B.A.R.C.-479

I^R'WW

GOVERNMENT OF INDIAATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

NUCLEAR POWER PROSPECTS IN THE MEKONG BASIN*

by

K. T. Thomas and N. S. Sunder RajanWutc Treatment Division

BHA6HA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE

BOMBAY, INDIA

J970

B.A.R.C.-479

GOVERNMENT OF INDIAATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

NUCLEAR POWER PROSPECTS IN THE MEKONG BASIN*

K.T. Thomas and N . S . S u n d e r RajanWas te Trea tment D i v i s i o n

BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTREBOMBAY, INDIA

1970

NUCLEAR POMIEli PllOSPECTS IN THE MEKONG BASIN*

by

K.T, Thomas and N.S. Sunder Rajr.n.

The four lower Mekong countr ies , Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and the

Tlenublic of Vietnam t h a t share the nekonp r ive r - probably one of tho

larges t natural resources in South East \ s i a - have cnrnon problems of dcvolo->-

ment. Economy of these countr ies i s mainly based on ag r i cu l tu re , the irvlustri;ii

base being very small. The per capita consumption of e l e c t r i c i t y , in this

region in the year 1065 varied frora a hiffh of 46.0 kwh in Thailand to a low of

about 6.1 kwh in Laos, These figures can be compared to 7*5,5 kwh in India and

4800 kwh in the United Sta tes during the sane year. The main load contn.- of

power consumption in the region i s located around Greater Bangkok in Thailand

where there has been an upsurge in the development of indus t r i e s in the recent

past . Except for local transmission and d i s t r ibu t ion net works which are in

exis tence, there are no interconnect ing nat ional or regional i;rids in the

area, 'Hie s t a tu s of e l e c t r i c a l poirer development in the area, and a c lass i f ied

break—up of i n s t a l l ed capac i t i e s are presented in tables 1 and 2.

As can be seen from these t ab les , the e l ec t r i ca l power industry

in the region i s s t i l l in i t s i n i t i a l stages of development* In pa r t i cu la r ,

the bases of e l e c t r i c a l >ower industry in Laos arid Cambodia are very snail

and mainly dependent on diesel uni ts of s m l l capaeitine (.3 to 10 MV>T),

* Text of the paper presented by }fr. K.T. Thomas, Bhablin. .Uonic

Research Centre, Trombay, Bombay, India , at the Mekong Third Engin-

eer ing Seminar, Committee for Coordination of Invest igat ions of

the Loi?sr Mekong Basin, 10—2-'! November I960, Vientiane, Laos.

«• 2 • —

TABLE 1

(l 2)Status of Electrical Power in the Lower Mekong BasinN *"

Country- Year InstalledcapacityMW

GeneratedenergyMil. Icwh

Increase overprevious year

Per capitakwh

Thailand

Laos*

Cambodia*

Republic*of

Vietnam

1963

1064

1965

1966

196T

1963

1964

1965

1963

1964

1965

1963

1064

1965

391.7

548.3

559,2

541.0

687.0

5.8

11.5

10,2

38.7

35.9

228*0

325,3

326.0

005,9

1107.0

1406,1

1853,0

2414.0

10.0

13.4

16,6

98,8

31.5

585.1

5 ..0

17,74

19,65

28,71

31.89

30.20

ff.6

34.0

23.9

-1.85

-5.62

31,4

37,4

46.0

58,39

74.34

4,1

5,1

6-1

16.,4

38.3'

36.5

33,7

* For the years 1966 and 1967, data not available for Canbodia,

Laos, and Republic of Vietnam,.

+ — indicate data not available,

1. United Nations Statistical Year Book (19G7)

2. Mekong Committee, stage I Interim Report, USBR (1968)

-: 3 •-

TABLE 2

Classification of Installed Generating Capacities

Country

Thailand

Laos

Cnmliodia

Hepublic

ofVietnam

Year

1963

1964

1965

1967

1963

1964

1965

1963

1965

1963

1084

1965

SteamMff

219.8

259,8'

259.8

234,3

- -

_ _

- -

3.0

.3,0

49.0

49,0

53,2

HydroMff

_ _

140*0

146.3

302,9

- -

— —.

