go higher arts lang 2010 1 ppt

8/8/2019 Go Higher Arts Lang 2010 1 PPT

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Go Higher Arts

Introduction to Language

Mary E. ClintonSchool of English


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HousekeepingNo Food or Drink in any of the Classrooms

Prompt start at 11.00 a.m.

No extensions given unless formally requested via the office

Reading and/or exercises each week (except week 6 and

week 12)

1 trial essay at week 6 of approx 1,500 words

1 assessed piece of work at the end of term 3,000 words

Contact via [email protected]


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Blended Learning

Virtual and in class

Lectures Seminars

Workshops

Tutorials


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Pro-Active Learning


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Reflective Learning Journal Done every two weeks

Based on an ILP done in week 2

Encourages pro-active open independent

learners


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The benefits of developing your

skills in reflective learning Reflective learners are more likely to

develop a deeper understanding of their

subject and to achieve higher grades as aresult.

Reflective learners tend to:

B

e motivated, know what they are trying toachieve and why

Be pro-active in extending their understanding

of new topics and subjects


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What is Linguistics ? Linguistics is the scientific study of

language.

It includes both written and spoken

language.


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Types of Linguistics

Theoretical (general) Linguistics

Applied Linguistics


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Theoretical Linguistics

studies language structure (grammar), and meaning

(semantics).

The study of grammar encompasses morphology

(formation and alteration of words)

and syntax (the rules that determine the way words

combine into phrases and sentences).

Phonology, which is the system used to represent

language through abstract 'sounds', also forms part ofthis field.


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Theoretical Linguistics

Linguistics compares languages (comparative linguistics)

and explores their histories, in order to find universal

properties of language and to account for its developmentand origins (historical linguistics).

Slightly separate from general linguistics is the sub-field of

phonetics, the study of how sounds are produced and

perceived.


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Applied Linguisticsputs linguistic theories into practice in areas

such as: foreign language teaching,

speech therapy,

Corpus Linguistics

Lexicography and Translation,

Discourse Analysis,

Conversational Analysis

Speech Pathology.


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Applied Linguistics and

Computersy Many areas of applied linguistics today involve the explicit

use of computers.

ySpeech synthesis and speech recognition use phonetic and

phonemic knowledge to provide voice interfaces to

computers.

y Applications of computational linguistics in

y machine translation, computer-assisted translation,

y natural language processing

y corpus linguistics


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Divisions, Specialties, and Subfields

Phonetics, the study of the sounds of human language .

Phonology (or phonemics), the study of patterns of a language's basic sounds .

Morphology, the study of the internal structure of words

Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences.

Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word

combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to form the meanings of

sentences.

Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise)

in communicative acts.

Discourse analysis, the study of sentences organized into texts.


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IntersectionsWithin the subfields specific areas may include Language acquisition, the study of how language is acquired

Historical linguistics orDiachronic linguistics, the study of languages whose

historical relations are recognizable through similarities in vocabulary, word

formation, and syntax

Psycholinguistics, the study of the cognitive processes and representations

underlying language use

Sociolinguistics, the study of social patterns of linguistic variability

Clinical linguistics, the application of linguistic theory to the area ofSpeech-

Language Pathology

Neuro linguistics the study of the brain networks that underlies grammarand communication


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Variation and Diachronic

Survey differences among the languages of the

world.

diachronic linguistics examines how

language changes through time,


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Contextual Linguistics Contextual linguistics may include the study

of linguistics in interaction with other

academic disciplines.

Whereas in core theoretical linguistics

language is studied for its own sake, the

interdisciplinary areas of linguisticsconsiderhow language interacts with the

rest of the world.


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Contextual LinguisticsySociolinguistics,

yanthropological linguistics and linguistic

anthropology

yCritical discourse analysis is where

rhetoric and philosophy interact with

linguistics and real life situations .


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Contextual LinguisticsyPsycholinguistics and neuro-linguistics

combine medical science and linguistics.

yOther cross-disciplinary areas of linguistics

include language acquisition, evolutionary

linguistics, computational linguistics and

cognitive science.


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A (brief) History of LinguisticsSome big names

Ancient

Tolkappiyanaar

Bharthari

19th Century

Jakob Grimm

Karl Verner

August Schleicher

Johannes Schmidt

20th Century

Ferdinand de Saussure

Edward Sapir Zellig Harris

Leonard Bloomfield

Contemporary

Noam Chomsky

Michael Hoey


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Tolkappiyanaar

The South Indian linguist Tolkappiyanaar (c.

3rd BCE)

yHe wrote the Tolkppiyam, the grammar of

Tamil, which is also still in use today.


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Bharthari ( Hindu Philosopher and

Poet c. 450-510 CE)

y He theorized the act of speech as

being made up of four stages:

1. 1.conceptualization of an idea,

2. 2. its verbalization and sequencing

3. 3.delivery of speech into

atmospheric air, all these by thespeaker

4. 4.the comprehension of speech by

the listener, the interpreter.


