government of karnataka...2016/10/07 · commissioner, navodaya vidyalaya samiti, new delhi and...

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PREFACE

M.R. Hiremath K.A.SExecutive Director

KREIS, Bengaluru-20

Computers have become a way of life in the present day world. Everyone need to be

educated about the implications of this technology. Now the Karnataka Residential

Educational Institutions Society (KREIS) has proposed a course/textbook in this regards. The

course outlined for this textbook is an attempt to design a generally friendly course that

would not only be contemporary but also leaves sufficient scope for expansion into unknown

realms of computer activity that may emerge in future.

The National Curriculum Framework 2005 recommends that theoretical component of

Higher Secondary stage should emphasise on problem-solving methods and that the

awareness of the historical development of key concepts be judiciously integrated into the

content of a subject. It also recommends that given the pervasive impact of information and

communication technology (ICT), a course related to this, should address this infrastructure

challenge seriously and explore viable and innovative alternatives with regard to hardware,

software and connectivity technologies appropriate for rural schools.

NCF 2005 speaks about the tremendous effectiveness of the information and

communication technology in shaping modern society which has created the need for an

educated public that can utilise such technology most effectively for the betterment of society

and humankind. This book is aligned with these broad guidelines of NCF.

The book has been conscientiously designed and is the result of the renewed efforts of

the textbook team comprising of computer teachers and subject experts. Some of the

members worked at the advisory level while others worked towards the actual developmental

activity. It is hoped that the students will appreciate the beauty and logic of information and

communication technology. It has truly been a team work.

A conceptual coherence is derived with the pedagogy, the use of easily

understandable language, simple mathematical formulations in a logical fashion. This book

has some features which, we earnestly hope will enhance its usefulness to the students. Each

chapter is provided with learning outcomes in the beginning and the worksheets at the end of

each chapter.

I thank Dr. Shalini Rajanish, I.A.S, Principal Secretary, Former Department of

Backward Classes and the then Vice Chairman, KREIS, Bengaluru, a National awardee on

Sakala and Panchayat Raj whose spontaneous and continuous support for initiating this work

with distinct guidelines and made it happen. We express our gratitude to Sri E.Venkataiah Retd

I.A.S, Former Principal Secretary, Department of Social Welfare and the east while Vice

Chairman of KREIS, Bengaluru who was the path maker for KREIS. Sri Gangaram Baderiya

I.A.S, Principal Secretary, Department of Social Welfare and Vice Chairman, KREIS,

Bengaluru. Sri Naveen Raj Singh, I.A.S, Principal Secretary, Department of Backward Classes

and Dr. S.C Sharma, Former Vice Chancellor, Tumkur University, Karnataka, Prof. Rajaram

Sharma, Joint Director, CIET, NCERT, New Delhi, Prof. A.N Ramachandra, Former Joint

Commissioner, Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, New Delhi and also to the Director, DSERT, for

supporting us with the task of preparing these textbooks. I thank our core team of computer

teachers who worked restlessly for formulation of these text books in the leadership of Sri.

A.T Chamaraja, Retd. Joint Director, Department of Public Education, Mr. Santosh Elemmi,

Mr. Sunil C.S and Mr. Keerthi Kumar H.M.

We welcome suggestions and comments from our valued users, especially students

and teachers. We wish our young readers a happy journey to the exciting realm of ICT-

Support Material.

(M.R. Hiremath K.A.S)

FOREWORD

A N RamachandraFormerly- Joint Commissioner Acad

Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti,Min of HRD, Govt of India

[email protected]

It is well said by Sir Winston Churchill that “Men occasionally stumble over truth,but most of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing ever happened”. Computershave entered into classrooms so naturally than expected. While a decade ago teaching theschool children about the use of computers was a challenge. Now children in even remoteareas also know that a lot of fun can be understood by the touch of mobile screen. The 21st

century digital children are at par with the pace of the Technology and its multipledimensions affecting all spheres of their life.

