government of philippines department of agriculture handout for swc training.pdf · nagadala ug...

HANDOUT for the TRAINING on SOIL and WATER CONSERVATION

for the MUNICIPAL EXTENSION STAFF by: Alex FJ Hamming Ben Hur R Viloria

Upland Development Programme Technical Assistance Team PO Box 81333, Davao, Philippines November 2000

GOVERNMENT of PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT of AGRICULTURE

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

UPLAND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME in SOUTHERN MINDANAO (ALA-97/68)

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE GROUP

Fig. 1E Pedestals, typical features of raindrop erosion (Nagabangag-bangag nga yuta tungod sa pinisik sa kusog nga ulan)

Fig. 2 Pedestals in fallow field (Mga bato nga nagapaibabaw ug nagpatong sa nagpundok pundok nga yuta, agig timailhan sa naprotektahan nga luna)

Fig. 3 Abundant stones in cassava field (Nanggawas nga mga bato sa luna nga gitamnan ug balanghoy)

Fig. 4 Exposed rock due to topsoil loss

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Fig. 5 Shallow topsoil in a cornfield revealing a water impermeable hardpan (Gahi nga tumbanan indikasyon sa pagkamabaw sa tambok nga yuta)

Fig. 7 Exposed tree roots (Nanggawas nga mga gamut sa kahoy)

Fig. 8 Rill development, shown in a ploughed field with young corn (Ang pagliki-liki sa yuta nga gitanunam ug mais, hinungdan sa kanunayong pag-agi sa tubig ug pagkabanlas sa ibabaw nga yuta)

Fig. 6 Rill development in steep (90%) corn field (Pagdako sa mga liki sa maisan nga naa sa 90% bakilid)

Fig. 9 Rill erosion in field (15% slope) planted with young corn (Ang pagkasamot ug nagkadako nga pagliki sa yuta nga gitanuman ug mais)

Fig. 10 Rills in fallow field, farmer site Claveria (Nagasamot nga pagliki sa gi-umnag yuta)

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Fig. 11 Dirt road heavily damaged by water and soil erosion, forming gullies (Nagkaguba-guba ang dalan tungod sa kanunay nga pag-agi sa tubig ug banlas sa yuta)

Fig. 12 Scouring gully causes road collapse (Makusog ug makanunayong pagsulog sa tubig nga nagpahumok ug gikaon sa tubig ang kilid nga bahin sa yuta)

Fig. 13 Damaged coconut plantation by scouring gully (Nangatumba ug nadaut nga kalubihan tungod sa natumpag nga mga yuta hinungdan sa kusog ug kanunay nga paghaguros sa tubig)

Fig. 14 River with high sedimentation of alluvial deposits (Ang sapa nga natambakan ug mga yuta nga nabanlas gikan sa mga kaumahan sa bukid)

Fig. 15 Mud plain after severe flooding (Ang kapatagan nga natabunan ug lapuk pagkahuman sa baha)

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water

sediment

A

Fig. 16 Sedimentation after 5 minutes (A) and 1 hour (B)

B

Fig. 18 Major landslide (Ang grabeng pagdahili)

Fig. 17 Minor landslide (Ang gamay nga pagdahili)

Fig. 19 Excess run-off destabilizes road foundation (Walay klarong agianan sa tubig makapahuyang sa pundasyon sa yuta ug hinungdan sa pagkatumpag sa dalan)

Fig. 20 Slash and burn of primary forest land leaves the fragile, fertile shallow topsoil exposed to non-sustainable agriculture (Ang pagputol sa mga orihinal nga tanum sa kalasangan ug pagsunog niini maoy sugod sa pagkabanlas sa tambok nga yuta ug pagsunod sa mga dili maayo nga pamaagi sa panguma)

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Fig. 22 Pasture land badly affected by landslides (Luna para sa kahayupan nadaut tungod sa pagdahili sa yuta)

Fig. 23A Deforested uplands covered with cogon (Naumaw ug naupaw nga kabukiran gitubuan ug mga kogon)

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Fig. 23B Practical methods in measuring soil loss for farmers (Mga paagi sa pagsukod sa yuta nga nabanlas para sa atong mag-uuma)

