1. 1. RESHAM SINGH 10TH GAMES/P&HE SPORTS
2. 2. MY TOPIC ON SPORTS IS GOLF
3. 3. INTRODUCTION- Golf, outdoor game in which individual players use specially designed clubs to propel a small, hard ball over a field of play known as a course or links. The object of the game is to advance the ball around the course using as few strokes as
4. 4. THE GOLF COURSE A golf course is divided into 18 sections, called holes. The standard course is about 6,500 to 7,000 yd (about 5,900 to 6,400 m). The individual holes may vary in length from 100 to 600 yd (about 90 to 550 m). Each hole has at one end a starting point known as a tee and, imbedded in the ground at the other end and marked by a flag, a cup or cylindrical container (also called a hole) into which the ball must be propelled to complete the hole. The cup is usually made of metal or plastic, 4.25 in (10.8 cm) in diameter, and at least 4 in (10 cm) deep.
5. 5. Play begins at the first tee, a level area of turf generallyraised slightly above the surrounding terrain. Fromhere eachplayer tries to drive the ball onto the fairway, or mainpart of the golf course, a carefullytended stripof land, 30 to 100 yd (about 27 to 90 m) wide, on whichthe grass has been cut low to provide a good playing surface for the ball. On either sideof the fairway is therough, whichconsists of areas covered with long grass, bushes, or trees, and which sometimes contains sandy, rough, or marshy areas that force golfers to use additional skill and judgmentin playing their shots. In the absenceof such natural obstacles, artificial hazards may be constructed. Theseinclude bunkers, also knownas traps, which are hollows dug in the earthand usually filled with loose sand;mounds and other earthenembankments; and waterhazards, such as ditches, creeks, ponds, or lakes. At the far end of the fairway fromthe tee is the putting green, an areaof closelycropped grass surrounding the hole or cup. The smoothsurface of the putting greenis designedto provide a consistent path after theball has beengivena tap or gentle stroke knownas a putt.
6. 6. Pebble Beach Golf Links Pebble Beach Golf Links, on Californias Monterey Peninsula, is one of the most scenic and challenging golf courses in the world. Open to the public, Pebble Beach gives recreational golfers the opportunity to play on a professional-level course.
7. 7. Saint Andrews The Old Course at Saint Andrews, Scotland, is the worlds oldest surviving golf course. It is home to the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of Saint Andrews, founded in 1754, which traditionally governs the rules of the game. The course itself is the type known as a links course, featuring a dunes-filled terrain, heavy rough, deep traps, and other obstacles.
8. 8. GOLF STROKES & GOLF EQUIPMENT Golf Clubs - Golf clubs are generally divided into woods, primarily for tee shots, and irons, for closer, more accurate shots. Each iron club head has a distinct angle used to achieve varying loft heights when striking the ball. Golfers select a club type and club head angle depending on ball placement and shot distance. A putter, top, an iron, center, and a wood, bottom, are shown here.
9. 9. In addition to the putt, the specialized stroke used on the green, two main types of shots are used in playing each hole: the drive, which is a long shot from the tee onto the fairway; and the approach shot, which is the shot used to hit the ball onto the green. Shots of various lengths are played with different clubs, according to the distance to be covered and the lie (position) of the ball. A standard set of 14 golf clubs (the maximum that one player may carry in tournament play) is divided into two main types: woods and irons. Woods have larger heads and are so called because for many years the heads were made of wood, but today they are almost exclusively made of metal. Irons have heads made of forged steel, sometimes chrome plated. The shafts of both types usually are made of steel or cast graphite. Formerly, each club was known by a distinctive name, but today most are designated by numbers. The woods are customarily numbered 1 through 7 and the irons 1 through 9, though usually a player only carries some of these clubs during a round. The putter, an iron, has retained its distinct name. Another class of clubs that retains its name is the wedges, including the pitching wedge, sand wedge, and lob wedge, which are used on short-range shots in an attempt to place the ball on the green.
10. 10. Different clubs are used to achieve varied distance, height, or accurate placement of the ball; the angle of the club face determines the trajectory of the ball. For making drives and distance shots on the fairway, golfers use the woods (the most popular of which are No. 1, or driver; No. 3; and No. 5) and the so-called long irons (No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3). For the initial shot on each hole, the ball is teed upthat is, placed on a small wooden, rubber, or plastic peg, known as a tee. This action lifts the ball off the ground, making it easier to hit cleanly. For long, low shots on the fairway, the No. 2 wood is often used, and for shorter, higher shots the higher-numbered woods are employed. Approach shots to the green are generally played with irons. For even shorter approaches, known as chip shots, the clubs with more lofthigh irons and wedgesare used. The putter normally is used only on the green or the apron (a fringe of less smooth grass) of the green.
11. 11. GOLF CLUB LOFT Golfers control the height and distance of each shot primarily by their choice of club, each club having a different loft (angle of the clubface). A typical set of clubs includes irons numbered 3 through 9 plus a pitching wedge. All things being equal, the lower the club number the farther a shot will go, with a lower trajectory. For example, a shot with a 5-iron will go farther at a lower angle to the ground than a similar shot with a 9-iron. A pitching wedge has the highest loft and is used for the shortest shots.
