good practices and new initiatives on social security policy
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Good practices and new initiatives on social security policy. Gabriele Köhler Development economist Visiting Fellow, Vulnerability and Poverty Reduction Team, IDS Sussex ILO/ITC Academy on Social Security: A Modular Approach for Individual Learning Needs Elective course 8 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Good practices and new initiatives on social security policy
Gabriele KöhlerDevelopment economistVisiting Fellow, Vulnerability and Poverty Reduction Team, IDS SussexILO/ITC Academy on Social Security: A Modular Approach for Individual Learning Needs Elective course 8Summary day (“wrap up”)
Turin, 24-27 September 2012
Overview:
1) The current international development situation
2) Rights, principles, frameworks
3) Good practices and new initiatives on social protection policies
4) Summary: Innovative social protection and a vision towards & beyond “2015”
1) The current international development situation – the rationale for social protection
Current international development situation: human development/income poverty/inequity
Human development at aggregate level:
slow but steady improvement
Human Development Index, trends 1970-2010
Current international development situation: human development/income poverty
Absolute number and share of extremely poor people has declined since 1990 globally
But increased number of poor in several regions
Income inequality and poverty (OECD)
“Vulnerable” employment
Working poverty trends
Working poverty trends
Lack of decent work
Share of Working Children, ages 5-11 & 5-14 in percent of age cohort
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• Income/economic class• Ethnicity• Religion• Language• Caste/clan• Geographic location/urban vs rural• Citizenship and migration status• Health condition/communicable/visible
diseases• Ability/disability• Menstruation • Sexual orientation• Looks• Recurrent emergency situations• Conflict situation • Age
Social exclusions –manifest in every society
GEN
DER
Metrological events (Storms)
Hydrological events (floods, land mass movements)
Climatological events (temperature extremes, droughts, forest fires)
19
Tota
l
Geophysical events (earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes)
Natural disasters (1980-2011)
20
Global trends in armed conflicts (1946-2011)
Refugees and Displaced Populations (1964-2008)
In brief: some numbers for reflection… Almost 1 billion people live with hunger 1.2 billion people survive with less than $1.25 per
person per day 2.5 billion people have less than $2.50 per day 1.5 billion in vulnerable employment 200 million international migrants 740 million people are internal migrants 26 million people internally displaced because of
conflict or climate change 14 million refugees living outside their country of
citizenship 45 million youth entrants to labour market annually 175 million children affected by climate change
Health protection – legal provision
Social protection in case of unemployment
Maternity benefits
Old age pension coverage
2) Rights, principles, frameworks
QUICK QUIZ: What is this text?When was it written?
Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to the realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Right to Social Protection
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948):Article 22: Everyone, as a member of society, has the
right to social security.
ILO Convention 102: Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102)
Outlines rights to benefits for residents of a country
Right to Social Protection
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966): Article 9:
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to social security, including social insurance.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989): Article 26:
States Parties shall recognize for every child the right to benefit from social security, including social insurance, and shall take the necessary measures to achieve the full realization of this right in accordance with their national law.
Normative frameworks: recent UN trends
Global Social Floor Initiative since 2001 –ILO Recommendation on Social Protection for all. Rec 202 (ILC June 2012)
World Health Assembly 2008 - return to Alma Ata vision of primary health care for all
Right to food, FAO Committee on World Food Security, May 2012 adopted Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security
Normative frameworks: recent UN trends
MDGs 2010: more emphasis on equity, inclusion, human rights
OHCHR Special rapporteurs on human rights – including right to food and right to highest attainable standards of health
Rio + 20 Summit: outcome document: The Future We Want refers to social protection
OHCHR Special Rapporteurs/Independent Experts on human rights
right to education; human rights and extreme poverty; right to food; right to adequate housing; access to safe drinking water and sanitation; against violence against women; physical and mental health; economic policies and debt; TNCs; and other substantive normative areas.
Social protection: UNICEF the set of public and private policies and
programmes aimed at preventing, reducing and eliminating economic and social vulnerabilities to poverty and deprivation.