Original topsoil layer (Ang daan nga sukod sa yuta nga nabanlas)

Eroded topsoil moving downwards (Yuta nga nanaog tungod sa pagkabanlas)

Accumulated topsoil (Nagtapok-tapok nga yuta)

Stick Method (Kahoy nga naay badlis ug gituslok sa yuta aron masukod ang kadaghan sa yutang nabanlas)

Soil Trap Method (Usa ka paagi sa pagbabag sa yuta aron masukod)

Fig. 23C Soil trap, ICRAF Research Site, Claveria (Isa ka paagi nga mailhan ang yuta nga gibabag)

Fig. 25 Stream erosion

Fig. 24 Splash erosion and crusting

Fig. 26 A small rill may develop into ………………………… a large gully (Ang gamay nga pagliki sa yuta kung mapasagdan……………. mahimong hinungdan sa dakong pagkahun-og sa yuta)

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Fig. 27 Stream erosion forwards soil particles, filling gullies with high sediment loads (Ang buswak sa tubig sa mga gagmay nga kasapaan nagadala ug yuta paingon sa dagkung sapa sa ubos)

Fig. 28 Cropping between the stubbles of the previous crop (Pag-ugmad sa bakanteng luna nga gikan gianihan o paggamit sa espasyo nga wala matamnan)

Fig. 29 Minimum tillage: Plowing in between the crop (Gamay lang nga pagdaro)

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Fig. 30 Plowing down slope (Pagdaro nga paubus sa bakilid)

Fig. 31 Plowing downslope promotes rill development (Ang pagdaro padulhog o pata-as sa bakilid nga uma, maka padali paganod sa yuta nga mahimong kanal sam ni-ining hulagway nga inyoung Makita)

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Fig. 34 Hedgerows of mixed Flemingia (Flemingia Macrophylla) and Rensonii (Desmodium Rensonii)

Fig. 33 Continuous hedgerow (Ang pagestablisar sa igsaktong “babag nga pananum” diha sa bakilid)

Fig. 32 False and true contours (Igsakto ug sayap nga pagpangita ug pagplastar sa “patag sa bakilid”)

Fig. 36 Broken hedgerows promote rill erosion (Ang lat-ang nga paghimutang sa babag nga pananum maoy usa sa mga hinungdan nga dili masulbad ang pagkabanlas sa yuta)

Fig. 35 Young hedgerow of Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia Sepium) with dense plant spacing (Ang dug-ol nga pagtanum ug Madre de Cacao sa katuyuan nga mapugngan ang pagbanlas o pagdahili sa yuta)

Fig. 38 Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) Fig. 37 Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala, left) and Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla, right)

Leguminous Hedgerow Species (Figures 37 – 40)

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Fig. 42 Elephant grass (Napier) planted in a row as an alternative hedgerow to leguminous species (Elephant grass, usa usab ka klase nga sagbot nga angayang ipangbabag sa bakilid)

Fig. 41 Guinea grass as alternative hedgerow to leguminous species (Guinea grass maoy usa ka klase sa sagbot nga puwedeng ipangbabag sa bakilid)

Fig. 40 Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla)

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Fig. 39 Rinsonii (Desmodium Rensonii)

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Fig. 43 A grass barrier slows down run-off and intercepts sediments (Ang sagbot nga malig-on ug lawon ang gamot makapugong ug makababag sa kusog nga pag-agas sa tubig ug pagkabanlas sa yuta)

Fig. 44A Buffer strips with different stages in terrace development (Ang daplin nga mga babag miresulta sa pagkahagdan-hagdan sa bakilid nga yuta)

Fig. 44B Natural vegetative strips promote the development of terraces, ICRAF, Farming Guide No.3 (Ang pagbabag nga mogamit ug local nga sagbot makatabang sa paghimo ug hagdan-hagdan nga bakilid)

Fig. 44C Eucalyptus trees planted in natural grass strips of Setaria, farmer site Claveria (Mga punoan sa Bagras nga gitanum sa daplin sama sa mga mobabag nga sagbot)