12. 12. The game was originally played with a ball made of feathers tightly packed inside a leather cover. About 1850 a ball made of gutta-percha (a crude form of rubber) came into use. At the start of the 20th century a two-piece ball with a rubber core enclosed in gutta-percha, similar in design to the ball in use today, was developed. After much experimentation, the pitted, or dimpled, surface of modern golf balls was adopted to stabilize flight. Most golf balls today have a cover made of a plastic resin called Surlyn and a rubber core. All golf balls must have a diameter of no less than 1.68 in (4.27 cm) and weigh not more than 1.62 oz (45.93 g).
13. 13. FORMS OF COMPETITION Twobasic formsofcompetitionexistin golf:matchplayand medalplay (alsoknown asstroke play).In matchplaythe player (or, if morethan one player,theteam)takingthe feweststrokes tosinktheballintoany particular holecalledholing outis thewinnerofthe hole;the contest (match)is wonby the playeror teamwinning themostholes.Ifeach player or teamtakesthesamenumberofstrokeson any hole,the holeis saidtobehalved(tied).A final score of 9and 8in matchplay meansthat thewinner was9 holesaheadwith only 8lefttoplay,sufficienttoclinch victory in thematch.When thematchgoestieduntilthe lasthole,the winning score is1up. Ifeach player wins thesamenumberofholesthe matchishalved,or play can beextendeduntiloneplayeremerges victorious.
14. 14. In medal or stroke play, nowthe more popularkindof play inmajor tournaments, the winner of the contest is the team or playertaking the fewest strokes over the total numberof holesagreed upon.Althougha round usually consists of 9 or 18 holes, the play in championshipcontests may cover 18, 36, 54, or 72 holes.In stroke play, ties are decidedby playoffholesor rounds.
15. 15. The U.S. Open has been held annually since 1895, with interruptions only for World War I (1917 and 1918) and World War II (1942-1945). Here, Arnold Palmer tees off during the 1963 tournament. The U.S. Open continues to be one of professional golfs most prestigious tournaments, with amateur and professional players from around the world vying for the title.
16. 16. Theterm parrefersto the numberofproperlyplayed strokes anexpert golfer would be expected to use in completing a particular hole without mishap. Thecombined par for all ofthe holes is called par for the course.Paris based primarily on thenumberof strokesnecessaryto reachthe green, plus two putts. For a single hole, par is generally threestrokes for a hole of 250 yd (229 m) orless formen, and 210 yd (192 m) or less for women; fourstrokes for a hole from 251 to 475 yd (230 to 434 m) formen, and 211 to 400 yd (193 to366 m) for women; and five strokes for a hole of 476 yd (435 m) or more for men, and 401 yd (367 m) ormore for women. In addition, for women, par is six strokesfor a hole of 576 yd (527 m) or more. Occasionally, on a par-threehole, a player makes a holeinonethat is, drives theball fromthe tee into the cup in one strokealthough this is rare.A scoreofoneless thanpar is referredto as a birdie, and two less thanpar (for example, a scoreofthree on a par-five hole) is called an eagle. Threestrokes less thanpar is known as a double eagle. Onestrokeover par is called a bogey;two over par is a double bogey.
17. 17. Some historians believe that golf originated in The Netherlands (the Dutch word kolf means club), but the Romans had a game played with a bent stick and a ball made of feathers that may have been the original source of the game. It has been fairly well established, however, that the game that is known today was actually devised by the Scots in the 14th or 15th century. The game became so popular in Scotland that in order to keep people from playing golf when they should have been practicing archery, a military necessity, the Scottish parliament passed a special law in 1457. The Scottish people, however, largely ignored this and similar laws, and early in the 16th century James IV, king of Scotland, took up the game of golf. His granddaughter Mary, later Mary, Queen of Scots, played the game in France, where she was raised. The young men who attended her on the golf links were known as cadets (pupils); the term was adopted later in Scotland and England and became caddie or caddy. (Caddies, once an integral feature of the game, have now been replaced on many courses by motorized carts and pull carts.) In England the game was made popular by the attention given it by James VI of Scotland, later James I of England, and his son Charles I.
18. 18. Royalty Golfing in Old England Formal golf was developed in 14th- or 15th-century Scotland. The game soon spread to England, where it became popular among nobility.
19. 19. GOVERNING BODIES The rules of play for golf are numerous and complex. The organizations that establish golf rules for the world are the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of Saint Andrews and the United States Golf Association (USGA), founded in 1894 and located in Far Hills, New Jersey. The Professional Golfers' Association of America (PGA) was organized in 1916, and annual tournaments were started during the same year. The PGA is headquartered in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. Currently, there are more than 28,000 members of the PGA, most of whom assist amateur players as club or resort instructors. The PGA Tour developed out of the PGA. It is now a separate entity consisting of several hundred playing professionals who tour the United States, and occasionally travel outside the country, to compete for prize money in tournaments held weekly at different locations. There is also a Senior PGA Tour for professionals age 50 and over. The Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA), headquartered in Daytona Beach, Florida, is an organization with more than 1,000 teaching professionals, as well as a year-round tour similar to the PGA Tour.
20. 20. TOURNAMENTS
21. 21. BOBBY JONES Bobby Jones (1902-1971), American amateur golfer, winner of the grand slam of golf in 1930 and founder of the prestigious golf tournament, the Masters. Jones is widely considered the most accomplished amateur competitor in the history of the sport. After winning numerous national and international titles, golfer Bobby Jones was determined to become the first to attain golfs grand slam by winning the British Open, the British Amateur, the U.S. Open, and the U.S. Amateur in the same year.
22. 22. International team matches are also an important part of the sport. The Walker Cup (for men) and the Curtis Cup (for women) are contests between amateur golfers from the United States and Britain. The Ryder Cup is a competition for professional male golfers, matching up the United States and Europe. (Before 1979 the Ryder Cup was contested by American and British teams.) The Presidents Cup (for men) and the Solheim Cup (for women) are competitions between professional golfers from the United States and the rest of the world. World competition tournaments for men also include the Eisenhower Cup for amateurs and the World Cup for professionals. World competition tournaments for women amateurs also include the Espirito Santo Trophy. Because of scheduling issues and travel requirements, many of these competitions are held every other year.
23. 23. The most famous feat in the history of golf wasachieved by the American amateur player Bobby Jones, who in 1930 captured hiseras grand slam by winning the British Open, the British Amateur, the U.S. Open, and the U.S. Amateur. Noother player has ever won the grand slam of golf in a calendar year, but American Tiger Woods achieved the next best thing when he won the four consecutive majors between June 2000 and April 2001. Besides Woods and Jones, the only male players to win each major tournament at least once during their careers are Americans Ben Hogan, Jack Nicklaus,and Gene Sarazen; and South African Gary Player. Six female players are credited with a so-called career grand slam, the composition of which haschanged over the years. They are Americans Pat Bradley, Juli Inkster, Louise Suggs, and Mickey Wright; Swedish player Annika Srenstam; and Australian Karrie Webb.
24. 24. There have beenmany other great players in the history of golf.Other outstanding male golfersincludeAmerican playersWalter Hagen, Arnold Palmer,Sam Snead, Lee Trevino, andTom Watson; British playersHarry Vardon and NickFaldo; Australianplayer Greg Norman; Zimbabweanplayer NickPrice;South Africanplayer Ernie Els; and Spanish player SeverianoBallesteros.Other top women competitors have includedAmericansPatty Berg, JoAnne Carner, Betsy King, Nancy Lopez, Betsy Rawls, Patty Sheehan, Kathy Whitworth, and Babe Didrikson Zaharias;Britains Laura Davies; and South Koreas Se Ri Pak.
25. 25. OTHER FORMS OF GOLF Variations on traditional golf, many of which can be played in urban areas or at night under lights, have been developed from time to time. Miniature golf, a putting game on fancifully designed courses, became popular in the 1930s. Pitch and putt is a shorter version of the standard game. Special putting greens and driving ranges, which combine practice and recreation, are another common way to participate in golf.
26. 26. MINIATUREGOLF A miniature golf course consists of a series of short, whimsical putting greens with obstacles and strange angles. Miniature golf courses are often found at resort locations, such as this one at Brighton, England, a popular seaside vacation spot.
27. 27. SOMEFAMOUS PERSONALITIESINGOLF
28. 28. TIGER WOODS American golfer Tiger Woods hits out of the rough during the second round of the 2000 British Open at St. Andrews, Scotland. Woods won the tournament by eight strokes, the second of what would become an unprecedented streak of four consecutive major titles: the 2000 United States Open, the 2000 British Open, the 2000 Professional Golfers' Association (PGA), and the 2001 Masters. Jack Nicklaus American professional golfer Jack Nicklaus is considered by many to be the most talented golfer of the 20th century. A large man with blonde hair, Nicklaus earned the nickname the Golden Bear for his aggressive style of play.
29. 29. Annika Srenstam Swedish golfer Annika Srenstam dominated womens golf in the late 1990s and early 2000s, winning more professional tournaments than any other player. In 2003 Srenstam became the first female golfer to play in a Professional Golfers Association (PGA) Tour event since 1945 at the Colonial tournament in Fort Worth, Texas, where she missed the two-day cut. Michelle Wie American golfer Michelle Wie has been compared to Tiger Woods for her accomplishments at a young age. In 2002, at age 12, Wie became the youngest player to participate in a Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) tournament.
30. 30. Karrie Webb Australian golfer Karrie Webb displays her trophy after winning the 1999 du Maurier Classic. Webb began playing on the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) tour in 1996 and quickly emerged as one of the tours premier players. Sergio Garcia Spaniard Sergio Garcia is one of the worlds top young golfers. He became the youngest winner of the European Amateur Championship when he won the title in 1995 at the age of 14. Garcia turned professional in 1999 and immediately began challenging the best in the sport, including a second-place finish at that years Professional Golfers Association (PGA) Championship.
31. 31. THANKS FOR WATCHING MY P.P.T.