What is planned to teach the children through this support material is to engross thechildren towards understanding the computer and its functional competency. This effortsurely enhances the learning pattern and desired outcomes. Parting computer in the schoolcurriculum brings paradigm shift from teaching to learning and also:

a. Use of computer by teacher increases their efficiency and quality of teaching.b. Integration of ICT in curricular activities makes children learning a joyful eventc. Inter-disciplinary approach in learning brings higher order conceptsd. Computer aided learning gives impetus to Multiple Intelligence such as; Creative

thinking and problem solving skills.

Let me also caution that this support material does not contain material to learnspecific software. Further, learning computers is not designed as a substitute for learning coresubjects. However, by association with the computer and with the help of this set of supportmaterial students will be able to explore the possibilities of using computer as a tool inenhancing knowledge, understanding of subjects and skills and concepts dealt in coresubjects. I am happy to be associated with the team in developing this material to assist theteachers and children in Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society (KREIS).The team involved in this work has also taken into account the constraint like availability oftime of the children in the Residential school pattern. Hence, lot of activities could beplanned to be conducted after the class hours through a formal interaction with the computerteacher and the subject teachers, using the techniques explained in this support material. Withthis material it is expected to enhance collaborative activities and interdisciplinaryapproaches. The support material in this series has links from level to level. Over a period of5 years students are expected to integrate ICT tools in their core subjects at ease. Althoughteachers can use their own methods to evaluate themselves the efficacy of use of this materialfrom time to time , learning concepts explained in this set of support material is not expectedto be evaluated through a formal set of examinations. The fun of learning the skills isincorporated in various exercises and activities recommended.

Special features maintained in series of support material are:

Minimum skills required at the age group for operation have been attempted to beincorporated

Time share of 100-120 periods (80 hrs per year) is planned Exercises and materials are designed in such a way that children Learn through

independent operation and collaborative work Play-way/Conversation /interactive approaches are adopted Brand neutrality is maintained to avoid specific alignment to any particular brand Kannada compliant inputs are exhaustively attempted

I wish that teachers will make use of this material more informally to have fullparticipation of the students in productive manner. I thank the Karnataka ResidentialEducational Institutions Society (KREIS) for reposing confidence in our entire team indeveloping the material. Thanks are also due to the team members who have investedvaluable time and expertise.

(A N Ramachandra)

I

ICT – Support Material Level II

CHAIRMAN:

Prof. A.N Ramachandra, Former Joint Commissioner, Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, NewDelhi.

MEMBERS:

Smt. Umadevi R M.C.A, MDRS,Sira Town, Sira Taluk , Tumkur.

Sri. Sunil Kumar S B.E, MDRS, Mellahalli Gate, Yelandur Taluk, Chamarajanagar.

Sri. Praveen L M.Sc(CS),B.Ed, MDRS, Haranduru, Koppa Taluk, Chikmagaluru.

Sri. Ravindra B Booyi M.Tech, KRCRS, Humnabad, Humnabad Taluk, Bidar.

Sri. Annappa Naik M.Sc(CS), KRCRS, Ramnagar, Joida Taluk, , Uttar Kannada.

COVER PAGE DESGINER:

Sri. Kumarswami.N.Hiremath M.A, M.Phil, KRCRS, Chikkarahalli, Arasikere Taluk, Hassan.

COORDINATORS:

Sri. A.T Chamaraja, Retd. Joint Director, Department of Public Education and Consultant,

KREIS, Bengaluru.

Sri. Santosh Elemmi S.C M.Sc(CS), M.Phil, KREIS, Bengaluru.

Sri. Sunil C.S MCA, M.Tech, M.Phil, KREIS, Bengaluru.

Sri. Keerthi Kumar H M B.E, MDRS, Belur Town, Belur Taluk, Hassan.

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Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 7th Standard

II

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

This book is prepared for teaching about the computer to children. The teachers’ role is

primary that of a facilitator encouraging active learning. Specific guidelines can be found in the

Teachers’ Corner at the end of the book. The teachers’ should read all the books in a series before

starting any class and understand the flow of content to ensure that the contents are comfortably

communicated inside the classroom. Ensure that the conceptual understanding is mastered before

proceeding to the skills. Use the group activities and projects to stimulate creativity and knowledge

sharing. This book can easily be covered in one year, with four classes (40 minutes) per week. See the

table below for an overview of the concepts, objectives covered in each lesson along with periods.