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Fig. 47 Stylo (Stylosantes guianensis)

Fig. 46 Kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides, A) and Centro (Centrosema acutifolium, B)

Fig. 45 Forage peanut (Arachis Pintoi)

Fig. 48 Greenleaf Desmodium

Leguminous Cover Crops (Figures 45 – 48)

Table A Recommended leguminous cover crops Scientific Name

Common Name Uses Soils Plant Characteristics

Arachis pintoi Forage peanut Ground peanut Pasture peanut Pinto peanut

Soil cover, forage, green manure, pastures in tree plantation

Wide range of textures, accepts low fertility soils, high A1 tolerant, not tolerant to flooding

Perennial, rapid development of seedlings, propagation by cuttings, complete groundcover <6 months, shade tolerant, tolerant to heavy grazing, rainfall 1,800-2,200 mm

Calopogonium caeruleum

Calopogonim Soil cover, forage, green manure, edible pods

Wide range of textures and PH (>4) require well drained soils

Perennial, shade tolerant, moderate drought tolerant, creeping and twining, trifoliolate leaves, Propagation by seed yet a high costs, completer groundcover in 20 months, propagation by cutting gives low establishment (5%), 0-80m

Centrosema pubescens

Centro Soil cover, forage, green manure, pastures, edible pods

Wide range of textures and PH, require well drained soils

Perennial, slow starter, creeping and climbing, drought resistant, best as mixture with calopo, propagation by seed, not stable in cut-and carry system

Pueraria phaseoloides

Kudzu Soil cover, forage, green manure, pasture, non-edible pods.

Wide range of textures, require well drained soils

Perennial, creeping, climbing and twining, large trifoliolate leaves, deep rooted, vigorous, drought resistant, smothers weeds, pioneer cover crop, mixture w/ calopo & centro for pastures in plantation, seed propagation, 0-1,000 m, annual rainfall>1,500 mm

Lablab purpureus

Lablab Soil cover with maize. Forage, green manure, edible pods

Annual, short lived, vigorous growth, similar in general appearance to Kudzu, grazing 10 weeks after sowing, not tolerant to heavy grazing

Stylosantes guianensis

Stylo 184 Soil cover, forage, green manure, pasture

Sandy, acid, infertile soils Perennial, vigorous growth, competes with cogon, well suited to combine with wide range of grasses, propagation by seed, moderate shade tolerant, low palatability hence less risk of overgrazing, annual rainfall> 1,500 mm

Mimosa invisa Mimosa Soil cover, green manure Shallow soils Perennial, upright, creeping and winding, propagated by seed, weed deterrent

Mucuna pruriens

Velvet bean Soil cover, green manure, fodder, edible pods

Annual, vigorous growth, drought tolerant, excellent fallow species

Desmodium heterophyllum

Hetro, Spanish clover

Soil cover, pasture Wide range of textures Perennial, trifoliolate, seed production is difficult, rapid natural spreading, well suited for heavily grazed pastures, not suitable for cut-and-carry, 0-1,000 m, ann. rainfall >1,500 mm

Vigna unguiculata

Cowpea Soil cover, green manure, edible pods, pasture

Acid, infertile soils Annual pulse, palatable to livestock, cutting by hay

Desmodium intortum

Greenleaf desmodium

Soil cover, fodder, pasture Wide range textures, tolerant to water logging

Perennial, slow starter followed by vigorous growth, training, sprawling, propagation by seed, combines well with grasses, not tolerant to heavy grazing, shade tolerant, susceptible to drought, performs better at high elevation (500-2,000 m), annual rainfall>1,100 mm

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Fig. 49 Calopo as cover crop in banana plantation (Ang pagbutang ug tabon nga bagon diha sa kasagingan)

Fig. 51 Cornstalks and leaves are used as mulch covering the surface (Mga nahabilin nga parte sa mais human sa pag-ani, gigamit para pangtabun sa yuta)