83,9

163,8

163,8

DieselMff

141.9

148.5

153.1

140«9

5,8

11.3

10.0

35,7

32,9

95.1

112,5

96,5

GasTurbine

mmm «•

- -

0.2

0.2

_ _

- -

- -

- -

12.5

Tot.ilW

391-7

548.3

550.2

687.1

5,8

11,5

10,2

38.7

35.9

228.0

325.3

326,0

1. United Nations Statistical Year Book (1067)

—•'• 4 i —

installed mainly to serve load centres located around large towns and cities

in these countries. More than 70$ of generated electrical energy in Laos

and Cambodia is distributed in the general vicinity of Vientiane and Prorapenh,

The power system in Thailand is comparatively better developed and has at

present a doubling rate of about three years. The high annual growth rate of

more than 30^ in electrical power production is due to many fuetors, The most

important one is the snail base of power consuming industries, Any addition

to the industrial load or extension of the existing n0T,er systero represents

a large increase in the load denandn A.3 the base becomes larger the load

growth rate usually reduces gradually. The other factors are the rising

standard of living, rapid industrial development, and ar t i f ic ial effects on

economy imposed by the present unsettled conditions in the region.

The total installed capacity amounted to 10 W in Laos and nearly

36 MWT in Cambodia in the year 1965, There were no interconnections between

the various diesel units installed in the countries t i l l 1964, Only a rudi-

mentary network based on 6,6 kV lines was presents This is gradually being

replaced by a 15 kV network, In Thailand, th cotal installed capacity in

1967 was 687 Mff. Out of this 44$ was from hydroelectric stations. The

largest station in the network is the Yanhee hydro station (Units l f 2 t 3 and 4)

with 280 Mff total installed capacity. This operates in parallel with North

Bangkok Thermal Station having a total installed capacity of 150 MW (units

1 and 2), a 230 kV transmission net work interconnecting the two stations „

The estimated future electrical requirements of Thailand, Laos

and Cambodia are presented in Tables 3,4 and 5, Figures l f2 and 3 are

graphical representations of these requirements. Long term projections

of future demands of electricity have been carried out by the concerned

governments with the cooperation of various international agencies such

as the United States Agency for International Development (tJSAID), Economic

Commission for Asia nod the Far East (ECAFE) and i t s subsidiary agencies,

etc- and also some private concerns with expertise in the field of electrical

power development. For Thailand, an electric power study team conducted a

survey of the country's electrical resources and requirements under a contract

3, Thailand Electric Power Study (1986)

TABLE 3

Estimated Electrical Bequirement of Thailand2,3,4

Year

Gross generationrequiredmillion kwh

Average annualgrowth rate $

Peak demand(IB)

Annual loadfactor $

1968 1970

24,4

606

50.9

23.2

898

52,1

1975

16.5

1,840

54.6

1980

2,700 4,100 8,790 14,600

10.7

2,940

56,6

1985

22,700

9.2

4,440

58.3

1990

8.76

6,170

60,0

1995

3.0

60,0

2. Mekong Committee, Stage I Interim Report, Pa- Kfong Project (l968)

3. Thailand Electric Power Study, USAID report (l9C6)

4. Committee for the Coordination of Invest!Rations of the lower Mekong Basin,

Annual Report (1968)

2000

32,430 47,738 75,926

l l n 9

9,018 14420.0 I

en

T60.0

TABLE 4

Estimated Electrical Ilequirement of Laos 2,4

Year 1968 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Gross generationrequired1000 kwh

Average annualgrowth rate %

Peak demand

Annual loadfactor $

48,376 80,167 170,460 300,090 454,676 663,530 938,227 lr315,9b0

17 20 16.45 12.12 8.45 7_30 7.40 7.10

12.2 20.1 30.7 65.8 95,8 135O8 187,9 260.7

45.3 45,6 49.0 52J) 54=2 55.8 57,0 57.6

2. Melconpr Committee, Stag's I Interim Report, Pa - Mong Project (1968)

4. Committee for the Coordination of Investigations of the lower Mekong

Da3in Annual Report (tf?68)

