governorate of luxor sustainable energy & climate ... · governorate of luxor sustainable...
TRANSCRIPT
This project is funded by the European Union
Contract No. ENPI 2012/309-311/EuropAid/132630/C/SER/MULTI
EgyptGovernorate of Luxor
Sustainable Energy & Climate Adaptation Plan (SECAP)
The document was produced as part of the CES-MED project activities (EuropAid/132630/C/SER/MULTI).
Managed by a Consortium led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamic KG, and with the active participation of National Authorities in Egypt and the city of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor. The document was prepared by Consortium of consultants from
Energies Demain and Transitions, with direct support of CES-MED’s experts.
EuropeAid/132630/C/SER/Multi
CLEANER ENERGY SAVING MEDITERRANEAN CITIES
Contract No ENPI 2012/309-311
Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP)
City of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor
- Egypt –
Integral document of the
Sustainable Energy & Climate Action Plan
October 2017
2
Transitions Team
Bruno REBELLE – Managing Director, Transitions Consultant, Paris, France
Dr. Mohsen ABOULNAGA – Senior Consultant for SECAP CES-MED & Professor of Sustainable Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Emilie ESSONO – Energies Demain, France
Sara ALI, Junior Research Assistant, Cairo, Egypt
Governorate of Luxor Team
Participated and assisted in the preparation and data gathering of the SECAP:
Dr. Ramadan SEDDIK - Director General of Environmental Affairs and Coordinator of CES- MED Project at the Governorate of Luxor
Mohamed SALEH, Head of Traffic Department – Ministry of Interior
Mahmoud SAMY, Officer, Traffic Department – Ministry of Interior
Dr Khaled MENOUFI, Deputy Minister - Directorate of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture Governorate of Luxor
Mahmoud Mohamed SELIM, Engineer - Directorate of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Governorate of Luxor
Aref YOUSSEF, Engineer - Electricity Sector, Egyptian Electricity Authority, Luxor
Abdelsabour MOHAMED, Engineer - Electricity Sector, Egyptian Electricity Authority, Luxor
HULLA & CO HUMAN DYNAMICS - KG
in Consortium with
PESCARES Italy, HCL Group
Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS)
Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)
Institute of Communications and Computer Systems of the
National Technical University of Athens
The Assembly of European Regions (AER)
The EuroMed Cities Network
3
Table of contents
Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 10
SECTION I: GOVERNORATE CLIMATE AND ENERGY STRATEGY ...................................................... 13
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 13
2. National strategy ................................................................................................................. 13
2.1. Main ambitions and framing regulations ............................................................................... 13
2.2. Sectorial Policies ..................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.1. Energy efficiency in building sector ................................................................................. 16
2.2.2. Sustainable Lighting ......................................................................................................... 16
2.2.3. Renewable energy development ..................................................................................... 17
2.2.4. National Transport Strategy ............................................................................................ 17
2.2.5. Tourism targets ................................................................................................................ 18
3. The Governorate of Luxor strategic vision for sustainable energy .......................................... 18
3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 18
3.2. Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 18
3.3. The Context ............................................................................................................................. 18
3.4. Guiding principles for the municipal strategy on sustainable energy .................................... 21
3.5. City of Luxor vision and objectives ......................................................................................... 22
3.6. Capacity reinforcement .......................................................................................................... 24
3.6.1. Training actions ............................................................................................................... 24
3.6.2. Awareness-raising actions ............................................................................................... 24
3.7. Organisational Aspects ........................................................................................................... 24
3.7.1. Organisational structure to implement the SECAP ......................................................... 24
3.7.2. Appointment of the elected official tasked with energy ................................................. 25
3.7.3. Role of the municipal council .......................................................................................... 26
3.7.4. Local and national coordination ...................................................................................... 26
3.7.5. Involvement of stakeholders and citizens ....................................................................... 26
3.7.6. Citizen awareness promotion plan .................................................................................. 27
3.8. Budget ..................................................................................................................................... 27
3.8.1. Foreseen financing sources for the investments within the action plan ........................ 28
3.8.2. Financing the SECAP ........................................................................................................ 29
4
SECTION II: BASELINE EMISSION INVENTORY .............................................................................. 30
1. Considered scope and methodological principles .................................................................. 30
1.1. Some orders of magnitude ..................................................................................................... 30
1.2. Methodological principles of the inventory ........................................................................... 31
1.2.1. Calculation method ......................................................................................................... 31
1.2.2. Considered scope ............................................................................................................ 31
1.3. Detailed methodology on each sector .................................................................................... 32
1.3.1. Common data sets ........................................................................................................... 32
1.3.2. Emission factors of energetic consumption (IPCC, NREA) ............................................... 33
1.4. Results ..................................................................................................................................... 37
1.5. Energy consumption ............................................................................................................... 37
1.6. GHG emissions ........................................................................................................................ 38
1.7. Zoom on municipal assets and services .................................................................................. 40
1.8. Business-As-Usual scenario..................................................................................................... 41
1.9. Complete BEI spreadsheets – the City of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor ................................. 42
SECTION III: SECAP - ACTIONS PLANNED ...................................................................................... 44
1. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................. 44
2. Background information ...................................................................................................... 44
3. Governorate vision .............................................................................................................. 46
4. Planned actions for the city of Luxor .................................................................................... 47
4.1. Action on Governorate buildings and services ....................................................................... 48
4.1.1. Municipal buildings .......................................................................................................... 49
4.1.2. Street lighting .................................................................................................................. 51
4.1.3. Water delivery ................................................................................................................. 53
4.1.4. Solid waste management ................................................................................................ 54
4.1.5. City of Luxor / Governorate fleet..................................................................................... 56
4.1.6. Awareness campaign ....................................................................................................... 56
4.2. Action plan on the City of Luxor ............................................................................................. 58
4.2.1. Transport ......................................................................................................................... 58
4.2.2. Tourism Sector ................................................................................................................. 60
4.2.3. Residential buildings ........................................................................................................ 64
4.2.4. Tertiary buildings ............................................................................................................. 66
4.2.5. Agriculture and forestry .................................................................................................. 68
4.2.6. Industry ............................................................................................................................ 69
5
4.3. Renewable energy development ............................................................................................ 70
4.3.1. Solar PV ............................................................................................................................ 70
4.3.2. Solar heating .................................................................................................................... 72
4.3.3. Biogas ............................................................................................................................... 73
4.3.4. Hydro along the Nile River ............................................................................................... 73
4.3.5. Expected results............................................................................................................... 73
5. Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 74
SECTION IV: CLIMATE ADAPTATION PLAN ................................................................................... 76
1. Executive summary .............................................................................................................. 76
2. Current Status Analysis ........................................................................................................ 76
2.1. Introduction to Climate Change Impact ................................................................................. 76
2.2. Climate Change Impacts in Egypt ........................................................................................... 79
2.2.1. Climate change impacts – Urban areas ........................................................................... 80
2.2.2. Climate change impacts – Costal zones ........................................................................... 81
2.2.3. Climate change impacts – Agriculture ............................................................................. 82
2.2.4. Climate change impacts – Water ..................................................................................... 82
2.2.5. Climate change impacts – Ecosystems ............................................................................ 83
2.2.6. Climate change impacts – Tourism .................................................................................. 84
2.2.7. Climate change impacts – Health .................................................................................... 85
3. National and Regional Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation ............................................. 86
3.1. The commitments in place at the national level .................................................................... 86
3.1.1. The national strategy, its goals and commitments, sectors affected.............................. 87
3.1.2. Regional strategy and the specificities the region faces ................................................. 89
4. Climate data and Climate change projections ....................................................................... 90
4.1. Climate overview in Luxor ...................................................................................................... 90
4.2. Climate trends ......................................................................................................................... 92
4.2.1. Main climate trends ......................................................................................................... 94
4.2.2. Climate change weather scenarios .................................................................................. 94
4.2.3. Climate change risks – Luxor ........................................................................................... 95
4.2.4. Adaptation Scoreboard.................................................................................................... 96
5. Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Analysis .......................................................................... 98
6. National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures ...........................................110
6.1. Climate Change Action Plan - CCAP ...................................................................................... 110
6.2. Adopted Measures within the framework of the INDCs ...................................................... 111
6
6.2.1. Adaptation Challenges ................................................................................................... 111
6.2.2. Egypt's intended actions to promote resilience ............................................................ 112
6.2.3. National Adaptation Action Plan ................................................................................... 113
7. Adaptation Actions in the City of Luxor ...............................................................................115
7.1. Public health and quality of life ............................................................................................ 115
7.1.1. Strategic actions ............................................................................................................ 115
7.1.2. Alert / Communication / Education ............................................................................... 115
7.1.3. Technical measures ....................................................................................................... 116
7.2. Infrastructure management ................................................................................................. 116
7.2.1. Strategic actions ............................................................................................................ 116
7.2.2. Alert / Communication / Education ............................................................................... 117
7.2.3. Technical measures ....................................................................................................... 117
7.3. Land planning and building management ............................................................................ 117
7.3.1. Strategic ......................................................................................................................... 117
7.3.2. Education & awareness raising ...................................................................................... 118
7.3.3. Technical measures ....................................................................................................... 118
7.4. Adopted adaptation actions per sector – City of Luxor ........................................................ 118
SECTION V: PROJECT FICHES ...................................................................................................... 123
1. Urban Sustainable Mobility Master Plan ................................................................................123
2. Sustainable and Green Boats .................................................................................................134
3. Green Residential Buildings Plan ............................................................................................147
4. Greening Hotels and Resorts ..................................................................................................161
5. Green Governorate Buildings Plan ..........................................................................................174
SECTION VI: CITIZEN AWARENESS PROMOTION PLAN (CAPP) ..................................................... 188
1. Preparing and including the “Awareness Raising Actions” component in the SECAP ................188
2. Preparation of a COMMUNITY AWARENESS PROMOTIONAL PLAN (CAPP) ...............................190
2.1.1. Template 1- Situation analysis of Luxor ............................................................................. 190
2.1.1.Template 2.1.1 Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot Project: Energy ....................................................................................................... 194
2.1.2. Template 2.1.2 Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot Project: Energy ....................................................................................................... 197
2.1.3. Template 2.1.3 Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot Project: Energy ................................................................................................... 200
7
2.2.1 Template 2.2.1 Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to
Specific/Pilot Project: Environment ............................................................................................ 202
2.2.2.Template 2.2.2 Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot Project: Environment ................................................................................................. 205
3.1.Template 3.1 Identification of CAPP CAMPAIGN TOPIC related to sustainable energy challenges ......................................................................................................................................................... 207
3.2. Template 3.2 CAPP activities as related to SEAP Priority Actions of Luxor .............................. 208
References ................................................................................................................................215
Annex 1. Al-Qurna, Governorate of Luxor, Study Report .............................................................218
8
List of Figures Figure 1: SWOT Analysis by the Governorate of Luxor for the 2032 strategic plan…………………. .......................... 19
Figure 2: Calculation principle of the inventory .................................................................................................... 31
Figure 3: Considered themes in BEI (%tCO2eq/year) – City of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor 2015 ........................ 32
Figure 4: Final Energy/year (2015) ........................................................................................................................ 37
Figure 5: Energy consumption per sector and type of resources in the city of Luxor (2015) ................................. 38
Figure 6: GHG emissions – Luxor (2015)................................................................................................................ 39
Figure 7: GHG emissions per sector and type of resources in the city of Luxor (2015) ......................................... 39
Figure 8: Governorate Assets Services – Luxor (2015) .......................................................................................... 41
Figure 9: Governorate of Luxor Energy consumption, annual cost (2015) ............................................................ 41
Figure 10: GHG emissions in city of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor – BAU .............................................................. 42
Figure 11: Impression of the City of Luxor, West bank and its heritage sites........................................................ 45
Figure 12: Administrative boarders of the city of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor .................................................... 46
Figure 13: Sustainable energy and climate action plan (SECAP) framework for the City of Luxor ........................ 48
Figure 14: Seasonal (winter: December – January – February; spring: March – April – May; summer: June – July – August; autumn: September – October – November) mean temperature (oC, panels A-D) and totalprecipitation (mm per season, panels E-H) maps for the period 1961 -1990 based on CRU data - Source: Lionello, 2012 ................................................................................................................................................ 77
Figure 15: Multi Global Model Ensemble (MGME) average change in surface air temperature for the four seasons, 2071–2100 minus 1961–1990. Units are °C. DJF is December–January–February, MAM is March–April–May, JJA is June–July–August, SON is September–October–November .............................................. 77
Figure 16: Classification of climate change impacts on cities ............................................................................... 79
Figure 17: Classification Climate change impacts on Cities - Egypt ...................................................................... 80
Figure 18: Climate data (Mean Temperature and Precipitation Level (year 2000- 2012), Luxor .......................... 91
Figure 19: Climate data (Mean Temperature and Precipitation Level (year 2016 - 2017), Luxor ......................... 92
Figure 20: Change in cool nights (a,b), warm nights (c,d), cool days (e,f) and warm days (g,h) for Egypt over the period 1960 to 2003 relative to 1961-1990. Source: UK Met Office, 2011................................................... 93
Figure 21: Total annual precipitation for Egypt over the period 1960 to 2003 relative to 1961-1990 from HadEX (Alexander et. al, 2006). ................................................................................................................................ 93
Figure 22: Climate scenarios for the city of Luxor 1980-2003, 2050 & 2080 ........................................................ 95
Figure 23: Climate scenarios for the city of Luxor 1980-2003, 2050 & 2080 ........................................................ 95
Figure 24: Risk assessment figure in case of climate data availability - Luxor .................................................... 110
9
List of tables
Table 1: Emission factors used for fossil fuel and electricity ................................................................................. 33
Table 2: Total waste in the City of Luxor (2015) .................................................................................................... 36
Table 3: Non-energetic emission produced from animal in the City of Luxor (2015) ............................................ 36
Table 4: Final Energy consumption/ year - Luxor .................................................................................................. 37
Table 5: Energy consumption per sector and per energy in the City of Luxor (2015) ............................................ 38
Table 6: GHG emission/ year - Luxor ..................................................................................................................... 39
Table 7: GHG emissions per sector and energy sector in the city of Luxor (2015) ................................................ 40
Table 8: Energy consumption and annual cost for Luxor assets ........................................................................... 40
Table 9: Energy consumption per sector and per energy in the City of Luxor (2015) ............................................ 42
Table 10: Ranking of climate change vulnerabilities in Egypt (OECD) .................................................................. 85
Table 11: Scenario Day (1 July) – City of Luxor ...................................................................................................... 94
Table 12: Climate Change Risks by Sectors – Luxor ............................................................................................... 96
Table 13: Governorate’s (Municipality’s) score in the Adaptation Cycle Specific Steps (SECAP template and JRC guidelines) – Luxor ........................................................................................................................................ 97
Table 14: Hazard types in general for the Maghreb and Mashreq countries ....................................................... 98
Table 15: Vulnerability analysis (based on the Future Cities Adaptation Compass tool) .................................... 100
Table 16: Suggested template for the risk assessment (1-3), the City of Luxor has a river not a sea ................. 106
Table 17: Risk assessment of receptors - city of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor .................................................... 109
Table 17: Suggested adaptation actions for population and public health – City of Luxor ................................. 119
Table 18: Suggested adaptation actions for infrastructure – City of Luxor ......................................................... 119
Table 19: Suggested adaptation actions for built environment – City of Luxor .................................................. 120
Table 20: Suggested adaptation actions for economy – City of Luxor ................................................................ 121
Table 21: Suggested adaptation actions for biodiversity – City of Luxor ............................................................ 121
10
Executive Summary
The Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP) is a strategic document as well as an operational tool. It defines a global framework, with quantifiable objectives to be reached by 2020, based on emissions reference inventory (BEI) and the detailed assessment of energy consumption for the City of Luxor – Governorate of Luxor, Egypt.
The SECAP is part of the CES-MED (Cleaner Energy Saving Mediterranean Cities) project, funded by the European Union and aims at developing the SECAP in resonance with the already existing strategies for the participating cities and governorates. This SEACP – CES-MED project is pursued and coordinated with the National Committee at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFAs) – the National Focal Point, in collaboration with the Ministry of Local Development (MoLD) and in close coordination with Governorate of Luxor and key directorates of the concerned ministries at the Governorate of Luxor.
The SECAP structure document includes four sections:
Section I: Governorate Climate and Energy Strategy
Section II: Baseline Emission Inventory
Section III: Action Planned
Section IV: Climate Action Adaptation
Section I: Governorate climate and Energy Strategy
This section presents the national strategy and the main ambitions and framing regulations. It highlights the sectorial policies, mainly in the energy efficiency in the building sector, including sustainable lighting, renewable energy development as well as the national transport strategy and the tourism targets. It also highlights the strategic vision for sustainable energy of the Governorate of Luxor and the City of Luxor. In addition, it presents the SWOT analysis done by the Governorate for assessing the current situation and analysing future opportunities regarding their strategic plans. The section also showcases the guiding principles for the municipal strategy on sustainable energy and the vision and objectives of the city of Luxor addressing the short-term objectives 2020 and the medium and long-term objectives 2030. Moreover, it exhibits the capacity reinforcement in terms of training actions and awareness-raising actions. Finally, this section establishes the organisational aspects mainly: a) the organisational structure to implement the SECAP; b) the role of the municipal council; c) local and national coordination; d) Citizen Awareness Promotion Plan (CAPP) to educate and inform the local population and stakeholders by the Governorate of Luxor the and SECAP CES-MED Team; e) budget and foreseen financing sources for the investments within the action plan; and f) financing the SECAP.
Section II: Baseline Emission Inventory
This section of the SECAP presents the Baseline Emission Inventory (BEI) of the City of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor, Egypt. The BEI, which is part of the preparation for the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP), is based on calculation not a measure. It includes the scope and methodological principles of the Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions of the City of Luxor based on data collection from the Governorate of Luxor and many other national and governmental entities. The BEI covers many sectors such as: a) Residential building; b) Tertiary building and Public lighting; c)
11
Industry; d) Transport; e) Waste and water management; f) Agriculture (crops, animal production and fishing); and g) Tourism. This section also depicts the results of energy consumption and GHG emissions for these sectors. Results indicated that Transport and Residential building sectors are the highest in terms of annual energy consumption followed by Tourism and Tertiary sectors. In addition, it highlights the Governorate assets and energy consumption and GHG emissions (Governorate buildings, Governorate fleet and water and waste management). Finally, it presents the BAU scenario forecasts and the important rise of emissions from 2015 till 2020 and the stabilisation till 2030.
Section III: Actions Planned
This section presents the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan that has been developed by the Governorate of Luxor in coordination with Transitions Team. The proposed actions have been designed on the basis of the baseline emission and energy consumption inventory. This section is structured in three parts: a) Background information, including a brief overview of basic information on the city of Luxor; b) Governorate buildings and services and presenting the activities that fall under the direct responsibility of the Governorate of Luxor (the buildings it manages and the services it implements as part of its core competencies); and c) the action plans on the City of Luxor – including presentation of activities that can be run by stakeholders independently from the Governorate, but need to be stimulated and steered by the Governorate services in order to ensure everyone is acting within a consistent plan. In addition, this section highlights the priority actions for the City of Luxor – Governorate of Luxor as follows:
Priority Action #1 – Transport: Urban Sustainable Mobility Master Plan
Priority Action #2 – Transport and Tourism: Sustainable and Green Boats
Priority Action #3 – Sustainable Approach of Residential Buildings
Priority Action #4 – Tourism and Energy: Green and Sustainable Hotels and Resorts Facilities
Priority Action #5 – Sustainable Approach of Governorate Buildings
Section IV: Climate Action Adaptation
This chapter aims at providing Climate Action for internal guidance to the Governorate of Luxor (Municipality) regarding the vulnerability of climate change, climate risk assessment and climate adaptation. The proposed structure of this section has been developed based on extensive literature review. This section gives an introduction to climate change impacts, particularly in Mediterranean countries with emphasis on Egypt, mainly urban areas, costal zones, agriculture, water and ecosystems, health and Tourism. It also highlights the national and regional strategy on Climate Change Adaptation (CCA). This is followed by a sub-section dedicated to climate data feeding in estimations of the climate change impacts in the future, as well as the evolution of the climate conditions in the area (temperature increase, rainfalls etc.). In addition, the adaptation scoreboard including a self-assessment from the Governorate of Luxor against the standard adaptation scoreboard in the SECAP template is also presented. This section also focuses on the climate data and climate change projections with a climate overview in Luxor highlighting the main climate trends. It highlights the climate change risks by sectors in the City of Luxor and the Governorate’s score in the adaptation cycle specific steps. Section IV also presents the risk analysis and vulnerability assessment that, based on
12
the Future Cities Adaptation Compass tool, was conducted and presented as well as suggested templates for the risk assessment of the City of Luxor. Additionally, this section also portrays the vulnerability analysis of the City of Luxor that was carried out. It also depicts the National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures, including the Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP) and adopted measures within the framework of the INDCs - based on adaptation challenges in agricultural sector, costal zones, and health and energy sectors . Furthermore, this section sheds lights on the National Adaptation Action Plan, mainly in coastal zones, water resources and irrigation as well as agricultural, health, tourism, buildings and energy sectors. Finally, it highlights the proposed adaptation actions in the City of Luxor in terms of strategic actions.
13
Section I: Governorate climate and energy strategy
1. Introduction
The sustainable energy and climate action plan (SECAP) is a strategic document as well as an operational tool. It defines a global framework, with quantifiable objectives to be reached by 2030, based on emissions reference inventory (BEI) and the detailed assessment of energy consumption.
Before providing a detailed account of the concrete measures undertaken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote the development of sustainable energy, it is essential to describe the overall Governorate strategy and its connection with the national energy transition and climate change mitigation policies. Being mostly dependant on imported energy, Egypt will benefit from converging efforts to reduce energy consumption in all sectors and develop energy production from all renewable sources available.
2. National strategy
2.1. Main ambitions and framing regulations
At the national level, there are many initiatives, policies, guidelines, programs and projects that have been designed and implemented by the Egyptian governmental with the support of public institutions, international funders, non-governmental organizations and the private sector.
Egypt developed its sustainable energy policy road map with the aim to increase the operating and technical efficiency of distribution utilities, improve energy conservation and load management and diversify the sources of the regional electricity supply. The goals of this roadmap are three folds:
1. 22% of total electricity consumption sourced from renewables by 2022.
2. 20% of total new electricity generation from renewables by
3. This 20% is 63% from wind, 2% Solar, 10% CSP, and 25% Hydro).
4. 80% of electricity demand from local generation (of all fuels) by 2020. It was 88.4% in 2015.