Fig. 52 Multi purpose use of hedgerows, Flemingia and Rensonii: 1. corn as an alley crop integrated with forage peanut (cover crop), 2. additional cover by mulching (cuttings hedgerows), 3. decomposed cuttings provide nutrients to topsoil (Ang mga nagkalainlaing gamit sa Flemingia ug Rensonii, ug ang pagtanum sa mais dinha sa bakanteng luna nga adunay “ pangtabum nga tanum” nga mao ang mani-mani)

Forage peanut cover (Arachis Pintoi)

Mulching with cuttings from hedgerows

Hedgerow trimming

Fig. 50 Mulching with cuttings from mixed legumes and grasses, ICRAF Research Site, Claveria (Pagtabun sa yuta nga mogamit ug sagkot ug dahon sa legumbre)

Fig. 55 Coconut-based pasture areas (Ang kalubihan nga gigamit usab para pastulan ug kahayupan)

Fig. 53 Multi-storey system, coconut-coffee-pineapple (Ang igsaktong pagplastar sa mga pananum nga permanente ug adunay lain-laing katas-on)

Fig. 56 Coconut-based vegetable growing (Ang kalubihan nga gitanuman ug gulayan)

Fig. 54 Multi-storey system of Eucalyptus and coffee, farmer site Claveria (Paktanom nga mogamit sa nagkalain-laing katas-on sa mga punoan sama ug Bagras ug kape)

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Table B Recommended crop assortment Crop Classification

Common Names

Rainfall Requirements (mm)

Plant Spacing (m)

Suitable Elevation (m+ sea)

Maintenance Requirements

Acacia mangium

1000 to 4500 2 x 2 <800 Low

Acacia falcata 10 x 10 Bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta)

350 to 2500 10 x 10 <2000 Low

Mahogany 1500 to 5000 4 x 4 <600 Medium Narra Dry up to 6

months 2 x 2 <500 Low

Forest Trees

Bamboo 10 x 10 <2000 Low Abaca 1500 to 2500 2 x 2 300 to 1000 Low

Banana 1400 to 2450 3 x 3 <1800 Medium Cacao 1000 to 5000 3 x 3 700 to 1000 Medium Coffee (arabica) 1900 to 2000 3 x 3 700-1700 High

Industrial Crops

Coffee (robusta) 1900 to 2000 3 x 3 200-900 High Forage Peanut 1800 to 2200 <1000 Low Napier Grass >1000 <1000 Medium Guinea Grass 550 to 1800 <500 Low

Pasture Crops

Stylosanthes 700 to 1500 <500 Low Kudzu >1500 <1000 Low Centrosema >1500 Low Calapogonium >1250 <800 Low Forage Peanut 1800 to 2200 <1000 Low

Cover Crops

Greenleaf desmodium

>1100 500 to 2000 Low

Rensonii >1000 <1000 Medium

Flemingia 1100 to 2000 <2000 Medium Giant Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala)

600 to 1000 3 x 3 <1500 Low

Acid Ipil-ipil (Leucaena diversifolia)

500 3 x 3 <2000 Low

Leguminous Hedgerows

Madre de Cacao

800 to 2300 1 x 1 <1600 Low

Hand Out for Training on Soil and Water Conservation

Table B Recommended crop assortment Crop Classification

Common Names

Rainfall Requirements (mm)

Plant Spacing (m)

Suitable Elevation (m+ sea)

Maintenance Requirements

Mango 800 10 x 10 <600 High Lanzones Evenly 6 x 6 <500 Medium Rambutan Evenly 8 x 8 <500 Medium Citrus 1500 to 2000 2 x 2 <200 Medium Papaya 1500 to 2000 3 x 3 <2000 Medium Jackfruit <800 10 x 10 <800 Low Cashew <3500 6 x 6 <1500 Medium Coconut >1500 9 x 9 <1000 Low Mangosteen Evenly 10 x 10 <500 High Avocado 1000 9 x 9 <500 Medium Mandarin 900 6 x 6 <500 Medium

