go to apworldipedia - key concept 2.2 web view02/09/2017 · step one – in a group...

Name: __________________________WHAP 1012.2 - The Development of States and Empires- The Classical Big Three- China, India and Rome

Standard 4.0 3.5 Not a 3.5 yet76 – 64 points

63- 50 points Less than 50 points

Take complete notes of the packet and Fill out graphic organizer for SAQ and LEQ _______/10 pointsVocabulary Test ______/20 points Short Answer Question (SAQ) _____/16 points LEQ Essay- Comparison _____/30 points

Step one – in a group of three use your phone(s) to look up the following word and write a definition in your own words.

Tough Test Terms Innovation ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Periodization ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

General History TermsDiffusion ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Intellectual ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Coerced ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Overview- Centralized and Decentralized Goverments

Vocabulary

1. Centralized Government-Define-

Historical Significance-

2. Decentralized Government- Define-


Go to APWorldipedia - Key Concept 2.2 The Development of States and Empires - http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_2.2_The_Development_of_States_and_Empires – Scroll down to

II. Empires and states developed new techniques of imperial administration based, in part, on the success of earlier political forms.Empires are large and diverse. As they expanded duing the classical age, ruling them became more difficult. Governments had to implement methods to project power over large areas, something that presented a challenge in the age before modern transportation and communication. Drawing from the successes of earlier civilizations, empires in the classical age were able to centralize their power and rule over vast domains.

A centralized government is one in which most decisions for the entire state are made by one executive power. This usually involves one leader, or a small group of individuals, having authority over all regions of a state from a single location, such as a capital city. Although all states are necessarily centralized to some degree, some governments can lean more toward decentralization. A decentralized government allows more control and decision making to be made at the level of local provinces or counties. An illustration would be a school in which the administration allows teachers to create many of the rules and procedures for their own classrooms, as opposed to a more centralized system in which an administrator micro-manages every aspect of the classroom from an administrative office. Examples of centralized states in the classical age are Han China, Mauryan India, and the Byzantine Empire. More decentralized states were Gupta India and the Zhou Dynasty of China.

Each of these models of government has its own pattern of strengths and weaknesses. Although decentralized governments put people more in touch with the powers that govern them, they often find it difficult to unite for the common good in times of crises. Centralized states can be efficient, but require some apparatus to project power and hold distance provinces together. They can also can be the target of blame when people become discontented.

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http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_2.2_The_Development_of_States_and_Empires

Answer the following question below – What is the difference between a centralized and a decentralized government?

Part I: East Asia – China

Vocabulary- Define what the 10 terms mean with their Historical Significance 1. Zhou Dynasty

Define-


2. Period of Warring States

Define-


3. QIN SHI HUANGDI

Define-


4. Qin Dynasty

Define-


3

5. LEGALISM

Define-


6. Bureaucracy-

Define-


7. GREAT WALL

Define-


8. TERRA COTTA WARRIORS

Define-


9. Han Wu Di-

Define-


10. Han Dynasty-

Define-


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Classical China Map- http://www.freeman-pedia.com/classicalchina

Label the following on the map Outline the border of: -Qin Dynasty -Han Dynasty ½ point each

Label the Rivers-Huang He (Yellow) - Chang Jing (Yangtze) ½ point each

Label and draw in the man made features - Roads - Canals - Great Wall ½ point each

Watch and take notes on the following video/lecture- Shang Dynasty...in five minutes or less- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jl5CTopSETs

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jl5CTopSETs

http://www.freeman-pedia.com/classicalchina

Go to your Freemanpedia packet and write down the most important information from The Freemanpedia reading packet- on The Shang Dynasty

Watch and take notes on the following video/lecture- Zhou Dynasty...in five minutes or less- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBsPR5brZ0E

Go to your Freemanpedia packet and write down the most important information from The Freemanpedia reading packet- on the Zhou Dynasty


II. Empires and states developed new techniques of imperial administration based, in part, on the success of earlier political forms.