SlNo

Topic Name Concepts Objectives Periods

01Overview of

Level I

1. Parts of computer2. Characteristics of computer3. Uses of a computer4. Input and output device5. Paint activity

Recall and apply what was learnt in Level I.10

(5+5)

02History ofComputers

1. History of computers2. Generations of computers

List major milestones in the development of modernday computers.

List names of the person responsible for thedevelopment of the computer.

Identify the generations of computer.

12(10+2)

03Hardware and

software

1. Introduction2. Hardware and Software3. Data and User

Recognize different hardware components. Differentiate between hardware and software. Define data and user.

12(8+4)

04Introduction to

OperatingSystem

1. Introduction2. Types of operating system3. User interface

Define operating system. List the types of operating system. Differentiate between CUI and GUI.

12(8+4)

05 DOS and UNIX

1. Introduction to DOS2. DOS commands3. Introduction to UNIX4. Shell commands

Define command. Open the command prompt. Execute DOS commands. Differentiate between internal & external commands. Differentiate between DOS & UNIX.

20(6+14)

06Windows

1. Introduction2. Desktop and its components3. Working with files & folders4. Control panel

Navigate the windows desktop. Manage and organize files & folders. Personalize the desktop. Create user accounts.

20(4+16)

07LINUX

1. Introduction2. The Ubuntu desktop3. Managing windows4. Browsing and Opening files5. Customizing the desktop6. Session Options

Navigate the Ubuntu desktop. Manage windows. Browse & open the Files. Customize the desktop. Terminate the Session.

20(4+16)

08Hands onkeyboard

1. Introduction2. Types of Keys3. Basics of typing4. Typing skills using text editor

Use the keyboard for text typing. Create and format the text document in text editor. Save and print the text document.

20(2+18)

09Using RegionalLanguages in

computer

1. Introduction2. Baraha3. Nudi4. Indic

Use different regional languages software. Type Kannada in the computer.

14(2+12)


III

CONTENTS

SL.NO NAME OF THE LESSON PAGE NO

01 Overview of Level I 01

02 History of computer 07

03 Hardware and Software 14

04 Introduction to Operating System 18

05 DOS and UNIX 24

06 Windows 36

07 LINUX 46

08 Hands on Keyboard 54

09 Using regional languages in Computer 66


IV

Execution of DOS and UNIX commands

Exploring Windows Desktop

Exploring LINUX Desktop

Text Editor Creating a Text Document Saving an Text Document Formatting Text Document

Using Regional Language Typing in Kannada

7th StandardLevel II

Familiarity with Computer

Software

Usage Skills

Safety and Security

HardwareInsideComputer

External

Internal

System

Application

AbacusNapier’s bonesPascalineDifferential EngineAnalytical Engine

FirstSecondThirdFourthFifth

Computer Generations

Helpline

DOS

UNIX

WINDOWS

LINUX

User Accounts: Creating User Accounts Login in using Password

DOS – HELP Command

UNIX – MAN Command

WINDOWS Help

LINUX Help

Operating System

Computer History

Hardware

Software

Chapter 1: Overview of Level I

Revise the topics learned in the previous class.

Parts of computer

Characteristics of computer

Uses of a computer

Input and Output device

Do’s and Don’ts with computer

Paint Activity

Number System

Learning Objectives:

After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:

Recall and apply what was learnt in Level I.

Inside



Parts of computer


Uses of a computer



Paint Activity

Number System




Inside



Parts of computer


Uses of a computer



Paint Activity

Number System




Inside

Chapter 1: Overview of Level I 7th Standard

Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 2 | P a g e

Parts of Computer

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the most important part of a

Computer. It is like the brain of the computer. It controls all other parts such

as Monitor, Keyboard, and Mouse.

Monitor

A monitor looks like a TV screen. The CPU uses the monitor

to show us a text, photos, movies, and games. The front portion of

the monitor is called screen or display. The monitor is a standard

output device. The monitor shows whatever we type or draw on a

Computer.