Fruit Trees

Guava 1000 to 2000 7 x 7 <1000 Medium Sweet/Bell Pepper

600 to 1200 50 x 75 cm 400 to 800 High

Okra Wide range 30 x 70 cm <1100 Medium Eggplants Adequate

rainfall 60 x 90 cm <1500 Medium

Tomatoes Wide range 50 x 100 cm <1500 Medium Carrots Constant

rainfall 15 x 15 cm >500 High

Radish 800 to 1000 15 x 15 cm 200 to 1200 High Bulb Onions Adequate

rainfall 15 x 30 cm <1000 High

Spring Onions Cool moist 20 x 35 cm >500 High Celery High rainfall 15 x 20 cm >1000 High Parsley Adequate

rainfall 15 x 30 cm >600 High

Asparagus Steady rainfall 35 x 35 cm <500 High

Lettuce >2500 30 x 20 cm >500 High Sweet Peas Cool moist 10 x 60 cm >500 Medium String Beans 1600 60 x 50 cm <1500 Medium Cabbage Cool moist 45 x 45 cm >500 High Cauliflower/ Broccoli

Cool moist 60 x 60 cm >500 High

Squash/Cucurbits/Zucchini

Adequate rainfall

60 x 90 cm <1000 Medium

Vegetables

Cucumbers Adequate rainfall

60 x 90 cm <1500 Medium

Water Muskmelons

Adequate rainfall

3 x 2 m <1000 High

Strawberry Adequate rainfall

30 x 45 cm >1000 High

Fruits/Vines

Passion Fruit >900 2 x 3 m 1000 to 2000 Medium Corn 1200 30 x 90 cm <2200 High Upland Rice Adeq.rainfall >250 High Sweet Potatoes >750 <2100 Low

Basic Crops

Potato >1200 30 x 30 cm >1000 High


Table C Recommended crops for the uplands (< 18%, 100-500 m), and hilly lands (> 18%, 100-500 m)

Slope Class in %

Cropping Characteristics

Representative Crops

> 50 Very steep

Wood/forest trees only

Wood:Ipil-ipil, Mahogany, Acacia mangium, A.falcata,, Narra and Bamboo

30-50 Steep

Wood/forest trees, fruit trees. Industrial crops and annual crops planted only within hedgerows

Wood: Ipil-ipil, Mahogany, Acacia mangium, A.falcata, Narra and Bamboo Industrial Crops: Abaca, Cacao, Banana, Coffee (Robusta) Annual Crops: Corn, Upland Rice, Potato & Sweet Potato Cover Crops: Forage peanut, Kudzu, Centro, Calapo Leguminous Hedgerows: Rensonii, Flemingia, Ipil-ipil, Madre de Cacao Grass Hedgerows: Vetiver, Napier grass Fruit Trees: Durian, Mango, Lanzones, Rambutan, Citrus, Mangosteen, Avocado, Guava, Papaya, Jackfruit, Cashew, Avocado, Mandarin

18-30 Rolling to moderately steep

Pasture, fruit trees wood/ forest trees. Annual crops planted within contours or hedgerows

Wood: Ipil-ipil, Mahogany, Acacia mangium, A.falcata, Narra and Bamboo Industrial Crops: Abaca, Cacao, Banana, Coffee (Arabica>900)Robusta Annual Crops: Corn, Upland Rice, Potato & Sweet Potato Cover Crops: Greenleaf desmodium, Forage peanut, Kudzu, Centro, Calapo Leguminous Hedgerows: Rensonii, Flemingia, Ipil-ipil, Madre de Cacao Grass Hedgerows: Vetiver, Napier grass Fruit Trees: Durian, Mango, Lanzones, Rambutan, Citrus, Mangosteen, Avocado, Guava, Papaya, Jackfruit, Cashew, Avocado, Mandarin Pasture: Forage Peanut, Stylo, Guinea Grass, Napier grass

8-18 Undu-lating to rolling

High nutrient input crops show yield decline. Annual crops and fruit trees planted within contours/ hedgerows

