwZK wel‡q RbmvaviY AvMÖnx n‡q D‡V Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK KvRK‡g© mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi cÖeYZv M‡o D‡V| ivR‰bwZK `j (Political Party): ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi †¶‡Î ivR‰bwZK `‡ji f~wgKv LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| cÖwZwU ivR‰bwZK `j Zv‡`i mywbw`©ó gZv`k©, j¶¨ I Kg©m~wP Øviv RbMY‡K ivR‰bwZK welqvw`, a¨vb-aviYv, mgm¨v I AwfÁZvi mv‡_ cwiwPZ K‡i| Gi d‡j ivR‰bwZK wel‡q RbM‡Yi Ávb e„w× cvq, m‡PZbZv m¤úÖmvwiZ nq Ges eyw×MZ weKvk N‡U| Avevi ivR‰bwZK `j RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK KvRK‡g© AskMÖn‡Yi e¨vcv‡i AvMÖn m„wó K‡i Ges G AskMÖn‡Yi m~‡Î RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ AvbyM‡Z¨i m„wó nq| ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi †¶‡Î ivR‰bwZK `‡ji f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© Aa¨vcK A¨vjvb ej e‡jb, ÒPolitical parties are more diffuse because of their need to win wider support."

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weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-103

AšÍi½ †Mvôx (Peer Group): mgch©vqfz³ e¨w³e‡M©i ‡MvôxB nj AšÍi½ †Mvôx| AvaywbK mgv‡R G ai‡bi AšÍi½ †Mvôx e¨w³ gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK Rxeb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Ges ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi †¶‡Î ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| AšÍi½ eÜz-ev܇ei ivRbxwZ welqK g‡bvfve I gZvgZ mgeq¯‹‡`i ivR‰bwZK `„wófw½‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| †MvôxMZ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î m`m¨ e¨w³iv Askx`vi nq| Gi d‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †h ivR‰bwZK cÖwZwµqv I wg_w¯Œqvi (Action and interaction) m„wó nq, ZvÕ ivR‰bwZK `¶Zv e„wׇZ mnvqZv K‡i| agx©q msMVb (Religious Organizations): e¯‘Z gvbe mgv‡R a‡g©i f‚wgKv we‡klfv‡e Zvrch©c~Y©| Rb¥ †_‡K g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ agx©q wek¦vm, g~j¨‡eva I AvPvi-Abyôvbmg~n e¨w³ gvby‡li Rxebaviv cÖfvweZ K‡i fxlYfv‡e| ZvB ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi †¶‡Î agx©q AvPvi-Abyôvb Z_v agx©q msMV‡bi f‚wgKv‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv qvq bv| mviK_v: †h-‡Kvb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi w¯’wZkxjZv I mvd‡j¨i ¯^v‡_© bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ Gi AbyK‚‡j g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm I wPšÍvaviv M‡o †Zvjv Avek¨K| Gi cwie‡Z© bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ hw` cÖwZ‡iv‡ai g‡bvfve ev mwµq we‡ivwaZvi gvbwmKZv _v‡K, Zvn‡j cÖwZK‚j cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †Kvb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi `xN©¯’vwqZ¡ ev mdjZv Avkv Kiv hvq bv| Avi G ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi ¯’vwqZ¡ I mvdj¨ A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi Dci| G Kvi‡YB AvaywbK ivóªweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvq ÔivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiYÕ welqwUi Dci h‡_ó ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| mvgvwRKxKiY nj wk¶v MÖn‡Yi GKwU c×wZ ev cÖwµqv| g~jZ gvby‡li mvgvwRK cÖK…wZi D‡b¥‡li Dcvq‡K ejv nq mvgwRKxKiY| A_©vr mvgvwRKxKiY nj Ggb GwU mvgvwRK cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g e¨w³ gvby‡li mvgvwRK cÖK…wZi weKvk mvab m¤¢e nq|

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GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-104

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK DËiwU wjLyb| 1. ÒbvMwiKiv wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK KvRK‡g© cÖZ¨¶fv‡e AskMÖn‡Yi cÖv°v‡j ev Zvi Av‡M †h

c×wZ‡Z ivR‰bwZK g~j¨‡eva AR©b K‡i Zv‡K ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY e‡j|Ó ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY m¤ú‡K© G msÁvwU †K w`‡q‡Qb?

K. †WwfW B÷b L. Gm Gj Iqvmwe M. †R wm †Rvnvwi N. wm we cvI‡qj| 2. ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi gva¨g wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU? K. AšÍi½†Mvôx L. cwievi M. MYgva¨g N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jv| 3. "Political parties are more diffuse because of their need to win___."

ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi R‡b¨ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji f‚wgKv cÖms‡M e‡ji G e³‡e¨i Rb¨ †Kvb&wU mwVK?