Centralized Governments: Case Studies

EAST ASIA After the fall of the Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC–256 BC) China fell into a period of chaos known as the Period of the Warring States. Although a time of conflict and strife, this period was one of the most fruitful in terms of intellectual output. In the quest to understand how China could have fallen into a period of instability, great thinkers pondered questions such as "What is the best form of governance?" and, related to that question, "What is the nature of man?" The differing answers to these questions formed the basis of Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBsPR5brZ0E

The Period of Warring States ended when the warrior Qin Shi Huang centralized power and destroyed regional opposition. Although it lasted only 14 years, the Qin Dynastyset in place many important aspects of Chinese civilization.One of the most important things the Qin did was create a bureaucracy. Bureaucrats are employees of the state whose position in society, unlike nobles or aristocrats, does not rest on an independent source of wealth. Members of the bureaucracy only had positions and power as granted by the emperor. Generally speaking, the bureaucrat's high status and wealth is based on his obedience to his superior. Land owning aristocrats, on the other hand, have large estates and personal fortunes to fall back on; they have a vested interest in influencing the government in their personal favor. Aristocrats also tend to make decisions based on what is best for their location, thus becoming a decentralizing force. By assigning bureaucrats to regions, the Qin bypassed the powerful aristocracy and governed through those whose position depended on loyal obedience to the state. Additionally, the practice of Legalism reinforced the bonds of obligation between bureaucrat and superior. In this manner, the bureaucracy became a tool of centralization for China and placed the entire empire under the leadership of the Qin emperor.

In order to bring unity to China, the Qin also built roads and bridges, constructed defensive walls, standardized units of weight and measurement, created a standard currency, and made one common form of Chinese writing. The harsh Legalism of the Qin allowed it to do much during its short reign of 14 years, but this same strict political philosophy also generated much resentment among the common people. As soon as the emperor died, the people revolted and slaughtered many of the remaining Qin officials.

Unlike previous eras, Chinese civilization did not regress into chaos for long. The Han dynasty came to power and ruled China for about 400 years, roughly 200 B.C.E. to 200 C.E. The ability of the Han to maintain a strong central government over such a vast area was greatly facilitated by the Qin reforms under Legalism.

Watch and take notes on the following videos - Chinese Empires (4/9)- https://www.youtube.com/watch?

list=PLB3E2566C6A50DCE0&v=LQxhLbZOAIc and Chinese Empires (5/9)- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1g2glY1SNk&index=5&list=PLB3E2566C6A50DCE0

Focus on Qin Shi Huangdi, the Great Wall, his burial tomb and the Terracotta Warriors

Go to your Freemanpedia packet and write down the most important information from The Freemanpedia reading packet- on the Qin Dynasty

7

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1g2glY1SNk&index=5&list=PLB3E2566C6A50DCE0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1g2glY1SNk&index=5&list=PLB3E2566C6A50DCE0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PLB3E2566C6A50DCE0&v=LQxhLbZOAIc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PLB3E2566C6A50DCE0&v=LQxhLbZOAIc

Under the leadership of emperor Han Wudi, the Han Dynasty is responsible for some very important innovations that would have a lasting effect on China: the official adoption of Confucianism and the rise of the civil service examinations.The Han adopted Confucianism because it was the most organized educational network from which they could draw people for the bureaucracy. To make certain new recruits were educated well, they began testing them through a rigorous system of civil service examinations; to be in the Han bureaucracy, one had to demonstrate a mastery of Confucian ideas on these tests. One effect of this was that the Han bureaucracy was filled with people profoundly influenced by Confucian thought. They were taught to model good behavior for those under them and to respect and submit to those in authority over them. Thus Confucianism not only became deeply embedded in Chinese culture, it also came to re-enforce the political bureaucracy by advocating obedience and benevolent rule. A synthesis was forged between China's political structure and a belief system.