Wood: Ipil-ipil, Mahogany, Acacia mangium, A.falcata, Narra and Bamboo Industrial Crops: Abaca, Cacao, Banana, Coffee Robusta Annual Crops: Corn, Upland Rice, Potato & Sweet Potato Cover Crops: Forage peanut, Kudzu, Centro, Calapo Leguminous Hedgerows: Rensonii, Flemingia, Ipil-ipil, Madre de Cacao Grass Hedgerows: Vetiver, Napier grass Fruit Trees: Durian, Mango, Lanzones, Rambutan, Citrus, Mangosteen, Avocado, Guava, Papaya, Jackfruit, Cashew, Avocado, Mandarin Vegetables: Bell Pepper, Okra, Eggplants, Tomatoes, Radish, Garlic, Bulb Onions, Asparagus, String Beans, Cucumbers Fruit Vines: Watermelon and Muskmelons

3-8 Gently sloping to undu-lating

Most climato-logically adapted crops and fruit trees can be cultivated. Annual crops planted within contours

Wood: Ipil-ipil, Mahogany, Acacia mangium, A.falcata, Narra and Bamboo Industrial Crops: Abaca, Cacao, Banana, Coffee Robusta Annual Crops: Corn, Upland Rice, Potato & Sweet Potato Cover Crops: Forage peanut, Kudzu, Centro, Calapo Leguminous Hedgerows: Rensonii, Flemingia, Ipil-ipil, Madre de Cacao Grass Hedgerows: Vetiver, Napier grass Fruit Trees: Durian, Mango, Lanzones, Rambutan, Citrus, Mangosteen, Avocado, Guava, Papaya, Jackfruit, Cashew, Avocado, Mandarin Vegetables: Bell Pepper, Okra, Eggplants, Tomatoes, Radish, Bulb Onions, Asparagus, String Beans, Cucumbers Fruit Vines: Watermelon and Muskmelons

0-3 Level to nearly level

All climatologi-cally adapted crops and fruit trees

Wood:Ipil-ipil, Mahogany, Acacia mangium, A.falcata, Narra and Bamboo Industrial Crops: Abaca, Cacao, Banana, Coffee Robusta Annual Crops: Corn, Upland Rice, Potato & Sweet Potato Cover Crops: Forage peanut, Kudzu, Centro, Calapo Leguminous Hedgerows: Rensonii, Flemingia, Ipil-ipil, Madre de Cacao Grass Hedgerows: Vetiver, Napier grass Fruit Trees: Durian, Mango, Lanzones, Rambutan, Citrus, Mangosteen, Avocado, Guava, Papaya, Jackfruit, Cashew, Avocado, Mandarin Vegetables: Bell Pepper, Okra, Eggplants, Tomatoes, Radish, Garlic, Bulb Onions, Asparagus, String Beans, Cucumbers Fruit Vines: Watermelon, Muskmelons

Table D Recommended crops for the highlands (> 500 m)

Slope Class in %

Cropping Characteristics

Representative Crops

> 50 Very steep

Wood/forest trees only.

Wood: Ipil-ipil, Mahogany, Acacia mangium, A.falcata,, Narra and Bamboo

30-50 Steep

Wood/forest trees, fruit trees. Industrial crops and annual crops planted only within hedgerows

Wood:Ipil-ipil, Mahogany, Acacia mangium, A.falcata, Narra and Bamboo Industrial Crops: Abaca, Cacao, Banana, Coffee (Arabica>900)Robusta Annual Crops: Corn, Upland Rice, Potato & Sweet Potato Cover Crops: Greenleaf desmodium, Forage peanut, Kudzu, Centro, Calapo Leguminous Hedgerows: Rensonii, Flemingia, Ipil-ipil, Madre de Cacao Grass Hedgerows: Vetiver, Napier grass Fruit Trees: Durian, Mango, Papaya, Jackfruit, Cashew, Avocado, Mandarin

18-30 Rolling to moderately steep

Pasture, fruit trees wood/ forest trees. Annual crops planted within contours or hedgerows.