Keyboard

The keyboard is a standard input device. The

Keyboard is made of several small buttons called keys. Each

key has a number, letter or word written on it. The keys

which we see are alphabets (A-Z), numbers (0-9), special

keys (Spacebar, Backspace, and Enter etc.). While you are

typing, you can press the:

Chapter 1: Overview of Level I 7th Standard


Spacebar: To leave blank spaces between words or numbers

Backspace: To erase letters.

Enter: To move to next line

Mouse

The mouse is used to point to the items shown on the monitor.

The mouse usually has two or three buttons and a small wheel between

the buttons. Mouse consists of two buttons- left button and right button

and a scroll wheel.

Left click: used to select an activity after you point to it.

Right click: used to control the activity after you have started it.

Double click: used to start the activity after you have pointed at it.

Scroll button: you can move up and down a page using the scroll button.

Characteristics of Computer

Some important characteristics of computer are:

Speed

Storage

Accuracy

Diligence

Versatility

Flexibility

Reliability

Uses of a Computer

A computer can use for many simple tasks such as

Writing letters

Watching movies

Listen to music

Drawing pictures

Playing games

Adding number

Input and Output Device

Input device: The device used to accept the data and instructions from the user is

called input device.

Output device: The device that displays output to the user is called output device.

Chapter 1: Overview of Level 1 7th Standard


Some of the Examples for Input and output device are

Input Device Output Device

Track Ball Printer

Joystick Plotter

Scanner Speaker

Web camera Projector


Keep it clean: We should always keep the computer and its nearby area clean and

cover when it is not in use. Do not take food or drinks into the computer lab.

Be safe: It works using electricity. Do not pull any wires connected to the CPU. Do

not put your fingers or any object on the computer. Do not touch any part of the

computer with wet hands.

Keep a correct posture: Keep your chair at the proper height and maintain a distance

from the monitor. Do not keep your hand on the mouse continuously.

Be gentle: Do not hit the keys on the keyboard too hard. Do not remove or

disconnect any cable. Do not remove or take any item away from the computer.

Share equally: Do not fight for your turn to use the computer and give space to your

classmates while they are using computers. Take turns for using the keyboard and

the mouse. Do not disturb others by making noise.

Paint Activity

Steps to open Paint

Click start button Click all programs Select accessories Click on paint



Home tab contains the groups of tools for writing and editing the text. It also contains

tools such as brushes, shapes, colors to create images and color them.

Text tools: These are used for writing and editing the text. These tools are:

Pencil : Used to draw freehand drawing of required thickness

Eraser : Used to erase your drawing

Text : Used to insert text

Fill with color : Used to fill color to the entire picture or an enclosed shape you

want.

Brushes : It is used to draw lines that have a different appearance and texture—

it's like using different artistic brushes.

Drawing Shapes : You can use Paint to draw different types of shapes.

Line : Used to draw Lines’

Curve : Used to draw Curved shapes

Oval : Used to draw Circles and Ovals

Rectangle and Rounded rectangle : Used to draw Squares and Rectangles

Paint Options:

New option to create a new picture.

Open option to open an existing picture.

Save option to save the current picture.

Print option to print the current picture.

Exit option to exit the paint activity.

Number System

"A set of values used to represent different quantities is known as Number System".

Classification of Number System

Decimal number system

Binary number system

Octal number system

Hexadecimal number system










want.








Paint Options:






Number System





Octal number system











want.








Paint Options:






Number System





Octal number system


Chapter 2: History of Computer

History of computers

Generation of computer

First Generation Of Computer

Second Generation Of Computer

Third Generation Of Computer

Fourth Generation Of Computer

Fifth Generation Of Computer



List major milestones in the development of modern day

computers.

List names of the person responsible for the development of the

computer.


Inside












computers.


computer.


Inside












computers.


computer.


Inside

Chapter 2: History of Computer 7th Standard


Introduction

Today, the computer can be seen almost everywhere, in offices, shopping malls,

schools, railway stations, and almost every home. So computers are an integral part of our

lives. It is important to understand their evolution and knowing the history of the computer

helps us to understand the design and capabilities.

History is nothing but the study of past events. For example, the history of human

beings.