The Egyptian Government has set plans to increase the share of Renewable Energies (RE) in its electricity supply from the current 9 per cent to 20 per cent by 2020. Many laws, by-laws, regulations and decrees have been developed and endorsed. Given that RE only made up 2 per cent of the total energy mix in 2012, and that Energy Efficiency (EE) measures were not yet deployed at a large scale, the targets are ambitious, indicating a strong political will to reduce the energy consumption.
In accordance with this ambition, the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Comprehensive Law (EG-REEEL) No. 203 of year 2014 has been developed to promote RE self-consumption, which has a comprehensive basis for supporting schemes and incentives and promote the use of renewable energy. The EG-REEEL is a unique law made specifically for the MENA region, since it is a dedicated and comprehensive law with incentives for the private sector to invest in RE. This law proved that REEE has been effective in increasing renewable power capacity and has put the country on track to meet its RE target of 20 per cent by 2020. The New and Renewable Energy Agency (NREA) has been actively promoting large-scale wind and
14
solar energy projects for a long period, but not in small-scale RE projects until recently1. In 2017 an initiative for solar energy projects to include small scale has been launched by NREA.
In the last two years, several Net-metering and Feed-in-tariff incentives were announced and have led to erecting around 6,000 rooftop PV systems in remote areas. It also contributed to environmental protection and attained Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The EG-REEEL allowed the private sector to have 720 MW of RE capacities under construction, resulting from the establishment of merchants’ IPP scheme.
The REEEL addresses three main issues:
1. Establishment of new RE installations and grid connections, including ‘net metering’ which has beenendorsed in September 2014 with the Feed-in-Tariff Law.
2. Egypt’s Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund (EG-REEEF) has been established in 2012, butnot funded.
3. Tax and Customs regulations are under review in the 3rd Quarter of 2016.
Egypt has developed an Energy Efficiency Plan in the Electricity Sector saving 5,566 GWH between 2012 and 2015, mainly by measures in the lighting sector, including:
− The first phase: Change to high efficiency lighting in the household sector. The planned distribution of 60 million bulbs shall save 3,320 GWH,
− The second phase: programme of energy efficiency standards and labelling for household appliances. This shall save 1,663 GWH, and
− Energy saving in street lighting of 1,200 GWH; supported by the Association of Energy Efficiency Engineers (AEEE).
The Egyptian Government adopted a strategic EE roadmap. Additionally, the new energy prices policy takes into account the low income of a large proportion of the population as well as the competitiveness of industry and aims not to jeopardise their supply. It is important to notice that Egypt acknowledges the fact that local authorities are playing and will continue to play a key role in the necessary energy transition the country should go through. As a sign of this attention paid to local authorities, the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE) in collaboration with the Ministry of Local Development (MoLD) took the lead in promoting the development of Sustainable Energy Saving and Climate Action Plan in the Governorate of Luxor.
The Egyptian Cabinet adopted an institutional strategy for energy efficiency, with the aim to establish bundles of decentralised Energy Efficiency Offices (EEOs) in energy-intensive sectors. These EEOs will be responsible for achieving sector-specific energy efficiency indicators. The EEO of the Ministerial Council for Energy Issues
1 Elkhayt, M. 2016. The Egyptian Perspective: The Status Quo of Renewable Energies and the Framework of Energy-Governance, Ch. 1; “A Guide to Renewable Energy in Egypt and Jordan: Current Situation and Future Potentials.” ISBN: 978-9957-484-62-0, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. Available at: www.fes-jordan.org/ (Accessed: 31.08.2016).
15
(MCEI) is responsible for drawing up energy efficiency governmental policies and for coordinating energy efficiency measures across sectors. Following the model of the Arabic energy efficiency guidelines, the MoERE approved and adopted a National Action Plan that provides an increase of approximately 10 per cent in energy efficiency in the electricity sector. Also, Egypt has developed a strategy for renewable energy covering seven objectives. These strategic objectives will lead to the increase the shares of solar energy, wind energy and electricity generated from water to 26,000 MW. The Egyptian Government has also developed a plan for improving Energy Efficiency in the electricity sector to save electricity from total generated power in 2015 by 5576 GWh. In addition, Egypt has set a target to produce energy production from wind energy.
The National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) was developed and finalized in March 2015. Furthermore, Egypt is planning to produce 20 per cent of its total energy generation out of renewable energy sources (9500 MW), including:
− 12 % will be produced by wind energy (7200 MW),
− 2.2 % solar energy, (2300 MW), and
− 5.8 % energy produced by water.
The Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (MoPMRs) and MoERE are working on a National Energy Database with support of the EU funded to REEEP project2. The MoPMRs developed an indicators’ database in each factory, but not yet on the national level, GHG emission per factory is part of the database.
The Egypt’s National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP): This programme, specifically targets energy efficiency is the Electricity Sector. The NEEAP has been considered, so far, the main umbrella regarding Energy efficiency (EE) at the national level, but more plans and support are needed. The NEEAP follows the energy saving targets that were set in the Energy Strategy 2007-2030, to reduce the electricity consumption. In early 2014, the Egyptian Supreme Energy Council (ESEC) as per its Decree No. 9/11/05/12 and Energy Efficiency Unit (EEU) at the Cabinet developed a National Plan to save energy in electricity and energy sectors. This National Plan was sent to all stakeholders to coordinate efforts such as MoEnv, MoHUUD, MoTm and MoLD. The national target is to lower the primary energy consumption by 4.96 per cent every year. The NEEAP provides a comprehensive assessment of EE guidelines and projects for 2012-2015. The total savings achieved were 222.62 GWh in 2012 and 5565.69 GWh in 2015 (based on a 5-year average energy consumption of 112162.8 GWh/year). Such total savings represents almost 5 per cent. Nonetheless, the NEEAP is currently in process of updating in collaboration with GIZ and expected to reach its target by 20173.
Considering current and projected total electricity consumption (until 2020), in current electricity prices, the target’s achievement would result in energy savings of approximately 384 GWh/year by 2020. This would lead to savings of at least $55 M/year in total electricity costs in Egypt and a reduction of 285,000 tons per year in CO2 emissions.
2 For information: http://www.reeep.org/egypt-2012/ - http://www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/EG. 3 NEEAP Egypt published at RCREEE - Available at: www.rcreee.org/ (Accessed: 17.08.2016).
16
2.2. Sectorial Policies
Energy Efficiency in building sector
Energy Efficiency in the Construction Sector in the Mediterranean (EECS-MED), a funded project by EU, has developed Guidelines and recommendations for the MENA region (January 2015).
The guidelines and recommendations focus on issues such as the political leadership perspective; the boardroom perspective; outdoor lighting; and public procurement and planning.
The UNDP developed two projects in the EE sector:
− Improving Energy Efficiency for Lighting and Building Appliances. The project started in 2011 and will be completed in 2017. The leading Egyptian partners are MoERE, NREA, Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC), Egyptian Authorization for Standards (EAS), and
− “Waty El Watt” campaign (meaning lower your watt usage). The project started in 2015, and more data is available at the UNDP 2015 Achievement Report4.
The Egyptian National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) is the result of regional and international efforts known as “End-use electricity efficiency improvement and conservation guideline”, a MED-ENEC EU funded project. This plan aims to achieve an initial target, specified in the National Energy Strategy, of a 5% reduction in electricity consumption by 2020. The plan is consistent with regional and international efforts known as the “Arab End Use Electricity Efficiency Improvement and Conversation Guidelines” which were approved by the Arab Ministerial Council of Electricity in 2010.
Egypt revised its strategic approach towards its energy resources and their use, which has been stared in 2016 to meet Egypt’s Vision 2030 and to Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030. One aspect of this new approach will be to significantly accelerate the adoption and implementation of energy efficiency and sustainability measures, as well as investments in carbon emission reduction targets.
Sustainable Lighting
In Egypt, lighting is consuming an average of 28-30 per cent of produced electrical energy with an annual average increase of 10 to 11 per cent during the past two years (2013 and 2014). This consumption has increased over the past 10 years by 7.2 per cent. According to a study by MED-ENEC, almost doubling the existing generation capacity from 27 GW (2010) to 50 GW by 2020 will be required and probably another 120 GW by 2050, if this consumption pattern continues as business as usual. Families and businesses already suffered hours of daily blackouts in some areas in 2013 and early 2014.
MED-ENEC has also developed procurement and planning for public street lighting that includes conditions of tenders, tender forms and other details. Egypt is considered a pioneer in applying for large tenders for EE street lighting in 2010: 360 000 street lighting poles using high lumen HPS lamps and electronic gear were installed. The next step is replacing 5 million magnetic ballasts with digital dimmable ballasts until 2016.
Street lighting is consuming 2,400 GWh at the present stage and is expected to save up to 1,200 GWh
4 UNDP – available at http://www.eg.undp.org/ (Accessed: 20.08.2016).
17
implementing the NEEAP and using smart lighting harvesting technologies.
As part of the 2012 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP), the Egyptian government proposed concentrated activities in this field. If EE in lighting would be implemented, more than 10 per cent of the power capacity would not be needed and blackouts would be decreased. Energy efficient lighting design often produces savings between 50 per cent and 80 per cent.
Renewable Energy development
According to Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE), 54 GW of new installed capacity (conventional and renewables) is needed through 2022, and on-going reforms in the regulatory framework and subsidies would create large opportunities for the private sector5.
In March 2015, The Ministry of ERE highlighted the main challenges as follows:
− Electricity demand growth is exceptionally high (6 % p.a.),
− High energy intensity: 26 KBT/ US$ in line with large net oil exporters,
− Power generation deficit (6 GW needed annually through 2022), and
− Energy subsidies had reached 7% of GDP in 2013/ 2014, but it has been lowered in 2016.
Today any local authority can adopt incentives for energy efficiency and the development of renewable energy according to the regulations already in place, which are in place in Egypt according to Law No. 203 of 2014, Law No. 87 of 2015, and Law No. 230 of 2016. Local authorities can also develop information tools to stimulate the local or regional market of energy efficiency and renewable energy development in their city.
National Transport Strategy
In Egypt, the transport sector is a major consumer of fossil fuels, therefore, contributes a significant share of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The Ministry of transport (MoTr) developed a model freight transport (MFT) strategy in close collaboration with Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA), considered to be a world-class multimodal transport infrastructure and management strategy.
Egypt’s Transport Master Plan is under development to reach the Egypt SD strategy 2030. The MFT corridor in MINTS has identified many projects to support the MFT through 2012 – 2027. The MFT corridor in the MINTS projects represents development in all transportation modes (Ports, River, Railways, Roads, and Logistics) in order to support Egypt’s MFT Strategy. The Suez Canal Corridor new master plan is under development to support Egypt’s MFT strategy and to develop Regional MFT cooperation6.
In 2012, a transport master plan has been also developed between the MoTr and JICA on a comprehensive nationwide system. The objective of this joint plan is to realize economically efficient transport, and to promote modal shift and to materialize reliable, competitive and safe transport modes.
The study encompasses:
• Conducting surveys and an analysis of the current condition in the transport sector,
5 http://www.moee.gov.eg/english_new/Presentations/EEDC.pdf/ (Accessed: 16.08.2016). 6 Transport Sector the way forward, Ministry of Transport. http://www.comcec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/COMCEC_EGYPT.pdf
18
• Pursing nationwide transport/ traffic analysis,
• Undertaking socio-economic survey and forecast up to 2027, and
• Reformulating the strategy and policies for nationwide transport system7.
One can notice that these strategic directions don’t cover urban mobility issues (although some elements of it are dedicated to the development of the subway in Cairo).
Tourism targets
In terms of Tourism, The Ministry of Tourism (MoTm) set ambitious goals in 2013 to increase the hotel rooms’ capacity to 300,000 hotel rooms to accommodate 14 million visitors by 2020. With this target, number rooms will increase and need energy supply to operate. It is noticeable that setting ambitious goals or the development of the sector, no complementary objectives were set to ensure that this development would not harm the environment both locally and globally. This means that the Governorate of Luxor has room to “invent a new model” where tourism will be a strong economic driver, while at the same time contributing to protect the local environment as well as mitigating climate change.
3. The Governorate of Luxor strategic vision for sustainable energy
3.1. Introduction
The purpose of this section is to clarify the Luxor Governorate strategy towards sustainable energy. Since there have been years of turmoil due to unsmooth political conditions, a development strategy for the Governorate of Luxor hasn’t be clearly defined. Based on a thorough review of the Governorate's website and double-checking information with officials, no mission or vision has been clearly defined or stated so far. Hence, and for the very purpose of the present SECAP design, we are proposing below options to structure this vision and the sustainable energy strategy that could be a useful guidance for the Governorate services.
3.2. Objectives
The CES-MED project aims at developing the SECAP in resonance with the already existing strategies, if any, for the participating cities and governorates. Hence, it is essential to define the main dimensions prioritised by each municipality/Governorate for a more appropriate SECAP.
3.3. The Context
Luxor received special recognition, decreed by the ex-president as a special city separating from Qina governorate and appointing H.E. General Samir Farag as the governor in 2004 who developed an ambitious development strategy for Luxor 2030. In the meantime, a Presidential decree issued in 2009 added to Luxor Armant and Esna cities and their villages. These new boundaries certainly impose revisiting the strategy
7 Mints – MISR National Transport Study, the comprehensive study on the Master Plan for Nationwide Transport system, Egypt, Final Report, March 2012, JICA - available at: http://www.open_JICAreport.JICA.go.jp/pdf/12057584.pdf
19
previously set by H.E. General Farag, due to the change in the administrative status and scale, converting Luxor from a City into a Governorate.
Luxor is certainly a heritage city par excellence as it contains more than one fifth of the World monuments. However, many pressing problems are undermining the value of such sites on the long-term:
• Illegal urban expansions especially at the expense of the agricultural lands,• Investments and economic challenges after the recession in tourism, which remains Luxor's number
one industry (more than 70 per cent of the local economy), and• Energy and pollution challenges are some of the many obstacles the Governorate has to face.
Based on an article on some documents it appears that the Governorate of Luxor has already adopted four different strategic plans with the same timescale of year 2030 or 2032:
• Luxor: The Capital of Monuments, Tourism and Culture,• Centre of Commercial, Logistics, Health and Education in Upper Egypt,• Luxor, the governorate of diversified economy: Tourism, Agriculture, Trade and Industry, and• Green City of Luxor.
The following figure presents the SWOT analysis carried out by the Governorate for assessing the current situation and analysing future opportunities with regards to their strategic plan.
Figure 1: SWOT Analysis by the Governorate of Luxor for the 2032 strategic plan
A responsive, effective strategy is a must. Egypt adopted a Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) known as Egypt 2030 vision, in line with UN agenda 2030 and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) issued in
Stre
ngth - Distinctive geographical location
positioning Luxor as the service center in Upper Egypt;- High ratio of youth population; - Contains Sixth of the World’s most valuabe historical monuments; - Various touristic patterns (culture, conferences, festivals, therapeutic..etc); - The existence of industrial zones; - The presence of a number of modern untapped areas (Industrial areas); - Possible expansion of agricultural; and - High soil fertility and crop diversity.
Wea
knes
s
- Very High temperature in Summer;- Weak marketing and advertising for Luxor as a separate touristic hub; - Full reliance on Tourism as the main source of income;- Lack of skilled labour;- Weak demand for industrial investment;- Weak agricultural marketing, livestock production and poultry; and - Not benefiting from agricultural waste.
Opp
ortu
nitie
s - Possibility of establishing factories for food industries and components of solar cells; - Luxor International Airport and a growing bond with Hurghada and Marsa Alam airports; - The ease of localization of the industries in Barmant due to the existence of roads and bridges; and - Benefiting from natural gas by building factories of fertilizer plants and phosphate.
Thre
ats
- Non-operating industrial zones;- Some crops require high water consumption such as sugarcane;- The waste of tourism resources by not benefiting from archeological sites;- Suspending some tourism projects; - Non-completion of planting tree forests; - Some villages are randamlly affected by floods.
20
December 2015. Accordingly, Governorate of Luxor must seek a comprehensive strategy addressing the key challenges it faces. Therefore, the Governorate of Luxor, as all governorates in Egypt, is committed to increasing urbanised areas providing more housing units and resolving slum problems while safeguarding heritage and enhancing the environmental quality. This direction is embedded in the concept of 'Luxor as a green city'. Furthermore, a well-balanced control of urban development and agricultural expansions is essential for both sectors.
The Governorate of Luxor has developed its Green City Strategy 2020 - Luxor the Heritage City of the World. The GCS 2020 was announced during the Solar Energy Conference, entitled “Luxor Green City” on June 14, 2014. The Green City Protocol signed by more than 45 key stakeholders gave more strength to the GCS 2020. However, the implementation plan for this GCS has not been published yet. In addition, the Governorate of Luxor was selected to join the Resilient Cities Acceleration Initiative (RCAI) in its 3rd phase. Luxor was selected among 325 cities from 90 nations. The RCAI objective is mainly to assist selected cities to be more resilient in confronting environmental challenges and counterbalance the impact of climate change risks on socioeconomic life8.
However, there is no clear and legal framework set up yet by the Governorate of Luxor as a tool to implement the above, but what we have so far is a set of public declaration. At the conference that was held in the city of Luxor between 13th and 14th of June 2014, H.E. Gen. Tarek Saad Eldin, former Governor of Luxor declared that Luxor to be a Green City by 2030, expanding the utilisation of clean energy, mainly solar energy with the financial support of the UAE and other granters from JICA, GIZ, and EU. It was also declared during the same conference (13th-14th June 2014) that Luxor should be seen ‘The Heritage City of the World' recalling the vision declared in 2004.
Furthermore, H.E. the Governor stated that the Governorate follows the recommendations of a combined study of the GOPP and the UN-HABITAT programme, advising to include Esna and Armant cities and their surrounding villages in Luxor perimeter and to design a comprehensive urban, agricultural and investment expansions plan for this entire area.
Projects to realise the above vision were proposed by H.E. Mohamed Badr, Governor of Luxor:
1. Construct a 5000 feddans (a feddan = 4200 square meters) solar energy station in Armant desert withan 80 kW production capacity.
2. Pilot expansion of solar energy to reach 133 houses in 6 villages.
3. Expend the natural gas grid from the West Nile bank to the Eastern bank to feed 17 thousand housing units.
4. Sign a protocol to use fertilizers coming from the waste recycling factory.
5. Transfer the 44 floating hotels from Luxor Cornish to Esna.
6. Establish a committee to confront violations of agricultural lands.
7. Relit Al-Qurna village and west bank heritage sites and mountain.
8 http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/RESILIENCE-Resilient-Cities-Acceleration-Initiative.pdf/ -
(Accessed: 26.08.2016)
21
8. Construct 4500 housing units in Al-Toud hill.
Furthermore, H.E. the Governor announced the follow up on the strategy of his predecessor H.E. General Samir Farag and the 34 projects designed by H.E, modifying them to fit with the new administrative status of Luxor, incorporating Esna and Armant, including: Reclamation of 80,000 feddans; Developing a new housing scheme in El-Bughdadi town; Regeneration of the Luxor Cornish walk; and Continuing the Rams road (Al-Kibash Rd.) project.
However, based on the CES-MED team investigation during their missions between December 2016 and June 2017, it appeared that none of these projects above are related to energy and environmental quality enhancements. Though reviewing the above, it also appears that so far, no clear strategy to drive sustainable development in the Governorate of Luxor, but instead we have three main ambitions that articulate what can be defined as a tentative vision of Luxor:
- Luxor as a Heritage City / Governorate of the World, as has been aimed at and attempted since 2004,
- Luxor as a Green City / Governorate, declared in 2014, and
- Luxor as a Governorate of investment opportunities, as declared by H.E. the Governor in 2015 for potential investment in clean energy, housing and agriculture and its industries.
In 2017, the SECAP could be the roadmap for the Governorate of Luxor to integrate sustainable energy (energy efficiency and renewable energy development) into their short term and medium-term strategic objectives with a target of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission to counterbalance climate change and adapting to already visible impacts of this climate change, hence contributing to establish the City of Luxor as a symbol of sustainable tourism and cultural destination.
Participation in the CES-MED project enables the Governorate of Luxor to:
- Conceive, develop and refer to SECAP by sector, including energy efficiency in public and private buildings, public lighting, etc. and to specify which investments will be undertaken in order to reach consumption reduction objectives and to calculate financial profitability of such investments,
- Have access to a trained and mobilised team in the domain of clean energy and climate adaptation,
- Have access to reference documents, developed according to a reference methodology, that facilitate the exchange of experience with other countries in the region and the EU,
- Share and acquire experiences as well as actively participate in international discussions, supported by the EU, on renewable energy and GHG emissions reductions at the local level by having access to a platform such as the Covenant of Mayors (CoM),
- Replicate successful projects implemented by other municipalities, and
- Search for climate change adaptation and sustainable development funding from various sources.
In addition, membership of the CoM provides leverage for the transmission of knowledge and good practices. It is also a forum to capitalise on the lessons learnt from the past experiences of other municipalities that have implemented SECAP.
3.4. Guiding principles for the municipal strategy on sustainable energy
The Governorate adopted fundamental principles that aim to integrate sustainable development into all decision-making processes related to local development. The Governorate systematically considers these principles when taking into consideration future action programmes and their energy implications:
22
- Ensure energy consumption reduction and the integration of renewable energy development into all activities and projects taking place in its territory in order to reduce fossil-based energy consumption.
- Promote energy cost-benefit analyses (including cost of externalities) in on-going and future projects.
- Set an example in terms of responsible energy management, especially by promoting concrete initiatives in energy efficiency and energy conservation, research and innovation towards sustainable practices, efficient and climate friendly infrastructure development, etc.
- Partnerships: encourage citizens, private sector, NGO participation in the development and management of energy resources and renewables in the Governorate (Municipality), and
- Educate and inform the local population and actors about the new Governorate (municipal) vision in favour of energy efficiency and renewables.
3.5. City of Luxor vision and objectives
Keeping in mind its specific values and the local context, the City of Luxor develops a strategy consistent with Egypt’s Vision 2030, the Sustainable Development Strategy 2030 and national energy strategy 2035. This strategy is structured around two levers:
- Reduce energy consumption in all sectors through energy conservation and efficiency, in order to provide better services while reducing costs and impacts; and
- Promote energy production from locally available renewable resources in order to cover as far as possible energy needs from these decarbonised sources.