Wood:Ipil-ipil, Mahogany, Acacia mangium, A.falcata, Narra and Bamboo Industrial Crops: Abaca, Cacao, Banana, Coffee (Arabica>900)Robusta Annual Crops: Corn, Upland Rice, Potato & Sweet Potato Cover Crops: Greenleaf desmodium, Forage peanut, Kudzu, Centro, Calapo Leguminous Hedgerows: Rensonii, Flemingia, Ipil-ipil, Madre de Cacao Grass Hedgerows: Vetiver, Napier grass Fruit Trees: Durian, Mango, Papaya, Jackfruit, Cashew, Avocado, Mandarin Pasture: Forage Peanut and Napier grass

8-18 Undu-lating to rolling

High nutrient input crops show yield decline. Annual crops and fruit trees planted within contours/ hedgerows

Wood:Ipil-ipil, Mahogany, Acacia mangium, A.falcata, Narra and Bamboo Industrial Crops: Abaca, Cacao, Banana, Coffee (Arabica>900)Robusta Annual Crops: Corn, Upland Rice, Potato & Sweet Potato Cover Crops: Greenleaf desmodium, Forage peanut, Kudzu, Centro, Calapo Leguminous Hedgerows: Rensonii, Flemingia, Ipil-ipil, Madre de Cacao Grass Hedgerows: Vetiver, Napier grass Fruit Trees: Durian, Mango, Papaya, Jackfruit, Cashew, Avocado, Mandarin Vegetables: Bell Pepper, Okra, Eggplants, Tomatoes, Carrots, Radish, Bulb & Spring Onions, Celery, Parsley, Asparagus, Lettuce, Sweet Peas, String Beans, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Broccoli, Squash, Cucumbers Fruit Vines: Strawberry, Passion fruit, Muskmelons

3-8 Gently sloping to undu-lating

Most climato-logically adapted crops and fruit trees can be cultivated. Annual crops planted within contours


0-3 Level to nearly level

All climatologi-cally adapted crops and fruit trees



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Fig. 57 Municipality base map

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Fig. 58 Municipality Agro-Ecological Zoning map

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Fig. 59 Barangay base map

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Fig. 60 Barangay watershed map

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Fig. 61 Barangay Agro-Ecological Zoning map

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Fig. 62 Barangay watershed map with detailed contouring

Fig. 63A Sub watershed (sitio level) with detailed contouring

Fig. 63B Clino meter reading for determining slope


Table E Summary of dry months


Fig. 64 Rainfall map

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Fig. 65 Existing land use map from the Community Watershed Plan

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Fig. 66 Proposed land use map from the Community Watershed Plan

Fig. 67 Integrated fishpond model (Ang modelo sa pagintegrar o pag-uban sa ubang gamit sa tubig gikan sa isdaan, paingon sa gulayan ug ubang pananum)

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Fig. 68 Pig/fish integration (Ang pagintegrar o pag-uban sa pagbuhi ug baboy ug paggalam sa isdaan)

Fig. 69 Duck/fish integration (Ang pagintegrar o pag-uban sa pagbuhi ug pato ug paggalam sa isdaan)

Fig. 70 Application of inorganic fertilizer (Ang igsaktong pag-aplikar sa komersiyal nga abono)

Fig. 71 Tilapia (Klase sa isda nga mabuhi ug modaghan sa tab-ang nga tubig)

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Fig. 72 Pig shed near fish pond

Fig. 73 Interception and conveyance spring water

Fig. 74 Typical dimensions of small fishpond for non-commercial use


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Fig. 75 Pole barriers, Balabag, Central Visayas (Mga paggamit ug pinutol nga tukod para pangbabag sa yuta)

Fig. 76 Bench terraces, Northern Luzon (Ang paghimutang sa hagdan- hagdan nga tamnanan)

Fig. 77 Check dam constructed by wattling, weaved branches around stalks. Note the soil trap. (Ang pagkural pinaagi sa sanga sa kahuy-kahoy sama sa lantana .)