Abacus

Approximately 4,000 years ago, the Chinese invented the Abacus. It was the first

machine used for counting and calculating. It is made of a wooden frame, metal rods, and

wooden beads. It takes a great deal of time and practice to learn how to master over the use

of an abacus. An abacus is a person who is very experienced in using an abacus. Today, the

abacus is still used widely in China and other Asian countries to count and calculate, just as

we use calculators.

Each bead has a specific value. Reading from right to left, the beads in the first column

are worth 1, in the second column the beads are worth 10, in the third column the beads are

worth 100, etc. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are performed by moving

the appropriate beads to the middle of the abacus.



Introduction






beings.

Abacus






we use calculators.







Introduction






beings.

Abacus






we use calculators.







Napier’s bones

In the early 17th century, John Napier, a Scottish

mathematician, invented another calculating tool. “Napier’s bones”was based upon manipulation of rods with printed digits. Therods were made of bone, ivory, wood or metal. The set consists of10 rectangular blocks with multiples of a different digit on each ofthe four sides.

Pascaline

In 1642, at the age of 19, a French mathematician by the name of

Biaise Pascal invented the Pascaline. The Pascaline is known as the first

mechanical and automatic calculator. Pascal invented the Pascaline to

help make his father's job as a tax accountant easier. The machine is

sometimes called the La Pascaline or Pascal's machine.

The Pascaline was a wooden box that could only add and subtract by means of a series

of gears and wheels. When each wheel rotated one revolution, it would then turn the

neighboring wheel. On top of the wheels were a series of windows through which the totals

could be read. About 50 models were constructed and were made of wood, ivory, ebony, and

copper.

Jacquard loom

In 1801, Jacquard invented the Jacquard loom. It was a weaving

machine that was controlled by punched cards. While the loom was



Napier’s bones



Pascaline










copper.

Jacquard loom





Napier’s bones



Pascaline










copper.

Jacquard loom





being pumped, cards with holes in them were attached together in a pattern through which

strings of thread were automatically fed. These cards would feed the right pieces of thread

into the loom to make a beautiful cloth.

Difference and Analytical Engine

In the early 1820s, an English mathematician by the name

Charles Babbage designed a computing machine called the Difference

Engine. This machine was to be used in the calculating and printing of

simple math tables. In the 1830s, he designed a second computing

machine called the Analytical Engine. This machine was to be used in

calculating complicated problems by following a set of instructions. The

computing machines made in the 1900s and even those today are based

on the designs of the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine. This

is why Charles Babbage is known as the "Father of Computers."

Ada Augusta

Ada Augusta was a first computer programmer, who

designed program for Babbage’s Analytical Engine.
















Ada Augusta


















Ada Augusta





Generations of Computer

Depending on the development of the technology the generation of computer is

classified into five generations. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their

time period, characteristics.

First Generation of Computer (1945-1956)

The first generation of computers is started with using

vacuum tubes as the basic components. The speed of these

computers were very slow, storage capacity was very less and

these computers are large in size.

Some computers of this generation were ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Calculator), UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), IBM (International Business

Machine)-701 and 650.

Second Generation of Computer (1956-1963)

In this generation transistors were used in place of vacuum

tubes. These machines were much faster, more reliable than their

earlier machines. It generates less heat and consumed less

electricity as compared to first generation computers.









































Some computers of this generation were IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC (Control Data

Corporation) 1604 and 3600, and UNIVAC 1108.

Third Generation of Computer (1964-1971)

In the third generation of computer Integrated

Circuits (IC's) were used in place of transistors. These

IC’s were increased the speed of processing and storage

capacity. These computers were more reliable, smaller

in size and faster. Maintenance cost was low comparing

to the previous generation and consumed less electricity.

Some computers of this generation were IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series, PDP

(Personal Data Processor), IBM-370/168.

Fourth Generation of Computer (1971-1980)

In the fourth generation of computer,

microprocessors were used in place of Integrated Circuits

(IC’s). The fourth generation of computers is marked by the

use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. This

made computers smaller in size. Fourth Generation

computers became more powerful, reliable and more efficient.

Some computers of this generation were Mini Computer and Mainframe computer,

Personal computers.






















Personal computers.






















Personal computers.



