gout and osteoarthritis: what works and what doesn’t?osteoarthritis highlights oa affects ~30...
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Ahmad M Salah, DO
Rheumatology, Franciscan Health Alliance, Midwestern University
ACOI 2019 Annual Convention
Gout and Osteoarthritis:What Works and What Doesn’t?
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Disclosures
None
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Objectives
Osteoarthritis and Gout – Epidemiology Highlights, Clinical Relevance
Brief Overview of Osteoarthritis and Gout Pathophysiology
Review of Current Treatment Modalities and Evidence-Based Recommendations
What is on the Horizon?
Emphasis on Patient-centered Care and Education for Osteoarthritis and Gout
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Osteoarthritis
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Osteoarthritis Highlights
OA affects ~30 million Americans (~35% of Americans ≥65yo)1
A leading cause of disability among older adults in the US, top 10 causes of disability worldwide1
5th most expensive condition treated in US hospitals @ $40 billion1
Annual direct per-patient cost $1500 - $20,0002
~25% of OA patients have limitations in activities of daily living1
Increased CVD risk, depression, suicidal ideation2
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Clinical Features Osteoarthritis
Worse with activity
Morning stiffness < 30 minutes
“Gelling”
Bony hypertrophy
Limited mobility
Crepitus
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Joint Distribution
Google Image Search
Heberden’s and Bouchard’s nodes signify primary nodal OA
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Pathophysiology Osteoarthritis
Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015 Apr;11(4):206-12.
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Articular Cartilage
Journal of Pharmacy Research 7 (2013) 132-138
Trauma/Microfracture
Chondrocyte transformation to inflammatory catabolic phenotype
Degradation of ECM (metalloproteinases)
Macrophage Activity/Cytokine Release
Subchondral bone exposure
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Subchondral Bone
Exposed to synovial fluid + growth factors
Rapid attempt to refortify
Hypomineralizedbone
Suboptimal shock
absorption
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Ther Adv Musculoskel Dis (2013) 5(2) 77–94
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Osteoarthritis not arthrosis
Ther Adv Musculoskel Dis (2013) 5(2) 77–94
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Kapoor, Mohit et al. “Role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis.” Nature Reviews
Rheumatology 7 (2011): 33-42
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Nature Medicine Volume 19, pages 667–669 (2013)
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What Works for
Osteoarthritis?
Google Image Search
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Treatment for OA
• Nonpharmacologic
• Patient Education, Low-impact Exercise, PT, Aqua PT, Weight loss
• Drugs (Tylenol, NSAIDs, Tramadol, Opioids)
• Supplements (+/- glucosamine + chondroitin sulfate, curcumin)
• Injections (CSI, HAI)
• Clinical Trials (DMOADs)
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Patient Education
Education on disease, treatment and recommendations → improved pain and function long term
Major obstacle is quality of education given by healthcare providers
Multidisciplinary approach is generally beneficial for patient outcomes (physician, nurse, pharmacist, physical therapist)
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American Academy of
Family Physicians
Am Fam Physician. 2012 Jan 1;85(1):49-56
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American College of Rheumatology
Arthritis Care & Research Vol. 64, No. 4, April 2012, pp 465–474
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Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 49:808-823, 2001
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American College of
Rheumatology
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Glucosamine/Chondroitin Sulfate
• Theory: Glucosamine is component of extracellular matrix
• In vitro studies: glucosamine increases synthesis of proteoglycans by chondrocytes
• Conflicting evidence
• Relief should be noted in 2-3 months, otherwise discontinue
Vogelgesang, Scott. “Osteoarthritis.” Rheumatology Secrets, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014, pp. 389–390.