K. Wider support L. Leadership M. People's consent

N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. mvgvwRKxKiY ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb? 2. ivR‰bwZK mvgwRKxKi‡Yi †¶‡Î cwiev‡ii f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K©| ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi msÁv w`b| 2. ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi g~L¨ gva¨gmg~‡ni f‚wgKv e©Ybv Kiyb| DËigvjv t 1| L 2| N 3| K mnvqK MÖš’: Finkle and Gable (eds.), Political Development and Social Change, NewYork : John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1966 L W Pye and S Verba (eds.), The Civic Culture, Boston : Little, Brown and Co., 1965 ˆmq` wmivRyj Bmjvg, mvgvwRK cwieZ©b I ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb, XvKv: eyK †mvmvBwU, 1990

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weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-5 c„ôv-105

ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ (Political Culture)

D‡Ïk¨ G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- ◆ ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ wK ZvÕ ej‡Z cvi‡eb ◆ ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi †kªYxweb¨vm Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, ◆ ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi msÁv (Definition of Political Culture) ÔivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZÕ m¤úwK©Z aviYvi cÖ_g cÖe³v n‡jb wR G A¨vjgÛ (G A Almond)| Zvui g‡Z,ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ n‡”Q Ò†Kvb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi m`m¨‡`i ivRbxwZi cÖwZ g‡bvfve I `„wófw½i cÖwZK…wZÓ ("The pattern of individual attitudes and orientations toward politics shared by members of a political system")| wmWwb fvievi (Sidney Verba) g‡Z, Òcix¶vjä wek¦vm, cÖKvk‡hvM¨ cÖZxK Ges g~j¨‡ev‡ai mgwóB n‡”Q ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ hv, ivR‰bwZK wµqvKjv‡ci cwiwa e¨vL¨v K‡i|Ó jywmqvb cvB (Lucian W Pye) Gi g‡Z, ÒivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ n‡”Q a¨vb-aviYv, wek¦vm I Abyf‚wZi Ggb GK mgwó hvÕ ivR‰bwZK Kvh©vejx‡K A_©c~Y© K‡i †Zv‡j Ges G‡`i g‡a¨ GK cÖKvi myk„•Lj Awfe¨w³ NUvq| ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ‡ZB G‡`i AšÍwb©wnZ I gb¯ÍvwË¡K w`‡Ki mvwe©K cÖKvk N‡U|Ó Gjvb ej (Alan R Ball) e‡jb †h,ÒivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ mgv‡Ri †m mKj g‡bvfve, Av‡eM, wek¦vm I g~j¨‡eva wb‡q MwVZ nq, hv ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi I ivR‰bwZK cÖkœvw`i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| G mKj g‡bvfve m‡PZbfv‡e †cvlY bvI Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ G¸‡jv ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ †Kvb e¨w³ ev †Mvôxi m¤ú‡K©i wfZi AšÍwb©wnZ _v‡K‡Z cv‡iÓ ("A political culture is composed of the attitudes, beliefs, emotions and values of society that

relate to the political system and to political issues. These attitudes may not be

consciously held, but may be implicit in an individual and group relationship

with the political system".)| DcwiD³ msÁv¸‡jvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, ÔivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZÕ ej‡Z Ggb KZK¸‡jv g‡bvfve, wek¦vm I Abyf‚wZ‡K eySvq hvÕ †Kvb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v‡K k„sLjv I Zvrch© `vb K‡i Ges hvÕ ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v‡K gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY wbqš¿Y Kivi g~j¨‡eva I wewa-weavb m„wó K‡i| †Kvb iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK fveaviv I ixwZ-bxwZ mewKQyB ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi AšÍf©y³| ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi †kªYxweb¨vm (Classification of Political Culture) A¨vjgÛ I fviev (G A Almond and S Verba) Zvu‡`i ÔThe Civic CultureÕ kxl©K MÖ‡š’

-GKwU mgv‡R wZb cÖKvi ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi D‡j L K‡i‡Qb| wb‡Pi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K G wZb †kªYxi ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi m¤ú‡K© Avgiv Rbvi †Póv Kie| msKxY©Zvev`x ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ (Parochial Political Culture): mvaviYZ AbybœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z Ges mbvZb mgvR e¨e¯’vq †hLv‡b Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ †PZbv I AvMÖ‡ni Afve ev e¨vcK D`vmxbZv cwijw¶Z nq †mLv‡b G ai‡bi ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ weivR K‡i| ivR‰bwZK Rxebaviv I RvZxq ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© RbM‡Yi cÖej Abxnvi Kvi‡Y msKxY©Zvev`x ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi m„wó nq| G ai‡bi ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ‡Z Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi e¨vcv‡iI m‡PZbZvi Afve cwijw¶Z nq| msKxY©Zvev`x

cvV-5

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Page 21: GmGmGBPGj BDwbU-5 ivR‰bwZK †PZbv Political Awareness · 2020-04-07 · cvV-1 MYZš¿, Gi ˆewkó¨ I cÖKvi‡f` cvV-2 RbgZ cvV-3 wbe©vPb I wbe©vPKgÛjx cvV-4 ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY

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