Obviously, this strategy will assist the Governorate to reduce its dependency on energy supplies from outside its territory and consequently reducing its financial needs to fund these supplies. The strategy will also generate additional resources within the Governorate boundaries through energy production from local and renewable resources. All of the activities that take place within the Governorate will have to include an energy consumption reduction component and when possible an appropriate a renewable energy development component. While contributing to the protection of the national and global environment (reducing GHG emission to mitigate climate change), these measures also strive to protect the local environment (air and water quality, cleanliness and soil protection).
In conformity with current regulations, the Governorate desires to promote a mix of incentive and coercive measures. These measures are obviously in accordance with the municipal code and public policies that favour local development and the protection of energy resources and the environment.
As energy consumption and production is dependent on many stakeholders within a given territory, the strategy needs to include all of the concerned actors: public services, local entrepreneurs and companies, including tourism operators, citizen groups, etc. On-going information and awareness raising actions must lead to the strengthening of energy consumption reduction commitments and increasing the production of local renewable energy by actors operating in the Governorate of Luxor and the City of Luxor.
The Governorate adopted the following strategic objectives within the framework of its Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP):
1. Reinforce and promote energy efficiency in municipal property, public infrastructure and other localactivities.
23
2. Promote the integration of energy efficiency and renewables into public and private housingconstruction projects in the municipality.
3. Integrate the development of energy efficiency and renewable energy into the municipal sustainabledevelopment plan (job creation, local energy efficiency and renewables market, market for localservices, etc.).
4. Engage all stakeholders on the territory to promote energy efficiency and renewable energydevelopment.
5. Develop partnerships with all providers that are favourable to the implementation of the SECAP.
6. Inform the public about the true cost of energy and make known the incentives and initiatives thatencourage energy conservation and efficiency.
7. Create energy conservation and efficiency measures, renewable energy development andenvironmental protection communication plans that target the local population and the socio-professional categories present in the territory of the City of Luxor.
8. Reduce energy needs during peak periods by managing electricity demand and by changing energy and gas consumption behaviours and habits.
9. Coordinate with the government on the national strategy and energy efficiency and renewable energyaction plan, as well as on the review of the municipal sustainable energy action plan.
The primary objectives of the City of Luxor are:
Short-term objectives 2020:
- Reduce energy consumption across the board by around 10% to 15%, and
- Reduce GHG emission by 10% in 2020, compared to the business as usual scenario (2015 baseline).
Medium and long-term objectives 2030:
- Boost efforts to reduce energy consumption and improve efficiency resulting in a continuous trend of improvement in energy intensity (energy consumption compared to gross development product),
- Continue reducing GHG emission with the objective of reaching at least a reduction of 26 per cent by 2030 and if possible going to 30 per cent reduction compare to the BAU scenario. Such an effort will place the City of Luxor in the appropriate trajectory to match the collective target agreed at COP 21 end of 2015 and known as the Paris Agreement,
- Improve quality of life in Luxor and optimize service delivery to inhabitants and all stakeholders in order to speed the energy transition towards sustainable development, and
- Doing so, strengthen the City of Luxor attractiveness, positioning the city as an example of responsible tourism and culture.
Note that the CES-MED project produced two national reports to be used as reference documents for the Governorate implementing their SECAP:
• Institutional and regulatory analysis of energy efficiency and renewable energy development at themunicipal level texts related to legislation that promotes investment in the energy efficiency andrenewable energy sectors; and
24
• Funding sources for energy efficiency and renewable energy development in local municipalities, toassist developers seeking to finance their projects.
3.6. Capacity reinforcement
Training actions
There are huge needs in terms of training and capacity building on energy issues in all sector and all types of institutions and stakeholders. This is particularly true in Governorate’s services where key players need to enhance their skills to ensure a better management of the issue. Various initiatives are now taking place to provide technical support and training.
For instance, RCREEE launched a programme about “Certified Energy Management Programme - CEMP” to train energy professionals. This programme is the 1st pilot in Egypt, developed in coordination with GIZ to address clause No.48: enhance energy efficiency to fulfil the requirements of the Egyptian electricity Law No.87 of 2015, where large users above 500 kW of connecting capacity to assign energy professional for energy efficiency with reporting responsibilities and regulation (articles 64-67)9.
Also, the German Chamber of Commerce is offering training programmes in energy saving and energy efficiency. In addition, the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (MoPMRs) conducted four training programmes between 2014 and 2015 (each 5 days) on energy saving and energy efficiency (EE) to train senior energy managers and deputy energy managers, and to provide them with knowledge, skills and certify them to manage energy efficiency in the administrative buildings of the Ministry. Moreover, JICA offered and conducted training programmes on EE to government officials between 2015 and 2017. However, needs are by large surpassing the offer and international funding agencies should be invited to support more initiatives of this type.
It will be important to see how the City of Luxor and the Governorate’s services can benefit from such trainings in order to ensure that their services are up for the mission they will have to deliver.
Awareness-raising actions
Awareness and communication are indispensable tools for the dissemination of good practices, to help reduce energy consumption on a day-to-day basis. The Governorate of Luxor needs to develop robust campaigns all across the City of Luxor and the Governorate on this issue. One has to recognize that the Governorate of Luxor has other major priorities to address. On the contrary, Governorates concerned with energy management on their territory and benefiting from a direct connection with their constituencies are the right institutions to develop awareness activities.
3.7. Organisational Aspects
Organisational structure to implement the SECAP
In order to implement the SECAP, the Governorate should secure its Sustainable Energy Activity Unit (SEAU).
9 RCREEE at: www.rcreee.org/ - (Accessed: 29.07. 2016).
25
The SEAU will be in charge of all Governorates’ energy related questions. This unit is planned to be an autonomous CES-MED Unit in the Governorate of Luxor, coordinating with the Governorate’s Strategic Planning Unit. Also, the CES-MED Unit will be directly in connection with the NREA to ensure the sustainable energy strategy is deeply embedded in the strategic development plans of the City of Luxor.
This SEAU will have to develop specific energy projects, assemble financial packages, establish partnerships and accompany the project at political, technical and administrative level.
Members of the SEAU will be selected and appointed by the City of Luxor and the Governorate during the first stages of the SECAP’s implementation, with the technical support of the CES-MED, if required. Team members must be available during working hours. To maintain a reasonable workload, all new or additional tasks allocated to members must be balanced by delegating existing tasks to other colleagues. Team stability is a condition for the longevity and continuity of the SECAP’s implementation. The replacement of any team member may affect the implementation process and diminish overall team capacity through lost experience and time spent finding a replacement. In order to prepare for a replacement, any departure from the team must be planned for by training and reinforcing the skills of future members.
To support the SECAP implementation and its permanent improvement as well as refinement, the team will identify external actors with specific expertise, such as university researchers, companies or NGOs that could help strengthening the dynamic of the SECAP. The implication of specialised researchers can contribute to the development of projects through studies and the integration and transferability of new technologies.
Working as a team, the SEAU and its advisers must ensure the coherence of the overall Governorate’s policy and all energy related projects design and implementation.
The Team missions include:
• Educating users about the implementation of the Governorate’s policy on sustainable energy;
• Training the technical personnel in charge of the different services, including to ensuring adequatemaintenance of renewable energy facilities; and
• Organising reporting on progress made and communicating the results of implemented actions tomunicipal personnel, city’s inhabitants and stakeholders.
The energy team’s role comprises:
• Tracking energy consumption in municipal buildings, identifying problems and proposing solutionsby reviewing how buildings are used and whether they require renovations;
• Ensuring the maintenance of facilities;
• Working on the interaction between users and facilities. Listening to users and considering them aspartners since they are first hand observers of what occurs in buildings and with services delivered;
• Carrying out technical studies and developing requirements specifications in order to choosematerials best suited for buildings and overall energy efficiency.
Appointment of the elected official tasked with energy
Among municipal elected officials, it is critical that there is an elected official in charge of sustainable energy. This sends a strong political signal of the municipality’s political will to local, regional and national authorities and gives political visibility to energy management at the international level (Convention of Mayors - CoM).
The elected official in charge of energy is appointed to:
26
• Demonstrate the political will of the municipality;
• Give political visibility to energy management;
• Provide direction to facilitate the development of partnerships with national and global institutions;
• Manage transversal issues related to the energy transition.
Through the dynamism of the elected/appointed officials in charge of energy and the sustainable energy team, energy management must progressively occupy a greater role in the different sectors that fall under the municipality’s responsibility.
The dedicated elected/appointed official must work in collaboration with other elected officials and with the technical head of energy. He/she is the spokesperson for all subjects related to energy policy and municipal property and must be attentive to city personnel and users. He/she must and provide momentum for the SECAP’s implementation. He/she also ensures the:
• Creation of inter-thematic connections and the integration of energy management into all City’sprojects and actions;
• Facilitation of information sharing (completed tasks, projects, etc.) among different services,municipal departments and external actors; and
• Communication with diverse audiences on energy management.
Role of the municipal council
The main responsibilities of the municipal council are:
• Providing guidance by setting priorities and objectives for Governorate’s energy policy;
• Integrating the action plan into budget planning process and prioritising/ensuring itsimplementation;
• Validating the completion of the actions and managing the budget;
• Adapting the objectives and action plans to the evolution of the projects as well as human andfinancial capacities;
• Proposing new actions and integrating them into the action plan; and
• Delegating and assigning tasks to implement the SECAP.
Local and national coordination
The Governorate should build relationships with regional actors that have a role to play in the exploitation, study and analysis, management and use of energy resources within the territory. These include various public institutions and administrations, local agencies and organisations, industries, public and private enterprises, universities and research centres and civil society actors (NGOs, neighbourhood councils, etc.).
Involvement of stakeholders and citizens
The municipality adopted a participative approach during the elaboration phase of the SECAP. In addition, its implementation phase engages all of the stakeholders, including: institutions, professional organizations, socio-economic actors, NGOs, local councils, etc. The consultation and exchange meeting contribute to and enhances the SECAP by incorporating stakeholders’ opinions, criticisms and propositions. Stakeholder participation is a measurement of the SECAP’s successful implementation.
27
To ensure the success of project implementation within the framework of the sustainable energy strategy, certain capacity reinforcement and awareness-raising actions for different sectors of the local population must be carried out. These include:
• Lectures: organizing and facilitating a series of conferences and lectures given by professionals andexperts. These meetings are meant for a diverse audience: local authorities, enterprises and thegeneral public. The main objective is to educate local actors and encourage them to take action.
• Workshops: holding thematic workshops on sustainable energy (energy consumption reduction,energy efficiency and renewable energies) that enrich Governorate (municipal) personnel’sknowledge on the subject and, thus, facilitate the SECAP’s implementation.
Citizen awareness promotion plan
The elaboration of the «Citizen Awareness Promotion Plan - CAPP» is meant to educate and inform the local population and stakeholders. It allows all actors to be involved in and contribute to the SECAP’s implementation.
It could encompass several actions, including:
• The creation of a permanent municipal information point;
• The organisation of an open house;
• The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers;
• The distribution of brochures and posters; and
• The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability as well as localsuccess stories. This would include:
- Information on national energy policies and local implications;
- The prevailing energy conditions in the Governorate (municipality);
- The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainable energy strategy and the SECAP; and
- Successful projects in national and international municipalities, notably in municipalities that are members of the CoM.
The Governorate’s information and awareness raising actions contribute to demand creation in the sustainable energy market. To create supply, similar actions that support the local economic fabric should be undertaken. To promote the local economy, the Governorate will organize meetings to exchange with different socio-economic players. As part of its SECAP and sustainable development strategy 2030, these meetings enable the City of Luxor – Governorate of Luxor to ensure that the supply of skills within its territory responds to existing, or future, demand. The elaboration of a regional skills directory (within the City and its neighbouring territories), which includes the renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors, gives visibility to the skills and actors present in the Governorate.
3.8. Budget
In its annual budget, the Governorate of Luxor should undertake certain sustainable energy priority actions and initiate communication campaigns that inform and educate all stakeholders. Access to national and international financing will help assure the SECAP’s success by tapping into funds that support the
28
implementation of its activities.
Foreseen financing sources for the investments within the action plan
3.8.1.1 Financing from the national energy efficiency programme and renewable energies
Governorates through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFAs) and Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) can get direct access to funding agencies, but also can count on the support of additional resources coming from funding agencies through the Governorate Development and Lending Fund that connect Egypt negotiated supports with municipalities presenting specific projects.
Egypt is one of the nations receiving the highest level of aid. The international community offers grants and loans to Egypt’s Government. Entities that provide aid can be categorized in seven groups: Arab nations, the European Union, the United States, and Japan, as well as international institutions - IFIs (including agencies of the UN system), European countries and Gulf States10.
3.8.1.2 Funding the energy sector
Throughout the modern history of Egypt, most energy projects have been funded by international aid. Such aid usually comes from donors seeking to improve the security and stability of the Egypt energy sector. The EU, Germany, Italy, France, Greece, Spain, the Word Bank and IMF have provided support to reform the institutions and regulations in the sector.
Some new grants for sustainable energy and sustainability actions include the EU’s SUDEP grant for local governments and municipalities, as well as the Word Bank’s recently created Trust Fund programme, a funding assistance mechanism. The European Union, along with the Word Bank Group – International Finance Corporation (IFC), issued programmes for knowledge products and grants for the fiscal year 2016 focusing on municipal services, energy, water and solid waste management.
3.8.1.3 Energy Efficiency Fund
Legal basis for Energy Efficiency (EE) and Energy Savings (ES) targets in Egypt are based on a drafted law and National Energy Efficiency Strategy (NEES) 2000; savings are anticipated to be 15 per cent by 2030 11. According to MED-ENEC report, EE in the building sector in the MENA region is primarily funded through governments and the international donor community but far less fund is offered by local commercial banks.
3.8.1.4 Application and awarding process
Each grant has a unique set of requirements and application process. Generally, however, the first step includes the submission of concept notes and after an initial agreement; the potential beneficiaries submit a full proposal. Most often, grants are awarded based on the number of people, who will benefit from such grant as well as the sustainability and lasting impact of the proposed project.
10 The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx - (Accessed on: 14.08.2017) 11 Energy Efficiency Building Code, a Roadmap for Implementation in the MENA Region, September 2013, MED-ENEC – (Accessed: 20.08.2016).
29
Financing the SECAP
The Governorate should identify all of the potential funding sources for the investments to be made within the framework of the SECAP. One of the principle issues for a successful strategy is the Governorate’s ability to finance ambitious energy management and renewable energy projects. The traditional systems of public and private funding may not be able to adapt to the new projects that come out of the SECAP. As a result, new and innovative finance mechanisms will be needed. It will be necessary to innovate by mixing loans, subsidies, third party financing, cooperative solutions and private funds, etc.
Guaranteeing the funding of the SECAP’s actions is the most critical step. The Governorate cannot finance the entirety of its SECAP from its annual budget and will have to turn towards external funding at the national and international level. There are additional benefits to attracting external funding, including:
• The involvement of various actors in the SECAP’s implementation helps to create a local, or evenregional, sustainable energy market where actors can participate as suppliers, installers or users;
• The engagement of local actors is a gage for the socio-economic integration of sustainable energy;
• The cooperation with international backers gives more visibility to local actions and attracts greaterinvestment and funding in case of success. It also encourages local deciders to support the projectsand actions undertaken in the framework of the SECAP.
30
Section II: Baseline Emission Inventory
Executive Summary
This section presents the Baseline Emission Inventory (BEI) of the city of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor, Egypt. The BEI is part of the preparation for the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP).
The BEI is based on calculation, not a measure. It includes the scope and methodological principles of the Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions of the aforementioned city based on data collection from the Governorate of Luxor and many other governmental entities as well as data crunching and analysis.
The BEI covers many sectors such as: a) Residential buildings; b) Tertiary buildings and Public lighting; c) Industry; d) Transport; e) Waste and water management; and f) Agriculture (crops, animal production and fishing); g) Tourism; and h) Renewable energy.
This section also depicts the results of energy consumption and GHG emissions for the seven sectors mentioned above. In addition, it highlights the Governorate assets and energy consumption (Governorate building, Governorate fleet and water and waste management). Finally, it presents the BAU scenario forecasts and important rise of emissions from 2015 till 2020 and stabilisation till 2030.
1. Considered scope and methodological principles
1.1. Some orders of magnitude
To apprehend the results of this Baseline Emissions Inventory (BEI), it is useful to understand the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions orders of magnitude globally and in Egypt.
• World human GHG emissions: 53 billion tCO2eq/year
• World human GHG emissions per capita: 7,55 teqCO2/year
• Egypt’s GHG emissions in 2012: 295 million tCO2eq/year
• Egypt’s population in 2012: 85,660,902 inhabitants
• Egypt’s GHG emissions per capita in 2012: 3.44 tCO2eq/year
These average values are valid for the whole Egypt, including the city of Luxor - Governorate of Luxor and city of Hurghada - Governorate of Red Sea. In the two cities studied by the BEI-SECAP team*, the average GHG emissions per capita is aligned with national ratio for the city of Luxor, and significantly higher Hurghada (48.3 per cent higher than the national average). This result for Hurghada is due to the importance of tourism in this sector.
Knowing that the IPCC set a target of dividing by two the global human GHG emissions, currently reaching the average 7.55 tCO2eq/capita/year, we observe that emissions of Egyptian citizens are already near the target (3.5 tCO2eq/capita/year), which is 3.44 tCO2eq/capita/year. However, Egyptians GHG emissions tend to increase and could exceed this limit in the coming years due to rapid development currently underway. This is another reason why Egyptian cities need to develop strategic plans to reduce their energy
31
consumption and GHG emissions.
1.2. Methodological principles of the inventory
The methodological principles of an inventory are the following:
• Emissions are assigned to energy consumers;
• Inventories must be addible: For example, if all localities of the governorate make their inventory,the sum of inventories equals the governorate inventory; and
• A recent reference year: 2015, to describe a territory evolving rapidly.
*BEI - SECAP Team: Bruno Rebelle, Dr Mohsen Aboulnaga, Emilie Essono and Sara Ali.
Calculation method
The BEI is a calculation, not a measure. In order to get a complete consumption and emissions inventory, we used several statistical data from reliable sources (electricity distribution, building surface, energy bills for public buildings, etc.) on which calculation hypothesis were applied when necessary (energy costs, unitary consumption of buildings, etc.) to obtain energy consumptions (all sectors) and non-energetic emissions (waste, water, agriculture).
Figure 2: Calculation principle of the inventory
This simplified calculation approach is likely to be tainted by various uncertainties:
• Structural and activity data: low uncertainty
• Hypothesis: medium to high uncertainty
• Emission factors: low to medium uncertainty
Considered scope
Developing this BEI, we judged necessary to include the following sectors, but could not find sufficient hypothesis or structural data on stroke out sub topics.
32
Figure 3: Considered themes in BEI (%tCO2eq/year) – City of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor 2015
Compared to the Covenant of Mayors (CoM) recommendations for SCAPs:
• Non-energetic and energetic GHG emissions for waste management, energetic GHG emissions forwater and wastewater management (pumping, treatment, etc.) were taken into account as the twocities can plan actions on both of these topics; and
• Non-energetic emissions of industrial activities (refrigerant leakage of buildings and vehicles) werenot taken into account, as information on these topics weren’t sufficient. Note that these topics arenot mandatory according to the CoM.
Additionally, it is important to understand what are the tertiary buildings? These are namely all buildings that are neither residential, nor of industrial or agricultural uses. For example, stores, offices, banks, hospitals, logistical warehouse, sport and leisure facilities, and other private services buildings.
1.3. Detailed methodology on each sector
An Excel spreadsheet file was created to gather all data collected from the Governorate of Luxor, specifically for the city of Luxor (administrative boarders) stating each source, year of reference and calculations made. This file allows data crunching to calculate GHG emissions from information related to energy consumption.
Common data sets
1.3.1.1 Population statistics
Population statistics are coming from Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS). 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Egypt 80 442 443 82 040 994 83 787 634 85 660 902 87 613 909 89 579 670 91 508 084
Gov. of Luxor N/A 1 031 014 1 099 304 1 073 284 1 088 445 1 119 000 1 141 041
City of Luxor 489 065 517 813 526 822 536 580 543 426 565 653 573 420
In 2015, the population of the city of Luxor is 573,420 inhabitants, which corresponding to about 0.6 per cent of the Egypt population, which is almost 50 per cent of the Governorate of Luxor total population.
33
1.3.1.2 Employment statistics
The employment figures are typical of Luxor activities. Tourism is an important sector, with more than 22,800 jobs. So, to take into consideration this specificity, a specific part was created in the BEI.
Number of Employed Persons (Private, NGO, Gov.)
Manufacturing Agro-food Tourism Total
Egypt (2012) 3,285,249 (2) 7,991,148(2) 1,410,000(2) 29,596,846(1)
Egypt (2009) 3,104,720(2) 7,252,829(2) 1,620,000(2) 25,448,525(1)
Luxor (2015) 7,203(3) 3354(3) 22,856(3) 288,500(3)
(1) CAPMAS
(2) EGYPT COUNTRY REPORT FOR THE 2014 MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE ON YOUTH EMPLOYMENT
(3) Luxor Labour Force directorate
1.3.1.3 Energy demands in Egypt per sector and energy
Sector Coal
Ktons LPG
Ktons Gasoline
Ktons Jet Fuel Ktons
Kerosene Ktons
Diesel Ktons
Fuel oil Other Gas Mm3
Electricity MWh
Industry 300 22 1.0 3110 2299 13818 37320
Transports 5927 628 3697 286 498 441
Residential 4135 3,3 1734 61962
Agriculture 0.4 771 6310
Other 5123 86 1166 5503 37552
Total 300 4157 5927 628 4,7 12701 2671 1166 21553 143585
One of the key reports used for producing these BEI is the Energy balance report 2013-2014 published by CAPMAS (ref: EGY GEN07). One of its tables describes the final consumption of petroleum products, natural gas and electricity for 2013-2014 per domain of activity (Industry, Transport, Residential, Agriculture and others). It will often be referred to the above table in the following chapters, to ensure data coherence or to complete lack of data using national rate per capita or more adapted units (Land surface area).
Emission factors of energetic consumption (IPCC, NREA)
The emission factors used for fossil fuel are those of the Covenant of Mayors Guidelines (IPCC methodology). The emission factor for electricity is an Egyptian factor directly communicated by Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE) and the New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA).