TABLE 5

Estimated Electrical Requirement of Cambodia4,

Year 1968 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Gross generationrequiredmillion kvrh

Average annualgrowth rate ^

Peak demand

245,0 405.7 665,4 1034.1 1544.5 21597,2 3375,4

13.6 12.8 11,1 10,0 9,74 9-38

46.5 90.5 141.8 212.4 307u9 446.1 664.5

+ - - Indicate data not available

4- Committee for the Coordination of Investigations of the Lower Mekong Bnsin,

Annual Report (1068)

- : 8 : -

to USAID and the Royal Thailand Government in 1066 . The requirements, as

envisaged by the team for the period 1068 to 85, have been further proiected

to the year 2000 , As per these projections, the annual load growth rate,

which is more than 3fK at present, with the expansion of the power system,

is expected to gradually regress to around ±0$ in the late seventies and

assume a steady rate of B% during the eighties and beyond. Projections of the

requirements for Laos and Cambodia for the period 1968 - 2000 were obtained

from the Mekong Secretariat* Aa can be seen from Tables 4 and 5, the overall

requirement of installed capacities, 250 W in Laos and 625 Mff in Cambodia,

in the next 30 years is rather small as compared to a requirement of about

13,800 Wi in Thailand for the sar.e period. Data on projections of electrical

requirements for the Republic of Vietnam were not available.

to meet the above requirements of electrical power in this

region would have to be based on a realistic analysis of tiie natural re-

sources - hydel, thermal and nuclear^ Thermal resources in the region

available for power generation are meagre. The thermal fuel resources present

in the region are limited to lignite reserves at Moe Moh and Erabi in Southern

Thail-md and marginal reserves of crude petroleun at Fang also in Thailand*

The lignite reserves are estimated to total about 105 million tons, the

heating value being in the range of 6600 DTU/lb, The oil resorvea are negli-

gible and cannot be economically exploited for po'-pr ^enoration. In the near

future, as at presnnt, fuel oil required for thermal power generation will

have to continue to be imported, The present cost of imported oil in the

Bangkok area ia about US « 2,5 per l i t e r or US I 58 per million BTtf .

The region has, in the Mekong river and i t s tributaries, a vast

potential for hynro-electric power generation, conservatively estimated to

be fnr beyond 12,000 Mff, \ a of 10,-57, the installed capacity of hydel stations

in the region accounted for only about 1000 MiV, mainly located in the Republic

of Vietnam and Thailand. Plans for exploitation of the hydro-potential of the

Mekong river are underway, the stage I scheno consisting of installation of

10 x.,100 We station at Pa-Mong in Thailand on the Laotian border. A hydcl

station of a total installed capacity of 135 MW is also planned at Nan Ngura

3. Thailand Electric Power Study, USAID report (1966)

TABLE 0

Year

1088

1960

1070

1971

1972

1973

1974

1978

1977

Proposed

Installation

Gas Turbine,North BKKThermal

Gas Turbine

Lam Don Noil

South BKK. Ther-mal No. 1 & 2.

Nam Phroro No,1„2Sirikit No.1,2

South HKK.Thermal NoP3

Strikit No.3Quae Yai at 1,2

Nuclear No,. 1

N0E, Steeim PlantNo.l

Quae Yni No.3,4

Installation

Installedcapacity

210.8

115

36

400

40250

300

125240

400

50

240

Schedule For North,

Energy gene-ration(kwh)

830

210

70

2,730

120850

2,100

1.100

2,800

350

2Northeast and Central Areas of Thailand

Year

1978

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Installation

Strikit No,4

Nuclear No,2

Bhumibol No, 7,8

Pn-Mong No,1,2,3

Pa-Mong No.4

Pa-Monfi No-5

Pa-Mong No.6t7

Pa~Mong No,8,9

Pa-Mong No-10

Installedcapacity

(MW)

125

400

140

900

300

300

600

600

300

Energy gene-rate on

(kwh)