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Intra-Articular Tx
• Q3-4 months
• Short-term efficacy demonstrated
Corticosteroids:
• Q6-12 months
• Shows some superior benefit for long-term efficacy
Viscosupplementation
ACR 2012 Guidelines for OA Treatment
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Action Plan
It’s important to establish an action
plan with your patient
Patients oftentimes just want to know their options and how to use them
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Google Image Search
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DMOADs – Phase III Trials
Tanezumab: anti-NGF monoclonal Ab – SC/IV
Tissue Gene-C: TGF-Beta 1 Transduced Chondrocytes – IA
SM04690: WNT pathway inhibitor – IA
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Tanezumab• Anti-Nerve Growth Factor monoclonal antibody –IV/SC Q8 weeks
• Improved knee pain, stiffness, and limitations of physical function
• SE: abnormal peripheral sensation, rapid progression of OA with NSAID use
J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Jan-Mar; 34(1): 111–116J Pain Res. 2018; 11: 151–164.
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J Pain Res. 2018; 11: 151–164.
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J Pain Res. 2018; 11: 151–164.
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Role of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
IL-1β elevates NGF expression in the
synovium and chondrocytes
TGF-β1 induces NGF expression in the synovium and
chondrocytes
Mechanical loading stimulates NGF expression by
chondrocytes
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Tissue Gene-C (Invossa)
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2015 Dec;23(12):2109-2118https://www.tissuegene.com/en_US/technology/invossa
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TGF-β1
• High quantities of TGF-β1 in articular cartilage
• Overexpression of TGF-β1 →chondrogenesis and growth of articular chondrocytes
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SM04690
• WNT pathway inhibitor – IA
• Dual MOA: anti-inflammatory and reduces cartilage degradation
• Clinically significant improvement in joint space width by x-ray
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Gout
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Gout Highlights
Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2014 May ; 40(2): 155–175. G. Ragab et al. / Journal of Advanced Research 8 (2017) 495–511
Prevalence increasing worldwide
~2% in men > 30yo, women > 50yo
~9% in men > 80yo
Most prevalent inflammatory arthritis in men > 40yo
Positive Family History in 25%
Risk Factors: diet, obesity, metabolic syndrome, HTN, diuretics, CKD, ARBs, β-blockers
Protective: low-fat dairy, coffee, vitamin C, CCB, losartan
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Clinical Features Gout
Monoarticular (85%)
Abrupt, Rapid (hours)
Night or Early morning
+/- Low-grade fever
Articular and Extra-articular
Acral distribution
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Google Image Search
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Gout Pathophysiology
• Urate underexcretion (90%)
• Impaired renal urate transport
• Hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism
• Metabolic and respiratory acidosis
• Drugs (Cyclosporine – Alcohol – Nicotinic acid – Thiazides – Lasix – Ethambutol –Aspirin (<325mg) – Pyrazinamide
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Gout – Pathophysiology Basics
Uric acid is the end product of purine degradation
The human species lacks uricase – which oxidizes uric acid to more soluble allantoin
Interestingly, we have the gene for uricase but it is inactive
Hypothesized to be an evolutionary development as uric acid has potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger functionality
Janson, Robert W. “Gout.” Rheumatology Secrets, by Sterling G. West, Elsevier, 2015, pp. 337–345.
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Underexcretion Pathway
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OAT1OAT3
The genetics of hyperuricemia and gout - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-uric-acid-transportasomeUrate-transporters-in-
renal-proximal-tubules-are-involved-in_fig2_230791101
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What Works for Gout?
https://www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/types/gout/articles/best-and-worst-gout-foods-12.php
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Patient Education
Adherence to gout management is very lowcompared to other chronic diseases
Studies show 50-80% of patients stop taking ULT at about 12 months
Knowledge about gout and its treatment is lacking, both in patients and HCPs
Gout education increases compliance dramatically (adherence at 1 year ↑ 40-70%, 85% adherence at 5 years)
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Patient Education cont…
Systematic review of RCTs evaluated interventions that improve adherence
Education on pathogenesis, co-morbidities and management of gout → increased adherence
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Patient Education Talking Points
Hyperuricemia is primarily genetically driven – patient should not be ashamed or blame themselves
Gout requires long-term treatment → goal is to reduce sUA→ eliminate substrate for gout attacks
Lowering sUA initially may lead to gout flares → goal is to eliminate crystal burden → no more attacks!