Table 1: Emission factors used for fossil fuel and electricity
Energy CO2eq/ final energy Source
Electricity 550 kgCO2eq/MWh Vice Chairman for Technical Affairs of the New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA)
Natural Gas 202 kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
LPG 227 kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
Heating Oil 268 kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
Diesel
Transports excepted 268 kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
34
Gasoline Transports excepted
250 kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
Diesel for Transports 276 kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
Gasoline for Transports 258 kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
Lignite 365 kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
Coal 349 kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
Other Fossil Fuel 382 kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
1.3.2.1 Residential buildings
In the city Luxor, 60 per cent of buildings are connected to the natural gas grid (Governorate of Luxor), but there wasn’t any data regarding natural gas consumption. Therefore, consumption of natural gas is estimated using the Hurghada ratio of natural gas consumption per building. Electricity consumption and natural gas consumption are provided by the Governorate of Luxor (Supply and Internal Trade Directorate). No data about Solar Energy consumption have been collected, this issue was discussed with the Governorate of Luxor Coordinator and this energy source is very marginal in residential buildings. Thus, no solar consumption is considered in the BEI for residential buildings.
The Governorate’s services provided yearly consumption per energy sources:
Value provided Method Final value
Electricity 690,697 MWh/y Consistent value 690 GWh/y
Natural gas No value Hurghada ratio MWh/building 153 GWh/y
Liquid gas 2,250,465 cylinder Consistent value 399 GWh/y
Solar energy No value Marginal consumption 0 GWh/y
*Refrigerant leakages of residential buildings have not been considered in the BEI.
1.3.2.2 Tertiary buildings and Public lighting
Tertiary buildings are considered in two different categories: buildings owned and managed by the Governorate and other buildings (shops, offices, public administration buildings - different for Governorate ones, hotels, restaurants, banks and other service industries, health centres and hospitals, sport or cultural facilities, and leisure equipment’s, etc.). Public lighting is considered on its own, as it can be subject of specific action. The energy consumption for public buildings and public lighting has been provided by Governorate services. However, noting that public lighting consumption is very high due to all night lighting of heritage monuments such as Karnack Temple and other archaeological touristic sites.
Consumption
All Governorate’s buildings in the city of Luxor 4,718 MWh/year
Street lighting 5,623.4 MWh/year
For other tertiary buildings (except Hotels which are considerate in tourism sector), consumption was directly provided for electricity. For LPG, a ratio was applied considering the governorate generic data for energy consumption in “other use”.
35
Value provided Method Final value
Electricity 274,122 MWh/y Primary data 273,122 MWh/y
Liquid gas 113,536 Cylinders Ratio from “other use” 29,347 MWh/y
*Refrigerant leakages of tertiary buildings have not been considered in the BEI
1.3.2.3 Industry
Luxor is a city with very few industrial activities. Consumption was directly provided for electricity. Other consumptions are calculated using ratio from national data.
Value provided Method Final value
Electricity 75,060 MWh/y Primary data 75,060 MWh/y
Natural gas Not provided 302,387 MWh/y
Liquid gas Not provided
Ratio from national data
616 MWh/y
Diesel and gasoline Not provided 79,334MWh/y
Coal Not provided 4,726 MWh/y
Other Not provided 56,232 MWh/y
Non-energetic emissions have not been considered in the BEI
1.3.2.4 Transport
Governorate’s fleet fuel consumption (diesel and gasoline) were provided by the Governorate’s services and considered consistent.
Volume Energy equivalent
Gasoline 72,000 litres/year 662 MWh/year
Diesel 1,051,000 litres/year 10,024 MWh/year
The total consumption of gasoline and fuel was provided by Governorate of Luxor and it is considered consistent. Also Refrigerant leakages of vehicles have not been considered in the BEI.
Volume Energy equivalent
Gasoline 128,567,040 litres/year 1,182,817 MWh/year
Diesel 85,948,800 litres/year 819,584 MWh/year
1.3.2.5 Waste and water management
The Governorate of Luxor provided water and waste data. Diesel and electricity consumption for waste treatment and transport were provided and considered consistent.
Volume Energy equivalent
Diesel consumption of Waste Transport 511,000 litres/year 4,873 MWh/year
36
Electricity consumption in Waste Treatment 7,453 MWh/year
We used the IPCC Waste Model Tool (ref. LUX_WWM1) to calculate the emissions of solid waste treatment using the following hypothesis and data shown in Table 2.
The amount of solid waste collected excluding tourist waste is 29,000 tons/year. Regarding composition of waste, the Governorate of Luxor was applied to estimate tons of organic waste, paper and cardboard and other domestic waste.
Table 2: Total waste in the City of Luxor (2015)
Type of waste Percentage of total (%) Organic waste 23.7 %
Paper and cardboard 2.8 % Glass 16 % Metal 16.3 % Plastic 4.4 % Other 36.8 %
Because of the lack of historical data, the ratio of waste production per capita and waste composition are supposed stable.
- In the city of Luxor, all the waste is going to landfill without methane capture. - The IPCC default values are used for DOC and Methane generation rate constant (k).
Electricity and Diesel consumption for water management is provided by the Governorate of Luxor. These values were considered consistent, and supposed to include pumping, distribution and energy used for wastewater treatment. For non-energetic emissions quantity of treated waste water, the waste water treatment factor from the Base Carbone/ADEME methodology was applied (0,155 Kg CO2/m3).
1.3.2.6 Agriculture
Fuel and electricity consumption are provided by Governorate of Luxor are considered consistent.
For non-energetic emissions (CH4), emission factors are directly taken from the national emissions inventory or estimated from it, and applied to local number of animals. N2O non-energetic emissions: data for Egypt were not available therefore we applied the ratio per hectare (ha) of crops used in CES-MED BEI for Algeria.
Table 3: Non-energetic emission produced from animal in the City of Luxor (2015)
Number of Animals in kgCH4/animal/y
Type Manure Management Enteric Fermentation
Dairy Cows 70,365 2 40
Goats 110,664 0 5
Sheep 156,031 0 5
Camels 1,701 2 46
Horses 540 2 18
Poultry 2,884,370 0 0
Mules and Asses - 1 10
Buffalos 55,842 4-5 55*
37
* Emissions from livestock and animal manure IPCC - available at:
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_10_Ch10_Livestock.pdf
1.3.2.7 Tourism
The Governorate of Luxor provided fuel and electricity consumption from hotels. We noticed there are no solar thermal sources registered, but very few SWH collectors were installed on top of some hotels, but not significant. Hotel waste production was provided by the Governorate.
Land transport consumption is estimated based on the number of vehicles and an average trip distance of 38 km provided by Governorate of Luxor. Air transport was estimated from the number of aircrafts’ movements in Luxor airport applying the Landing and Take Off emission factor from EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2013.
2. Results
2.1. Energy consumption
Total energy consumption in the city of Luxor perimeter (administrative boarder) is estimated to be 4,937 GWh Final Energy/year in 2015, equivalent to 8,61 MWh/person/year. This rate is considered to be high, due to the very important impact of tourism. If tourism consumptions were not considered, energy consumption would go down to 7,14 MWh/person/year.
The following tables and charts show distribution per sectors.
Table 4: Final Energy consumption/ year - Luxor GWh/yr
Residential building 1 243
Tertiary building (inc. governorate buildings) 295
Public Lighting 6
Industry 518
Transport 2 002
Water, Waste 27
Tourism 842
Agriculture* 4
* includes crops, animal production and fishing Luxor
Energy consumption of Governorate’s buildings located in the city of Luxor is included under tertiary buildings, although it is detailed in the dedicated chapter and tables.
Figure 4: Final Energy/year (2015)
38
If we look more precisely and analyse consumption per energy and sectors, we realise that the main energy demand sources are fuels for transport and electricity for buildings, especially residential buildings.
Figure 5: Energy consumption per sector and type of resources in the city of Luxor (2015)
Table 5: Energy consumption per sector and per energy in the City of Luxor (2015)
GWH/year Electricity LPG Gas-oil Gasoline Solar Natural
gas Other energy
Residential building 691 400 0 0 0 153 37 Tertiary building (including governorate) 279 17 0 0 0 0 0
Public Lighting 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Industry 75 1 79 0 0 302 61
Transport 0 0 820 1 183 0 0 0
Water, Waste 23 0 5 0 0 0 0
Tourism 51 0 765 25 0 0 0
Agriculture 2 0 3 0 0 0 0
Total 1 127 418 1 672 1 208 0 455 98
Note that operational electricity losses (usual losses from normal operation) have not been highlighted in this energy inventory to comply with the Covenant of Mayors tables, but the GHG Protocol emission factor used considers it.
2.2. GHG emissions
Global GHG emissions of the city of Luxor are estimated to be 1797 ktCO2eq/year in 2015, which corresponds to about 3,13 tCO2eq/person/year (equivalent to 15,300 km drive by car). This is very comparable to the
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
Residentialbuilding
Tertiary(inc
municipal)
PublicLighting
Industry Transport Water,Waste
Tourism Agriculture
Other energy
Solar
Gasoline
Gas-oil
LPG
Electricity
39
average emissions per capita in Egypt (3,44 tCO2eq/person/year).
Table 6: GHG emission/ year - Luxor kteCO2/year
Residential building 501
Tertiary building (including governorate) 157
Public Lighting 3
Industry 147
Transport 531
Water, Waste 14
Tourism 240
Agriculture 204
Figure 7: GHG emissions per sector and type of resources in the city of Luxor (2015)
Municipal buildings consumption is included under tertiary buildings, although it is detailed in the dedicated chapter and in the BEI Excel file.
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
Electricity LPG Fuels Other energy Non energetic
Figure 6: GHG emissions – Luxor (2015)
28%
9%
0%8%30%
1%
13%
11%
40
Table 7: GHG emissions per sector and energy sector in the city of Luxor (2015)
KtqCO2/year Electricity LPG Fuels Natural Gas Other Non energetic
Residential building 380 91 0 31 0 0
Tertiary building (including municipal)
153 4 0 0 0 0
Public Lighting 3 0 0 0 0 0
Industry 41 0 21 61 23 0
Transport 0 0 531 0 0 0
Water, Waste 12 0 1 0 0 24
Tourism 28 0 211 0 0 0
Agriculture 1 0 1 0 0 203
Total 618 95 765 92 23 227
2.3. Zoom on municipal assets and services
The energy consumption of the City Luxor own buildings and services (public lighting, fleet, water and waste management) reaches 48,4 GWh FE/year, which is about 1 per cent of the total consumption of the city. The total GHG emissions are only 20 KteqCO2. By far the Water and Waste management and Governorate fleet are the main source of emissions from city of Luxor services followed by municipal buildings. The latter is self-explanatory due to the installation of PV panels on many buildings (including the Governorate main building with production power of more than 300 kWp.
Table 8: Energy consumption and annual cost for Luxor assets
Services GWh/year K EGP kteqCO2
Municipal building 4,7 3,491 2,59
Public Lighting 5,6 4,161 3,09
Municipal Fleet 10,7 3,948 0,82
Water and Waste management 27,4 18,447 13,68
41
Figure 8: Governorate Assets Services – Luxor (2015)
Figure 9: Governorate of Luxor Energy consumption, annual cost (2015)
2.4. Business-As-Usual scenario
Starting from present data, the BAU reference scenario projects the evolution of energy and emission levels forward to the target year (2030), under the hypothesis of continuing current trends in population, economy, technology and human behaviour, without the implementation of additional emission reduction actions. Thus, the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission calculated the BAU coefficient for Egypt. For each year this coefficient represents the multiplication factor to reach the emission of the target year (2030).
The BAU scenario forecasts an important rise of emission until 2020 (+34 per cent), and then a stabilisation
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Municipal building Public Lighting Municipal Fleet Water and Wastemanagement
Annu
al c
ost i
n kE
GP
Ener
gy c
onsu
ptio
n in
GW
h
GWh/year K EGP
10%
12%
22%56%
10% Governorate (Municipal)Building
12% Public lighting
22% Governorate (Muncipal) Fleet
56% Water and Waste Management
42
until 2030 (-4 per cent). The table (below) highlights the scenarios from 2015 to 2029.
Table 9: Energy consumption per sector and per energy in the City of Luxor (2015)
KteCO2 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029
Coefficient 1,29 1,22 1,15 1,08 1,02 0,96 0,97 0,97 0,98 0,98 0,99 0,99 0,99 1 1
Residential 501 530 563 599 634 674 667 667 660 660 653 653 653 647 647
Tertiary 157 166 176 188 199 211 209 209 207 207 205 205 205 203 203
Lighting 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Industry 147 155 165 175 186 197 195 195 193 193 191 191 191 189 189
Transport 531 561 595 634 671 713 706 706 699 699 692 692 692 685 685
Water Waste 14 14 15 16 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
Tourism 240 253 269 286 303 322 319 319 315 315 312 312 312 309 309
Agriculture 204 216 229 244 259 275 272 272 269 269 266 266 266 264 264
Figure 10: GHG emissions in city of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor – BAU
2.5. Complete BEI spreadsheets – the City of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor
Energy consumption in MWh EF/year in 2015
Electricity Liquid
gas Diesel Gasoline Coal
Natural Gas
Other fossil fuel
Solar thermal
Total
Other stakeholders
Tertiary buildings 274 122 16 618 0 0 0 0 0 290 740
Residential buildings
690 697 399 664 0 0 0 152 764 0 1 243 125
Industry 75 060 616 79 334 0 4 726 302 387 56 232 518 355
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Agriculture
Tourism
Water, Waste
Transport
Industry
Public Lighting
Tertiary (inc municipal)
Residential building
43
Agriculture 1 692 0 2 622 0 0 0 0 4 314
Transport 0 0 809 560 1 182 154 0 0 0 0 1 991 714
Tourism 51 464 764 898 25 484 0 841 846
Total Non Governorate 1 093 035 416 898 1 656 414 1 207638 4 726 455 151 56 232 0 4 890 094
Governorate assets and services
Municipal buildings 4 718 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 718
Public lighting 5 623 5 623
Waste 7 453 0 4 873 0 0 0 12 326
Water 15 051 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 051
Municipal Fleet 0 0 10 024 662 0 0 0 10 686
TT Governorate assets services 32 845 0 14 897 662 0 0 0 0 48 404
Grand total 1 125 880 416 898 1 67111 1 208 300 4 726 455 151 56 232 0 4 938 498
GHG emissions in tCO2eq/year in 2015
Electricity Liquid gas Diesel Gasoline Coal Natural
Gas
Other fossil fuel
Non energetic
Total
Other stakeholders
Tertiary buildings
150 767 3 772 0 0 0 0 0 154 539
Residential buildings
379 883 90 724 0 0 0 30 858 0 501 465
Industry 41 283 140 21 262 0 1 650 61 082 21 480 0 146 897
Agriculture 931 0 703 0 0 0 202 801 204 435
Transport 0 0 223 471 304 405 0 0 0 527 876
Tourism 28 305 204 993 6 371 239 669
Total 601 169 94 636 450 429 310 776 1 650 91 940 21 480 202 801 1 774 881
Governorate assets and services
Municipal buildings
2 595 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 595
Public lighting 3 093 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 093
Waste 4 099 0 1 306 0 0 0 23 607 29 012
Water 8 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 278
Municipal Fleet 0 0 2 767 171 0 0 0 2 938
Total 18 065 0 4 073 171 0 0 0 23 607 45 916
Grand Total 619 234 94 636 454 502 310 947 1 650 91 940 21 480 226 408 1 820 797
44
Section III: SECAP - Actions Planned
1. Executive Summary
This section presents the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan that has been developed by the Governorate of Luxor in coordination with Transitions Team – CES-MED. The proposed actions have been designed on the basis of the baseline emission and energy consumption inventory.
The section is structured in three parts:
• Background information – Very brief overview of basic information on city of Luxor,
• Governorate buildings and services – Presentation of activities that fall under the direct responsibility of the Governorate of Luxor (the buildings it manages and the services it implements as part of itscore competencies), and
• Action plan on the City of Luxor – Presentation of activities that can be run by stakeholdersindependently from the Governorate, but need to be stimulated and steered by the Governorateservices in order to ensure everyone is acting within a consistent plan.
2. Background information
Population of the Governorate
1,141,041 Population in Luxor 573,420
Governorate area 2959.6 km2 Municipality area 416 km2
Governor of Luxor Minister Dr Mohamed Badr
Energy and GHG in the City of Luxor
Electricity consumption 1,074 GWh/yr Electricity per capita 1,874 KWh/yr
Energy consumption 4,938 GWh/yr Energy per capita 8,614 KWh/yr
GHG emission/ year 1,760 ktCO2eq GHG per capita 3,07 tCO2eq
The City of Luxor in Upper Egypt is the main city of the Governorate of Luxor and its capital. The Governorate of Luxor is considered one of the smallest Governorates in Egypt. The city is located in the southern part of Egypt, north of Aswan (220 km) and it is about 670 km south of Cairo. It stands at an average altitude of 76 m above sea level and the inhabited area is 714 km2. The city is located on the banks of the Nile River between 25-36 North and 32-33 East. It is divided into two parts: the eastern and western regions.
45
Figure 11: Impression of the City of Luxor, West bank and its heritage sites
Until December 2009, City of Luxor was part of Qena Governorate and later was administratively separated to become a separate Governorate “Governorate of Luxor” according to the Presidential decree 278 of December 9th, 2009. The Governorate area is almost 2960 km2. According to the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) in Egypt, in 2015, the total population of the Governorate of Luxor was 1,141,041 residents while the city of Luxor reached 573,420 residents representing about 50% of the Governorate’s population.
The City of Luxor is the site of the Ancient Egyptian city of Thebes. The name Luxor comes from the Arabic al-ʾuqṣur (األقصر), literally "the palaces" from the collective place of qaṣr, which may be a loanword from the Latin “castrum” for “fortified camp". The Arabic name of the city remains “al-Uqṣur”.
Luxor is known as the “World City of Heritage” and registered as UNESCO heritage site. It has frequently been characterized as the "world's greatest open-air museum", as the ruins of the temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor stand within the modern city where thousands of tourists come every year from all around the world to visit these monuments, contributing greatly to the economy of the modern city. The city has 15 main heritage sites of high tourism interest.
The East bank encompasses 5 main cultural and touristic attractions: a) Luxor Temple; b) Karnak Temple; c) Luxor Museum; d) Mummification Museum; and e) Winter Palace Hotel, whereas, the West bank includes 9 major sites: a) Valley of the Kings; b) Valley of the Queens; c) Medinet Habu (memorial temple of Ramesses III); d) The Ramesseum (memorial temple of Ramesses II); e) Tombs of the Nobles; f) Deir el-Medina (workers' village); g) Deir el-Bahri (Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut); h) Malkata (palace of Amenophis III); and i) Colossi of Memnon (memorial temple of Amenophis III). Despite these rich sites, the City of Luxor suffered considerably from a low influx of tourists between 2011 and 2014.
The Governorate of Luxor economy is based on tourism, farming, commerce, and antiquities related activities. The Governorate of Luxor depends mainly on agriculture and tourism, but the city of Luxor largely depends on tourism. This sector represents more than 22,800 jobs - nearly 10% of the total labour force of the city as of 2015 census (288,500 jobs).
Agriculture land forms 73.8 per cent of the Governorate of Luxor, whereas the urban areas form about 19.4 per cent. Main crops are sugar cane, wheat, vegetables, tomatoes, beans including lentils, and bananas. The agro-food sector employs 3,354 persons and accounts for 1.2 per cent of labour forces. The industry focuses mainly on manufacturing and employs 7203 persons (2015) representing about 2.5 per cent of the labour force. The rest of the labour forces 255,087 jobs (approx. 88 per cent) get absorbed in sectors such as
46
agriculture, transport, construction and education. There are only few factories exploiting marbles such as “Marmar” and “Alabaster” to produce souvenirs gifts for tourists.
Figure 12: Administrative boarders of the city of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor
Source : www.luxur.gov.eg/map
The City of Luxor is divided in 7 service centres (“Markus in Arabic مركز)– . The Baseline Emission Inventory was carried out for 5 centres within the administrative borders of the Governorate including: the City of Luxor, Al Bayadyah, Al Toud, Al Gornah, Al Zeineyah. Armant and Esna were not covered (Figure 12).
3. Governorate vision
The Governor and the municipality council are willing to work together with the participation of their citizens to build and develop a sustainable, thriving cultural and touristic city, where SDGs are integrated to provide quality of life as public good for all. The city of Luxor will rely on a diversified economy, which is based on sustainable management and preservation of heritage sites and antiquities as well as improve the current infrastructures and advance the administration’ capability to that end.
The City of Luxor ultimate goal is to become one of the most distinguished cultural and touristic sites in the Arab world, recognized for its outstanding sustainability profile.
The Governorate (municipality) aims to build and administer the basic structure and public facilities, and provide citizens with municipal services, smoothly and transparently, while preserving the heritage and cultural wealth of the city of Luxor. The Governorate (municipality) strives to keep the city of Luxor a distinguished city where tourists and citizens live and enjoy life. By means of proper utilization of human and material resources as well as commitment to the principles of equity, impartiality, and transparency, the municipality seeks to achieve viable and sustainable development in the city.
In accordance with Egypt’s vision and SDS 2030, sustainable development should be a key driver for the Governorate and the city of Luxor. Sound strategic management of basic resources – energy, soils and water – is essential both to minimize costs for all, to reduce the overall environmental footprint of the City andGovernorate of Luxor and preserve the world’s heritage sites.
47
4. Planned actions for the city of Luxor
The Governor of Luxor, the City Council of Luxor and Governorate’s services are convinced of the necessity to implement an energy and climate strategy that will contribute to climate mitigation while helping the city of Luxor to adapt to the already visible impact of climate change.
Beyond these climate objectives, Governorate’s services are also convinced of the many benefits such a strategy would bring:
• Reduce expenses generated by energy consumption, and as a consequence allow reallocation ofGovernorate’s resources to public services and equipment;
• Generate new revenues from the production of energy based on local and renewable resources:sun, wind, bio-waste, and the Nile river;
• Promote a more strategic development of the city taking into account constraints andopportunities brought by a more sustainable approach of climate and energy challenges;
• Develop a new strategy to manage heritage sites, improving their protection and strengtheningtheir attractiveness through the promotion of sustainable tourism; and
• Upgrade quality of life for all Luxor inhabitants.
Such objectives can certainly be reached through a comprehensive strategy relying on 3 pillars:
• Reduce energy consumption in all type of energy services (heating and cooling, mobility, industrialneeds, specific electricity usage for lighting and electric equipment);
• Develop the production of energy from local and renewable resources; and
• Adapt infrastructures and human activities to already visible and foreseeable impacts of climatechange.