«• MI

2,800

6,307

2,103

2,102

4,205

4,205

1 508

I

••a

V

2. Mekong Committee, Staffe I Interim Report, Pa-Mo rig l 'roject (lOfiB)

-» 10 t-

TABLB 7

Construction Program of Laos

Year Installation No. and kw Total Existing atfor each kw end of year

1967 6,400

1968 Supply from Thailand 5,000 5,000 11,400

1969 New diese l insta l led

Supply from Thailand 3,000 11,000 22,400

1972 Nam Nfrura No. 1 & 2Reduction

2.4 old d ie se l ret ired. -2,400 19,000 42,000

8 W from Thailand

1973 Nrm Nfrum No.3Reduction

4 iSf old diese l -4,000 31,000 73,000retired

1980 Reduction old -3,000 100>000

diesel re t i red

1985 Nan Ngum No.5 1 a t 35,000 35,000 135,000

1986 - - _ _ - _ 135,000

4

2

1

1

at

at

at

at

5,000

2,000

3,000

15,000

-2,400

-8,000

35,000

-4,000

-3,000

35,000

2. Mekong Committee, Stage I Interm Report, Pa-Mong Project (lQG8)

- : 11 : -

in Laos on one of the Mekong tributaries. The plans and installation schedules

of power stations to meet the future electrical requirements of Thailand arid2

Laos are presented in Tables 6 and 7 .

As can be seen from the above tables, the first units of the Pa-Wong

project are expected to be installed only in 19S3.

The requirement of electrical energy in the region t i l l 1083 is I;or

about a total of 3000 W1. Firm plans are in various stages of execution for

installation of 1200 M«r by 1973, The plans include expansion of trio existing

hydro-electric power stations by about 200 MW and installation of thermal

stations with total capacity of 3̂ 0 Mff, based on local lignite resources. The

remaining 700 Mff are proposed to be installed in thermal stations in Central

Thailand, based principally on imported fuels.

In addition to meeting the requirements of the period 1973-1Q83,

totalling 1800 Mff, i t would be necessary to propwrly plan for an optimised

integrated operation of hydro and thermal stations beyond 1083 when the

Pa-Mong project would enter the operation phase. From economic considerations,

thermal and nuclear stations would have to be operated as base load plants at

high load factors in the range of 75 to 85^ and the hydel units operate.! at

peak loads taking advantage of their built-in flexibility.

The paucity of natural fossil fuel resources in the region, the high

cost of imported fuel oil and th« distance of the hydro-resources from Greater

Bangkok-the main consumer area in the region, has persuaded the concerned

countries and several international agencies to investigate the possibility

of the introduction of nucTear power in the region- The Thailand power study

team has suggested 800 MSe (2x400 Mffe) of installed capacity in nuclear

power stations in Thailand during this period.

The cost of power front nuclear sources is progressively coming down

due to the scaling up of reactors to large sizes. With the benefits of

economies of scale as well as the recent aevelopments in nuclear reactor con-

cepts, i t is not unreasonable to expect nuclear power ultimately at a coat of

2, Mekong Committee, Stage I Interim Report, Pa-Mong Project (l968>

3, Thailand Power Study Eeport CSAJD (i960)

- : 12 : -

2 rails/kwh. Even at a cost of 3 mils/kwh electrical energy can increasingly

substitute some of the raw materials in many chemical and metallurgical in-

dustries based on electrolytic or electrothermic processes. With such sub-

stitution the demand for energy could be expected to rise dramatically

leading to a crucial role for electricity in opening out under-developed areas

to industrialisation.

A comparison of nuclear and thermal power in the region would depend

on the indigenous availability of the fuels and their cost. As already men-

tioned earlier3 thermal resources of the region are only in the form of lignite

resources located in Southern Thailand, The estimated reserves of 105 million

tons are sufficient in quantity only to sustain local thermal power plants

planned for the near future. Figure 4 represents p. comparative study of the

economies of nuclear power station based on boiling light water cooled and

moderated reactor and fossil fuel fired thermal power stations for varying

fuel costs. The analysis is based on twin unit stations. Other bases of

comparison are as below:

Fossil Fuel-fired Power Station

Plant factor : 85jf

Boiler efficiency : 90$C

Capital charge : Sjfrate

Plant life : 25 yrs.

