“go west young man” - horace greeley
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“Go West Young Man” - Horace Greeley . Westward Expansion. Themes . Expansion of U.S. territory: - Texas, Oregon, California, and Southwest Manifest Destiny Personalities: Stephen Austin and James K. Polk . Move West!. Move West!. Early Settlement and Texas. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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“Go West Young Man”- Horace Greeley
Westward Expansion
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Themes
• Expansion of U.S. territory: - Texas, Oregon, California, and Southwest • Manifest Destiny • Personalities: Stephen Austin and James K.
Polk
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Move West!
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Move West!
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Early Settlement and Texas
• In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain
• In early 1820s about 3,000 illegal immigrants (mostly from the United States) lived in Mexico
• Mexican Government: Passed legislation hoping immigrants would become loyal Mexican citizens
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Mexican Colonization Law (1824)
• American immigrants could receive a League and Labor of land if they
1. Became Mexican citizens2. Obeyed Mexican laws3. Converted to Catholicism
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League and Labor
• League- 4,400 acres of grazing land• Labor – 170 acres of farmland
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Texas Colonizer
• Stephen Austin• An empresario who led many American families to
Texas• Over 35,000 Americans had moved to Mexico Texas
by 1835• Texans
- Former American citizens who moved to Texas• The majority of these settlers lived in what is now
east Texas
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empresario
• empresario – facilitated relocation of American families to Mexico
• Agents received land grants in return for recruiting settlers to move
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Mexican Government (A New President)
• Goal of Texans and Tejanos: More autonomy • Goal of Santa Ana: Limit power of Mexican
states• 1829 – Mexico abolishes slavery • Law of 1830 – The Mexican government
passes a law stopping legal immigration into Texas from the United States
• Result- Texas War for Independence
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Prelude to War
• Many Texans are angry about the Law of 1830 led by Stephen F. Austin
• In 1833, Stephen F. Austin goes to Mexico City to discuss reforms. The trip results in him arrested without any charges
• 1834, President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna suspends the Mexican Constitution and assumes power
• Result- Texas War for Independence
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Texas War for Independence (1835-1836)
• Texans and Tejanos vs. Mexico• Sam Houston led Texan army • Some Americans became involved but not the
U.S. government (stay out of foreign affairs)• Texans compared their rebellion to American
Revolution
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Texas War for Independence (1835-1836)
• Texas Revolution began with the Battle of Gonzales (1835)
• Mexican Army was sent to Gonzales to retrieve a canon but was defeated by John Henry Moore and Joseph W.E. Wallace
• The Texans stood their ground, and the Mexican Calvary returned empty-handed to San Antonio
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Texas War for Independence (1835-1836)
• With war the only option, Austin now leader of the ALL volunteer Texan army marched out of Gonzales and to San Antonio
• Two others shared command: James Bowie and James W. Fannin• Bowie and Fannin led a siege on San Antonio by wining the Battle
of Concepcion in October• The siege of Bexar would come to an end on December 5 when
over 300 volunteers, led by Benjamin R. Milam, into the heart of the city
• After 3 days the city was taken along with the Alamo • Milam would be shop by a sniper during the siege and die
instantly
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Texas War for Independence (1835-1836)
• By March 2 the Convention of 1836, formally voted for independence
• The convention appointed Sam Houston major general of the Texas army
• Shortly after Santa Ana’s forces grew to over 8,000 while he crossed the Rio Grande heading for San Antonio
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The Alamo
• Battle of the Alamo – 187 Texans vs. 5,000 Mexicans • Texans led by Jim Bowie and William B. Travis• While waiting for reinforcements that never came,
the Texans that stayed at the Alamo knew they would all die fighting
- “Remember the Alamo” became a battle cry - Davey Crocket, William B. Travis, and Jim Bowie
were killed
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The Battle of Goliad
• Battle of Goliad – Santa Ana ordered the execution of over 400 prisoners of war in a Texan defeat-James Fannin is executed
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The Battle of Goliad
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Texas War for Independence (1835-1836)
• Battle of San Jacinto - Texans slaughter Mexicans and win the war
• Santa Ana captured • Treaty of Velasco signed to end the war - Texas independence was recognized, hostilities
were ended, and the Mexican army was retired beyond the Rio Grande
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Lone Star Republic
• The Texans had won their independence and attempted to join the United States
• From 1836-1845 Texas was an independent nation: The Lone Star Republic
• Because of the slavery issue, Texas was not admitted into Union