The combination of these three pillars will allow an energy and climate transition towards a greener and more prosperous Luxor.
To reach these objectives, the Governorate has a key role to play:
• It must implement this two-fold strategy (energy conservation and renewable energy development)in all its buildings and across all services it manages to show the way and demonstrate the manybenefits of this energy and climate transition;
• It will have to shape the development of equipment and activities with the ultimate objective ofsetting the ground for a more energy efficient and a more resilient city; and
• Last but not least, the Governor and his administration will need to raise awareness of all publicsand mobilise all stakeholders in the city of Luxor to engage them to act in favour of this energy andclimate transition. Unless all citizens, all sectors of the tourism industry, all economic players, smallindustries, services and farmers move in the same direction combining energy conservation efforts,development of renewable energy and climate adaptation, the city of Luxor will not reach itsambitious objectives.
48
Figure 13: Sustainable energy and climate action plan (SECAP) framework for the City of Luxor
The Governorate should design the appropriate action plan, then lead, facilitate and monitor its implementation, highlighting steps by steps, progress made and benefits for all publics.
The best plan is the one which is actually addressing the key strategic sectors were real progress can be achieved. To do so, the SECAP of Luxor is established on the baseline emission inventory (BEI), which clearly identifies those sectors where specific efforts could actually result in major changes.
A good plan is also a plan that combines different types of actions: kick wins demonstrating direct benefits in implementing the action plan; symbolic actions bringing visible changes in daily life of Luxor citizens; high return on investment action demonstration the business case behind the energy transition; more structural actions that will only bring results in the long term but are essential to actually establish new trends in energy consumption and production.
For the city of Luxor, the following list of priority actions have been discussed and confirmed by the Governorate of Luxor, mainly H.E. Governor of Luxor:
Priority Action #1 – Transport: Urban Sustainable Mobility Master Plan
Priority Action #2 – Transport and Tourism: Sustainable and Green Boats
Priority Action #3 – Sustainable Approach of Residential Buildings
Priority Action #4 – Tourism and Energy: Green and Sustainable Hotels and Resorts Facilities
Priority Action #5 – Sustainable Approach of Governorate Buildings
4.1. Action on Governorate buildings and services
The first priority of the Governorate and the City Council should be to act on its direct perimeter of responsibility: Governorate buildings and services (street lighting, water distribution & sanitation, waste management). It is only while being exemplary on its own perimeter that the City Council will be able to promote the mobilisation of all stakeholders, inviting them to reduce their energy consumption and contribute to the development of renewable energy capacities.
All stakeholders in Luxor Tourism
49
This commitment to act on its own perimeter also constitutes a field for investigation to test actions, assess results and impacts, in order to design appropriate recommendation that could be then proposed to citizens, companies, and any organization that will have to act to promote the local energy transition.
The Governorate of Luxor is a public “service” organization working under specific regulations and by-laws enacted and improved over years in order to render the best services for its citizens, yet more efforts in this direction have been noticed between 2016 and 2017 to decentralise its activities in line with the Local Development new law under approval.
Municipal buildings
4.1.1.1 Current status
The Governorate owns many buildings in different locations representing a total of 175,800 square meters that could be detailed as follows:
• 142,500 square meters of offices (including, the city hall, administrative sites, water and sanitationoffices, electricity management building, library, cultural centre, etc.),
• 8,500 square meters of commercial facilities, warehouse and technical equipment, and
• 24,800 square meters of schools and higher institutions.
These buildings represent a potential of more or less 50,000 square meters of roofs to be equipped with solar PV to generate electricity. The governorate took early steps in this direction by installing solar PV panels on 4 buildings: 1) Governorate’s main building, 2) Public library, 3) Governorate’s conference hall, and 4) College of Fine Arts.
Municipality buildings consume 4,7 GWh/year of electricity per year (2015 reference). This electricity consumption is used for lighting, cooling and heating, office equipment (computer, copiers, etc.), elevator, etc. The annual electricity bill for municipality buildings alone represents 3,599,961 EGP equivalent 173 K€.
In average, in such conditions, electricity consumption in buildings is coming from lighting (20%), cooling and heating (70%), office equipment (computer, copiers, etc.) and elevators (10%).
Lighting (in buildings): Some efforts were made to switch to efficient bulbs such as LED lamps; however, there is still neither tight control of lighting in buildings, nor efficient management using motion or occupancy sensors. There is a habit to switching lights on, whatever will be the availability of natural lights, even if this natural light is sufficient most of the time. Hence, raising awareness among staff and changing habits should be a priority. Beyond changing behaviour, specific devices (like motion and occupancy sensors) can be installed.
Electric equipment: So far electric equipment (computers, copiers, printers, etc.) is basic. Raising awareness is also key to promote an efficient use of such equipment. Reduction in consumption could also come from switching to more energy efficient devices. It is recommended to shift to green labels state rating equipment currently promoted in Egypt.
Cooling and heating: Most of the buildings are equipped with AC split systems. Only few offices are under a centralized temperature control system. There is still an important margin for improvement to ensure proper management of heating and cooling. Temperature inside building is often too high in cold season and too low in hot season. According to a study conducted by the MoERE in Egypt for public buildings, if staff was ensuring a more balanced used of cooling and set sensor temperature for cooling on 24-25°C, energy
50
consumption in such buildings could be cut by 30 per cent. Knowing that electricity consumption for cooling and heating represent 70% of the public building electivity consumption it is strategic to invest on this issue, in two directions: raising awareness of building users, switching to more efficient devices.
Renewable energy: Some of the potential sites have been identified, and there are already pilot projects to test the benefit of solar PV with an installed capacity of 300 kWp. The Governorate of Luxor already developed a strategic plan to develop renewable energy on its buildings, but this plan still needs to be unrolled.
4.1.1.2 Energy savings / short-term actions (3 to 5 years time frame)
The Municipality is willing to develop initiatives to reduce energy consumption, but a consistent plan needs to be implemented. More efforts should be done in raising staff awareness on simple change of behaviour to save energy without significant investment:
- Open curtains and window shutters during daytime to avoid artificial lighting when outside air temperature is between 22°C and 27°C,
- Keep the inside air temperature between 24°C - 25°C even in hot period to ensure good comfort all year long and make strong cut in energy consumption,
- Avoid elevator and choosing staircase when going up or down one or two floors, only allow employee with health problems to use elevators,
- Turn off electric equipment at end of working time or when not actually used, and
- Unplug all electricity cables from wall’s sockets as this could save about 5% of the energy use.
It would be interesting to promote a challenge between services/units to invite all workers from the Governorate to make significant efforts in saving energy.
The best performing service would be celebrated as “energy saver/climate saver’’ and would get a special gratification. The Environmental Awareness Unit (EAU) within the Governorate Communication Department will promote these activities.
4.1.1.3 Energy-savings / long-term actions (5 to 15 years’ time frame)
Beyond promoting awareness and behavioural change, it is necessary to develop a clear and comprehensive plan to replace old devices and equipment and install energy efficient systems that will help reducing electricity consumption. Ideally, this programme should be implemented, in a first phase, in a small number of buildings (starting with the more symbolic one: the main Governor’s building or city hall), covering all type of devices and equipment, in order to concentrate many initiatives on the selected buildings and demonstrate the benefit of these structural changes:
- Switch from AC/Heating reverse systems to central management of heating and cooling; and
- Switch to LED lighting and install motion sensors in offices. This device turns the lights off during un-occupied periods. This can reduce lighting consumption by 20%-80% depending on the occupancy type of these areas. A case study, by MoERE and UNDP (Wati Al-watt initiative), was conducted in public buildings including government buildings in Cairo, demonstrates that a 9.5 million KWh saving per year equivalent to 5.6 million EGP (€ 265,260) cut could be easily achieved by installing LED lamps with different wattage in 22 projects in the first phase at an approximate investment rate per project of
51
EGP 340,910 (€ 16,148), offering a very attractive return on investment12.
The initial projects need to be tightly monitored to register impact on energy consumption reduction to prepare progressive enlargement to a larger number of targeted building. Obviously the design and construction of new buildings should follow more stringent rules and new requirements allowing far better energy performance.
4.1.1.4 Expected results
Assumptions:
- Staff awareness will result in 10% reduction of all consumption due to behavioural changes. This level of reduction doesn’t appear to be hard to achieve, as there are currently no precautions at all to avoid unnecessary electricity usage.
- Working on lighting will cut electricity consumption by 30% of this sector (20% of total electricity) - Efficient AC devices will cut electricity consumption by 30 % of this sector (70% of total electricity)
Energy in MWh/year
GHG in tCO2eq/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030 / BAU
Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU
All municipality buildings 4,718 2,595 - 1,740 - 957 3,347 29 %
Staff awareness campaign (10% cut) - 470 - 258
Switch to LED lighting and sensor systems in buildings (30% cut)
- 283 - 156
Switching to more efficient AC devices (30% cut)
- 987 - 543
Note: Impact of long-term measures can only be assessed based on average ratio unless the Governorate defines the level of investment it is prepared to allocate to this topic.
4.1.1.5 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI
Staff awareness campaign (10% cut) 30,000 € 3 years
Switch to LED lighting and sensor systems in buildings (30% cut) 40,000 € 6 years
Switching to more efficient AC devices (30% cut) 100,000 € 4.5 years
Street lighting
4.1.2.1 Current status
Street lighting in the City of Luxor consumes 5.6 GWh of electricity per year (2015 reference), which represents an overall annual cost of 4.2 Million EGP (equivalent 201,439 €). Note that this doesn’t include lighting of heritage sites.
12 Energy efficiency Project – Waty El Watt, UNDP and GEF, available at : http://www.php.eepegypt.org/
52
Almost 80% of the urban territory is covered with public lighting system. Some efforts have been made to switch to LED efficient device, but the City still need a comprehensive plan to significantly reduce its electricity consumption for public lighting.
4.1.2.2 Long term action plan (5 to 15 years’ time frame)
Revolving fund to replace old lamps
Informed by the experiments performed in different cities in the MED region, replacement of old lamps by modern technologies (LED) appears to be very cost effective.
Even if LED lamps cost far more (highest prices reach 400€ per unit) than HPS one, they result in more than 50% consumption reduction and they last 15 years (when HPS have to be replaced every 3 years). This very cost-efficient technology also offers a very good quality of light.
The City of Luxor looks for an initial financial support to feed in a revolving fund dedicated to old lamps replacement. The City should set up a specific budget monitoring mechanism and put aside financial resources preserved due to more efficient lamps replacing old devices. Resources saved will be invested again in lamp replacement. This set up could ensure full replacement over time (between 4 and 6 years depending on the initial level of investment) offering replenishment of the initial investment fund and additional budget availability due to cuts in the energy bill related to street lighting.
The detailed process for this fund will be established as part of the priority action development.
Street lighting strategic plan
The City of Luxor would gain from developing a street lighting strategic plan, identifying areas of differentiated usage, where lighting would be then adapted to the actual needs per specific area.
• Main roads, avenue and city entrances where high intensity lighting should be necessary at leastbetween sunset and midnight and before sunrise. Note that lighting intensity could be easilyreduced, even in these areas between midnight and few hours before sunrise;
• Secondary streets where reduced lighting intensity should ensure safety while allowing low energyconsumption; and
• Specific areas (parks, narrow streets, pedestrian areas, etc.) where moving sensors should beinstalled to light up when people are around and avoid lighting when nobody is there.
Such an improvement in urban planning and street infrastructures, linked with a tighter management of public demands, should lead to designing a lighting system combining qualitative lighting and reduced energy consumption. This evolution will require a combination of technical solutions (moving sensors, midnight automatic reduction, etc.) and social dialog to improve acceptance of different approaches (i.e., reduced lighting after midnight, appropriate lighting in narrow streets, parks, etc.).
A possible work plan could unroll as follows:
1. Based on the city development plan identify 3 or 4 types of streets and areas according to theirspecific lighting needs.
2. Organise public consultation to ensure proper acceptance of the new lighting system propose andcollect ideas to continue improving the plan.
3. Define the appropriate technical solutions for each type and design the implementation programtaking into account priorities per type of areas (for example, identifying one specific block of streets,
53
places and avenues where the new lighting system would be implemented as a show case for the rest of the city).
4. Implement step by step the plan, organising all along the implementation process, a control andassessment mechanism – including public participation – to continuously improve the system basedon performance assessment of the option adopted. Such monitoring must measure energyconsumption reduction and highlight what it means in budget cuts.
4.1.2.3 Expected results
Assumption:
- Expanding conversion to LED lamps will result in 40% reduction in electricity consumption. - A strategic lighting management plan with an ambitious target to reduce lighting can provide
another 20% cut (after the initial 40% cut).
Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015
Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU
Street lighting 5,623 3,093 - 2,924 - 1,608 3,990 40 %
Expand LED deployment (40%) - 2,249 - 1,237
Street lighting strategic plan (20%) - 675 - 371
4.1.2.4 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI
Expand LED deployment (40%) 300,000 € 6 years
Street lighting strategic plan (30%) 40,000 € 1 year
Water delivery
4.1.3.1 Current status
Water Services secure the production of 51,437,627 cubic meters/year of potable water exceeding consumption of 34,235,418 cubic meters/ year. The water service pumps water into the distribution network reaching almost all households. This activity consumes a lot of electricity: 15 GWh (3 times street lighting). This represents a cost of 11.5 million EGP (equivalent 551,042 €).
4.1.3.2 Action to promote
The Governorate services should conduct a detailed assessment of the current status of the water distribution network and the wastewater treatment process. The return of experience from other cities in the Mediterranean Region demonstrate that such assessment can help identify areas where even limited investment could lead to significant energy saving. For example, switching from classical pumps to variable speed devices and high efficiency equipment might result in cutting electricity consumption by 30% or more. Likewise establishing a SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system for monitoring and control could help identifying where the main problems are and how the water distribution could be optimized while reducing energy consumption.
54
Considering the annual budget consumed by the water distribution system, it is worth looking carefully at the design of the system that could offer a short-term to medium-term pay back.
4.1.3.3 Expected results
Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU
Water delivery 15,000 6,679 - 4,500 - 2,004 8,615 23 %
Switch to variable power pumps (30% cut)
- 3,000 - 1,336
SCADA system (15% cut) - 1,500 - 668
4.1.3.4 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI.
Switch to variable power pumps 150,000 € 5 years
SCADA system 70,000 € 2 years
Solid waste management
4.1.4.1 Current status
The solid waste issue gained significant attention in recent years, not only due to its environmental impacts, but also for its social and economical consequences. Waste management services collect close to 25.500 tons per year (more or less 43 kg per inhabitants of the City of Luxor) covering 60% of the city area. Almost all waste collected gets transferred to the landfill.
There is no reliable data regarding waste composition breakdown in subcategories: bio waste; paper and carton; plastic; glass and others (mix). That’s a pity as such a detailed breakdown could help designing a separate waste collection to promote recycling and reduce transport to landfill.
The service operates a large number of vehicles consuming diesel. Additionally, waste management requires electricity (lightening sites, electric equipment). The overall amount of energy consumed for waste treatment represents 12,4 GWh meaning an annual cost of 6,8 Million EGP (326.139 €).
Waste in such a context in quite rich in organic matters, hence landfills are a significantly source of GHG emission (mainly methane). Non-energetic emissions from waste represent 20,576 tCO2eq.
Beside domestic waste there are huge amounts of organic waste coming from agriculture (with a significant part generated by the sugar cane production and processing). This material could be considered to feed in methanisation units that could process agricultural waste and the organic fraction of domestic waste to produce heat and gas that could be valued locally.
4.1.4.2 Possible actions
The Governorate would gain realising a comprehensive assessment of its waste management, with the following objectives:
55
- Get a good understanding of the breakdown in different type of waste as a basis to design the most appropriate model of separate waste collection to sort material that can be recycled (paper and carton, plastic, metal, glass), keeping apart organic waste that could be directed to methanisation and leave only residual waste for landfilling.
- Optimize the service with adequate containers for the suitable neighbourhood, appropriate collection tours to reduce transport costs.
- Structure recycling’ chains giving value to material actually wasted and generating additional activities that will create jobs.
- Specifically explore the benefit of installing bio-digesters units around the City of Luxor.
- Explore the benefit or recovering methane form the landfill to capture it, hence significantly reducing GHG from the City of Luxor.
Additionally, the City of Luxor, which is very concern by the need to improve cleanliness of the city to increase its attractiveness for tourists, would benefit from designing and implementing a plan to raise public awareness on waste management, to reduce waste generation and develop recycling.
4.1.4.3 Expected results
Assumptions:
- Reducing energy consumption by 20% due to waste collection optimization, - 20% recovery of GHG emission from landfilling, - Impact of possible bio-digesters development is not considered at this stage, and - Significant additional reduction could be obtained from a radical change in waste management,
reducing drastically the amount of waste going to landfill and producing energy from waste.
Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU
Solid waste management 12,326 25,577 - 2,465 - 4,463 32,994 14 %
Energy efficiency 12,326 5,001 - 1,000 - 348
Non-energetic emission 20,576 - 4,115
4.1.4.4 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI
Energy efficiency 50,000 € 3 years
Non-energetic emission To be define
56
City of Luxor / Governorate fleet
The fleet directly managed by the Governorate of Luxor represents a bit more than 2000 vehicles and heavy machinery. All this equipment is pretty aged and lack energy efficiency.
The City of Luxor could engage in a comprehensive plan to:
- Continue upgrading the fleet management tool and invest more in people awareness in order to reduce energy consumption of the fleet as its actually stands, and
- Replace old vehicles with new ones, looking for progressive replacement through leasing to avoid too heavy investments.
Assumptions:
- Improved management and awareness lead to a 20% reduction in energy consumption by 2030, and - Progressive replacement of the fleet will lead to 30% additional reduction by 2030.
4.1.5.1 Expected results:
Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU
Governorate of Luxor fleet 10,686 3,723 - 5,343 -1,896 4,840 39,2 %
Improve fleet management (20% cut) - 2,137 - 745
Progressive fleet replacement (30% cut) - 3,206 - 1,117
4.1.5.2 Budget:
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI.
Improve fleet management (20% cut) 50,000 € 2 years
Progressive fleet replacement (30% cut) To be define
Awareness campaign
4.1.6.1 Current situation
Like everywhere in Egypt there is in Luxor a huge need for more awareness on environmental issues. It is not only good to educate Governorate staff for them to make necessary efforts to promote energy conservation and environmental protection in their daily work, it is also necessary to develop the Municipality capacity to promote awareness among all stakeholders in the City of Luxor.
4.1.6.2 Environmental Awareness Unit
As Governorate staff, population and local stakeholders lack information and need to be mobilized to act on
57
energy conservation, energy efficiency and more generally on environmental protection, it is necessary to strengthen efforts to inform and engage all the publics in contributing to the implementation of the different components of the SECAP.
The Governorate of Luxor will set up a dedicated unit, focusing on raising awareness in different publics to optimise the impact of the measures proposed to reduce energy consumption and improve the quality of life in the city, including proper management of energy, water and waste.
Such a unit would be part of the communication department of the Governorate of Luxor, been connected with the appropriate service: electricity department, water delivery service and waste management unit.
The Environmental Awareness Unit (EAU) should work as a focal point to develop initiatives that will engage the public to change behaviour, to preserve energy and water, and actively contribute to the cleanliness of the city. The unit will work in partnership with different stakeholders in order to facilitate the duplication of initiative and reach out more people. In that sense the EAU unit will be a key component of the SECAP implementation, as most of the impacts expected for the action plan, depends on the adequate mobilization and engagement of stakeholders to cease the opportunities offered to reduce their energy consumption and, doing so contribute to the success of the programme.
The EAU will launch its mission focusing on 3 priority targets - Governorate staff; children & mothers; tourist operators – to inform on issues at stake regarding climate change, energy management and environment challenges in the city; provide guidance to behavioural changes; and invite all stakeholders to engage in concrete actions to help reducing energy consumption, and improve the urban environment (preserving water, reducing waste and littering to promote a cleaner city) including adaption to climate change.
The unit will develop its activities engaging cooperation with existing groups and institutions:
- Spreading information and training material (posters, brochures, stickers, etc.) to remind everyone of the importance of energy saving. This must include training given by Governorate’ employees,
- Develop an annual event “Energy festival or Energy day” where best practices could be demonstrated, and innovative projects celebrated. Such a festival could be promoted through a large advertising campaign mobilising all traditional media but also social networks online, and
- Unroll specific awareness campaigns among specific target groups:
Developing a network of “Positive energy schools”, schools that will be producing more energythan they consume, through a combination of energy conservation / energy efficiency measuresand the development of Solar PV on schools’ roofs. Teachers should be engaged in suchprogrammes to use all the potential of the technical development, as support for training students.
Mobilise families through the training of women - mothers as there are often the one managinghouseholds’ expenses and can be the right drivers to promote efficiency,
Promoting an awareness raising campaign in mosques, developing solar heating and solar PVequipment and inviting imams to promote responsible behaviour regarding energy consumption,
Mobilise all tourism’ operators to explain that tourists will be more and more receptive to practices that support the energy transition and the fight against climate change.
Raising awareness would be the support to gather more people, university researchers, businessmen, communication experts and local citizen groups, beyond the Municipality team, to work together on a broad mobilisation to reduce energy consumption and develop renewable energy production.
Raising awareness should also be seen as a tool to push citizens to take ownership of the energy and climate
58
issues, engage in energy conservation efforts or participate in renewable energies take off, and doing so, actively contribute in the implementation of the local and sustainable energy strategy that will reduce dependency on imported energy sources and improve local economy.
Note: Results of awareness activities are specifically noticed in sectors (municipal building, residential buildings and mobility) where these activities will be developed and will have the biggest impact.
4.2. Action plan on the City of Luxor
Beyond its direct scope of responsibility (on buildings and services), the Governorate of Luxor also has to mobilize all stakeholders acting in its boundaries. It is only through the overall commitment of stakeholders (residents, shops, businesses, tourism’ operators, local groups, farmers, etc.) that a significant reduction in energy consumption and development of renewable energy will be achieved
Transport
4.2.1.1 Current situation
Transport is one of the key concerns to be addressed, as this sector is the first energy consumer sector (41% with 2,002 GWh/y) and the first GHG emitter (33% with 531 ktCO2equivalent/ year).
Transportation within the city depends on private cars, shared taxis, private taxis… and the same for outside the city with larger buses and shared taxis. There are no public transports operated by the Governorate or any other public authority.
The city is separate in two parts by the Nile river (Western bank and eastern bank), which make transportation from one bank to the other slightly more complex and might generate traffic jam at peak hours when people want to cross the bridges.