Nuclear Station

lyps of reactor

Reactor and powerplant life

Plant factors

Charge rate

Net stationefficiency

: Light water cooled and moderated.

: 25 years

: 85%

: 6*

: 28^.

The above comparison indicates that above 200 We size nuclear plants

can be competitive in comparison to thermal power stations at locales where

fossil fuel costs are above US IE 25 per million BTU. The delivered costs of

coal and imported fuel oil for thermal power generation in the Greater Bangkok

region are US ff 40 and US E 58 respectively.

- : 13 : -

The hydro resources of the region in the Mekong and i t s tributaries

estimated at more than 12QDO MW, to be beneficially exploited, would have to

satisfy certain critical factors such as contiguity of conauner areas, avail-

ability of suitable storage sites For ref la t ion of fluctuating seasonal water

flows, irrigational demands and necessary flood control measures- The supply

of water to the reservoir is raainiy on a seasonal basis during the monsoon

months from mid-May to mid-October, the rain-fall itself suffering large

variations in nature and magnitude from year to year. The region in the

vicinity of the Mekong river is not well developed Simultaneous industri-

alisation would have to accompany power p-eneration to provide a steady load

for the power stations in ihe .urea.

The first sta^e in the exploitation of the Mekong river resources

ia the Pa-Mong hydro-electric project with a total capacity of 3000 MlVe

(10 units of 300 We each) to he installed in the period 1983-1990, The

first units are expected to go into operation by 1983. A transmission

network would have to be planned and installed by that time between Pa-Mong

and the principal load centre situated around Bangkok. The transmission dis-

tribution network based on a 230 kV system is expected to cost about US S

80 million. The capital investment in the project including the transmission

facilities would cost US $ 270 per kwe installed. Break-even contours where

nuclear power based on C\NDU type heavy water ceo led and moderated natural

uranium reactors are competitive with delivered cost of hydel power from

Pa-Mong are presented in Figure - 5,

As can be seen from the above figure, nuclear power, though the

cost of generation is higher as compared to hydel, is attractive, if only

due to i t s independence of geographical factors and climatic conditions.

Also, in areas where the util isation of installed hydel capacity is low due

to large seasonal fluctuations in the supply of reservoir water, pumped

storage baaed on low cost nuclear power can be advantageously used. Thus,

there is in "this region a sufficient incentive for the introduction of

nuclear power in a big way.

Many types of power reactors with variations in fuel, coolant

and moderator systems and materials of construction are in operation and in

different stages of development around the world. Each of these has i ts

own advantages or otherwise, depending on locale, fuel availability and

- : 14 : -

other facton. Appendix I presents the comparative economics of different re-

actor concepts for two unit stations with capacities in the range of total

400 to 2000 UWe. The same ia summarised in Table - 8.

As can be seen from the above table, the light water reactors need

the lowest capital investment. The reactors U3e enriched uranium, facilities

for enrichment at present being available in very few countries. Smaller

capacity reactors of this type have higher fuel costs due to a) lower plant

efficiency (b) higher enrichment needs for lower capacities and (c) higher

fabrication costi3 per kilogran of uraniun for the smaller units.

The use of natural uranium in heavy water reactors is a great

advantage for i t s use in developing countries which do not have a strong

nuclear base. This coupled with greater efficiency in i ts use makes i t have

the lowest fuel costs among all the reactor systems- The capita] investment

needed for this type of reactors is slightly higher than the others. This,

in general, is due to the design features of the reactor, the heavy water

inventory and also on account of systems required for the control of the

leakage of heavy .:ater. The fuel is available from many countries; a high

degree of domestic narticipation in fuel fabrication is possible and very

low fuel costs can be achieved. This would compensate, in part, for the

high capital cost needed. These types of reactors are expected to be econo-

mical, viable and feasible to be constructed in minimum time in developing

countries,

Therefore, the requirements of electrical power in the region during

the period 1973-1983 could be met primarily by nuclear power stations based on

heavy vater reactors. Beyond 1983, with generation of power from Pa-Mong, the

nuclear stations could gradually furnish base loads complementing short time

peaking of the hydel units. For purposes of comparison, economies of 3000 Mffe

size nuclear station near the load centre as an alternate to Pa-Mong hydel is

presented in Appendix II .