Watch and take notes on the following video/lecture- The Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkNEvPly5WU

Take notes, this guy is good!!

Go to your Freemanpedia packet and write down the most important information from The Freemanpedia reading packet- on the Han Dynasty

Use the SCAP steps to analyze the following primary source:

Qian) From the Memorial on Annexation of Feudal States From Sources of Chinese Tradition, compiled by Wm. Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 208-210. © 1999 Columbia University Press. Reproduced with the permission of the publisher. All rights reserved. - http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/cup/lisi_legalist_memorials.pdf

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http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/cup/lisi_legalist_memorials.pdf

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkNEvPly5WU

Introduction: Li Si (d. 208 BCE) was, along with the Legalist philosopher Han Fei (d. 233 BCE), a student of Xunzi (c. 310-c. 219 BCE) and an official for the kingdom of Qin.

From the Memorial on the Burning of Books … But at present Your Majesty possesses a unified empire, has regulated the distinctions of black and white, and has firmlyestablished for yourselfa position ofsole supremacy. And yet these independent schools, joiningwith each other, criticize the codes oflaws and instructions. Hearingofthe promulgation of a decree, theycriticize it, each from the standpoint of his own school. … Your servant suggests that all books in the imperial archives, save the memoirs of Qin, be burned. All persons in the empire, except members of the Academy of Learned Scholars, in possession of the Classic of Odes, the Classic of Documents, and discourses of the hundred philosophers should take them to the local governors and have them indiscriminatelyburned. Those who dare to talkto each other about the Odes and Documents should be executed and their bodies exposed in the marketplace. Anyone referringto the past to criticize the present should, together with all members ofhis family, be put to death.S- SpeakerWhat’s the speaker’s POV?

C- ContextDoes this fit in an “age” or an “era”?A- AudienceWho is the speaker writing for? Does the audience “side” with the speaker?P- PurposeCan you summarize in one sentence, the main idea, argument, or persuasion in the doc?

Part II: South Asia – India

Vocabulary- Define what the terms mean with their Historical Significance 1. Mauryan Dynasty Define-


2. ChandraguptaDefine-


3. AshokaDefine-

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4. Edicts of AshokaDefine-


5. Gupta Dynasty

Define-


Label the following in the map - http://www.freeman-pedia.com/classicalindia Outline of:Maurya Empire 232 B.C Gupta Empire 400 C.E.

Draw and label the Rivers:Indus River Ganges River


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http://www.freeman-pedia.com/classicalindia


Centralized Governments: Case StudiesThe classical age of India’s history was comprised of two important dynasties, the Mauryan and the Gupta. The rise of the Mauryan Dynasty was precipitated by the invasion of Alexander of Macedonia in 327 B.C. Although Alexander left no lasting impression on India, he did clear out several small Aryan states and create the power vacuum which allowed Chandragupta Mauryan to establish his namesake dynasty.

Under Mauryan rule much of the Indian subcontinent was united for the first time under one central government. Theywere able to rule such a large area by using a well organized bureaucracy. Chandragupta maintained his bureaucracy with a systematic use of spying, brutality and intimidation. The most important ruler of the Mauryan dynasty was Ashoka. He retained the bureaucracy created by this grandfather Chandragupta, but imposed a system of law across his empire known as the Edicts of Ashoka. These rules brought cohesion and legal consistency across the empire, as the Code of Hammurabi did for the Babylonians. Thus Ashoka relied on both a bureaucracy and a codified legal system to centralize his rule.

Under Ashoka's rule the empire expanded and the bureaucracy became more organized. He created central organizations to ensure that his edicts and policies were carried out across his empire. An important event during Ashoka’s rule was his conversion to Buddhism, a change that moderated the harsh precedents set by his grandfather. Ashoka today is remembered as one of ancient India's most influential and benevolent leaders.

