goal & function-based design for riparian & stream systems the eighteenmile creek project...
TRANSCRIPT
GOAL & FUNCTION-BASED DESIGN FOR RIPARIAN & STREAM SYSTEMS
THE EIGHTEENMILE CREEK PROJECT
PHASE I CONSTRUCTED AUG-SEPT 2003
PHASE II CONSTRUCTED JUNE 18-20, 2007
by Dave Derrick
EIGHTEENMILE CREEK IS A SUBURBAN,
GRAVEL-COBBLE BED, POOL-RIFFLE-POOL
REGIME STREAM IN A V-SHAPED VALLEY
SOME ASPECTS OF THE 18 MILE CREEK PROJECT
PHILOSOPHY
*As much as possible, techniques used were developed by observing nature and natural
processes.**Design team worked with existing stream alignment and materials that were available
***Designers wanted to “work with” the stream (nudge, not fight) stream energy and stream
tendencies
18 MILE CREEK RESTORATION ***SOME PROJECT GOALS***
• Aquatic habitat enhancement/restoration for Atlantic, Coho, and Chinook salmon, steelhead, Brown Trout, and bass.
• In response to incredible fishing pressure (9,000 TO 11,000 fisher folks yearly during runs), access and ingress and egress to the stream, encouragement for recreators to wade, back cast space for fly fishermen, safety, aesthetics (a natural look), & access trails for emergency personnel/vehicles were all driving project goals
• Stabilization of eroding banks and some riparian corridor vegetation (especially “leaning trees”)
• Need to artificially carbon-load the carbon depleted areas, and integrate long-term carbon into the project
• Re-establishment and enhancement of riparian buffer areas• Revegetate all disturbed areas, establish “tough” plants for high foot traffic
areas• Minimize disturbance of downstream areas, especially with regard to habitat
areas of T&E species Blanding’s Turtle
The "Locked Limb/Locked Log" Concept • Consists of small trees and/or Small Woody Debris
(SWD consisting of limbs, limbs with leaves, sections of small tree trunks, tree tops, etc.), anchored within or placed under structures, with limbs/logs protruding into deeper scoured areas to provide in-stream cover, vertical and horizontal structure, and areas of refugia.
• Can be either hand- or machine-placed
• Locked Limbs are typically less than 2” inches in diameter, Locked Logs are greater than 2 inches in diameter
Close-up shot of the DS reference area, if you were a fish, where would you hang out? Is
nature grand, or what?
Pix by Derrick
Large single stones placed in a flowing channel. Three versions: 1.) Top of the stone set at an elevation slightly lower than the typical base-
flow water surface elevation. When sited correctly, the accelerated flow over the top of the stone will change from subcritical to supercritical flow, & further downstream back to subcritical (usually with a weak hydraulic jump). The hydraulic jump will entrain air & aerate the stream.
2.) Stone crest set just below the base flow water surface elevation results in an acceleration of the water moving over the top of the stone, with “standing waves” forming downstream of the stone.
3.) Stone crest set slightly above the base flow water surface, resulting in a V-shaped wake and flow split with a double return eddy flow pattern DS of the stone. However, these stones might be used as perches for predators.
The constant movement & rippling of the water from the three types of Hydraulic Cover Stones results in a type of cover, “hydraulic cover”, masking fish location from the view of predators. The stones also provide resting areas & in-channel refugee for fish during high energy, high-flow events.
Hydraulic Cover Stones are especially useful in sections of the stream with little in-channel structure, or vegetative cover, or undercut banks.
Hydraulic Cover Stones (HCS)
Natural Hydraulic Cover Stones
on Elton Creek & Genesee River, NY Hydraulic Cover Stone
at Elton Creek, NY
Flow
Close-up of Large Stones, these were hand selected & are 3 ft by 3 ft with two sides flat.
