good agricultural practices fruit and vegetable microbial safety issues good agricultural practices...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Good Agricultural PracticesGood Agricultural Practices
Fruit and Vegetable Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety IssuesMicrobial Safety Issues
![Page 2: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Fruits and VegetablesFruits and Vegetables
Promotional campaigns to increase produce consumption to at least 5 servings a day.
U.S. Dietary Guidelines
Healthy People 2010
National Cancer Institute
Produce for Better Health Foundation
![Page 3: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Fruit and Vegetable ConsumptionFruit and Vegetable Consumption
Between 1970 - 1997, the U.S. per capita consumption of fruits and vegetables increased 24 % !
577 lbs to 718 lbs per year
![Page 4: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Fruits and VegetablesFruits and Vegetables
• Significant increases in the number of produce associated foodborne disease outbreaks in the U.S.
• Produce associated outbreaks per year more than doubled from 1973-1987 and 1988-1998.
![Page 5: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
U.S. Fruit and Vegetable Outbreaks:1973 - 1998
Source: CDC Foodborne outbreak surveillance system
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Nu
mb
er o
f O
utb
reak
s
Year
‘74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98
![Page 6: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Number of Produce Associated Number of Produce Associated Outbreaks by Decade, 1973 - 1997Outbreaks by Decade, 1973 - 1997
3.7
6.5
10.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1973-79 1980-89 1990-97
Decade
Outbreaks / year
![Page 7: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Produce Related Outbreaks & Produce Related Outbreaks & Cases per Outbreak, 1973 - 1997Cases per Outbreak, 1973 - 1997
Mean # ill / outbreak
70's 80's 90's
Outbreaks / yr
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
![Page 8: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Selected Produce-Associated Selected Produce-Associated Outbreaks, 1990 - 1997Outbreaks, 1990 - 1997
# of Year Pathogen Vehicle Cases States Source
1990 S. chester Cantaloupe 245 30 Central America (CA)
1990 S. javiana Tomatoes 174 4 US
1990 Hep. A Strawberries 18 2 US
1991 S. poona Cantaloupe >400 23 US/CA
1993 O157:H7 Apple cider 23 1 US
1993 S. montevideo Tomatoes 84 3 US
![Page 9: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Selected Produce-Associated Selected Produce-Associated Outbreaks, 1990-1997Outbreaks, 1990-1997
# of Year Pathogen Vehicle Cases States Source
1994 Shigella flexneri Scallions 72 2 CA
1995 S. stanley Alfalfa sprouts 242 17 ?
1995 S. hartford Orange juice 63 21 US
1995 O157:H7 Leaf lettuce 70 1 US
1995/6 S. newport Alfalfa sprouts >100 7 ?
1996 O157:H7 Leaf lettuce 49 2 US
![Page 10: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Selected Produce-Associated Selected Produce-Associated Outbreaks, 1990-1997Outbreaks, 1990-1997
# of Year Pathogen Vehicle Cases States Source
1996 S. montevideo Alfalfa sprouts >600 1 US
1996 Cyclospora Raspberries 978 20 CA
1996 O157:H7 Apple Juice 71 3 US
1997 Hepatitis A Strawberries 151 1 CA
1997 Cyclospora Raspberries >200 15 CA
1997 S. infantis/ Sprouts 81 4 US
anatum
![Page 11: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fruit & Vegetable Outbreaks Fruit & Vegetable Outbreaks by Specific Agent, 1973 - 1998by Specific Agent, 1973 - 1998
1973-87 1988-98
Bacterial 24 57
Parasitic 1 8
Viral 4 7
Unknown 35 (55%) 41 (37%)
Total Outbreaks 64 112
Outbreaks/year 4.3 10.2
Source: CDC Foodborne outbreak surveillance system
![Page 12: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fruit and Vegetable Bacterial Fruit and Vegetable Bacterial Outbreaks: 1988 - 1998Outbreaks: 1988 - 1998
Source: CDC Foodborne outbreak surveillance system
E. Coli 011:H43 1
E. Coli 0157:H7 22
ET E. Coli 2
Campylobacter 2B. cereus 1 Shigella 3
Salmonella 26
![Page 13: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Sources of Produce Outbreak Sources of Produce Outbreak AgentsAgents
AnimalAnimal• CryptosporidiumCryptosporidium
(cider and onions)(cider and onions)• non-typhoidal non-typhoidal SalmonellaSalmonella
(sprouts) (sprouts)• E. coliE. coli 0157:H7 0157:H7
(lettuce and sprouts)(lettuce and sprouts)
HumanHuman• ShigellaShigella (parsley) (parsley)• Hepatitis A (green Hepatitis A (green
onions/strawberries)onions/strawberries)• S. typhiS. typhi (mamey) (mamey)• C. cayetanensisC. cayetanensis
(raspberries)(raspberries)• ETEC (carrots)ETEC (carrots)
![Page 14: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
US Produce Outbreaks: 1990 - 1998US Produce Outbreaks: 1990 - 1998
Source: CDC Foodborne outbreak surveillance system
Salad BarSalad Bar35.4%35.4%
FruitFruit20.8%20.8%
LettuceLettuce16.7%16.7%
Unknown/Other7.3%
Cabbage5.2%
Carrots3.1%
Tomatoes2.1%
SproutsSprouts9.4%9.4%
![Page 15: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Domestic75.3%
Imported7.5%Unknown
17.2%
Fruit and Vegetable OutbreaksFruit and Vegetable Outbreaksby Origin of Produce: 1990 - 1998by Origin of Produce: 1990 - 1998
Source: CDC Foodborne outbreak surveillance system
![Page 16: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Frequency of Pathogens on Frequency of Pathogens on ProduceProduce
• Vegetables (from literature):
– Salmonella 1- 8%
– L. monocytogenes 2- 30%
– Shigella 1%
• FDA Produce Surveillance Program
– Imports - 4% positive rate (Salmonella & Shigella)
– Domestic - currently being conducted
![Page 17: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
E. coli O157:H7 Lettuce OutbreakE. coli O157:H7 Lettuce Outbreak
• A multistate Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Associated with Consumption of Mesclun Lettuce
• By Elizabeth D. Hilborn, et.al.
• Archives of Internal Medicine,Vol. 159, August 9/23, 1999.
![Page 18: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
E. coli O157:H7 Lettuce OutbreakE. coli O157:H7 Lettuce Outbreak
• Occurred during May & June, 1996
• 49 Cases
• Two separate outbreaks reported in:
– Connecticut - mesclun mix
– Illinois - red leaf lettuce
• Patients had similar demographics
![Page 19: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
E. coli O157:H7 Lettuce OutbreakE. coli O157:H7 Lettuce Outbreak
• Were these two outbreaks related?
• Case-control studies conducted.
• Molecular subtyping by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed they were indistinguishable.
![Page 20: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
E. coli O157:H7 Lettuce OutbreakE. coli O157:H7 Lettuce Outbreak
• 49 Cases of Infection
– Connecticut 21
– Illinois 28
• 21 Patients (49%) were hospitalized
• 3 Patients (7%) developed HUS
• Patients age from 2 - 87 years
![Page 21: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
E. coli O157:H7 Lettuce OutbreakE. coli O157:H7 Lettuce Outbreak
Results of the Investigation
• Lettuce traced back to one California grower.
• Lettuce grown near beef cattle ranch.
• A dirt track separated the two operations.
• Free range chickens had access to cattle and lettuce fields.
![Page 22: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
E. coli O157:H7 Lettuce OutbreakE. coli O157:H7 Lettuce Outbreak
• Unchlorinated well water used for cattle
husbandry, lettuce culture and processing.
• The processing shed was open to the
environment; there was no mechanism to
exclude dust, insects, birds or rodents.
• No handwashing facilities were available.
![Page 23: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
E. coli O157:H7 Lettuce OutbreakE. coli O157:H7 Lettuce Outbreak
• Gloves were not worn during processing.
• Recirculated wash water was used.
• The recirculating and filtration systems
failed in May and the water was changed
3X a day.
• Lettuce was crisped in reused plastic baskets.
![Page 25: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
E. coli O157:H7 Lettuce OutbreakE. coli O157:H7 Lettuce Outbreak
• E coli O157:H7 was not isolated from
the lettuce during the investigation.
• But, E. coli bacteria were present on the
finished lettuce and in the wash water.
• This indicated the presence of fecal
contamination from humans or
animals.
![Page 26: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Produce Associated OutbreaksProduce Associated Outbreaks
Conclusions:
• Outbreaks have increased by nearly a factor of 3.
• Number of cases per outbreak have increased x10.
• A variety of produce involved.
![Page 29: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Produce Associated OutbreaksProduce Associated Outbreaks
Conclusions:
• Most due to bacteria, esp. Salmonella.
• New agents detected, E. coli O157:H7 & Cyclospora.
• Unknown agents may be due to Norwalk-like virus.
• Domestic versus international.
![Page 30: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Why are Foodborne Illnesses Why are Foodborne Illnesses Increasing?Increasing?
• Complexities of the Food System• Aging of the Population • Chronic Illnesses / Compromised Immunity • Awareness of Hygiene & Risks Changing• Changing Microorganisms:
* More Virulent Strains
* Adapting to Stresses
![Page 31: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
HOSTS
MICROBES
The Cycle of InfectionThe Cycle of Infection
ENVIRONMENT
![Page 32: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Why Should We Care?Why Should We Care?
Foodborne illness outbreaks are a major cause of:
• Personal distress
• Preventable death
• Avoidable economic
burden
![Page 33: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Why Should We Care?Why Should We Care?
Every year foodborne illnesses result in an estimated:
• 76 million cases of foodborne illness.
• 325,000 people hospitalized for foodborne illness.
• 5,200 needless deaths each year.
• Economic losses between 10-83 billion dollars.
![Page 34: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Produce Associated Outbreaks Produce Associated Outbreaks Affect BusinessAffect Business
• Strawberry industry lost an estimated $50 million in 1996 after mistakenly being indicated as the source of pathogens in an outbreak.
• Odwalla shareholder value dropped approximately 41% ($12.4 million) in six months after outbreak.
• Work against produce promotions campaigns.
• May result in unwanted legislation or regulation.
![Page 35: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Produce Associated Outbreaks Produce Associated Outbreaks Affect BusinessAffect Business
• Food retailers interested in food safety & addressing the issue because of consumers.
• Food retailers are requiring third party inspection of farms that supply produce and certification of Good Agricultural Practices.
• Growers are having to absorb the costs of these inspections.
![Page 36: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The Cost of Foodborne IllnessThe Cost of Foodborne Illness
• Loss of business and reputation
• Lawsuits, attorney and court fees
• Increased insurance premiums
• Loss of employee morale
• Embarrassment
• Financial disaster!
![Page 37: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Contamination With Microbial Contamination With Microbial Pathogens: Where Can It Occur?Pathogens: Where Can It Occur?
• In fields or orchards
• During harvesting and transport
• During packing or processing
• In distribution and marketing
• In restaurants and food service facilities
• In the home
FARM to FORKFARM to FORK
![Page 38: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Sources of Pathogens on Fresh Sources of Pathogens on Fresh Produce*Produce*
• Contaminated irrigation water
• Fresh or uncomposted manure/fecal material
• Wild and domestic animals
• Handling by infected workers
Beuchat, 1996
![Page 39: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Sources of Pathogens on Fresh Sources of Pathogens on Fresh Produce*Produce*
• Equipment
• Transport vehicles
• Contaminated flume, wash water, or ice
• Contamination during processing
Beuchat, 1996
![Page 40: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Sources of Pathogens on Fresh Sources of Pathogens on Fresh Produce*Produce*
• Improper storage and packaging
• Cross contamination
• Improper handling after wholesale or
retail purchase
Beuchat, 1996
![Page 41: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
PREVENTION is the Key to PREVENTION is the Key to Reducing Microbial Contamination Reducing Microbial Contamination
of Fresh Fruits and Vegetablesof Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
![Page 42: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
What Can Growers and What Can Growers and Packers Do?Packers Do?
• Learn About the Risks• Develop a Food Safety Plan • Strengthen GAPs• Document Activities
![Page 43: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Goal: Goal:
Reduce Microbial Risks Reduce Microbial Risks to Assure Food Safety.to Assure Food Safety.
![Page 44: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The EndThe End
![Page 45: Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues Good Agricultural Practices Fruit and Vegetable Microbial Safety Issues](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649ea75503460f94baa422/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
This presentation created by Robert B. Gravani and Elizabeth A.Bihn.
Images provided by USDA (k8666), California Department of Health Services Food and Drug Branch, Robert B.Gravani,
Elizabeth A. Bihn , Al B. Wagner and Ed McLaughlin.