Fig. 78 Dam in stream bed, constructed from boulders and cement Ang pagpanday o paghimo ug babag sa tubig gigamitan sa bato ug semento)

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Fig. 81A Bamboo planting for stream or road embankment protection (Ang pagpananum ug kawayan para sa daplin sa mga tubigan o sapa ug sa mga kadalanan nga anaa sa kabukiran aron sa pagprotektar niini)

Fig. 80 Stone pitching for slope protection (Ang pagripar o pagpalig-on sa daplin sa humokon nga yuta aron kini molig-on)

Fig. 79 Gabions for river embankment protection (Ang pinundok nga mga bato ug giputos sa alambre, aron gamiton nga pangbabag sa nagdahili nga yuta)

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ater Conservation

Fig. 82 Example of an extension sheet and certificate on Water Conservation

CONSTRUCTION and USE of A-FRAME for SETTING CONTOUR LINES Construction of the A-Frame One does not need to have expensive soil surveying equipment to locate contour lines. This chapter discusses the use of a simple A-frame that can easily be made by the farmer using locally available materials. The steps in making the A-frame are as follows: Secure the following materials: 3x wooden or bamboo poles with a 1.5 inch diameter (two should be 2.1 m long and one about 1.2 m; sturdy string; rock about the size of a fist (Figure A1).

Tie or nail the two longer poles at one end, about 10 cm from the end. Make sure they are securely fastened, as they will make the legs of the A-frame. Make notches on the points of contact so that the poles will not slip (Figure A2). Spread the legs and brace with the shorter pole to make a figure “A.” Tie or nail the crossbar (about 10 cm from each end) to the middle of the legs of the “A”. The crossbar will support the legs of the frame and will serve as guide in marking the level ground position. Tie one end of the string to the point where the two legs of the A-frame are joined. Tie the other end of the string to the rock or any object for weight. The rock should be heavy enough so that when it is suspended, it will not sway with the wind. The rock should hang about 20 cm below the crossbar (Figure A2).

Fig. A1 Components A-frame

Fig. A2 Constructing the A-frame


Calibrating the A-Frame 1. Locate a reasonably level ground and place the A-frame in an upright position. Mark the spots where the legs A and B touch the ground. Then, mark the crossbar where the weighted string passes it (Figure A3).

2. Reverse the position of the A-frame’s legs such that leg A is exactly on the same

spot where leg B was and vice-versa. Again, mark the crossbar where it is crossed by the string. If the two marks exactly coincide, this means that you have the midpoint on the crossbar and that the A-frame is standing on level ground. If the two marks are separate, indicating that the frame stands on non-level ground, make another mark at the midpoint between them (Figure A4).

3. To check the accuracy, move one leg around until the string passes the level point

of the crossbar. Mark the point where the adjusted leg touches the ground. Reverse the placement of the legs of the A-frame. If the string passes the same point, the level position has been located.

Marking the contour lines 1. Cut tall grasses and remove other obstructions. Use two people making the work

much faster and easier. One will operate the A-frame while the other marks the located contour lines. Stalks or wooden pegs can be used the mark the contour.

2. Begin near the highest point of the field plot. Drive the first peg at the boundary and position one of the frame’s legs (A) beside it.

Fig. A3 Calibrating the A-Frame

Fig. A4 Calibrating the A-Frame on non-level ground


3. Place the other leg (B) such that the weighted string passes through the midpoint of the crossbar indicating you have found the contour.

4. Move the A-frame by turning leg A around peg B (in most cases the turn will be

more or less 180 degree turn, but not necessarily), placing leg A there where the string passes the midpoint mark. Mark the location of leg A location by a peg. Spacing between the two pegs is now 4 m. Repeat the exercise for the other leg and so on. Follow this procedure until you reach the other side of the field (Figure A5 and A6). Spacing between two pegs very much depends on the slope. The smaller the spacing, the more accurate the contour is set.

5. The spacing between two contours should be based on the vertical drop meaning

that in the case of steep slopes the spacing between two contours is smaller. A level instrument or more easily using the “eye-hand” method, can determine this drop. In this method, a person stands perpendicular to the slope along a contour, which has already been set. Facing uphill, he then holds his arms straight out in front of him, forming a ninety-degree angle between his arms and body. He then sights over the tips of his extended fingers into the ground before him. This sighting will be the point to begin the next contour (Figure A7). For setting contours, as a rule of the thumb a 1.5 m drop suits the spacing between two contours quite well, irrespective of the slope.

Fig. A7 Determining the vertical distance between contour lines

Fig. A6 Contours marked by wooden pegs

Fig. A5 Setting the contour


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