Fifth Generation of Computer (1980-till date)

Fifth generation computer

involves the concept of Artificial

Intelligence (AI) which made the

computer think like human beings. This

generation uses VLSI (Very Large Scale

integration) and ULSI (Ultra Large Scale

Integration) technology. These computers

are more intelligent and faster comparing

to other generation computers. Types of

this generation computers are Desktop,

Laptop, Notebook, and Robot. etc.

Remember


Generation Material used Features

FirstGeneration

Vacuum tube basedvery slow, large in size and storage capacitywas very less

SecondGeneration

Transistor basedfaster, more reliable than their earliermachines

ThirdGeneration

Integrated Circuitbased

Smaller in size and faster. Maintenance costwas low comparing to the previousgeneration

FourthGeneration

VLSI microprocessorbased

Fourth Generation computers became morepowerful, reliable and more efficient.

FifthGeneration

ULSI microprocessorbased

These computers are more intelligent andfaster comparing to other generationcomputers.















Remember



FirstGeneration


SecondGeneration


ThirdGeneration



FourthGeneration



FifthGeneration

















Remember



FirstGeneration


SecondGeneration


ThirdGeneration



FourthGeneration



FifthGeneration



Chapter 3: Hardware and Software

Introduction

Hardware

Software

System Software

Application Software

Data

User(s)



Recognize different hardware components.

Differentiate between Hardware and Software.

Define data and user.

Inside

Chapter 3: Hardware and Software 7th Standard


Introduction

There are different and various types of computers available in the market ranging from

a small computer that is integrated into our household electronic equipment to very large

supercomputers. A Computer is not a single device; it is a group of components.

There are four parts in the computer system. They are:

Hardware

Software

Data

User(s)

Hardware

The physical parts of a computer system called as hardware. The hardware components

can be seen, touch and feel. The hardware components are fixed inside or outside the

computer system.

Example Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, RAM, CPU etc.

Software

A Set or collection of programs is known as software. The software is a computer

program written using some computer programming languages to operate the computer.

Software tells the hardware what to do. Unlike hardware, we can’t touch the software.



Introduction





Hardware

Software

Data

User(s)

Hardware



computer system.


Software






Introduction





Hardware

Software

Data

User(s)

Hardware



computer system.


Software






Example Operating System, TUX Paint, Office Packages, Nudi, Adobe Reader,

Computer Games etc.

Classification of Software

The software is broadly classified into two types. They are

1. Application software.

2. System Software.

System Software

System software is a type of computer program that is designed to control and work with

computer hardware, to run a computer's hardware and application programs.

Example: Microsoft Windows, Linux, DOS etc.


Application software is a type of Software written by the user to perform a particular

task like drawing a picture, playing computer games.

Example: Paint, Nudi and Office Package etc.

Know This!

A person who writes computer programs is known as aSoftware Engineer or a Programmer.




Computer Games etc.




2. System Software.

System Software








Know This!





Computer Games etc.




2. System Software.

System Software








Know This!




Difference between Hardware and Software

Data

Data is the raw information or basic facts that

computer can process. Data by itself doesn’t make much

sense to the user. It will give a meaning only when it is

processed by the computer. The processed data is called

information. Data can be text, numbers, audio or video that

the computer manipulates.

Example All the information fed by the user.

User(s)

People who use the computers are called users. These

computer operators are called computer users. You may be

surprised as to why the users are included in a computer system.

No computer system is 100% autonomous. They need the human

interface in one or the other way. You may quote some computer

systems example which themselves work on their own, it is

somewhere the human beings are involved in designing and

developing the computer system. Therefore, the user is an inner part of the computer system.

Hardware Software

Physical components of a computer are

called Hardware.Set of programs is called Software.

Hardware can touch, see and feel. The software can not touch and feel.

Constructed using physical materials or

components.

Developed by the programming

language.

Not affected by computer viruses. Affected by computer viruses.

User cannot make copies User can make copies

Example: Monitor, Keyboard, RAM Example: OS, Text Editor, Nudi




Data








User(s)









Hardware Software





components.


language.







Data








User(s)









Hardware Software





components.


language.