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Jakob GrimmJakob Ludwig Carl Grimm (4 January 1785 20 September 1863)

German philologist, jurist and mythologist.

He is best known as the discoverer ofGrimm's

Law (1822) , the principle of consonantal shiftsin pronunciation in Historical Linguistics.

the author (with his brother Wilhelm ) of the

monumentalDeutsches Wrterbuch (DWB,

The "German Dictionary cfOED )

Deutsche Mythologie (Teutonic Mythology1835)

Children's and Household Tales (Kinder- und

Hausmrchen 1812 ) aka Grimms Fairy Tales


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Grimms Law Not for now, but hold onto to later

Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops change into voiceless

fricatives.

Proto-Indo-European voiced stops become voiceless stops.

Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirated stops become voiced

fricatives; ultimately, in most Germanic languages these voiced

fricatives become voiced stops.

The chain shift can be abstractly represented as:

b b p f d d t g g k x g g

k x


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Karl Verner

Karl (Adolph)Verner (7

March 1846 5 November

1896)

Verners law (1875) . describes

a historical sound change in the

Proto-Germanic languagewhereby voiceless fricatives *f,

*, *s, *h (including *h ),

when immediately following an

unstressed syllable in the same

word, underwent voicing andbecame respectively the

fricatives *b, *d, *z, *g(and

*g)


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August Sch

leich

er

August Schleicher

(19 February 1821 6 December 1868)

His great work was A Compendium

ofthe Comparative Grammar of

the Indo-European Languages, in

which he attempted to reconstructthe Proto-Indo-European language.

He created the Tree Model

(German Stammbaumtheorie),


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Stammbaumtheorie


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Johannes Schmidt

Johannes Schmidt (July 29,

1843 July 4, 1901)

He developed the Wellentheorie

('wave theory') of language

development.

In historical linguistics, the wavemodel orwave theory is a model

of language change in which new

features of a language spread from

a central point in continuously

weakening concentric circles,similar to the waves created when a

stone is thrown into a body of

water.


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Diagram from: Johannes Schmidt, 1872. Die

Verwandtschaftsverhltnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen.

Weimar: H. Bhlau.


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Ferdinand de Saussure the founder of modern

structural linguistics

Course in GeneralLinguistics (1916)

Semiotician

(26 November 1857 22 February 1913)


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Edward Sapir a leader in American

structural linguistics,

was one of the firstwho explored the

relations between

language studies and

anthropology Sapir-Whorf

hypothesis,

(January 26, 1884 February 4, 1939)


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SapirWhorfhypothesis A theory of the relationship between language and

thought expounded in its most explicit form by the American anthropological

linguists Edward Sapir (18841939) and Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897

1941). Also known as the theory of linguistic relativity, the hypothesis

states (in the words of Whorf) that we dissect nature along lines laid down by

our native languages . . . by the linguistic systems in our minds. The differences

in world-view imposed by different languages have, however, proved extremely

difficult to elucidate or test experimentally, and the fact of successful bilingual

translation weakens the force of the theorys claims; as a result, the Sapir

Whorf hypothesis has made little impact on contemporary psycholinguistics,

though the 1990s saw a renewed interest from cognitive psycholinguists and

others.

Crystal, D. (2008) ADictionary ofLinguistics and Phonetics 6th

Edition. p. 422


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Zellig Harris

Zellig Sabbettai Harris (October 23,

1909 May 22, 1992) linguist,

mathematical syntactician, and

methodologist of science.

structural linguistics and discourse

analysis and for the discovery oftransformational structure in

language.

sublanguage grammar, operator

grammar, and a theory of linguistic

information.

Leonard Bloomfield

Leonard Bloomfield (April 1, 1887

April 18, 1949) structural linguistics.

His influential textbookLanguage,

published in 1933, presented a

comprehensive description of American

structural linguistics.

He made significant contributions to Indo-

European historical linguistics, the

description of Austronesian languages

, and description of languages of the

Algonquian family.

Bloomfield's approach to linguistics wascharacterized by its emphasis on the

scientificbasis of linguistics, adherence to

behaviourism , and emphasis on formal

procedures for the analysis of linguistic

data.


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Chomsky

Avram Noam Chomsky

1928- Present

Institute Professor and Professor of Linguistics at the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology;

transformational grammar ortransformational-

generative grammar (TGG) (1957)

that each sentence in a language has two levels of

representation a deep structure and a surface

structure.[

The deep structure represented the core semantic

relations of a sentence, and was mapped on to the

surface structure (which followed the phonological

form of the sentence very closely) via

transformations.

LAD Language acquisition device


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Michael Hoey Michael Hoey is Baines

Professor of English Language

and Director of the Applied

English Language Studies Unitat the University of Liverpool.

Since 2007 he has also been

Dean of the Faculty of Arts and

Pro Vice Chancellor since

2009.

Computation and corpus

linguistics

Patterns in text

lexical priming


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Review

go higher arts lang 2010 1 ppt

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