Effective use of low cost nuclear power in complement with hydel

power from the Mekong and with simultaneously planned industrialisation of

the region can work miracles for the area. However, installation of large

nuclear stations would require an infra-structure providing channels of

transport and coranunications. In addition, i t would be necessary to create

- . : 15 . : -

TABLE 8

Economics of Nuclear Power Stations (Twin-Units)

of Capacities 400-2000 1ST

Reactor Type Fuel

Boiling l igh t water Enriched U0r

cooled and moderated 2-4% U - 23^

(am)Pressurised lightwater cooled andmoderated

Pressurised heavywater cooled andmoderated ( )

Boiling light watercooled heavy watermoderated (BL )

Advanced gas cooledreactors„ (AGCRl)

Capital coats•/ HWe

Enriched ' J

2 - 5 * U-235

Nat. uranium

Nat. uranium

Enriched U0Q

(l-6-2.4# U-235)

266-144

288-151

379-192

295-159

391-198

Unit generationcoat

Mils/kwh.

4.33-2

4-4 -2.17

4.67-3,287

4.47-2.29.

5=2-2.3

-: 1 6 :•

APPENDIX - I

A Comparison of Different Beactor Systems

Reactor typeStationaize, We

Capitalcost

Generation j. . -,.cost mils/kwh

(Boiling light

Water cooledLight water

Moderated reactor)

BLTCR

400

500

600

1000

2000

(Pressurised

Heavy water cooledand moderated

Reactor)

PHWR

400

500

600

1000

2000

266.84

240.40

223.09

182.99

143.81

4.331

3.860

3.54

2.777

2,004

376.48

341.78

315.22

257.21

192.5

4.669

4.261

3.985

3,38

2.87

Off-load

About once in12 to 18 months,

Pressurised

Light water cooledand moderated

Reactor)

PLWR

400

500

600

1000

2000

281

254

237

194

151

.7

.4

4,40

.3,9

3,69

2.88

2.17

Off-load

About once .in12 to 18 months.

On-load

Reactor type

(boiling Light

Water cooled

Heavy watermoderated

Heactor)

BIJVHWR

(\dvanced gas

cooled reactor)

AGCr

Stationsize, MW

400

500

600

1000

2000

400

500

600

1000

2000

- ; 17 j -

APPENDIX I CONTD

Capi ta l Generatione cost $/KWe cos t mils/lew

295.36

268,75

251.67

204.52

159.37

391,77

348.19

324.00

262.21

198 ..08

4.468

4,146

3 t83

3 = 075

2.292

5,198

4.66

4.26

3.248

2.337

Refueiling

On-load

r. , . -w —i

- : 18 : -

a sound scientific and technological base. Therefore, i t would be essential

to have long range programme of training and education. Such a programme

would have to be with a view of not only providing technical knowledge, but

also motivation.

Notes and Bslevant Economic Asanmptions

1. The capital costs include direct and indirect coats and ini t ia l full

core load of fuel (in-core fuel inventory)

2. The generating costs are estimated taking into account operation and

maintenance costs, full replacement costs and out-core fuel inventory.

3. The capital investment in each reactor system is based on the expended

or estimated cost of an existing or proposed nuclear power station with

that reactor system, and is suitably extrapolated to other capacities

using power law. The bases of the calculations for the various reactor

systems are as below:

BLWR - 2 x 190 MWe nuclear power station of International General

Electric at Tarapur, India.

PDVB - 175 Mffe n u c l e a r power s t a t i o n a t Yankee Rowe ?n t h e D n i t e d

States,

PHWR - 2 x 200 We G4NDU station at Ranapratapsagar, India

AGCH - 2 x 600 Me Station at Dungness ( P ) , United Kingdom

Bimm - 2 x 250 We proposed station of AECL (Refs AECL-2211)

4. Approximate cost of fuel purchase is assumed to be constant at $ 80/Kg.

of natural uranium and $ 180/Kg,, of enriched uranium. Enrichment

assumed is 2.5 per cent.