Principles of child-sensitive social protection Avoid adverse impacts on children, and reduce or mitigate social and
economic risks that directly affect children's lives. Intervene as early as possible where children are at risk Consider the age- and gender-specific risks and vulnerabilities of children
throughout the life- cycle. Mitigate the effects of shocks, exclusion and poverty on families Make special provision to reach children who are particularly vulnerable
and excluded Consider the mechanisms and intra-household dynamics Include the voices and opinions of children, their caregivers and youth
Social protection: World Bank
Social protection and labor systems, policies, and programs help individuals and societies manage risk and volatility and protect them from poverty and destitution—through instruments that improve resilience, equity, and opportunity.
Social protection and labor practice will help countries move from fragmented approaches toward more coherent systems for social protection and labor, and help to make these more responsive, productive and inclusive.
Social protection: ADB a basic human right and a social necessity to combat
poverty and inequality. promotes human well-being, inclusive growth, political
stability, and social cohesion can reduce inequality, including that between the
sexes. is critical for achieving the MDGs. is a key pillar of inclusive growth is affordable. is an investment to lift and keep people out of poverty. contributes to gender equity
Social protection: EU 2012 a human right social justice and equity, rather than growth target the poor - obligation of authorities towards
their citizens investment in present citizenry and future
generations reduce the vulnerability and poverty of those
excluded or marginalised from economic activity; serve as an important instrument of investment in human capital
a multidimensional concept that should be integrated with political, economic and social goals
Social protection: MDGs 2010
Social protection: ILO “…a set of public initiatives that
provide income or consumption transfers to the poor,
protect the vulnerable against livelihood risks,
enhance the social status and promote the rights of the marginalised,
with the overall objective of reducing their economic and social vulnerability.” (ILO)
ILO Convention 102: Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102)
flagship of all ILO social security Conventions international instrument, based on basic social secur
ity principles establishes worldwide-agreed minimum standards fo
r all nine branches of social security medical care; sickness benefit; unemployment benefit; old-age benefit; employment injury benefit; family benefit; maternity benefit; invalidity benefit; survivors' benefit.
Regional and global consultation process
General discussion on social security
during 90th Session of the
ILC
Launch of the Global
Campaign on Social
Security and Coverage for
All
Regional meeting on
the future of social
security in Latin
America (Santiago de
Chile)
Regional meetings in
the Arab States
(Amman), and Asia and
Pacific (New Delhi)
8th European Regional Meeting (Lisbon)
Arab Employment
Forum (Beirut)
Tripartite Meeting of Experts on Strategies
for the Extension of
Social Security Coverage
2nd African Decent Work Symposium,
Yaoundé, (Yaoundé Tripartite
Declaration on the Imple-
mentation of the Social Protection
Floor)
Recurrent Discussion on
Social Protection
(Social Security),
100th Session of the ILC
2001 2003 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Social security: A
new consensus
Policy consultation: Social Security
for All: Investing in Global and Economic
Development
Policy briefings:
Social Health Protection ,
Social Security Standards,
Affordability of Basic Social
Security
Social Protection
Floor Initiative reflected in Global Jobs Pact and
endorsed by UN CEB
Independent evaluation of
the ILO´s strategy to extend the coverage of
social security
World Social Security Report 2010/11
Social Protection floors
ILO’s two-dimensional strategy for the extension of social security: Building comprehensive social security systems
44
individual/household income
Social Protection Floor:Access to essential health care and basic income security for all
Social security benefitsof guaranteed levels
Voluntary insurance
under government regulation
level of protection
high
highlow
low
Horizontal dimension:Guaranteeing access to essential health
care and minimum income security for all, guided by Recommendation No. 202
Vertical dimension:
progressively ensuring
higher levels of protection, guided
by Convention No.102
and more advanced standards
floor level
Outcomes can be guaranteed
through different means
ILO’s two-dimensional strategy for the extension of social security: Building comprehensive social security systems
45
individual/household income
Social Protection Floor:Access to essential health care and basic income security for all
Social security benefitsof guaranteed levels
Voluntary insurance
under government regulation
level of protection
high
highlow
low
Horizontal dimension:Guaranteeing access to essential health
care and minimum income security for all, guided by Recommendation No. 202
Vertical dimension: progressively
ensuring higher levels of
protection, guided by Convention
No.102 and more advanced
standards
floor level
Outcomes can be guaranteed
through different means – there is
no one-size-fits-all
extension strategy
Social Protection Floor Recommendation, adopted at ILC 2012
Beyond social protection: the decent work agenda
oKeynesian approach – active labour market policies & fiscal spaceoRights-based – emphasis on productive employment, core labour standards, social dialogue
Rights – 3 Principles1. Inclusion, equality - universality Every human being is equally entitled to social protection This implies universal programmes
2. Citizenship and participation Involves negotiating specific entitlements that all citizens
can claim such as free education ‘Social contract’ between the states and its citizens Some countries apply SP to all residents.