My sneaker
Functions of Hydraulic Cover Stones
• Provides micro-topography (scour & deposition)• Provides diversity of velocities• Provides “hydraulic cover”, turbulence, return
currents, eddy fences, internal distortion, pressure zones
• Provides feeding lanes for fish• Provides shape cover & solid substrate for benthics• Provides refugia• Dissipates energy • Can aerate water, or de-gas super-saturated water
Hydraulic Cover Stones provide improved aquatic habitatHydraulic Cover Stones provide improved aquatic habitat
Hydraulic Cover Stones shown functioning 3 different ways !!!! Graphics courtesy of Ecology & Environment, Inc.
I love this picture!!
An everyday fisherman said the best fishing was immediately US of these 3 Hydraulic Cover Stones which form a mini pool within a pool, so to speak
Pix by Derrick
Multi-Use Hydraulic Cover Stones, in this case a fisherman’s resting rock, (FRR)
FRRSometimes you just have to park it !!
Pix by Derrick
PHASE II FUNCTIONS• Constructed immediately DS of the 2003
restoration projectFUNCTIONS:• Narrowed stream to increase low flow velocities &
provide cover, holding areas, solid substrate, and also allow off-channel areas to revegetate as emergent aquatic marshes
• Provide access for fishermen• Provide aquatic habitat (diversity and complexity)• Provide hydraulic cover (disturbance of surface
water, difficult for predators to see fish)
From overhead trestle, looking @ the DS end of the TCS wall.
Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007, Pix-Vic DiGialomo
Plan Drawing for Construction-18
Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007
The Traffic Control Stone Wall
The Fisherman’s path with a Single Stone
Bendway Weir every 20 ft.
Placing stones in compression on the underwater footer stones.
Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007, Pix-Vic DiGialomo
Flow from left, looking @ stones in compression.
Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007, Pix by Derrick
See the footer stone?
Close-up of fisherman’s path stones in compression.
Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007, Pix by Derrick
See the footer stone?
Vic with a Single Stone Bendway Weir. There is a SSBW every 20 ft jutting into the channel from the Fisherman’s path.
Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007, Pix by Derrick
Looking US. Placing a Single Stone Bendway Weir.
Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007, Pix-Vic DiGialomo
A Single Stone Bendway Weir tied into the fisherman’s path.
Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007, Pix by Derrick
Looking US. Fisherman’s path complete and being used.
Post-Project-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-Oct 16, 2007, Pix-Fuhrmann
SMILES, FROWNS, KICKERS, SINGLE HYDRAULIC COVER STONES, CLUSTERS
OF HYDRAULIC COVER STONES • All in-channel, as much as we could fit in and still
provide functions listed below, all in the name of good fishing.
FUNCTIONS:• Provide cover for fishes, dissipate stream energy,
speed current through narrow deep mini channels, divert flow, redirect, cause eddy fences, calm water, holding areas, feeding lanes, diversity & complexity of flow both vertical & horizontal, & surface disturbances
Plan Drawing for Construction-18
Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007
The Traffic Control Stone Wall
The Fisherman’s path with a Single Stone
Bendway Weir every 20 ft.
Looking US. Lots of channels, holding water, diversity, etc.
Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007, Pix-Vic DiGialomo
Flow left to right, placing Hydraulic Cover Stones
Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007, Pix-Vic DiGialomo
Looking US @ TCS wall & HCS, Smiles & Frowns
Post-Project-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-Oct 16, 2007, Pix-Fuhrmann
Looking across & US. HCS, Smiles, Frown, Kicker
Post-Project-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-Oct 16, 2007, Pix-Fuhrmann
Fisherman’s path being used
For this project, it’s all about the fishing!!!
Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007, Pix by Derrick
Looking US @ at the fisherman’s path (underwater) & the dam
Post-Project-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-Feb 6, 2008, Pix-Vic
Looking US @ the stacked stone wall & dam in background.
Post-Project-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-Feb 6, 2008, Pix-Vic
Looking DS @ the Phase II project area (underwater)
Post-Project-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-Feb 6, 2008, Pix-Vic
Looking across & DS @ Phase II with water breaking over fisherman’s path
Post-Project-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-Feb 6, 2008, Pix-Vic