Use the SCAP steps to analyze the following primary source:

THE EDICTS OF KING ASHOKA

An English rendering byVen. S. Dhammika- https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html

1-Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, has caused this Dhamma edict to be written.[1] Here (in my domain) no living beings are to be slaughtered or offered in sacrifice. Nor should festivals be held, for Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, sees much to object to in such festivals, although there are some festivals that Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, does approve of.

Formerly, in the kitchen of Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, hundreds of thousands of animals were killed every day to make curry. But now with the writing of this Dhamma edict only three creatures, two peacocks and a deer are killed, and the deer not always. And in time, not even these three creatures will be killed…

4 -

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https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html

In the past, for many hundreds of years, killing or harming living beings and improper behavior towards relatives, and improper behavior towards Brahmans and ascetics has increased.[7] But now due to Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's Dhamma practice, the sound of the drum has been replaced by the sound of the Dhamma.[8] The sighting of heavenly cars, auspicious elephants, bodies of fire and other divine sightings has not happened for many hundreds of years. But now because Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi promotes restraint in the killing and harming of living beings, proper behavior towards relatives, Brahmans and ascetics, and respect for mother, father and elders, such sightings have increased.[9]

These and many other kinds of Dhamma practice have been encouraged by Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, and he will continue to promote Dhamma practice. And the sons, grandsons and great-grandsons of Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, too will continue to promote Dhamma practice until the end of time; living by Dhamma and virtue, they will instruct in Dhamma. Truly, this is the highest work, to instruct in Dhamma. But practicing the Dhamma cannot be done by one who is devoid of virtue and therefore its promotion and growth is commendable.

This edict has been written so that it may please my successors to devote themselves to promoting these things and not allow them to decline. Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, has had this written twelve years after his coronation.

S- SpeakerWhat’s the speaker’s POV?


Watch and take notes on the following video/lecture- Classical India Part 3 The Mauryan Dynasty- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aInWmBIQadw

Take notes on this great lecture, but remember one thing, he calls Alexander the Great’s army the Greeks- they were not Greeks but were Hellenistic- that means influenced by Greek culture

Go to your Freemanpedia packet and write down the most important information from The Freemanpedia reading packet- on the Mauryan Dynasty

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aInWmBIQadw

When Ashoka died the Mauryan empire soon crumbled. After a period of disorder and regional kingdoms, the Gupta Dynasty emerged and once again united India under a single government. The Gupta empire never grew to the size of the Mauryan. The organization of their empire was considerably different as well. Ashoka used the bureaucracy to manage most details of the empire. The Gutpas, on the other hand, let most decisions and policy making up to local leaders. They also preferred to negotiate or intermarry with local rulers to keep the peace. Although they ruled over a smaller area than the Mauryans, the Gupta era was the greatest period of political stability in classical India. However, this lack of centralized rule came with an eventual price. The various regions of India had their own distinctions and were never integrated into the whole as they were under Ashoka. In fact, the Gupta empire would break along these regional divisions as the empire was threatened by internal corruption and nomadic invaders. After the fall of the Gupta dynasty, the Indian subcontinent would remain fragmented into regions for over 1500 years. Thus the pattern of rule in classical India alternated between large but decentralized empires and networks of disjointed regional kingdoms.

Watch and take notes on the following video/lecture Classical India Part 4 The Gupta Dynasty- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDhaM3ANTq8&t=195s

Go to your Freemanpedia packet and write down the most important information from The Freemanpedia reading packet- on the Gutpan Dynasty

Part III: Rome -Vocabulary- Define what the terms mean with their Historical Significance

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDhaM3ANTq8&t=195

1. ROMAN REPUBLIC Define-


2. ROMAN EMPIRE Define-


3. CONSTANTINE Define-


4. Twelve Tables- Define-


5. PatriciansDefine-


6. PlebeiansDefine-


7. Jus Gentium Define-

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_empire

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_republic


8. Jus Civile Define-


9. Julius Caesar- Define-


10. Augustus Caesar – Define-


11. Diocletian – Define-


12. Constantine –Define-


Watch and take notes on the following video Rome: Engineering an Empire part 1 of 2- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae0IgOgBJEI