NSAIDs, steroids, colchicine treat acute inflammation but do not treat gout/sUA
Treatment is important→ increased frequency of flares, affected joints → permanent/deforming joint damage
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Rheumatology 2018;57:i51-i58
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Rheumatology 2018;57:i51-i58
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Rheumatology 2018;57:i51-i58
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Current Rheumatology Reports (2018) 20:12
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Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2018; 14: 793–802.
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Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2018; 14: 793–802.
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Rheumatol Ther. 2019 Jun; 6(2): 179–193.
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Rheumatol Ther. 2019 Jun; 6(2): 179–193.
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Gout – Management
Dietary
• Avoid purine-rich foods
• Meats (esp organ meats – liver, kidney, etc.)
• Seafood (esp shellfish, sardines/anchovies)
• Avoid excess fructose (sodas, fruit juices)
• Vitamin C, reduced-fat dairy, tart cherries – reduce gout risk
• Purine-rich vegetables (rich green leafy i.e. spinach) not associated with gout risk
Do not generally treat asymptomatic hyperuricemia
• only ~1/10 have gout
• Uric acid >10mg/dL → 50% have gout
• Some suggest treating hyperuricemia to reduce risk of nephrolithiasis but no consensus
Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2014 May ; 40(2): 155–175. G. Ragab et al. / Journal of Advanced Research 8 (2017) 495–511
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Colchicine
Acute – 1.2mg → 1 hr→
0.6mg
Prophylactic –0.6mg daily
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Uricosurics
Probenecid• Inhibits proximal tubule urate
reabsorption
• Avoid in CKD, nephrolithiasis, elderly
• Not commonly used as it is generally less effective and more limitations
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Lesinurad
Arthritis Research & Therapy December 2016, 18:214, Patient Related Outcome Measures 2018:9 231–238
Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Aug; 68(8): 1793–1796
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Lesinurad
Inhibits function of (URAT1, OAT4) ≠ reabsorption of uric acid in the kidney
Approved for combinationtherapy with an XOI, not monotherapy
Patient Related Outcome Measures 2018:9 231–238Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Aug; 68(8): 1793–1796
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Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors
Allopurinol
• Allopurinol Hypersensitivity Syndrome (0.1%-0.4%)
• More common in patients who had maculopapular rash 2/2 allopurinol (5-10%)
• Caution in patients with CKD and/or on diuretics
• Clinical: rash, fever, eosinophilia, hepatic necrosis, leukocytosis, worsening renal function
• Tx: high dose steroids and dialysis
• Start at 50mg with slow up titration in higher risk patients
Febuxostat
• 40mg – 80mg (can use higher doses)
• More expensive than allopurinol
• Safe in patients who had AHS
• Hepatic clearance
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Pegloticase
• Uric Acid → Allantoin
• Pegylated: reduces immunogenicity (compared to rasburicase)
• 8mg Q2weeks
• Check uric acid before each infusion to ensure appropriate uric acid lowering – if levels >6.0 → concern for pegloticase Ab and loss of efficacy, increased risk of anaphylaxis
• Don’t use ULT concurrently as can mask uric acid increase when Ab formation occurs
Pegylated Recombinant Uricase
Rheumatol Ther (2019) 6:179–193
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Arhalofenate
Dual MOA without affecting XO
• Inhibits IL-1β expression (anti-inflammatory)
• Blocks URAT1, OAT4, OAT10 transporters (uricosuric)
No established superiority to XOI or anti-inflammatories, but single-drug regimen could improve adherence
Combination therapy with XOI is safe and effective
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Dual Mechanism
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Thank You