• Sam Houston became the 1st President of Texas • Border at Nueces River (disputed)
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Stephen F. Austin(Angleton, TX)
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Sam Houston(Huntsville, TX)
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Benjamin Milam(Milam Park, San Antonio)
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James Bowie(Texarkana, TX)
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Davy Crockett(Lawrenceburg, TN)
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William B. Travis(The Alamo, San Antonio)
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James Fannin(9 miles east of Goliad, Texas)
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Expansion West
• Manifest Destiny (1840s):- The nation’s obvious destiny was that it expand
from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean “ Our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federative self-government entrusted to us”
- John L. O’Sullivan (1845)
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Expansion West
• Effects of O’Sullivan
• Many Americans now believe the United States was special because of its democracy
• It is the duty of America to conquer the land from ocean to ocean in order to secure democracy for all
• Critics have argued the United States wasn’t very democratic (women, Indians, slaves)
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Presidential Election and Manifest Destiny
• Presidential Election of 1844:James K. Polk vs. Henry ClayDemocrat- PolkWhig – Henry Clay • James K Polk (from Tennessee) promised to:
1. Acquire Oregon, Texas, and California2. Retire after one term as President
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Polk and Texas
• After Polk’s election but before his inauguration:
- Texas entered the Union in 1845
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Oregon Trail
• By the late 1830s, settlers began to trickle along the Oregon Trail
• The 1st wagon trains headed west in 1841, and by 1843 about 1,000 emigrants a year set out from Missouri
• While many lived in peace with the Indians along the trail there were some who resisted
• “Savage” Indians tribes- Sioux, Cheyenne, Shoshoni, Wichita, and Comanche
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Oregon Country
• Remember – Oregon was “jointly occupied” by the United States and Great Britain since 1819
• Polk’s campaign slogan: “54, 40 or Fight!”• Privately, Polk agreed to compromise with the
British; the led to Oregon Treaty (1846)
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Oregon Country
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Oregon Treaty (1846)
1. 49th parallel became the boundary between the United States and Great Britain (Canada)
2. Great Britain retained control of Vancouver Island
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James Polk and California
• Polk tried to purchase California, New Mexico, and recognition of U.S. Annexation of Texas for $25 million.
• Polk wanted the Rio Grande as the Texas border- Mexico rejected this offer
• Polk took advantage of the boundary dispute to provoke a war
• U.S. troops were sent into the disputed region
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Disputed Land in Texas
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Mexican - American War
• Before Polk was about to go to Congress to ask for a declaration of war, troops were attacked on the border of deep South Texas
• Congress declared war in May 1846• Polk and his allies supported the war• But many in the United States were opposed
- Expansion of slavery- War of conquest
• James K. Polk will send Zachary Taylor to fortify Brownsville, TX
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Mexican - American War
• First major battle of the War took place at Palo Alto• Location: north side of Brownsville near the present-
day city of Los Fresnos, TX• Zachary Taylor had two locations to capture: Fort Texas,
a recently built fort on the Rio Grande near Matamoros, and Point Isabel where his supplies were
• Taylor and Ulysses S. Grant would soon fight General Mariano Arista at Palo Alto
• After weeks of skirmishes the fight was a draw until Mexican troops began to retreat deeper into Mexico
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Mexican War (1846-1848)
• Zachary Taylor – Monterrey and Buena Vista – Halted due to lack of supplies
• Battle of Buena Vista - U.S. troops were outnumbered; however forced the Mexican army, led by Santa Ana, to retreat
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Mexican War (1846-1848)
• Stephen Kearney – New Mexico • John C. Freemont – California • Winfield Scott and Robert E Lee – the Siege of
Veracruz and occupation of Mexico City
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Mexican War (1846-1848)
• About 13,000 Americans died• Officers introduced: Robert E. Lee and Ulysses
S. Grant • Many Mexicans became resentful of the
United States
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo(1848)
• Treaty that ended the Mexican War:1. The Rio Grande became border between
Mexico and the United States2. United States received California and
territory in Southwest3. United States gave Mexico $15 million
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Mexican Cession (1848)
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Critics)
• Many criticized the Treaty; expansionists such as Polk hoped to acquire more territory (ALL of Mexico)
• Biggest obstacle: American racism
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Review
• Expansion West and U.S. acquisition of Texas, Oregon, and Southwest
• James K. Polk – accomplished all his goals