11:00 - 13:15 – Founding of Rome

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae0IgOgBJEI



Centralized Governments: Case StudiesThe diversity of east and south Asian empires did not compare with that of Rome. At its peak, the Roman Empire included areas as diverse as Egypt, Spain, Britain, Palestine, and the Caucasus Mountain region. As its territory expanded it grew from a monarchy, to a Republic, and finally became an Empire. Although its political innovations were impressive, Rome's greatest legacy was its system of law through which they forged a way to incorporate diverse cultures into a single political state without stripping localities of their individual identities.The first laws implemented in Rome were the Twelve Tables. These laws were produced early in Roman history (449 BCE) in order to relieve tensions between the upper classes (the patricians) and the common classes (the plebeians) of citizens. The plebeians used their position as Rome's labor force as leverage to get the patricians to create these laws. The Twelve Tables, which guaranteed procedural equality and consistency in courts of law, was the first major concession won by the plebeians on their road to political equality and republican government.

The 12 Tables of Roman Law 450 B.C.E.

The earliest codification of Roman law is found in the Twelve Tables. It was a compilation of new laws and existing customs which was to be enforced impartially by the magistrates. It was inscribed ultimately on twelve bronze tablets.http://www.historywiz.com/primarysources/twelvetables.html

Table V.

1. Females should remain in guardianship even when they have attained their majority.

Table XI.

1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians.

Table XII.16

http://www.historywiz.com/primarysources/twelvetables.html


2. If a slave shall have committed theft or done damage with his master’s knowledge, the action for damages is in the slave's name.

S- SpeakerWhat’s the speaker’s POV?


Roman laws became more complex as the empire grew. The genius of Rome's response to the increased diversity of an expanding empire was the division of law into two types, jus gentium and jus civile. Jus gentium, or law of all nations, refers to universal principles that are true of all people. These are fundamental to being human and all societies have some version of them. They embody principles such as: harm done to another person without cause is wrong, and false dealing or fraud is wrong. The Romans thought these basic precepts were universal to all people; without them different cultures could not even engage in trade. Because they are universal, a foreigner in Rome could be charged for breaking one of these principles even if that person did not see them written down. Ignorance can never be an excuse for violating jus gentium. By the second century C.E. the jus gentium was called Natural Law.

After recognizing the general principles (jus gentium) that make society possible, the Romans realized that these general principles do not look the same within different societies; specific cultural norms and practices vary widely across civilizations. Thus the Romans came up with the idea of jus civile, or civil law. This codified system of law is what the jus gentium looks like inside a specific culture. They differ from place to place, but always manifest the general principles common to all people. For example, in all cultures it is wrong to cheat in trade. But in one civilization it may be more disruptive to cheat someone from one's own clan or tribe, so the punishment would be more severe in that case. In another civilization it might be worse to cheat someone from an higher social class than someone from one's own class. In both cultures cheating is wrong, but the written law concerning this principle looks different in both places. In short, general principles of right and wrong (jus gentium) are customized to fit the specific circumstances of local conditions; at the local level they become civil law (jus civile).

This system of law had coherence because it was based on principles thought to be universal to all men, and it had flexibility in that it allowed for local variances. Thus rendered, this system of law allowed Rome to administrate its massive empire with all its diverse cultures and local customs. After the Visgoths laid waste to Rome in 410 C.E., a Roman poet mourned his city with the following words:

You made of foreign realms one fatherland, the lawless found their gain beneath your sway;

17

sharing your laws with them you have subdued, you have made a city of the once wide world.[1]

Roman law turned the diversity of the empire into a single civilization, making a "city of the world."

Watch and take notes on the following video/lecture - Roman Society and Political Structurehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3B5pGiWptb4

Republic to Empire- http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/republic.html

Two thousand years ago, the world was ruled by Rome, but Rome could not rule itself. It took two men to wrestle Rome back from chaos and turn a republic into an empire.