Chapter 4: Introduction to OperatingSystem

Introduction

Types of Operating System

Single-User Operating System

Multi-User Operating System

User Interface

Character User Interface

Graphical User Interface



Define Operating System.

List the types of Operating system.

Differentiate between CUI and GUI.

Inside


Introduction




User Interface








Inside


Introduction




User Interface








Inside

Chapter 4: Introduction to Operating System 7th Standard


Introduction

The operating system is the most important program that runs a computer. An operating

system is a bridge between user and system. Operating system perform basic tasks, such as

recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track

of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk

drives and printers. Without operating system a computer is a dead machine.

Example: DOS, UNIX, Windows (XP, Windows7), Linux, Mac, Android, etc.

Definition

“An operating system (OS) is system software that managescomputer hardware and software resources and which acts as an

interface between the user and the computer”.



Introduction







Definition





Introduction







Definition





The basic functions of an operating system

1. Booting the computer.

2. Performs basic computer tasks.

3. Provides a user interface.

4. Handles system resources.

5. Provides file management.

Booting computer

Booting is a process of loading the operating system into the system’s main memory.

Booting plays a very important role in computers. Whenever you switch on the computer the

computer checks itself and check` all parts are ready to work properly or not.

Performs basic computer tasks

The operating system performs basic computer tasks, like managing the various

hardware devices such as the mouse, keyboard, and printers. Most of the operating systems

support plug and play which means a device such as a printer will automatically be detected

and configured without any user intervention.

Provides a user interface

The interface can be defined as a communication link between user and computer. The

main function of the user interface is to communicate with the user so that the concept of the

application is easily and effectively put to use.

Handles system resources

The operating system also handles system resources such as the computer's memory and

sharing of the central processing unit time by various applications or peripheral devices.



Provides file management

The operating system also handles the organization and tracking of files and directories

(folders) saved or retrieved from a computer disk. The file management system allows the

user to perform tasks such as creating files and directories, renaming files, copying and

moving files, and deleting files.


Single User Operating System

A single user operating system allows a single user to

operate a program at a time.

Example: DOS, Windows XP etc


The multi-user operating system allows two

or more users to use the computer resources

simultaneously.

Example: Windows NT, Linux etc

User Interface

The user interface is one of the most important parts of any program as it determines

how easily you can make the program do, what you want. There are two types of interfaces.

1. CUI (Character User Interface)

2. GUI(Graphical User Interface)

Operating System

Single UserOperating System

Multi-UserOperating System
















simultaneously.


User Interface





Operating System


















simultaneously.


User Interface





Operating System





Character User Interface (CUI)

The user provides the input by typing a command string with the computer keyboard

and the system provides output by printing text on the computer monitor

Example: DOS (Disk Operating System)

Features of a command-line interface:

Character user interface is a text-based interface.

The keyboard is the main source of input.

Instructions are given to the computer by typing commands.

Requires knowledge of commands and also, instructions to run applications.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

A graphical user interface (GUI) uses graphics, along with a keyboard and a mouse, to

provide an easy-to-use interface to a program. A GUI provides windows, pull-down menus,

buttons, scroll bars, iconic images, and the mouse to enable users to interact with the

operating system or application.

Know This!

The first graphical user interface was designed by Xerox

Corporations Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s.

















Know This!



















Know This!





Example: Windows

Features of a Graphical User interface

What we see is what we get

The mouse and the keyboard are used for input.

The user can use the mouse and the keyboard to point to a particular point on the

screen and click on icons and objects.

The user can easily work by looking at menus and icons

Comparison between CUI and GUI

C.U.I G.U.I

Command-line User Interface Graphical User Interface

Interact with Text only Interact with Standard input device

Requires knowledge of commands to run

applications.

The user can easily work by looking at

menus and icons

Example: DOS Example: Windows



Example: Windows








C.U.I G.U.I




applications.


menus and icons




Example: Windows








C.U.I G.U.I




applications.


menus and icons


Chapter 5: DOS and UNIX

Introduction to DOS

DOS Commands

Internal Commands

External Commands

Introduction to UNIX

Shell Commands

Learning Outcomes:


Define Command.

Open the Command Prompt.

Execute DOS Commands.