3. Obligation and accountability Ability and willingness of the state to deliver SP under its
human rights obligations Requires transparency and accountability – good governance
and administrative capacity
Social insurance
Social assistance Special situations
Poverty alleviation
Healthaccess
Education access
Em-ployment access
Emergencies
Adaptive climate change
Social exclusion
Old age Social pensions
Incentives for agriculture
Maternity and young children
Family benefits
Subsidies
Education grants
Cash for work
Geographical targeting; Education grants
Poverty, Un/under-employ-ment
Basic income grants
Social insurance
Education grants
Public works
Assets/ supplies; Food for work
Typology of social protection
Transformative Social ProtectionTransformation a structural problem: people are chronically poor and vulnerable because they are Systemically disadvantaged
Transformative measures seek to address vulnerabilitiesarising from social inequity and exclusion
Directly:
o Minimum wage legislation & workers’ rights
o Access to productive assets and capital
Indirectly:
o Making social protection transfers transformative e.g. cash transfers aimed at addressing marginalisation
ProtectiveProtectiveSocial Social assistanceassistance
PreventivePreventiveInsuranceInsurance mechanisms mechanisms
PromotivePromotiveEconomicEconomic
opportunitiesopportunities
TransformativeTransformativeSocialSocial transformation transformation
Comprehensive Framework for Social Protection
Rachel Sabates-Wheeler/Stephen Devereux. IDS
DISCUSSION I What are the social protection programmes in
your country? What are their vision, objectives, key design
elements, scale, outcomes, uniqueness Social security Social assistance Special situations
Task: Individual reflection/quick list (5 minutes) Pair discussion (10 minutes) Collect in plenary (10 minutes) Debate and summary (5 minutes)
3) Good practices and new initiatives on social security policy
Latin America
Many countries in Latin America run large conditional cash transfer programmes to address income poverty
Conditionalities – aiming to produce behavioural change and achieve direct and indirect outcomes. E.g, health and education non-income effects
Conditional Cash Transfers in Latin America
Argentina Programa Familias
Bolivia Beca Futuro
Brazil Bolsa Familia, Bolsa Escola
Chile Chile Solidario
Colombia Familias en Accion Program
Costa Rica Programa Superemonos
Ecuador Bono de Desarrollo Humano
El Salvador Red Solidaria
Honduras Programa de Asignacion Familiar
Mexico Progresa, Oportunidades
Nicaragua Red de Proteccion Social
Brazil: Bolsa famila 2003 reached 3.6 million families with a budget of US$ 1.1
billion 2007 reaching 100% of its target of 11.1 million families (about
45 million people or a quarter of the country’s population) with a budget of over US$4.1 bn
2008: government’s expenditures with the programme were estimated at US$6 bn
The programme raised participants’ income by 21% but by itself not enough to lift families out of poverty
19% reduction in poverty severity (the degree to which poor families fall below the poverty line) and a 21% fall in the Gini (income inequality) index
between 1995 and 2004. increasing food and nutrition security in the country: 76% of the
transfers spent on food, and families in the Bolsa Família programme have been able to improve their diets
Bolsa Família accounts for less than 3% of direct government transfers, and only 0.5% to 0.8% of the country’s GDP
Africa
Often a base of social security provisions for public sector workers and formal employees modelled on European systems
Main features of the recent evolution: o Mainly cash transfers and largely unconditional
o Number of pilot projects, few programmes at scale
o Includes for example social pensions, ‘productive’ safety nets and livelihood promoting measures (input subsidies)
o Some government driven, some donor-driven,some ‘hybrid’ government-donor partnerships
Unconditional Cash Transfers in Sub-Saharan Africa
Ethiopia Productive Safety Nets Programme
Largest social protection programme in SSA. Two objectives:
1. Smooth consumption and protect assets providing households with predictable and adequate transfers of cash and/or food
2. Build community assets (e.g. roads, soil and water conservations structures, schools) though labour intensive public works
1. Combined with ‘livelihood packages’ that protect and promote livelihoods and asset accumulation
2. In combination, two programmes are expected to facilitate graduation of households into food security
South Africa: Grant for Older Persons:
a social pension, reaches around 2 million beneficiaries with a monthly benefit or around USD 70 to beneficiaries.
Eligibility: South African citizens and permanent residents, males from age 63 years (age threshold coming down) and women from age 60 years
Must comply with the means test Until the introduction of the Child Support Grant, the
social pension constituted the most important source of support for poor households.
It is tax financed and currently absorbs around 1.4 per cent of GDP.
South Africa: Child Support Grant
Purpose: To assist families with child care and education expenses Has become crucial in light of pervasive poverty and because
of vulnerabiltiy as a result of the HIV/AIDS pandemic
Eligibility: applicant and child must reside in South Africa; applicant must be the primary care giver of the child/ children
concerned; the child/children under 15 years; means tested Limit of six non biological children;
South Asia
South Asia Major shift towards a new SP agenda came in the course of
new governments around 2005ff in most of the region´s countries
Innovations in SP: Introducing social protection for the informal sector in India Social pensions in 4 countries Asset-based approaches (BRAC-type model) Making public employment programmes a right
Right to food/National Food Security Act (IND)
Mid-day meal (IND)
Right to education (all)
Right to work (IND)
Right to health services (all)
Right to information (IND, BGD, NPL)
Cooked school meals (IND)
Subsidized PDS (IND, NPL, BGD)
Subsidized grain prices
Universal old age pension (NPL)
Benazir Income Support Program (PAK)
Child benefit (NPL)
Unorganized sector health insurance (IND)
National Rural EmploymentGuarantee (IND)
Employment Generation for hard core poor (BGD)
Karnali Employment Program (NPL)
Employment generation for rural unskilled workers (PAK)
Secondary school stipend for girls (BGD)
Education for all (NPL)
Child grants for girls (IND)
Rural development and community based interventions (IND)
Direct food transfers
Social Assistance
Job Creation
Affirmative action
Human rights
Some South Asian policy responsesSome South Asian policy responses
Social protection policy environment
Social protection policy environment
National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme India
Access to information
Benazir Income Support Program (BISP)
2008 initial budget outlay of $500 million: largest
direct cash grant scheme in Pakistan’s history 3.5 million economically distressed persons
affected by poverty and inflation cash transfers of $13 per month paid every two
months t poverty score card methodology (2010) National Database Registration Authority
(NADRA) partnerships with private sector commercial
banks
EAST ASIA/SOUTHEAST ASIA
Major shifts in SP came in the wake of the 1998 “Asian” crisis
In the aftermath, many governments introduced new SP interventions
These are now being scaled up and systematised
Cluster 1: Family-based integrated social assistance programs
Cluster 2: Community empowerment program
Cluster 3: Development of micro and small enterprises
Unconditional cash transfer, conditional cash transfer, rice for poor, Scholarship for poor families, Health insurance for the poor
Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM Mandiri), or Self Empowerment National Program
Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR), or People’s Credit Program
Indonesia: three clusters of poverty alleviation programmes
68
69
Program Name
BLT Unconditional Cash Transfer
(2008-09)
Raskin Rice for the Poor
Jamkesmas
Health Protection
BSM Scholarship for the Poor
PKH Conditional
Cash Transfer
TransferType
Cash Subsidized
Rice
Health service fees
waived Cash
Cash & Conditions
Targetgroup (HHs)
Poor & near poor HHs
Poor & near poor HHs
Poor & near poor HHs
Students from poor
HHs
Very poor HHs
Number of beneficiari
es 18.7 Mn HHs
17.5 Mn HHs
18.2 Mn HHs 8 Mn
Students1.5 Mn HHs
Benefitlevel
IDR 100,000 per month
15 kg rice per month
Unlimited IDR 480,000
per year
IDR 1,287,000 per year
Key executing agency
Ministry of Social Affairs
(MoSA)
Bureau of Logistics (BULOG)
Ministry of Health (MoH)
MoNE & MoRA
MoSA
Indonesia: family-based social assistance programmes
70
The National Targeting System identifies and chooses beneficiaries (households, individuals, etc.) of targeted poverty reduction or social protection programs.
Indonesia: national targeting system
Past system: each program has its own list of targeting system
Now gradually moves into unified targeting system
Minimizing inclusion & exclusion errors
Poor Not-Poor
Beneficiary of Programs
Non-beneficiary of Programs
o To raise the average consumption rate in food expenditure of poor households
o To increase the enrollment in and attendance rate of children in school
o To improve preventive health care among pregnant women and young children
o To reduce the incidence of child labor
o To encourage parents to invest in their children’s (and their own) human capital through investments in their health and nutrition, education, and participation in community activities
Philippines: objectives of CCT
Geographical Targeting
Household Assessment (Enumeration)
Selection of Poor Beneficiaries using Proxy Means Test
Eligibility Check
Selection Procedures of Target Households
Philippines: key features & goals of CCT
o Focused targetingo Not a stand alone
program/Utilizes Convergence Strategy
o Empowering of Womeno Promotive of Child Rightso Builds Co-responsibilities/Social
Contracto Encourages Private-partnership-
buildingo Automated information System o Mainstreamed into the general
operation of the Department
o Social Assistanceo Provide assistance to the poor
to alleviate their immediate needs (short term).
o Social Developmento Break the intergenerational
cycle of poverty through investment in human capital i.e., education, health and nutrition (long term). Long-run poverty alleviation through investment in human capital.
Philippines: CCT – Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program
The Philippine CCT is a rights based program that focuses on human capital investment through provision of health and education cash grants to eligible poor households. It is one of the poverty reduction strategies of the national government to enable poor households to meet certain human development goals aimed at breaking intergenerational cycle of poverty.
7,107 Islands
92.3 M-Population
• 26.5 M. Pop Poor & poverty largely rural
8 Years behind target in poverty reduction/Medium probability of halving poverty by 2015
2007 - Findings on National Social Protection System
Fragmented and Uncoordinated Inadequately funded & short-lived Weak targeting system Inadequate coverage Difficult impact assessment
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Cambodia: Scope of the NSPSFocusing on the Poor and Vulnerable
Social Protection for the Poor and Vulnerable
75
Gradual progression towards comprehensive social protection, as per the NSPS long-term vision
Gradual progression towards comprehensive social protection, as per the NSPS long-term vision
2. Expanded social protection Civil
servants
Formal Workers
Near poor
Poor
Special Vulnerabl
eGroup
Social protection for the poor and vulnerableSocial protection for the poor and vulnerable
Social safety net (non-contributory):•Public works programmes (food or cash for work)•Cash or in-kind transfers (conditional or non-conditional)•Social subsidies (to facilitate access to health, education, housing,
public utilities)•Complementary social welfare services
Social insurance (contributory)
•Pension
•Health insurance
•NSSF, NSSF-C (Social Security Fund)
•Micro-insurance•Community-based health insurance (social health protection)
1. Basic social protection or Social Protection Floor
WORKERS IN THE INFORMAL ECONOMY, THE WORKING POOR:•Progressive inclusion in the labor market•Higher social protection
Increase employability: human capital (health, education) + work experience & training
Access to Sustainable employment (Micro-Enterprise or Formal jobs)
Higher Levels of S Protection
Higher levels of income
+Employment Services •Skills assessment & training …
•Access to PWPs ; Job placement•Business Development Services
•Access to health, education, food security•Income security
Basic social protection
Linking SP and Employment
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4. Summary: Innovative social protection and a policy vision towards & beyond “2015”
Paradigm has shifted: Surge in social protection over past 15
years, acknowledging inequities Rights-based agenda advancing
Emerging shifts: Connecting social services access with
income guarantees Combining employment and decent work
with social protection
New approaches to socio-economic policy: decent work agenda formulated at ILO by governments,
employers and workers understanding that work is a source of
personal dignity, family stability, peace in the community,
democracies that deliver for people economic growth that expands opportunities
for productive jobs and enterprise development
Rights based
Draws on and gives
space to civil society and
public action
CommonalitiesCommonalities
Social protection innovations
Social protection innovations
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Tax financed
Citizenship based
Designed by government
w civil society content
Establishes entitle-ments
for socially excludedgroups
DISCUSSION II What is the relationship between social
protection and achieving each of the MDGs? What would be the role of social protection,
Rec 202 and other issues in the development agenda after 2015?
Task: MDG goal discussion by tables : hunger, poverty,
employment, child & maternal health, education (10 minutes)
Collect comments in plenary (10 minutes) Short debate and summary and closing outlook (10
minutes)
Reading listMichelle Bachelet, 2011, Social Protection Floor for a Fair and Inclusive Globalization, report of the Advisory Group chaired
by Michelle Bachelet convened by the ILO with the collaboration of the WHO. ILO. www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/press-and-media- centre/news/WCMS_166292/lang--en/index.htm
Armando Barrientos and Miguel Nino-Zarazua, Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester.. Social Transfers and Chronic Poverty. A Policy Analysis Research Project. http://www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/research/socialtransfers/index.htm
Stephen Devereux and Rachel Sabates-Wheeler 2004. Transformative Social Protection, IDS Working Paper 232. Brighton: IDS. www.ids.ac.uk
Stephen Devereux and Rachel Sabates-Wheeler, 2007. Debating Social Protection. Editorial Introduction. IDS Bulletin Vol 38 No 3. Pp. 1-7. www.ids.ac.uk
DFID, 2011, Cash Transfers. Evidence Paper. DFID Policy Division. London. http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Articles/cash-transfers-evidence-paper.pdf
EU, 2012. Social protection in EU development cooperation. Report prepared for the EU by Simon Commander, Mark Davies, and Constantine Zaman. Brussels 2012. page 5. http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/public-consultations/documents/stk_final_consultation_report_en.pdf
Margaret Grosh et al. 2008, For protection and promotion: the design and implementation of effective safety nets. World Bank, Washington DC
Joseph Hanlon, Armando Barrientos, David Hulme, 2010, Just give money to the poor. The development revolution from the global South. Kumarian Press
Sri Wening Handayani, 2010.Enhancing Social Protection in Asia and the Pacific. The Proceedings of the Regional Workshop. Asian Development Bank. Manila.. http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2011/proceedings-enhancing-social-protection.pdf.
Naila Kabeer, 2010, Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice. The challenge of intersecting inequalities. IDS and UN MDG Achievement Fund. www.ids.ac.uk
ILO, 2011, World Social Security Report. Providing Coverage in times of crisis and beyond. 2010-2011. www.ilo.org
ILO, 2011, Social protection floors for social justice and a fair globalization. International Labour Conference, 101st Session, 2012. Report IV (1) . ILC.101/IV/1 http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_160210.pdf
Gabriele Koehler, 2009, Policies towards social inclusion. Global Social Policy: 9. pp. 24-29, http://gsp.sagepub.com/content/9/1/24.full.pdf
Gabriele Köhler, Marta Calì, Mariana Stirbu. Rethinking Poverty and Social Exclusion Responses in Post-Conflict Nepal: Child-Sensitive Social Protection. Children, Youth and Environments 19(2), 2009. http://www.gabrielekoehler.net/publications.aspx
Koehler, Gabriele 2011 Transformative Social Protection: Reflections on South Asian Policy Experiences. IDS bulletin. Special issue: Social Protection for Social Justice. Vol.42, Issue 6. http://www.ntd.co.uk/idsbookshop/details.asp?id=1247
Rachel Sabates-Wheeler, Rachel and Stephen Devereux, 2007, Social Protection for Transformation. IDS Bulletin Vol 38 No 3. Pp. 23-27. www.ids.ac.uk
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2010. Rethinking Poverty. Report on the World Social Situation 2010. United Nations, New York. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2010.html
UN, Universal Declaration of Human Rights. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ (1948)
UNDP 2011. Human Development Report 2011. www.undp.org
UNRISD, 2010. Combating Poverty and Inequality: Structural Change, Social Policy and Politics. http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/BBA20D83E347DBAFC125778200440AA7?OpenDocument
UN General Assembly, Outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the 65 th session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals. September 2010. A/64/L-72. www.un.org/MDGs
World Bank 2012. RESILIENCE, EQUITY, AND OPPORTUNITY. The World Bank’s Social Protection and Labor Strategy 2012–2022. Washington April 2012. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/280558-1274453001167/7089867-1279223745454/7253917-1291314603217/SPL_Strategy_2012-22_FINAL.pdf