In the first century BC, Rome was a republic. Power lay in the hands of the Senate, elected by Roman citizens. But the senators were fighting for power between themselves. Order had given way to anarchy and only might was right.

Dirty politics

Julius Caesar was convinced something had to change. Rising through the political ranks, he eventually became governor of Gaul. This gave him the chance to make lots of money, while his abilities as a general brought him power and respect.

By 50 BC, Caesar had made many powerful enemies. With his life under threat, he invaded Italy. Over the next few years, he defeated his enemies and seized power for himself.

But his rule would be brief. After just two years, he was murdered by senators who were fed up with his autocratic style. Rome was again threatened with chaos.

New kid on the block

Enter Augustus, Caesar's nephew and heir. An ambitious man from an average family, this was Augustus' big chance. 18

http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/republic.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3B5pGiWptb4

http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_2.2_The_Development_of_States_and_Empires#cite_note-1

With his ally, Marc Antony, he fought and killed Caesar's old enemies. Victorious, he divided the spoils: Augustus took Rome and Antony got Egypt.

The peace did not last long. Antony was quickly seduced by Egypt's queen, Cleopatra. Augustus suspected that the two wanted Rome for themselves. Before they could threaten him, Augustus attacked.

Run like an Egyptian

The Battle of Actium was a huge victory. Around three-quarters of the Egyptian fleet were destroyed and both Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide before they could be captured.

In Rome, Augustus was a hero. In 31 BC, he became Rome's first emperor. The transformation from republic to empire was complete.

After Rome built a republic built on laws from The Twelve Tables, the republic falls after ruling for 500 years and is replaced by an empire that began with Julius Caesar, later the Roman Empire in the West will fall in the Classical Age.

Watch and take notes on the following videos- The Life and Times of Julius Caesar https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUfkESu_JYM

CLIP FOURTEEN: AUGUSTUS- https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=EaCbHw-ZbZQ

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=EaCbHw-ZbZQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=EaCbHw-ZbZQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUfkESu_JYM

CLIP FIFTEEN: DIOCLETIAN- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vuKSi8_w-hw

CLIP SIXTEEN: CONSTANTINE- https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=1eRx66JYfkQ

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=1eRx66JYfkQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=1eRx66JYfkQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vuKSi8_w-hw

Overview Look at the entire visual image- write 2-3 details that explains what is in this image. This is “big picture,” and not a small detail in part of the image.

Parts Focus on the parts of the visual (read labels, look for symbols, study the details). Write 2-3 details about what the individual parts/symbols mean or represent?

Title Write the title and 2-3 details about what the title tells you about the image.

I learned that Name 2-3 major ideas or concepts that you learned from this map

Context Use the clues in the visual image to establish when the document was created and what it is showing from this era. Provide 2-3 examples that show this (if the year is listed that counts as one).

Development of Major Cities 21

The Roman Empire, under Diocletian, was divided into several administrative zones, which led to the establishment of a western Latin empire and an eastern Greek portion (see map on the right). The later would continue as the Byzantine Empire for another thousand years after the western side fell in 476 C.E..

Go to the website APWorldipedia 2.2- Key Concept 2.2 The Development of States and Empires - http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_2.2_The_Development_of_States_and_Empires

III. Unique social and economic dimensions developed in imperial societies in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas.A. Cities were extremely important to the economic, political, and cultural life of empires. Administrative centers, or what we would call capital cities, were sometimes themselves monuments to the power of the state. The monumental buildings of Persepolis and Rome, for example, conveyed the power and awe of the Persian and Roman Empires, respectively. Cites were also important centers for trade. Chang'an, the imperial capital of China (remained Xi'an during the Ming Dynasty) was an important trade center, situated as it was on the eastern end of the Silk Roads.

Watch and take notes on the video that is linked to Mr. Wood’s website – Engineering an Empire – The Persians https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6cmvM5oj3Q

13:05- 16:30 –Darius The Great, Persepolis and Hall of 100 Columns

Part IV: Classical Governments – China, Rome and India- Marshaling and Projecting PowerVocabulary- Define what the terms mean with their Historical Significance DiplomacyDefine-


XiongnuDefine-


Matrimonial alliances Define-


Tributary alliance

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6cmvM5oj3Q


Define-


SamudraguptaDefine-


TributeDefine-


Great Wall of China-Define-


Hadrian’s Wall-

Define- Historical Significance-

Fortifications-Define-


Viae Militares- Define-


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Han Army- Define-


Art of War –Define-


Roman Army –Define-


Mayan Army –Define-


Coins – Define-


Go to the website APWorldipedia 2.2- Key Concept 2.2 The Development of States and Empires - http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_2.2_The_Development_of_States_and_EmpiresB. The extension of empire across large areas was dependent upon a government's ability to marshal and project military power. This took place through a variety of techniques:

Diplomacy

There is more to winning a battle than military strategy and advanced weapons. Diplomacy, or the negotiation with allies and foes, was crucial for imperial conquest. For example, when the Han Dynasty pushed westward they came into conflict with the powerful confederation of nomadic tribes called the Xiongnu. In the ensuing war, the Han Emperor Wu sought alliances with small countries on his western border, offering a Han princess in marriage to the king of Wusun to secure him as an ally. Thus obtained, these allies helped the Chinese defeat the Xiongnu. Such matrimonial alliances were common with the empires of the classical ages. Another form of diplomacy is the creation of tributary states. Emperor Samudragupta of the Gupta Dynasty used this method on several occasions to bring stability to his empire. After defeating rival kingdoms he would allow a defeated king to retain his rule providing he paid the Gupta a determined price, called a tribute. This was often a more practical alternative than trying to rule remote kingdoms directly. In a tributary system, defeated kings basically purchase the right to rule from the victors, making them indirect subjects of the conquering power.

Diplomacy

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- B. The extension of empire across large areas was dependent upon a government's ability to marshal and project military power. This took place through a variety of techniques:

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The Han acquired allies through diplomacy in order to defeat the Xiongu confederation.

The Gupta Empire and the region of its tributary states.


Supply Lines

The armies of ancient empires required complex logistical operations, especially when they were on the move. The minimum daily rations for a soldier was 3 pounds of grain and 2 quarts of water. Thus an army of 65,000 men required at least 195,000 lbs of grain and 325,000 lbs of water each day.[2] It seems almost miraculous that ancient armies were able to provide for themselves without modern vehicles and paved roads. Armies of the classical age created supply trains of animals and wheeled carts. This increased the provisions that could be carried but also introduced new impediments: the average pack animal required 10 lbs of grain per day thereby increasing the necessary provisions, and carts pulled by some animals slowed the movement of an army to a crawl (most terrain was rough and had no roads). For this reason, Alexander the Great limited pack animals to horses and camels and eliminated carts completely from his supply line.[3] Travelling with his army was a significant number of non-combatants whose job it was to manage the movement of supplies across the ranks of soldiers. All of this required tedious centralized planning. And given the fact that the average army could only carry enough supplies to last them for 10 days, sustaining supply lines was very important for armies. These lifelines were also vulnerable to enemy attacks that could bring devastation by cutting an army from its provisions.

Forts, Walls and Roads

Effective armies also need engineers. To ease the role of defense, armies were aided by defensive walls. The famous Great Wall of China was first constructed by the Qin Dynasty to protect them from nomadic tribes on their northwestern frontier. The Qin constructed miles of walls and connected preexisting walls. It's noteworthy that the purpose of a wall was not to establish a permanent defensive boundary for the empire. They were made to secure conquered areas with an eye to expansion. "Build and move on was the principle of the wall, not setting up a fixed border for all time. [4] These earthen walls were later fortified with stone by the Ming Dynasty, and this is the wall most familiar with tourists today. The Romans likewise constructed Hadrian's Wall to divide their territory of Britain from the Scottish Pics whose raids became problematic for them. In any case, walls were not effective without being manned by soldiers; both the Chinese and the Romans built fortifications and garrisons at points along their walls. As empires expanded beyond their resources, the thinning of armies on the boundaries of an empire allowed defensive walls to be easily breached.

Defensive walls were not the only places where empires built fortifications. A fortress made a powerful territorial claim for

the empire who built it, and anyone challenging the territory on which the fortress was built had to take the fortress first.

The city of Rome built fortifications on the seven hills surrounding the city. When the Mauryans took the province of

Kalinga they built a fortification there to secure it as a possession. [5] Most classical civilizations built fortresses to shore up

their most vulnerable areas; only the Gupta did not do this,[6] perhaps because as a decentralized state it was less able to

garner resources for the collective good.

Due to the size of their imperial reach, empires built roads as well. These facilitated travel and trade but often the

construction of roads was motivated by need to move armies across the empire. The Romans excelled in roads, which

they called Viae. Viae militares, or military roads, served to move troops easily to defend or expand the empire. Indeed,

for the Romans, the construction of roads was primarily motivated by military needs.[7]

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- B. The extension of empire across large areas was dependent upon a government's ability to marshal and project military power. This took place through a variety of techniques:

Raising armies

All the classical empires needed methods to raise large armies. The Han army was primarily made up of soldiers

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A portion of the remains of the wall built by Roman Emperor Hadrian.

Time and weather have taken their toll on the earthen wall built by the Qin.


http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=File:Hadrianswall2007.jpg

conscripted from the civilian population into military service.[8] Typically, each group of 5 households was required to send 5 troops to military service. Unlike the troops, whose service was temporary, officers in the Han army were career professionals who advanced through the ranks by demonstrating knowledge of classic texts on military theory, such as Sun Tzu’s Art of War. (This was not unlike Chinese politicians who gained entrance to the bureaucracy by demonstrating knowledge of the Confucian classics.) Chinese officers communicated troop movements in battle by sounding gongs, bells, drums and signaling with flags.

The Roman army was probably the most effective killing machine of the ancient world. After the Punic Wars, the infantry was comprised of professional soldiers, not farmers called up for temporary service. They expanded their war machine by "organizing the communities that they conquered in Italy into a system that generated huge reservoirs of manpower for their army . . . Their main demand of all defeated enemies was they provide men for the Roman army every year. "[9] But even in the face of superior numbers and technology, the organization and flexibility of the Roman army was remarkable. The basic unit was 8 men, and 10 of these groups combined to form a century. Six centuries made a cohort and 10 cohorts was a legion. Soldiers drilled to fight at each of these levels. Consequently, a legion could fight as a whole unit or be divided and maneuvered according to the needs of battle into fighting groups ranging from 8 to 480 men. The ability of the Roman army to divide and adapt itself to battlefield developments was demonstrated at the Battle of Pydna, where the Romans decisively defeated the Macedonian forces.


C.It was in the best interest of classical governments to make trade more accessible. Higher profits brought in more tax revenue to the government. Although Roman roads were built at first to move armies, they greatly facilitated trade across the empire. When the Qin emperor centralized China after the Period of Warring States, he constructed an infrastructure of roads and bridges to increase trade and gather taxes from formerly isolated areas. As Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade brought wealth to Gupta India, emperors commissioned the production of coins to ease transactions and make it easier to compare the value of goods. All classical governments enacted policies to facilitate commercial activities.

Watch and take notes on the following video Rome: Engineering an Empire part 1 of 2- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae0IgOgBJEI

15:05 – 17:05 – Roman Roads and Expansion of the Republic

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae0IgOgBJEI