5. Fuel costs have been calculated on 'on power' replacement on continuous

basis. Though normally enriched uranium systems are refuelled on an

off-load basis, calculations for generating costs have been baaed for

simplicity on an con power' continuous refuelling basis. Out-core fuel

inventory has been assumed at a constant level equivalent to 3 months

supply being replenished by purchase on a monthly basis. The extra

cost of the sophisticated fuelling machine required in the case of on-

load refualling is expected to be practically offset by the cost of

forced shut-downs required by off-load refuelling. Off-load refuelling

has not been considered separately in our calculations.

6. Fixed charge rate assumed to be 6 % depreciation provided by sinking

fund method over a plant l i /e of 25 years.

7. Irradiated fuel transport and reprocessing coat assumed to be $ 18 per

Eg. of uranium.

8. Nuclear insurance provided at % 430/tfwt/yr.

9. Freight and insurance assumed at 5 $ of direct costs,

10- Heavy water replacement assumed at 0r5j£ and at a cost of §54.0/Kg.

11. Uranium credit in the spent natural uranium fuel is assumed at

$0O/Kg. Uranium credit in the spent enriched uranium fuel is assumed

at 0165/Kg, The decrease in eus>t is attributed to depletion which

varies depending on the reacto- operation parameters. The extent of

decrease which; at best, is approximate was obtained on the basis of

cost analysis carried out by Burns & Hoe Inc. N.Ya (Ref: Pre- Investment

study on power including nuclear power in Lu?,on, Republic of Philippiaes

_ Annex 4 V2 IAJGA. 106o)4

12, Plutonram credit assumed at $S/gm=

13, Plant load-factor assumed at 80 per cent.

14, Plant l ife assumed at 25 years for both nuclear reactor and power plant.

15, Interest during construction works out at 6 ner cent over a period of

4 years.

APPENDIX II

Capital Investment and Energy Generation Costs of Nuclear Power Stations

of a Total Capacity of 2900 - 3000 Utffe.

Reactor type3LWR BLW-HffR AGCR

Capital Unit Capital Unit Capital Unitinvestment generation investment generation investment .generationmillion U«S.$ cost mils/kwh million U.S.$ coat mils/kwh million U.S.# cost mila/kwh

Unit Size Combinations

6x400 Ifffe + 500 Mffe(2900 JWe)

4x600 MWe + SOO Ifffe(2900 Iflfe)

6*500 Mfe (3000 Mffe)

2x1000 We + 2x500 Iflfe(3000 Mffe)

598.76

532.2

548.97

470.62

3\,54

2.85

2*89

2.37

663.6

587.2

613,55

523,28

3.32

3.03

3.08

2.56

850 „ 3

742.3

786.&2

658.36

3>92

3.44

3.52

3.04

o

Assumptions and Bases of calculations same as in Table 8

- : 21 : -

18*7

0(008 1970 9990 teas 20004980 1988

VSAR

FIG.I.PEAX DEMAND AND GROSS ENEHGV REQUIREMENTS I t 88 - 2 000-TH AIL AHG

—: 2 2 • -

O 2 «

044

0.20

» ° 1 6»-(9W2 0,2

0 0 8

0-04

*> ESTMATEC

?EAK DEMANO*-

V

I

v

7Z.

.GROSS GENERATION

71

7..2

0-3

raaa oro W78 isao raeo >9»o tees 2000YEAR

FI0.2.P8AK DEMAND AHD «RPSS ENERGY REQUIREMENTS t«68-*000^LA08

O T

O-8

STC

TBO

1968 !9?0 1978 1980 1983 1990 »999 2000

YEARH0.3. PEAK DEMAND AND GROSS ENERGY REQUIREMENTS I968-2000-CAMB0DIA

- ; 24 : -

I i I—!—i—rFIG.3 ENERGY COST Vs STATION SIZE

TWO UNIT SYSTEM

0 8 0 0 400 600 600 1000 1200

STATION SIZE, MWe

\ N* V \pl«OJECT/ /<

NUC1EARSTATION Of 400 MW

/

FIC 4 BREAKEVEN CONTOURS FOR NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS