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Go to Section : An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward you. You blink and then duck so that it misses you. These actions are just a few examples of homeostasis. Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in their external environments. Section 35- 1 Interest Grabber 1. List three other examples of homeostasis that occur in organisms. 2. Why is homeostasis important to an organism?

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Page 1: Go to Section: An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward

Go to Section:

An Important Process

While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward you. You blink and then duck so that it misses you. These actions are just a few examples of homeostasis. Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in their external environments.

Section 35-1

Interest Grabber

1. List three other examples of homeostasis that occur in organisms.

2. Why is homeostasis important to an organism?

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35–1 Human Body SystemsA. Organization of the Body

1. Cells

2. Tissues

3. Organs

4. Organ Systems

B. Maintaining Homeostasis

1. A Nonliving Example

2. In the Body

Section 35-1

Section Outline

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Room temperature increases

Thermostat senses temperature change and switches on heating system

Thermostat senses temperature change and switches off heating system

Room temperature decreases

Section 35-1

Examples of Feedback Inhibition

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Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System

Section 35-1

Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part I

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Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System

Section 35-1

Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part I

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Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System

Section 35-1

Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part I

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Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System

Section 35-1

Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part I

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Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System

Section 35-1

Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part I

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Respiratory System Digestive System Excretory System

Endocrine System Reproductive System Lymphatic/Immune Systems

Section 35-1

Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part 2

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You’ve Got a Lot of Nerve!

The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body. The nervous system is one of the body’s communication systems. Without communication, parts of the body could not work together smoothly.

Section 35-2

Interest Grabber

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1. Think about tying the shoelace of a sneaker. Construct a flowchart that shows what happens between your eyes and your brain, and between your brain and your hands, when you tie a bow in the shoelace.

2. How would the communications be different if you tried to tie the shoelace with your eyes closed?

Section 35-2

Interest Grabber continued

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35–2 The Nervous SystemA. Neurons

B. The Nerve Impulse

1. The Resting Neuron

2. The Moving Impulse

3. Threshold

C. The Synapse

Section 35-2

Section Outline

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Axon terminals

Myelin sheath

Nodes

Cell body

Axon

Nucleus

Dendrites

Section 35-2

A Neuron

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Section 35-2

Figure 35-6 Resting Potential

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Section 35-2

Figure 35-7 An Impulse

Page 16: Go to Section: An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward

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Section 35-2

Figure 35-7 An Impulse

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Section 35-2

Figure 35-7 An Impulse

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Section 35-2

Figure 35-7 An Impulse

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Vesicle

Axon

Axon terminal

Synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitter

Receptor

Dendrite of adjacent neuron

Direction of Impulse

Section 35-2

Figure 35-8 The Synapse

Page 20: Go to Section: An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward

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Brainiac

Imagine that you are a computer systems engineer and your job is to design a computer that can perform all the functions of a human brain.

Section 35-3

Interest Grabber

1. Which brainlike functions can already be performed by computers?

2. Which brainlike functions cannot be performed by computers?

3. How successful do you think you (or anyone) could be in designing a computer that can perform all the functions of the human brain? Explain your answer.

Page 21: Go to Section: An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward

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35–3 Divisions of the Nervous SystemA. The Central Nervous System

B. The Brain

1. The Cerebrum

2. The Cerebellum

3. The Brain Stem

4. The Thalamus and Hypothalamus

C. The Spinal Cord

D. The Peripheral Nervous System

1. The Somatic Nervous System

2. The Autonomic Nervous System

Section 35-3

Section Outline

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Concept Map

which consists of

is divided into

that make up

which is divided into

Section 35-3

The Nervous System

Sensory nerves

Motor nerves

Autonomic nervous system

Somatic nervous system

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Page 23: Go to Section: An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward

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Pons

Pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

Cerebrum

Medulla oblongata Spinal cord

Cerebellum

Pineal gland

Thalamus

Section 35-3

Figure 35-9 The Brain

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Spinal nerve

Central canalGray matter

White matter

Meninges

Section 35-3

Cross Section of the Spinal Cord

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Taking It All In

Your senses—sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste—are constantly receiving information about your environment. Even if you are not thinking about it, your body is sensing and responding to conditions around you, such as the temperature of the room.

Section 35-4

Interest Grabber

1. List ten things you observe about the room you are in.

2. Next to each observation, write the sense that you used to make that observation.

3. What sense did you use most?

Page 26: Go to Section: An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward

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35–4 The SensesA. Vision

B. Hearing and Balance

1. Hearing

2. Balance

C. Smell and Taste

D. Touch and Related Senses

Section 35-4

Section Outline

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Cerebral cortex

Nasal cavity

Taste bud

Smell sensory area

Tastesensory area

Thalamus

Olfactory(smell) bulb

Olfactorynerve

Smell receptor

Taste pore

Taste receptor

Sensorynerve fibers

Section 35-4

The Senses of Smell and Taste

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Choroid

Retina

Blood vessels

Optic nerve

Fovea

Vitreous humor

Sclera

Ligaments

Iris

Pupil

Cornea

Aqueous humor

Lens

Muscle

Section 35-4

Figure 35-14 The Eye

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Auditory canal

Tympanum Round window Eustachian tube

Bone

Cochlea

Cochlear nerve

Semicircular canals

Oval window

StirrupAnvilHammer

Section 35-4

Figure 35-15 The Ear

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Poster Designer

Imagine that you are working with a local community group to help stop drug abuse among teenagers. Your first assignment is to design a drug abuse awareness poster.

Section 35-5

Interest Grabber

1. Complete a brief sketch of your idea on a sheet of paper. What effects of drugs does your poster depict?

2. Why do you think teenagers will pay attention to your poster?

Page 31: Go to Section: An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward

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35–5 Drugs and the Nervous SystemA. Drugs That Affect the Synapse

1. Stimulants

2. Depressants

3. Cocaine

4. Opiates

5. Marijuana

6. Alcohol

7. Alcohol and Disease

B. Drug Abuse

Section 35-5

Section Outline

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Used to increase alertness, relieve fatigue

Used to relieve anxiety, irritability, tension

Used to relieve pain

Stimulants

Depressants

Opiates

Amphetamines

BarbituratesTranquilizers

MorphineCodeine

Increase heart and respiratory rates; elevate blood pressure; dilate pupils; decrease appetite

Slow down the actions of the central nervous system; small amounts cause calmness and relaxation; larger amounts cause slurred speech and impaired judgement

Act as a depressant; cause drowsiness, restlessness, nausea

Section 35-5

Commonly Abused Drugs

Drug Type Medical Use Examples Effects on the body

Page 33: Go to Section: An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward

Videos

Click a hyperlink to choose a video.

Action Potential

Synaptic Transmission

Page 34: Go to Section: An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward

Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 1

Action Potential

Page 35: Go to Section: An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward

Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 2

Synaptic Transmission

Page 36: Go to Section: An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward

Go Online

The latest discoveries in the nervous and immune systems

Interactive test

Articles on the human body

For links on the nervous system, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-0352.

For links on the human brain, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-0353.

For links on the senses, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-0354.

For links on drugs and drug abuse, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-0355.

http://www.phschool.com/quiz/biology_phb_quiz.html?chapter=35&questions=10
http://www.phschool.com/science/science_news/biology/human_body.html
http://www.scilinks.org/
http://www.scilinks.org/
http://www.scilinks.org/
http://www.scilinks.org/
Page 37: Go to Section: An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward

Interest Grabber Answers

1. List three other examples of homeostasis that occur in organisms.

Accept all reasonable student examples that show an understanding of homeostasis.

2. Why is homeostasis important to an organism?

Homeostasis allows an organism to remain in balance with its environment. If homeostasis is not maintained, it can harm the organism or result in the death of the organism.

Page 38: Go to Section: An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward

Interest Grabber Answers

1. Think about tying the shoelace of a sneaker. Construct a flowchart that shows what happens between your eyes and your brain, and between your brain and your hands, when you tie a bow in the shoelace.

Students’ flowcharts should include: The eyes inform the brain about the position of the hands and the shoelace; the brain signals the hands how to move to begin to tie the bow; and so on.

2. How would the communications be different if you tried to tie the shoelace with your eyes closed?

All information about the position of the shoelace would have to come from the hands as they feel and manipulate the shoelace.

Page 39: Go to Section: An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward

Interest Grabber Answers

1. Which brainlike functions can already be performed by computers?

Computation and data sorting

2. Which brainlike functions cannot be performed by computers?

Original thought and perception of emotions

3. How successful do you think you (or anyone) could be in designing a computer that can perform all the functions of the human brain? Explain your answer.

Students will likely say not successful, because a computer cannot be designed to feel emotions.

Page 40: Go to Section: An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward

Interest Grabber Answers

1. List ten things you observe about the room you are in.

Students will likely describe the shape and color of the room, what is written on the chalkboard, whether doors or windows are open, how bright the lighting is, the temperature, ticking of a clock, rustling of papers, and so on.

2. Next to each observation, write the sense that you used to make that observation.

Most observations are likely to be based on sight and hearing. If students list only visual observations, have them make some observations with their eyes closed.

3. What sense did you use most?

Possible answer: sight

Page 41: Go to Section: An Important Process While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward

Interest Grabber Answers

1. Complete a brief sketch of your idea on a sheet of paper. What effects of drugs does your poster depict?

Possible answer: negative effects on the brain, which may result in various types of injuries or death.

2. Why do you think teenagers will pay attention to your poster?

Answers will depend on the design of the poster. Teenagers may respond to concern about loss of mental or athletic ability or concern about possible injuries.

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