Differentiate between Internal & External Commands of DOS.

Open the Terminal.

Execute Shell Commands.

Differentiate between DOS & UNIX.

Inside

Chapter 5: DOS and UNIX 7th Standard


Introduction to DOS

MS-DOS is a computer operating system by Microsoft Corporation. It stands for

"Microsoft Disk Operating System".

DOS is a command - line based operating system means that a user works with a

keyboard to input data and receives output in plain text. It is called a disk operating system

because it was originally made to be loaded into a computer's memory with a floppy disk each

time the computer is started (booted) up. MS-DOS originally was written by Tim Paterson

and introduced by Microsoft in August 1981. MS-DOS allows the user to navigate, open, and

otherwise manipulate files on their computer from a command line instead of a GUI.

Some important Terminologies

File: A file is a collection of related information or data. Every file has a name to

identify it and is called the filename. Almost all information stored in a Computer

must be in a file. There are many different types of files: data files, text file, program

file, directory files

Directory: A directory is a location for storing files on your computer.

Command: A command is a specific instruction given to a computer application to

perform some kind of task or function.

Starting DOS

A command prompt is an entry point for typing computer commands in the Command

Prompt window. By typing commands at the command prompt, you can perform tasks on

your computer without using the Windows Graphical Interface.

Open the Command Prompt window by

1. Click Start button

2. Select Programs

“Tim Paterson” is an American computer Programmer, best known asthe original author of MS-DOS; the most widely used personalcomputer operating system in the 1980s



Introduction to DOS

















Starting DOS






2. Select Programs




Introduction to DOS

















Starting DOS






2. Select Programs




3. In that go to Accessories

4. Click on Command Prompt

5. DOS will open in a window with white text on a black background. The screen

will appear as below

Hint

Another way to open a Command Prompt: Click the Start button .In the Search box type Command Prompt or cmd, then press the enterkey.







Hint








Hint




DOS Commands

DOS commands are the commands available in MS-DOS that is used to interact

with the operating system. Entering a command incorrectly (wrong syntax, misspelling, etc.)

could cause the command to fail to do its operation. Press enter key (↵) to execute everycommand.

DOS commands are divided into two types

Internal Commands

External Commands

Internal Commands

Internal commands are built in commands of MS-DOS. All these commands are

combined together and stored in Command.com file, which is an executable command file.

These internal commands are further grouped according to their properties.

Examples: CLS, DIR, DATE, MD, RD etc.

External commands

An external command is MS-DOS command that is not included in command.com file.

External commands are commonly external because either they require large requirements or

not commonly used commands.

Example: EDIT, LABEL, TREE, SORT etc.

Some of the Internal and External commands are given in the following table:

Sl .No Commands Description

INTERNAL COMMANDS

01 CLS This command is used to clear the screen

02 DIRThis command is used to display all files and subdirectory in thecurrent directory.

03 VERThis command is used to display the version of DOS currentlybeing used in the system.

04 DATE It displays the system date the form of MM-DD-YY.



Syntax:-

C :\> DIR [/Attributes]

DIR (Directory): This command allows the user to see all files and subdirectory in the

current directory. DIR Command lists file information in five columns; (first) column

gives primary name of the file (second) column gives extension of the file (third) column

gives the file size - number of bytes used; (fourth) column gives the last updated date;

(fifth) column gives the last updated time.

05 TIME It displays the system type and enables the user to change it.

06 EXIT This command is used to exit from the command prompt

07 COPY CON This is used to create a new text file.

08 TYPE This command is used to display the contents of the text file.

09 COPY This is used to copy any file to another location

10 RENThis command is used to change the name of any file ordirectory.

11 DEL It is used to delete or erase a file from the current directory.

12 MD This command allows for creating a new directory.

13 CD This command is used to change the directory.

14 RD It is used to remove or delete a directory

EXTERNAL COMMANDS

1 EDIT This command allows to view, create, or modify any file

2 LABELLabel command is used to create, change, or delete the volumelabel of a disk.

3 CHKDSKThis is used to check a disk and display a status report withproperties of disk

4 TREEThis command is very useful to view the list of directories andsubdirectories present on the disk in gr

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