Designing a traffic plan is a very complex issue to solve. In this context, the Governorate of Luxor already started reviewing the traffic organisation to make it more fluid in the main centre. As a result, air quality slightly improved and consumption of diesel and gasoline from cars decrease. Beyond this initial effort it is really hard to identify solutions to reduce the number of private cars in the city. Hence, a Master Plan for a Sustainable and Green Mobility is urgently required to reduce the high level of energy consumption and all nuisances attached to road traffic (noise, jam, air pollution). Not that air pollution has a very damaging impact on heritage sites which represents the essential attractiveness factor of the City of Luxor. Degrading this valuable asset would be dramatic for the long term.
4.2.1.2 Possible actions
Short term (3 to 5 years)
There are only few options to reduce energy consumption (and thus reduce GHG emission) from traffic in the City of Luxor. It seems that the only option would be to promote a negotiation process with all transport providers to adopt a common charter for global improvement of transport services aiming at clarifying routes, stops, timing, in order to promote synergies and avoid competition that will hamper the development of an efficient system.
Longer term (5 to 15 years)
A lot of work needs to be done on public awareness and behaviour. However, behavioural change would be
59
only possible when real alternatives are offered to allow people to actually change their current mobility practices.
Ideally, a city committed to reduced energy consumption and GHG emission such as Luxor would implement a Sustainable, Clean and Green Urban Mobility Master Plan (SCGUMMP) that could entail the following:
- Integrating transport and city planning policies, while prioritising public transportation as the first option and active modes of mobility for people (walking and cycling) and low emission modes for the transport of goods,
- Structuring the urban transport sector by empowering a public transport authority to take action for the improvement of urban transport in the city. In the case of Luxor, this would mean a close collaboration between the Governorate services and the GOPP. It will also require the evolution of some of the current rules applying to transport and mobility, which appears counterproductive,
- Developing communication and participation strategies involving the public, with the aim of facilitating behavioural changes,
- Encouraging the rollout of new engine technologies in private and collective vehicles to help reduce fossil fuel consumption, in particular,
- Promoting active modes of mobility, especially walking and cycling, in particular by providing safer conditions for the users and developing the use of electric bicycle,
- Adopt Rapid Transit Bus (RTB) system from the airport to the city centre of Luxor,
- Propose a specific action plan for tourism’ operators to offer appropriated services that would undermine the City attractiveness on the long term, and
- Implementing a common methodology to measure GHG emissions, report on them and monitor all other benefits deriving from the development of sustainable urban mobility.
Such a comprehensive plan would require a strong leadership from the Governorate. The design would need the contribution of a team of experts that would explore the best options combining recommendations regarding city planning, governance of the public transport system to be set up, governance – in partnership with the Governorate – of transport private operators, promotion of best practices and appropriate technologies, promotion and communication.
Only when such a comprehensive plan would have been designed, it will be possible to detail investment required and time scale to transform the transport and mobility systems in the City of Luxor.
4.2.1.3 Expected results
Assumptions:
- Improved management and awareness among transport operators could lead to a 10% reduction in energy consumption from 2020 onwards (without significant investment),
- Providing the Sustainable, Clean and Green Urban Mobility Master Plan implementation would have started in 2020 the latest and would demonstrate a 50% progress in implementation in 2030 the expected impact of such a plan should generate a reduction of 30% by 2030. This would include:
New engine technologies will allow securing à 10% reduction, Active mobility development (cycling and walking) allow 5% reduction, Urban planning allows traffic optimization that will reduce consumption by 10%, and
60
Public transport system and RTB service to the airport result in another 5% reduction.
Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU
Transport 2,002,401 530,813 - 800,961 - 212,325 685,000 - 30 %
Common charter for transport service improvement
- 200,240 - 53,081
Sustainable urban mobility plan
- Promoting new engines - 200,240 - 53,081
- Active mobility development - 100,120 - 26,541
- Traffic optimization through urban planning
- 200,240 - 53,081
- Public service and RTB - 100,120 - 26,541
4.2.1.4 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI
Common charter for transport service improvement 50,000 € Less than a year
- Promoting new engines 300,000 € Not relevant*
- Active mobility development 2,000,000 € 2 to 3 years
- Traffic optimization through urban planning 2,000,000 € 2 to 3 years
- Public service and RTB To be defined
* Not relevant: such measure that could take the form of an incentive for people to switch their old car for a new one with less polluting engines will have a direct benefit for car users and an indirect benefit for the City of Luxor (less pollution, less sites degradation, etc.) which is difficult to assess without a far more in-depth analysis.
Tourism Sector
4.2.2.1 Current situation
The tourism sector in the City of Luxor is one of the foremost sectors that greatly need to be addressed as it holds the third position in energy consumption with 842 GWh/year or 17%. It is also measured third in GHG emissions with 240kteCO2/year or 15%. Presently, there are 313 hotels in the city, with two types of accommodation: 38 classical on land hotels; 275 floating hotels. With this calculation, there are 16,029 rooms and an average occupancy rate of 14.35% (17.7% for normal hotels and 11% for floating hotels). This occupancy rate is quite low and demonstrates the impact of the past years events on tourists’ frequentation.
Note that consumptions for this sector cover tourists’ accommodations and transport and all attractions (energy consumption at antiquities and heritages sites, museums, etc.)
There are various ways of tourist transportation such as boats, cars, buses, etc. The number of tourist’s boats in the city of Luxor is 253 boats, of which 112 only are still in operation in 2016. These boats consume 13,000 litres/journey/year. The number of small boats traveling between west and east banks in the city of Luxor is
61
155 boats with an average fuel consumption of 20 litres per day per boat, i.e. 3,100 liters daily. Hence, the total diesel consumption reaches 1,116,000 litres per year. On land, there are 972 vehicles run by diesel (407 large buses and 565 Microbuses), and 865 vehicles run by gasoline (425 Microbuses and 440 cars), all dedicated to tourists’ transportation. In total tourists’ transportation represents an annual consumption of 790,382 MWh/year.
Apart from transport the tourism sector in Luxor consumes 51,464 MWh/year (27,191 from hotels, and 24,273 from tourist attraction such as heritage sites).
4.2.2.2 Possible actions
There are naturally four areas that would require action to improve the sustainability profile of the tourism sector in Luxor: hotel and resorts; cruise fleet; land transportation; heritage sites.
However, any action should start with a significant effort in raising awareness among tourism operators to highlight the potential benefits of green practices for their business (cost cutting from efficiency gains) and the improved attractiveness for visitors that are more and more sensitive to responsible practices in tourism like in many other sectors.
Hotels and resorts
The Governorate of Luxor needs to engage hotels and resorts in the energy transition, promoting significant efforts to reduce energy consumption, improve waste management and switch, as far as possible, from fossil fuels to renewable energy (solar water heating, solar PV, biogas, etc.).
Energy efficiency in hotels and resorts should be promoted through highlighting the positive return on investment of any efforts engaged to reduce energy consumption: adequate air-conditioning management, efficient lighting… Resorts and hotels have been promoting the efficient use of water inviting their customers to minimize their demands in new towels and bed sheets. They now have to promote electricity saving through responsible behaviour from their clients. They also can adopt all technologies that will provide more efficient use of energy.
Resort and hotels should also use the large surfaces they have in roofs to install solar systems to produce heat and electricity (Solar PV), which are the two types of energy services they actually need. In most of the cases, solar heating water could be sufficient to produce sanitary water and warm swimming pools.
Last but not least a special project could be developed to reduce food wastage and collect food waste from hotels and resorts. Hotels produce an average of 38 tons of solid waste daily (13,870 tons per year). Most of this waste is organic waste. This material combined with other sources of bio-waste available in the Governorate of Luxor could be used to feed in bio-digesters that would produce biogas to be used in buses or car reducing air pollution and GHG emissions.
Such a transition is not obvious for tourism operators who have always been working a classical way consuming cheap energy as if it would always be without any adverse consequences. To shift behaviour and speed up the shift, the Governorate should establish a “Green tourism support unit” providing advices to tourism operators willing to invest in energy efficiency and renewable energy. This technical unit will ensure audits to any resort and hotel willing to make necessary investments to contribute to the SECAP adopted in the City of Luxor – Governorate of Luxor.
The technical unit could also set up an investment fund that would help resorts and hotels doing the right
62
choice, providing loans at an attractive rate as an incentive to support the transition. Hotels and resorts having benefited from subsidies or loans from the fund would be invited to replenish this fund with a contribution proportionate to the saving obtained through refurbishment operations.
Note that this refurbishment plan could create many jobs in Luxor and develop a real expertise in promoting green and sustainable resorts and hotels.
Cruise fleet
Like for hotels and resorts, there are significant margin for improvement in energy efficiency of cruise boats and dhows sailing on the river Nile. Considering the very low rate of occupancy in cruise boats, it is urgent to promote a rational use of the fleet, decommissioning old boats and refurbishing the one that would stay operational. The Governorate of Luxor could facilitate the establishment of “Green boat refurbishment fund” that could be replenished by tourist operators benefiting from loans or subsidies to upgrade their boat. Note that modern engines could dramatically reduce energy consumption.
Some on board functions and services could also be supplied only from renewable electricity produced with solar PV installed on the rooftop of cruise boats.
It would be also important to rationalize occupancy on cruise boats to avoid having some travelling with half (or even less) of their carrying capacity. This is probably more complex to organize. However, the City of Luxor can facilitate a negotiation among operators to promote different models of planning cruises with the objective of reaching the optimum energy consumption per tourist on board (more tourist on a boat meaning less energy consumption per capita, and a better benefit for cruise boats operators).
As mentioned earlier, it is necessary to improve waste management on board of cruise boats to avoid Nile pollution. Collecting waste on the dock, will also allow separating bio-waste that could be then processed in bio-digesters to produce biogas.
The fleet improvement programme should extend to redesigning the docks to make them a demonstrative example of what a “green harbour” on river Nile could be. Obviously the new plans should promote solar PV equipment as a major source of renewable energy supply for all activities along the docks. Hence, renewable energy will supply docking boats avoiding unnecessary use of diesel motors when cruise boats and dhows are not sailing.
This “Green dock programme” should be connected with the Sustainable, Clean and Green Urban Mobility Master Plan to promote a smooth and easy transportation service from the airport to the dock and return and from the hotels to the dock and return with the ultimate objective of minimizing the need for buses or cars on the road between these different locations.
On land tourists’ transports
It is urgent to promote upgrading of on land transportation equipment taking advantage of modern technologies (hybrids, biogas, electric vehicles, etc.) to significantly reduce fossil energy consumption. It is also urgent to optimise tourism vehicles occupancy to reduce the number of vehicle in use in the city of Luxor and around the heritage sites.
One option would be to establish a “green transport line” between the City centre of Luxor, where most hotels are and the most important heritage sites such as Luxor temple, Karnak temple, Valley of the King, using electric buses or biogas ones would be a nice symbol of Luxor switching to renewable energy. This would be the great come back of the “sun” at the centre of City of Gods!
One can also think ways of modernizing the use of horse carts, which are parts of the identity of the City of
63
Luxor and, by the way, a very efficient green transportation system.
Heritage and tourist attraction
Heritage sites and tourist attractions consume 24.3 GWh/year in electricity. This consumption is mainly due to lighting sites in the evening and at night. It is hard to understand why heritage sites should be lighted up at night. If this is a security requirement there are probably other solutions to be explored to avoid having lights up all night. Anyway, even if lighting is unavoidable it would be good to run a detailed assessment of the current lighting system as there are probably significant gain to obtain from modern technologies that would offer the same service while reducing consumption.
4.2.2.3 Expected results
Assumptions:
- Awareness raising and improved management of energy could easily result in a 10% reduction of energy consumption in hotels and resorts and a 10% reduction in land transport management,
- Awareness raising and improved management of cruise boat occupancy could lead to a 30% cut in energy consumption for the cruse boats,
- On the longer term, a cruise fleet refurbishment programme would result in a 30% cut in GHG emissions (switching from fuel and diesel to natural gas for cruise boats),
- Likewise investing in modern engines could lead to another 20% cuts in energy consumption from buses and taxis,
- Refurbishment in hotels and resort could lead to another 40% cuts, and - Efficiency in lighting heritage sites could lead to 20% electricity consumption reduction.
Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU
Tourism 841,846 239,669 - 247,050 - 130,271 309,173 42 %
Awareness raising (hotels) - 2,719 - 1,495
Awareness raising (transport) - 3,200 - 858
Awareness raising and occupancy optimisation in cruise boats
-219,000 - 59,000
Cruise fleet refurbishment - 59,000
Land transportation replacement - 6,400 - 1,716
Hotel and resort refurbishment - 10,876 - 5,982
Efficiency of lighting heritage sites - 4,855 -2,670
4.2.2.4 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI
64
Awareness raising on the three targets (hotels, cruise boats transport)
150,000 € 3 to 5 years
Cruise fleet refurbishment 5,000,000 € 2 to 3 years
Land transportation replacement To be defined
Hotel and resort refurbishment (revolving fund) 1,000,000 € 4 to 5 years
Efficiency in lighting heritage sites 200,000 € 2 to 3 years
Residential buildings
4.2.3.1 Current situation
The residential buildings’ sector is the second highest sector in terms of energy consumption with 25% of the total energy used and GHG emission. The Luxor distribution company LEPCo distributes the electricity used in residential buildings. The City of Luxor has 159,604 residential buildings in 2005. The building sector is one of the key sectors to be addressed, as it is the second highest sector in terms of energy consumption and GHG emission. This sector represents 25% of the total energy consumption 1,243 GWh/ year and 26% of the total GHG emissions 501 kteqCO2/ year.
The residential buildings consume a total of 690,697 MWh of electricity annually, all households being connected to the grid. Note that 60 per cent of households are connected to the natural gas network.
4.2.3.2 Short-term actions (3 to 5 years time frame)
There is a lot to do to raise public awareness on energy issues, inviting inhabitants to reduce their consumption and, as a consequence, cut their energy bill. This is to be applied on residential buildings. An awareness campaign doesn’t require a huge amount of money and can bring interesting results for both parties: the client learning to use less energy, the electricity utility (LEPCo) improving its services.
Such awareness campaign to promote efficient behaviour should focus on few measures:
- Promoting the proper temperature at home: using excessive air’ cooling is not good for public health and result in huge electricity consumption. Adjusting air conditioning systems’ thermostats to be always at 24 degrees Celsius in summer would save up to 25 per cent of the energy consumption,
- Promoting behavioural changes at home: turning off lights, proper management of refrigerator, time of use of washing machines, boiling waters in kettles and replacing classical bulbs with efficient devices, promoting energy efficient cooling/ heating devices, as the one on the market are not good enough. People usually buy cheap equipment without taking into account the higher level of energy consumption, which results in a higher “global cost” over a certain period of time, and emphasises on buying green label appliances,
- Control elevators’ use to limit their use to 3rd floor unless users have medical issue/problems,
- Apply plastic sheets on windows’ glass/glazing to reduce the impact of solar radiation impending on the external buildings’ façades.
A rough calculation allows considering that a widespread awareness campaign could result in a 30 per cent reduction of electricity consumption (estimation being more difficult on other fluids) in 50 per cent of households and private buildings.
65
4.2.3.3 Medium-term actions (3 to 10 years’ time frame)
The most obvious plan to develop on the medium term is the promotion of Solar Heating System to produce hot sanitary water and avoid unnecessary electricity consumption.
- Promote the use of solar water heating (SWH) system instead of the current electric water heating (EWH) systems. Currently, there is almost no use of solar water heating system in the city of Luxor and this action could tremendously reduce the electricity consumption for the specific need of hot sanitary water. It will be important to demonstrate the financial benefit of choosing a SWH system against an EWH one,
- Involve and train companies that will produce, sell and install SWH systems, and
- A possible model to market SWH would be to ask for a monthly fee that would be minimal compare to the electricity bill people are used to pay, allowing the company, not only to recover the cost of the installation after few months but get recurrent revenues on the long run, from “selling hot water” and ensuring the maintenance of the equipment.
4.2.3.4 Long-term actions (5 to 15 years time frame)
On the long term, it would be necessary to develop a renovation programme targeting less energy efficient building where basic insulation could significantly improve comfort while reducing energy consumption.
To design and implement an adequate energy-retrofitting plan for residential buildings, the Governorate of Luxor should engage in the following steps:
- Assess the need through a detailed mapping of housing, registering average energy consumption per square meter, date of construction, location,
- Train small local companies that will have the flexibility to work in different type of conditions while performing adequate retrofitting programmes aiming at significant energy reduction,
- Develop a partnership with a bank acting as a “third party investor” that will support the necessary investment to cover the cost of building’ retrofitting. The bank will recover the cost of the loan from a part of the savings allowed by the retrofitting programme, and
- Promote retrofitting in selected targets offering the best potential in terms of return on investment and, elaborating on these showcases to further deploy the plan.
The main constraints of such a plan will be the mobilization of appropriate resources to fund renovation programmes, as in many cases house owners will not have the fund to invest at the appropriate level. This is why such a programme requires a partnership between the Governorates offering the guarantee that retrofitting will result in actual energy bill reduction, and the bank providing the funds. Such a plan should also include adoption of efficient cooling devices.
In addition, it could include the installation of solar PV panels to contribute to renewable electricity production, or/and install vegetal green roofs (if possible along with Solar PV panels) to reduce high temperature, especially in very hot summer months in the City of Luxor.
The Governorate should also work on promoting energy high-performance references for new building to be constructed. Note that the City of Luxor may benefits from the support of the German cooperation, or similar bilateral cooperation, to develop a building certification scheme that includes specific requirements on energy efficiency.
66
4.2.3.5 Expected results
Assumptions:
- Awareness can lead to 30% cuts in 50% of households,
- EWH consumes 30% of electricity households and the programme can manage to install SWH in 50% of households by 2030, and
- Building retrofitting will concern 20% of buildings by 2030, ensuring a 50% improvement in energy efficiency.
Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut/ BAU
Residential buildings 1,243,125 451,013 - 497,256 - 180,402 581,807 30 %
Awareness to reduce consumption - 186,469 - 67,649
SWH system installation - 186,469 - 67,649
Housing renovation plan for EE - 124,312 - 45,104
4.2.3.6 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI
Awareness to reduce consumption 200,000 € 1 to 2 years
SWH system installation 2,000,000 € 2 to 3 years
Housing renovation plan for EE (revolving fund) 2,000,000 € 4 to 5 years
Tertiary buildings
4.2.4.1 Current situation
Tertiary buildings are considered in two different categories: buildings owned and managed by the Governorate and other buildings (shops, offices, public administration buildings - different for Governorate ones, educational buildings, hotels, restaurants, banks and other service industries, health centres and hospitals, sport or cultural facilities, leisure equipment’s, religious buildings, etc.).
Governorate buildings and street lighting have already been addressed in previous sections dedicated to the direct scope of responsibility of the Governorate. We are here looking at “non governorate” tertiary buildings.
In the city of Luxor, there are 703 religious buildings (140 churches and 563 mosques owned by the Governorate), and one hospital also owned by the Governorate.
The tertiary buildings’ sector is the fourth sector in terms of energy consumption 295 GWh/year (6%) and GHG emission with 128 k tCO2eq/year (7%) in 2015. The Luxor distribution company LEPCo distributes
67
electricity used in tertiary buildings; tertiary buildings consume a total of 274,122 MWh of electricity annually, with a connection rate of 100 per cent.
4.2.4.2 Possible actions
Addressing the tertiary sector is always complex. The action plan should make a distinction between tertiary building owned by entrepreneurs who can see a direct benefit in energy saving as this will increase their profitability, and tertiary building owned or managed by groups that don’t have a direct interest in cutting costs. Entrepreneurs will be sensitive to an awareness campaign highlighting the financial benefit of any efforts to improve building efficiency. Instead other groups will be more interested in the symbolic value of contributing to the energy transition in the City of Luxor.
It is necessary to add a first step to properly assess the need through a detailed mapping of tertiary buildings, (schools and religious buildings), registering average energy consumption per square meter, date of construction, location. This will help targeting buildings offering the best potential for saving.
Hence, the action plan could be structured with two components:
Private entrepreneurs and services
- Unroll a vast awareness raising campaign among entrepreneurs to invite them to invest in energy efficiency in their building (air conditioning system, efficient lighting, etc.). The awareness could be built on the same model than the one developed for residential buildings. It also should be supported by specific training initiatives directed at premises managers and maintenance staff to help them promoting systems that will significantly support energy conservation.
- Offer them technical support (using the Green tourism support unit mentioned earlier) to speed up change in tertiary building, and
- Reward the more effective efforts offering official support and media coverage.
Non-commercial service’ providers
- The Governorate should develop partnerships with some of these “service providers” to develop showcases of efficient building also using renewable energy,
- Promote energy efficiency in hospitals and health centres, offering the possibility for these institutions to use saving for re-investing in improving their capacity to deliver services, and
- Engage a partnership with priests and imams to develop energy efficient devices and renewable energy in mosques and churches.
4.2.4.3 Expected results
Assumptions:
- Awareness and staff training can lead to 30% cuts in 50% of buildings, and
- Specific actions on schools and religious building can lead to 50% reduction in 50% of these buildings, which are considered to represent 20% of the overall sector.
68
Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut/ BAU
Tertiary buildings 290,740 126,111 - 273,054 - 21,096 162,683 13 %
Awareness to reduce consumption - 43,611 - 15,822
Pilot projects - 14,536 - 5,274
4.2.4.4 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI.
Awareness to reduce consumption 30,000 € 1 to 2 years
Pilot projects 1,000,000 € 3 to 4 years
Agriculture and forestry
4.2.5.1 Current situation
Agriculture is an important sector of the economy, representing 13.7 per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and providing 30 per cent of all employment. The agriculture in the Governorate of Luxor is relatively well developed, but in the City of Luxor there is only little number of farmers. There are no forestry areas in the Governorate, but there is one in the City of Luxor.
In 2015, the agriculture sector consumed 4 GWh/year for irrigation and crop processing. Agriculture activities surrounding the city are a combination of sugar cane, wheat, bananas and vegetables. Sugar cane and dried tomatoes from Luxor are very famous.
The total crop area in the city of Luxor is 65,959 acres of which 25,760 acres of sugarcane 17,101 of wheat 13,712 of corn and 9,422 of other crops. Apart from poultry, animal production is very limited as shown below.
One of the biggest problems in agriculture is the burning of pre-harvest sugar cane, which is the main cultivated crop in the city of Luxor (production: 237 tons/ season).
Around 337,110 tons are burned every year causing visible pollution in the air.
Live stock Count
Poultry farms 184
Cows 70,365
Goats 110,664
Poultry 2,884,370
Buffalos 55,842
Sheep 156,031
Hourses 540
Camels 1,701
69
4.2.5.2 Possible actions
As agriculture in the Governorate of Luxor produces a large amount of waste from harvesting, recycling such residues should be a top priority. The option would be to organize the collection of crop residues and combine this material with other bio-waste from other sources (food waste from hotel and resorts) to process it in bio-digesters. This plan would allow production of biogas possibly transformed into electricity and heat or used directly as fuel for vehicles.
Considering the very minimal impact of agriculture in energy consumption, it is not strategic to develop any actions to reduce energy consumption at this stage attention should focus on more strategic areas (transport, tourism, and residential buildings).
It is almost impossible at this stage to assess what could be the impact of an action plan. As mentioned above action to reduce energy consumption will only have a very marginal impact. Input from renewable energy production (biogas) will only be estimated when a more detailed assessment of available bio-waste will have been conducted.
Industry
4.2.6.1 Current situation
Industry in the city of Luxor is not a major economic sector like tourism. However, it remains a subject of concern as this sector consumes 10% of the total energy (518 GWh/y) and is the fourth GHG emitter (9% with 155 ktCO2 equivalent/ year) surpassing tertiary buildings.
4.2.6.2 Short-term actions (3 to 5 years’ time frame)
Three options could be promoted on the short term to prepare a more interesting long-term impact:
- Get a better understanding of energy consumption and GHG emission of the industry in Luxor, in order to build a comprehensive action plan on a robust analysis of the sector;
- Raise awareness among business owners by inviting them to think about any changes they could promote to reduce their own energy consumption or to encourage products and services that will help their clients to reduce their own energy consumption; and
- Raise awareness among the business sector on the benefit of developing renewable energy solutions and the industry that supports this development.
One practical option would be to develop energy audits for companies willing to address energy issues. This approach will help entrepreneurs considering the importance of energy in their business model and its impact on their profitability. When they will have understood how important is the subject, they will be keen to engage actions to reduce their energy consumption and when possible and appropriate to develop renewable energy production capacities.
4.2.6.3 Long-term action (5 to 15 years’ time frame)
The “Green Industry Unit” initially set up to offer services to Industry’ operators could progressively expend its support to the service sector (tertiary buildings) and the industry. This technical unit would provide advices and technical support to any company willing to seriously address any issues regarding energy consumption or production.
70
The GIU will support companies in different projects:
- Improving industrial processes to reduce energy consumption;
- Promoting renewable energy units on the roof tops of factories and workshops; and
- Improving production models to reduce waste generation and improve reuse and recycling.
Note: Depending on the detailed understanding of energy consumption from the industry, it will then be possible to identify more precise actions to implement in order to reduce energy consumption in this sector.
It is also important to mobilise the industry, as some entrepreneurs could be interested in developing knowledge and expertise to be able to offer services to other sectors in order to answer demands for equipment or services to support the energy transition. For example, if solar heating systems are adopted in different sectors, then it would be interesting to support the development of a local production of such devices. This would for sure generate a positive spiral in favour of the development of a green economy in the Governorate of Luxor.
4.2.6.4 Expected results
Assumptions:
- Awareness can lead to 20% cuts in 50% of the sector
- Specific projects could generate an additional 30% cut in 10% of the sector.
Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut/ BAU
Industry 518,354 155,315 - 67,386 - 20,010 200,356 10 %
Awareness campaign - 51,835 - 15,351
Specific projects - 15,551 - 4659
4.2.6.5 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI.
Awareness to reduce consumption 30,000 € 1 to 2 years
Specific projects 1,000,000 € 3 to 4 years
4.3. Renewable energy development
Despite the availability of sun, wind, water force in the Governorate of Luxor, like in many other parts of Egypt, renewable energy is only emerging as a source of generating electricity. People are relying on electricity produced in utilities powered by fossil fuel and classical solution for mobility based on diesel or gasoline. The global uptake of renewable solution should push the Governorate to explore all opportunities available to develop new production models. Following this route, the Governorate of Luxor will reduce its dependency on “imported energy” and spark a new economy that will create jobs and generate revenues for local industries and people.
Solar PV
The Egyptian Government is willing to support renewable energy development and for this reason adopted
71
a feed in tariff policy. If this policy seems to be adapted to large-scale investments, it doesn't represent a real boost for households units. Indeed, the gap between FiT (Feed-in-Tariff) offered for such small unit and the price of electricity for individuals is not significant to speed up investment.
Feed-in-Tariffs solar power
FiT (1) FiT (1) EUR cents
FiT (2) FiT(2) EUR cents
Households (piasters kWh) EGP 84.80 4.0 102.90 4.9
Commercial up to 500 kW (piasters kWh) EGP 90.10-97.30 4.3-4.7 108.50 5.2
500 kW – 20 MW (US cents / kWh) 13.60 11.5 7.90 6.7
20 MW – 50 MW (US cents / kWk) 14.30 12.1 8.40 7.1
Source: Egyptian Electricity Holding Company - EEHC, MoERE
Exchange rate of NBE for 1 Euro = 20.8608 EGP
Large-scale investments facilitated by foreign companies are not facing the same type of problem.
For example, a German-Swiss venture, Terra Sola, in cooperation with the Egyptian Government agreed to commence a solar power projects for US$ 3.5bn in Luxor. Terra Sola not only proposed to install a 2000 MW capacity solar power plant, but to establish solar power module and inverter factories. The plan also includes efforts to train new Egyptian professional in this sector. Studies conducted by Terra Sola assessed that these comprehensive solar projects (10 solar power stations, with a 200 MW capacity each) could cover most of Egyptian electricity needs while creating 50,000 jobs, beside training and qualifying over 10,000 workers and employees13.
As Terra Sola also plans to establish a dedicated fund to developing and supporting small and medium-sized renewable energy projects in Luxor, the Governorate of Luxor should develop a partnership with this company targeting different objectives:
- Develop solar PV units on all Governorate buildings: Potential of Solar PV equipment has been explored for various public buildings and a first experiment seems to be very promising (conducted in 4 public buildings in Luxor);
- Develop specific projects for other symbolic buildings: schools, mosques, churches, hospitals and health centres;
- Implement solar “umbrella” on parking lots and bus stations. This would be particularly appropriate for parking lots close to the heritage sites. They will offer a valuable shade for people and cars, and would be used to power lighting and AC in antiquities and museums; and
- Promote small scale units for households.
There are other projects in development as part of the new Government of Egypt’s Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) program launched in late 2014 for both solar and wind. The Phoenix Power 1 project includes a solar PV power plant with a capacity of 62 MWp to be located in Ben Ban, Egypt (Governorate of Aswan). This big unit will be another opportunity to steer the development of Solar PV in Upper Egypt. In 2017, the Ben Ban Solar
13 http://www.meobserver.org/?p=4210
72
power plant project will be generating 2 GW, the largest solar farm in the world.
Solar PV for residents and private owners
The plan would be to develop solar PV units in every possible place invited inhabitants to contribute to this development. Through this process, city residents will benefit additional income after the payback period and will become energy producers as well as being energy consumers. The City of Luxor could set up a revolving fund to support this development.
Different options could be proposed to develop this process:
- The City of Luxor proposes residents to invest and install 5 kW units on their roof. The electricity produced goes to the Electric utility. When the total value of electricity produced matches the initial investment, the PV unit ownership gets transferred to the resident who will then receive incomes from the electricity sold to the utility. In this system the financial balance remains the same for the City / Utility. It covers the initial investment and receives in return electricity, which will not be bought from other sources generating an economy equivalent to the initial investment. When the PV unit gets transferred to the resident, it buys electricity for him and not from an outside source;
- The City of Luxor invites resident to share the investment. In that case the resident will cover part of the investment and will benefit a shorter period before getting revenues from his solar PV production. The overall economy of the system remains the same. However one can consider that sharing the investment with residents will push them to get more ownership on the energy issue and been then more conscious on the benefit of working for energy conservation and efficiency along with developing their own production; and
- The City of Luxor passes a deal with a bank that will offer attractive loans to residents. Residents benefiting from such loans cover 100% of the investment. The City utility offers its guarantee to secure the loan, as commits to buy all the electricity produced. This mechanism could allow a faster development of PV units.
As solar PV seems to be booming in the Luxor Region it is key for the Governorate to ensure that this boom not only benefits big foreign investors, but also contribute to the solar energy take off in all sector of the society as this form of energy can be developed in many different forms, from large scale units to individual small-scale production capacities.
Solar heating
Solar heating could be widely used for covering households’ needs and tourism sector heat consumption (for sanitary water and swimming pools). Solar heating could also be used in some industries, shops, restaurants, etc. that require hot water. Modern equipment is allowing very good performance to match specific industrial needs.
This component of the plan could then:
- Raise awareness in all sectors on the expected benefits of this technology;
- Identify specific need of individuals, tourism operators, and industry related to heat and hot water requirement;
- Identify technical solutions to match these needs with solar heating devices; and
- Develop pilot projects to promote these new production capacities.
Solar heating is a simple technology than can easily be developed with the support of local technician
73
producing solar heater in small workshops, stimulating the economy and creating jobs.
The role of the Governorate would be to promote the technology, develop show vase projects in its own building, value initial investment and reward the most remarkable realisations.
Biogas
As previously mentioned, there is a huge potential in agricultural by products and organic waste to be processed in bio-digesters. The Governorate of Luxor should command a comprehensive study to explore the benefit of such a technology in the surrounding of the City. This study would be the basis to recommend the most appropriate set up: number of units and size; bio-waste collection system; energy production expected and recommended use (heat, electricity or fuel for vehicles).
Such a pre-study would require an investment of 20.000 Euro that would be necessary before entering the detailed conception phase.
Hydro along the Nile River
The Nile River is a very powerful asset to produce energy. Modern technologies testes in various part of the world now propose to install turbines in the flow of a river. The turbine fixed underneath a floating platform doesn’t require any specific infrastructure that would affect the flow of the river.
It would be very interesting to check if this technology could be adapted in Luxor, for example with a barge equipped with such hydro turbine close to the bridge connecting Western and Eastern banks.
Such hydro turbine would produce electricity that could nicely combine with solar, as the Nile River doesn’t stop at night when solar PV will not be active anymore.
A 20.000 Euro prefeasibility study could give enough information to decide if the Governorate of Luxor should proceed with this technology or not.
Expected results
Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2014 Cut expected in 2020 Situation in 2020
GHG in tCO2eq/year Electricity* GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut/BAU
Renewable energy production + 56,000 - 24,850 2,319,373 11 %
Solar PV public buildings (750 MWc) + 12,000 - 5,325
Solar PV households & private (750MWc) + 12,000 - 5,325
Solar power plant 2000MWc (Tera Sola) +32,000 - 14,200
Other technologies will require further investigation before assessing production potential.
4.3.5.1 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI.
Solar PV public buildings (750 MWc) Rolling fund for 7.5 MWc* 10,000,000 € 4 to 5 years
Solar PV households & private (750MWc) Rolling fund for 7.5 MWc* 10,000,000 € 4 to 5 years
Solar power plant 2000MWc (Tera Sola) Not relevant (outside SECAP funding)
The 10 m€ rolling fund allow to install 7.5MWc that will produce 57 MWh/year offering a 4 to 5 years ROI (providing the feedin tariff remains at the same value 102 piastre/KWh).
74
5. Conclusions
The current action plan will result in achieving a 26% reduction in GHG emission compared to the business as usual scenario in 2030, where emission would reach 2,270 ktCO2eq/ year. It is pretty hard to identify where additional cuts as the proposed plan is already very ambitious. Note that this plan reaches a reduction of 600 ktCO2eq/year in 2030 representing a reduction of 33% compare to the level of 2015 GHG emissions.
Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030
Situation in 2030 / BAU Scenario
GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG Cut
City of Luxor building & services - 10,928
All municipality buildings 4,718 2,595 - 1,740 - 957 3,347 29 %
Street lighting 5,623 3,093 - 2,924 - 1,608 3,990 40 %
Water delivery 15,000 6,679 - 4,500 - 2,004 8,615 23 %
Solid waste management 12,326 25,577 - 1,000 - 4,463 32,994 14 %
Governorate of Luxor fleet 10,686 3,723 - 5,343 -1,896 4,802 39 %
All stakeholders - 588,954
Residential buildings 1,243,125 451,013 - 497,256 - 180,402 581,806 - 30 %
Tertiary buildings 290,740 126,111 - 273,054 - 21,096 162,683 - 13 %
Transport 2,002,401 530,813 - 800,961 - 212,325 684,748 - 30 %
Tourism 841,846 296,165 -247,050 - 130,271 382,053 - 42 %
Industry 518,354 155,315 - 67,386 - 20,010 200,356 - 10 %
Renewable energy + 56,000 - 24,850 - 11 %
TOTAL - 599,882 2,319,373 26 %
The overall budget required for this plan amounts 38 million Euros at this stage, breaking down as follows.
Sector Activity Reduction in GHG Cost
GOVERNORATE BUILDINGS Staff awareness campaign 10 % 30,000
Switch to LED lighting and sensor systems 30 % 40,000
Switching to more efficient AC devices 30 % 100,000
STREET LIGHTING Expand LED deployment 40 % 300,000
Street lighting strategic plan 30% 40,000
WATER DELIVERY Switch to variable power pumps 30% 150,000
SCADA system 15 % 70,000
WASTE Energy efficiency 20% 50,000
LUXOR PUBLIC FLEET Improve fleet management 20% 50,000
75
TRANSPORT Common charter for service improvement 10 % 50,000
Sustainability mobility and transport strategic plan
- Promoting new engines 10 % 300,000
- Active mobility development 5 % 2,000,000
- Traffic optimization through urban planning 5 % 2,000,000
TOURISM Awareness raising (hotels, cruise boats transport) 10 % 150,000
Cruise fleet refurbishment 30 % 5,000,000
Hotel and resort refurbishment (rolling fund) 40 % 1,000,000
Efficiency in lighting heritage sites 20 % 200,000
RESIDENTIAL SECTOR Awareness to reduce consumption 15 % 200,000
SWH system installation 15 % 2,000,000
Housing renovation plan for EE (rolling fund) 10 % 2,000,000
TERTIARY SECTOR Awareness to reduce consumption 15 % 30,000
Pilot projects 12,5% 1,000,000
INDUSTRY Awareness to reduce consumption 10 % 30,000
Specific projects 0.3% 1,000,000
RENEWABLE ENERGY Solar PV public sector Rolling fund for 7.5 MWc 11%
10,000,000
Solar PV private sector Rolling fund for 7.5 MWc 10,000,000
TOTAL in € 37,790,000
76
Section IV: Climate Adaptation Plan
1. Executive summary
This section aims at providing Climate Action for internal guidance to the Governorate of Luxor (Municipality) regarding the vulnerability of climate change, climate risk assessment and climate adaptation. The proposed structure has been developed based on extensive literature review. This study, which is an integral part of the sustainable energy and climate action plan (SECAP), is a strategic document as well as an operational tool.
Current trends indicate that climate change (CC) is happening due to increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere in recent years as a result of burning great quantities of fossil fuels and deforestation. In recent decades, changes in climate have caused impacts on natural and human systems worldwide. Evidence of CC impacts was observable in different sectors that also have consequences for social and human aspects of the built environment.
This section describes the SECAP - Climate Adaptation Action (CAA). It comprises three main parts that are dedicated to analysing the existing situation in Egypt and the Governorate and City of Luxor. It also presents a study conducted on the Risk Analysis and Vulnerability Assessment in order to define the adaptation actions already in place or suggested to be implemented by the Governorate of Luxor and the City of Luxor.
2. Current Status Analysis
This chapter focuses on an introduction to climate change impacts particularly in Mediterranean countries. It also highlights the National and Regional Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation. This is followed by a part dedicated to climate data feeding in estimations of the climate change impacts in the future, as well the evolution of the climate conditions in the area (temperature increase, rainfalls etc.). The last part of this chapter focuses on adaptation scoreboard, including a self-assessment from the Governorate of Luxor against the standard adaptation scoreboard in the SECAP template.
2.1. Introduction to Climate Change Impact
The Mediterranean region is rich in a large variety of complex climatic phenomena, linked with its morphology and geographical location. Indeed, the Mediterranean Sea in a transitional band between subtropical and middle latitude regimes, offering large climate variability at multiple timescales and a strong seasonal variability of precipitation in many areas (Lionello 2012). The Mediterranean region has been identified as a prominent “Hot-Spots” in future climate change projections (Giorgi 2006). The water cycle and its extremes are one of the major concerns, since there are many countries that are over exploiting water resources, a problem that is expected to deteriorate in the future. Episodes of extreme precipitation are also taking place and disastrous floods are a major threat for the region, especially the coastal areas. In addition to the above, cultivation of marginal land, overgrazing and firewood harvesting put more pressure on the environment, particularly in the Southern Mediterranean Countries, such as (Lionello 2012).
According to Luterbacher, et al. (2006), the Mediterranean region has experienced drastic changes in its climate over the years. Figure 14 presents the seasonal mean temperature for the period 1961-1990 depicted in panels A-D, while the total precipitation maps for the same period are depicted in panels E-H.
77
Figure 14: Seasonal (winter: December – January – February; spring: March – April – May; summer: June – July – August; autumn: September – October – November) mean temperature (oC, panels A-D) and total precipitation (mm per season, panels E-H) maps for the period 1961 -1990 based on CRU data - Source: Lionello, 2012
Figure 15: Multi Global Model Ensemble (MGME) average change in surface air temperature for the four seasons, 2071–2100 minus 1961–1990. Units are °C. DJF is December–January–February, MAM is March–April–May, JJA is June–July–August, SON is September–October–November
Source: Giorgi et al., 2008
According to European Investment Bank (EIB) report of 2008, for the Mediterranean region, climate experts anticipate during the 21st century:
• An increase in air temperature in the range of 2.2 C° to 5.1 C° for the countries of Southern Europeand the Mediterranean region over the period 2080 – 2099 with respect to the period 1980 – 1999;
• A significant decrease in rainfall, ranging between -4 and -27 % for the countries of Southern Europeand the Mediterranean region (while the countries of Northern Europe will report a rise between 0and 16 %);
• Increase in drought periods manifested by a high frequency of days during which the temperaturewould exceed 30 °C. Extreme events, such as heat waves, droughts or floods, are likely to be morefrequent and violent; and
• An increase of the sea level, which, according to some specific studies, could be around 35 cm up tothe end of the century.
Giannakopoulos et al. (2005) underlines that, the most significant temperature increases in the 21st century are expected in Eastern Egypt and especially the Nile Delta, Lebanon, Israel and the Maghreb. It is therefore evident that the more vulnerable Mediterranean areas will be those of North Africa adjacent to desert areas, the major deltas (such the Nile one), the coastal areas (Northern rim and Southern rim of the Mediterranean basin), as well as the high-demographic growth and socially vulnerable areas (Southern and Eastern rim,
78
densely populated cities and suburbs). In the Mediterranean region, 50% of the urban population lives in an altitude of less than 10 meters from the sea level, in areas, which are vulnerable to sea level rise. In addition to the above, tourist destinations in these areas are vulnerable not only due to the sea level rise, but also due to the temperature increase encountered (Plan Bleu, 2009).
The impacts of CC on the Mediterranean environment will relate particularly to (EIB, 2008):
• Water, via a change of its cycle due to a rise in evaporation and a decrease in rainfall. This waterproblem will be of crucial importance for sustainable development in the region;
• Soil, via the acceleration of already existing desertification phenomena;
• Land and marine biological diversity (animal and plant), via a displacement northward and in altitudeof certain species, extinction of less mobile or more climate sensitive species, and emergence of newspecies; and
• Forests, via a rise in fire hazards and parasite risks.
These impacts will exacerbate already existing pressures on the natural environment connected with anthropogenic activities, such as agriculture and fishery (reduction of yields), tourism attractiveness (heat waves, water scarcity), coastal areas and infrastructures (significant exposure to the action of waves, coastal storms and other extreme weather events, rise in sea level), human health (heat waves), the energy sector (water needs for power plants, hydropower and increased consumption).
In line to the above, the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (SEMCs) appear to be more vulnerable to CC than the Northern Mediterranean Countries (NMCs). Indeed, they are, on the one hand, more exposed to accelerated desertification, soil aridity and water scarcity and, on the other hand, presenting economic structures that are more strongly dependent on natural resources, as well as technical and financial capacities that are too limited to help implement large-scale adaptation options (EIB, 2008). The Mediterranean, and more especially the Southern and Eastern rim, are and will be more affected by climate change than most other regions of the world in the course of the 21st century. The impacts of the rise in temperatures, the decrease in rainfall, the multiplication of the number and intensity of extreme events and the possible rise in sea level overlap and amplify the already existing pressures of anthropogenic origin on the natural environment. Through the crucial issue of scarcity of water resources, their impacts are fraught with consequences in the 21st century for human activities, in particular agriculture, fishery, tourism, infrastructures, urbanized coastal areas and hydropower production. To minimize as much as possible the economic losses and damages, several adaptation options must be thought out and implemented.
Energy production lies at the heart of the climate issue. On the one hand, it is the main GHG emitting sector, and CO2 emissions in the future must be contained. On the other hand, hydropower production, significant in certain countries (13% of power production in the SEMCs), is affected by climate and water regimes changes, as are plant cooling systems. Lastly, the energy demand (in particular, electricity) is growing at a very high pace in the region and is likely to be further accelerated by the additional demand in response to climate change (water desalination, air-conditioning of buildings, and other).
Analysing the BEI results of the city of Luxor shows that there are three main sectors that generate the highest rate of GHG emissions. These are: a) Transport; b) Residential buildings; and c) Tourism. Hence, adaptation actions are needed to reduce emission and CC risks on the governorate and city level.
79
2.2. Climate Change Impacts in Egypt
Many sectors will be influenced by CC risks: sea level rise, water scarcity, food insecurity, deteriorating human health and ecosystems, disruption of the built environment in different scales ranging from building to cities, losses for economic sectors across continents, especially in developing countries such as Egypt (Figure 16).
Figure 16: Classification of climate change impacts on cities
One of the major impacts in Egypt is desertification, which is already threatening many continents, namely: Africa, Asia and Latin America14. Desertification means that sand encroachment to vegetation and causes land loss, land degradation and difficulty in vegetation growth, especially to farmland adjacent to desert. Desertification is already affecting one quarter of the total land surface of the globe15. It occurs due to drought caused by climatic variations, mainly high temperatures and irregular rainfall16. This is a typical climatic characteristic of the City of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor, thus increased pest and disease due to high temperatures in winter will be a suitable weather for mosquitoes to attack crops in spring that threat food security17.
On the national scale, Egypt is facing major challenges as a result of CC impact among all sectors that reflect on the built environment, which ranked as the most exposed and vulnerable sectors that result of sea level rise (SLR) in the coastal areas, whereas in non-coastal areas such as the city of Luxor, global warming would be a great impact on the thermal comfort, air and water quality as well as pressure on the energy sector. Although Egypt emits about 1 per cent of the world’s GHG emissions, it is one of the developing countries vulnerable to the
14 Alberto Marini, Mohamed Talbi, Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on Mapping Desertification, Springer Science & Business Media, 2008, p. 274. 15 Olagunju, Temidayo Ebenezer.Ecology and Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Zoology University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria., "Drought, desertification and the Nigerian environment," academic journals, Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment., vol. 7, pp. 196-209, July, 2015. 16 UNESCO, "What is desertification? Objective: Introduce the phenomenon of desertification," Available at: www.unesco.org/mab/doc/ekocd/chapter1.html - (Accessed on July 15, 2017). 17 E.C.OERKE, Institute for Plant Diseases, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn, Nussallee 9, D-53315 Bonn, Germany, "Crop losses to pests" The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. Volume 144, no. Issue 01, pp. pp 31-43, February 2006.
Direct impact
• Temperature• Heat waves• Rain falls patterns• Storms • Floods• Droughts
Indirect impact
• Agricultural• Food security• Ecosystems• Water• Coastal zones• Energy• Forests• Desert• Tourism• Health• Fishery
80
negative impacts of climate change. Figure 17 shows climate change impacts in Egypt in the past 4 years in several cities such as: Alexandria, Aswan, Luxor and the Red Sea area.
Severe floods hit Alexandria, 24th Oct 2015 and 2016 resulting from climate change impacts
a. Discourling of river Nile, Cairo b. Destruction by floods c. Vehicles submerged in floods
Severe floods hit Ras Ghareb, Governorate of Re Sea, Nov. 1, 2016 – climate change risks
Stormy floods in Sinai Stormy floods in Taba Stormy floods in Aswan
Stormy floods in Sinai, Red Sea and Aswan, Egypt, May 2014
Snow sever storm and cold spell in Cairo-Egypt, 19th December 2013
Figure 17: Classification Climate change impacts on Cities - Egypt
Climate change impacts – Urban areas
The impact of CC on urban areas is witnessed in temperature rise that led to increasing the Heat Island Effect (HIE), thus increase air pollution in urban areas. The higher the temperatures are the more ozone pollution on ground level that exacerbates diseases such as asthma and breathing difficulties even in healthy individuals. Heat stress affects public health, especially children, the elderly and respiratory patients and
81
cause mortalities18.
In line with the above, an extraordinary heat wave hit Egypt, between 9th and 18th of August 2015, and had resulted in 200 people suffered from heat stress and hospitalised; beside 98 elderly people were reported dead19 20. Since 1960, global warming effect increases over Egypt and resulted in an increase in the frequency of warm nights and a decrease in cool nights between 1960 and 2003, as well as an increase in the summer temperatures’ averages. It is estimated that temperature will increases over Egypt between 3-3.5°C by 210021. Also, reports stated that air quality is a problem - 20,000 people dying annually due to diseases caused by air pollution. The cost of air pollution on Egypt’s economy is ranging from 1 to 3 per cent of GDP22.
Urban infrastructures are also vulnerable to CC impact, especially those located in the coastal zones. Floods along coastal areas due to sea level rise (SLR) are leading to damage of properties and disruption of infrastructure, namely the international coastal road, which is an important corridor that links the North-western coast to North eastern cost of Egypt.
The high temperatures and coastal erosion will also increase the cost of maintenance of paved roads. For example, in 1980 the heat wave that hit the USA damaged hundreds of miles of highways23. It is projected that floods in Egypt will damage properties, infrastructure and displace people, e.g., flooding that took place in January 2010 affected over 3500 people and claimed 12 lives24. The annual loss in property’s values due to sea level rise (SLR) would be 1 to 2 EGP billion and 7 to 16 billion EGP by 2030 and 2060 respectively25. The predicted 50 cm rise in sea level would threaten 2 million people and force most of them to be displaced out of the risky zones near coastal area. Also, the migration waves due to floods will be forced to move to urban centres and rural settlements, hence increase the pressure on cities and its infrastructures, which are already suffering from heavy traffic due population growth. In addition, the salt water intrusion will affect the foundations of buildings, roads and water quality26.
Climate change impacts – Costal zones
The northern coastal zone of Egypt and the Nile Delta – 1200 km long the Mediterranean coast – are exposed to inundations (sea waves and floods), loss of land due to sea level rise (SLR), that is estimated at 704
18 Elizabeth Martin Perera and Todd Sanford, "Climate Change and Your Health: Rising Temperatures, Worsening Ozone Pollution," Union of Concerned Scientists, June 2011. 19 Egyptian Weather forecast Centre, (EWFC) 20 Ministry of Health report, August 17, 2015 21 "Climate: Observations, projections and impacts," UK Met Office, 2011. 22 David Tresilian, "Egypt and climate change," Ahram weekly, May 2014. Available at: weekly.ahram.org.eg /News/6060/32/Egypt-and-climate-change.aspx - Accessed in April 2016. 23 Christopher R. Adams, "Impacts of Temperature Extremes", available at: http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/ socasp/weather1/adams.html/. Accessed in April 2016. 24 "Historical Climate Variability and Change, Egypt dashboard", The World Bank Group, 2016, Available at: sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportalb/home.cfm?page=country_profile&CCode=EGY&ThisTab=RiskOverview, Accessed in April 2016. 25 Joel Smith, Bruce McCarl Texas, Paul Kirshen James Malley and Mohamed Abdrabo, "Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Egyptian Economy 2013," United Nations Development Programme, Cairo, Egypt, 2013. 26 Alexandra Fielden Intern, "Ignored Displaced Persons: the plight of IDPs in urban areas," Policy Development and Evaluation Service, UNHCR, no. 161, July 2008.
82
Kilometre Square by 202517. A study predicted that 50 cm rise in sea level would threaten 2 million people in Alexandria alone. The middle SLR scenario projects that 276,748 houses are vulnerable to SLR of 7 cm by 2030, and then increase to 338,178 houses vulnerable to SLR of 27 cm by 206027. The SLR will also lead to seawater intrusion that would result in a negative impact on water quality28. The Northern coasts of Egypt are threatened by coastal erosion29. In addition, the Nile Delta is already subsiding at a rate of 3 to 5 mm per year. Moreover, the city of Alexandria will lose about 30 per cent of the city area due to inundations. Based on a study conducted on climate change impact in Egypt, it is predicted that over 1.5 million people will be affected and lose 195,000 jobs as well as land; with properties’ damage estimated of USD30 billion30.
According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the relative SLR for North Middle Delta in high SLR scenario is estimated to be about 110 cm by 2060, would cause loss of 52.7 per cent of agricultural lands. In the North Middle Delta and West Delta, 60 cm and over 55 cm SLR would cause loss of 10.4 per cent and 13.2 per cent of agricultural lands respectively. Hence, indicates that the North East Delta is the most vulnerable area to SLR17.
Climate change impacts – Agriculture
Agriculture is one of the main sectors in Egypt that will be influenced by climate change impact due to water supply, less rainfall, and high heat waves as well as population increase. Agriculture is an important sector of economy, which represents about 14 per cent of Egypt’s GDP and it employs large number of people than any other sectors - providing 30 per cent of all employment. Most of agricultural productivity comes from agricultural lands in the Mediterranean coast and Nile Delta31. Also, the rise in temperatures will change crop production. In addition, agriculture will suffer from water stress that would lead to increasing pressure on irrigation systems due to negative impact of climate change on water resources. Inundations along the coasts and low-lying due to SLR, threat agricultural lands along the Mediterranean coast and Nile Delta by 205017, that would result in reducing crop production, loss of agricultural and increasing soil salinization by water shortage and SLR32.
Climate change impacts – Water
Egypt is one of the developing countries that is vulnerable to water stress due to cc impact which rapidly increasing the gap between water supply and demand due to population growth. By the year 2020, water demand will increase by 20 per cent due to increase population. The total population of Egypt increased by
27 C. P. Kumar, "Climate Change and Its Impact on Groundwater Resources," International Journal of Engineering and Science, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 43-60, October 2012.
28 Omran E. Frihy, Khalid M. Dewidar, Mohamed El Raey, "Evaluation of coastal problems at Alexandria, Egypt," Researchgate, Vol. 30, pp. 281-295, January 1996 29 Omran Frihy, Khalid Dewidar, Mohamed El Raey, "Evaluation of coastal problems at Alexandria, Egypt," Researchgate, Vol.30, pp. 281-295, January 1996. 30 Shardul Agrawala, Annett Moehner, Mohamed El Raey, Declan Conway, Maarten van Aalst, Marca Hagenstad and Joel Smith, "Development and Climate Change in Egypt: Focus on Coastal Resources and the Nile," Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD, 2004. 31 "World Development Indicators: Freshwater," World Bank, Available at: wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.5/ 32 Hossain, "Global Warming induced Sea Level Rise on Soil, Land and Crop Production Loss in Bangladesh," in 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Brisbane, Australia, August 6, 2010
83
36 million from 1950 to 2010, population growth will increase to between 120-150 million by 205033. In March 2017, the population of Egypt reached over 100 million people34 including 8 million abroad. Most of water consumption is consumed by the Agriculture sector, which represents 85 per cent of the annual total water resource35. The impact of CC will affect in Egypt’s water resources, especially the Nile River that supply 95 per cent of Egypt’s total water. Optimistic scenarios project a flow increase of one-fourth, and pessimistic scenarios project reducing flow by more than one-third, but 70 per cent of studies predicted a decline in Nile water availability. Climate change will also decline the share of water from 700 m3 to 350 m3 yearly per capita by 2040, and a 50 per cent reduction of rainfall on Egypt’s Mediterranean coast. The total annual precipitation for Egypt over the period 1960 to 2003 recorded a decline of 54 mm. Sea water intrusions will increase the water salinity and affect farms that depends on underground water. Moreover, CC will increase number of informal settlements without access to safe water and sanitation.
Climate change impacts – Ecosystems
Ecosystems will be highly affected by climate change. Many areas in Egypt that includes fragile ecosystems are exposed to such impacts. The Mediterranean coastal shorelines of Egypt contain five large lakes that constitute about 25 per cent of the total wetlands in the Mediterranean region. The Low-lying coastal zones and Nile Delta are exposed to rising in sea levels. The land subsidence in coastal zones, at least 1.6, 1.0, and 2.3 mm per year at Alexandria, Burullus, and Port-Said would exacerbate the impacts of rising seas and may be exceed the expected value of 18-59 cm by the end of this century. Seawater intrusion and increasing soil evaporation due to high temperature play a key role in increased salinity of almost 35 per cent of the agricultural lands in Egypt, which harm ecological system36. Erosion due to SLR is affecting the costal zones of Damietta city, which led to retreated more than 500 m between 1983 to1995. Also, Aswan dam plays a role in reducing sediment in the Nile delta and increasing vulnerability to coastal erosion37, but the biggest danger that accelerates the pace of climate change impact is the anthropogenic pressures. In Manzala Lake (North of Egypt), human induced such as conversion of wetland ecosystems to agricultural lands, land use change, lack of appropriate management systems, and discharge considerable amounts of sewage and industrial wastes directly into the wetlands and lakes increase vulnerability of ecosystems in addition to natural pressures. The SLR is expected to increase the rate of saline leakage to the topsoil of the Delta and would change of low-lying land into “sabkhas” (very saline land) due to effect of SLR that will be increased over the time and may have a serious impact on agriculture and groundwater resources in the upper Nile Delta, increasing the salinity of Manzala Lake with negative impacts on ecology and fisheries of the lake38
In terms of endangered species, a substantial number of the currently endangered species might be lost due
33 "Water Scarcity in Egypt," Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egypt, February 2014 34 CAPMAS - Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics – available at www.capmas.org.eg 35 Bates, B.C., Z.W. Kundzewicz, S. Wu and J.P. Palutiko, "Analyzing regional aspects of climate change and water resources," IPCC Secretariat, 2008. 36 Mohamed El Raey, "Impacts and Implications of Climate Change for the Coastal Zones of Egypt," The Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington, 2010 37 Elsharkawy H., Rashed H., and Rached I, "The impacts of SLR on Egypt," 45th ISOCARP Congress 2009. 38 M. EL-RAEY, KR. DEWIDAR AND M. EL-HATTAB, "Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change," Springer, Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 343-361, September 1999
84
to climate change impacts on the habitats in Northern lakes of Egypt such as: the lagoons of Maryut, Edku, Borullus, Manzala and Bardaweel39. The northern part of the Nile Delta Natural Protectorates of the “Bays of El Gamil”, “Ashtoon El Gamil”, and “Al Manzala lagoon” in Port-Said Governorate represent wetlands and natural restricted area for birds that might be affected by SLR, and similarly in “El-Brolus” protected area in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. The habitat of almost 135 amphibious plant species and has a significant role in receiving immigration of wild birds exposed to “Zaraniq” Protected Area and “El Bardwaeel Marsh” in the North Sinai Governorate is key points for bird migration in the world and the habitat for living and reproduction. Over 270 species of birds have been recorded in the area such as Pelicans, herons, storks, crested lark, quail, white stork, lark, avocet, Hem Harrier Rail and falcon40; and climate change will affect them all. A study conducted in 2014 on coral reefs in Red Sea coasts showed a significant decline on Growth of coral reefs due to bleaching as a result of change water temperature and acidity in addition to human that induced pressure and caused damage. These coral reefs are also exposed to water pollution form a high volume of commercial shipping, oil spills, sewage and nutrient loading from hotels and resorts and over fishing41. In Hurghada, coral reefs recorded a decline in growing and faced a 40 % decrease during 1987–2000. It is estimated that these coral face more drastic declines of about 49% and 45% between year 2000 and 2013 respectively. This decline affects the biodiversity concerning over 1,000 species, besides the mangrove vegetation in the coasts42.
Climate change impacts – Tourism
Tourism is one of the sectors that will be affected by climate change. In 2010, tourism accounted for 11 per cent of Egypt’s GDP and provided employment for about 12 per cent of Egypt's workforce43. Almost 85 percent of visits to Egypt are for leisure and recreation that resulted in recreational expenditures on Red Sea corals of US$472 million (2.6 billion EGP). In 2000, 75 per cent of tourism activity in Egypt was concentrated on the Sinai and Red Sea for leisure and diving.
One of the climate change manifestations is that the rise in temperatures and the increased seawater acidification would increase coral reefs’ bleaching.
According to a recent study, it is also expected an 80 per cent increase in coral reefs’ bleaching in the Red Sea by 2060. One already noticed coral reefs growth decreased by 30 per cent in 201317. In addition, losses in internal tourism due to SLR in many cities such as Alexandria, Port-Said, Ras el Barr, Gamasa, and Baltiem by 202544. The SLR causes threat to archaeological sites in area like Abu Keer, Qaitbey Citadel, Selsela (Eastern
39 Ben Haj, S., Cebrian, D., Limam, A., Grimes, et al, "Vulnerability and impacts of climate change on marine and coastal biological diversity in the Mediterranean, Arab Countries," UNEP, Tunis, 2009 40 "Natural Protectorates Description," Ministry of Environment (MoE), Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), Available at: www.eeaa.gov.eg/enus/topics/nature/protectorates/protectoratesdescription.aspx./ - Accessed on October 2015. 41 T. J. Done, "Phase shifts in coral reef communities and their ecological significance," Springer Link, Vol. 247, No. 1, pp. 121-132, November 1992. 42 H. El-Askary, S. H. Abd El-Mawla, J. Li, M. M. El-Hattab & M. El-Raey, "Change detection of coral reef habitat using Landsat-5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI data in the Red Sea (Hurghada, Egypt)," International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 2327-2346, 2014. 43 "Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared," Reuters Africa, October 2009 - Available at: af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE59J0PG20091020?sp=true. Accessed on : July 2015. 44 "Egypt’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change And Disaster Risk Reduction," the Egyptian cabinet information and decision support center, December 2011.
85
harbour) in Alexandria45.
Moreover, heat waves will affect the attractiveness and for tourism movement in Egypt due to the fact that most of tourists prefer moderate weather46.
Climate change impacts – Health
Egypt already suffers from air and water pollution. Diseases that are caused by poor water quality and sanitation kill 17,000 children per year. Concentration level of air pollution in urban centre of Greater Cairo was 82.6 mg/m3, when the World Health Organization standard is 10 mg/m3. This dramatic situation leads to 20,000 premature deaths yearly in Cairo and Alexandria and costs Egypt economy from 3 to 6 % GDP. Climate change could increase air pollution because high temperature and low precipitation tend to increase the pollution in the air, so annual mortality will increase by hundred to thousand and Egypt loss would be 10 to 24 billion EGP per year17.
Air and water pollution levels in Egypt contribute to many premature deaths and morbidity. About 17,000 children per year, one-fifth of all childhood deaths, are estimated to result from poor water quality, inadequate hygiene, and poor sanitation. These conditions also contribute to high levels of infectious disease among children and adults, particularly diseases caused by worms and other parasites that result in a yearly loss of 615,000 disability adjusted life years (DALYs; World Bank, 2002).
Table 10: Ranking of climate change vulnerabilities in Egypt (OECD)
Resources/
risk ranking
Risk Certainty of impact
Severity of impact
Importance of resources
Coastal resources
- SLR - Coastal erosion Soil salinization
High - medium High High
Water resources
- Decrease Nile flow - Low precipitation / Salt water
intrusion / Decrease Nile flow - Low precipitation - Salt water intrusion
Medium High High
Agriculture - SLR - Soil salinization - High temperature
Medium - low Medium - low High - Medium
Energy Resources
- High temperature - Decrease Nile flow
Medium - low Medium - low Medium - low
45 "Environment and development in coastal regions and in small islands," International Workshop on Submarine Archaeology and Coastal Management. Available at: www.unesco.org/csi/pub/papers2/alex7.htm. Accessed on: July 2015. 46 Ma Bele´n Go´mez Martı´n, "WEATHER, CLIMATE AND TOURISM A Geographical Perspective," Elsevier, Barcelona, Spain, 2005.
86
3. National and Regional Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation
This section focuses on the national and regional strategy on climate change adaptation, if applicable. It includes a description of three main sections:
• The commitments in place at the national level within the international environment (UNFCCC) andthe agreements that have been signed for CC,
• The national strategy, its goals and commitments, etc., and
• The regional strategy, if applicable, based on the national one, and the specificities the region faces.
3.1. The commitments in place at the national level
The Egyptian Government responded early to climate change and signed the following environmental agreements, namely:
• Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), 1992,
• Kyoto Protocol, 1999, and
• Paris Agreement - new global climate change agreement, December 2015.
On December 12, 2015, Paris Climate Change Agreement was approved by the 196 Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention of the Climate Change (UNFCCC) at COP21 in Paris - France. Egypt signed the Paris Climate Agreement on 22nd of April 2016 in Paris signature ceremony where 175 participated but has not yet ratified it. “We respect the experience of others, but we will do it our way. We will ask for your support, but we will look after the well-being of the Egyptian people,” Minister of Environment declared.
On November 11, 2015 Egypt submitted its new climate action plan to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) comes in advance of Cop21. The Paris agreement already entered into force, empowering all countries to prevent average global temperatures rising above 2 degrees Celsius and to reap the many opportunities that arise from a necessary global transformation to clean and sustainable development. Egypt’s INDCs was developed in accordance with Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 of the Arab Republic of Egypt The INDCs set a series of measures intended to be applied by the country to face climate change in terms of adaptation (to climate change impacts) and mitigation (reducing GHG emissions). It includes the following three main elements:
• National circumstances that address general economic conditions, including economic andpopulation growth rates, major sustainable development goals (SDGs), and political circumstances;
• National efforts implemented to combat climate change in Egypt, in terms of treating impacts indifferent sectors (agriculture, water resources, coastal zones, etc.) or efforts made to reduce GHGsemissions in different sectors (energy, transportation, industry, etc.); and
• Required implementation mechanisms to achieve the objectives of the plan (funding, capacitybuilding, and technology transfer)47.
47 http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Egypt/1/Egyptian%20INDC.pdf
87
The national strategy, its goals and commitments, sectors affected
In 2007, Egypt established its National Committee on Climate Change's decision in order to develop strategies and policies to deal with CC. As a result, several strategies, policies have been developed, mostly with the support of international donors, including:
• Initial National Communication on Climate Change, Egypt, 1999 – MoEnv and EEAA48
• Second National Communication on Climate change, Egypt, 2010 – EEAA and UNDP49
• Third National Communication on Climate change, Egypt, 2014 – EEAA and UNDP50
• National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction 2011, (NSACCDRR)– UNDP51
• National Air Quality Policy 2015, NAQP – UNEP52
• Egypt’s Indicators Development
• National Solid Waste Management Policy (NSWMP) 2015 – GIZ.
The Egyptian Cabinet – Information and Decision Support Centre (IDSC) - in collaboration with the UNDP have developed Egypt’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (NSACCDRR) in December 2011. The NSACCDRR’s main objective is to increase the flexibility of the Egyptian community when dealing with the risks and disasters that might be caused by climate change and its impact on different sectors and activities. It also aims at strengthening the capacity to absorb and reduce the risks and disasters to be caused by such changes.
The Economic Cooperation and Development Division (SECO) of the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs from Switzerland has developed measures based on collaboration with Egyptian government, to address the strategy objective No.3:
Support basic environmental infrastructure:
• Contribute with technology and know-how transfer to improve the infrastructure with a positiveeffect on the environment, the climate and employment.
• Sectorial activities include water supply, wastewater treatment, waste management (solid and liquidtoxic waste), renewable energy and energy efficiency, and urban sustainability.
48 Egypt’s first National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), report issued on June 1999, EEAA - Available on: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/egync1.pdf/ (Accessed: 24.08.2016) 49 Egypt’s Second Nation Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), report issued on May 2010, EEAA and UNDP, 2010 - Available on: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/egync2.pdf/ (Accessed: 08.08.2016) 50 Egypt’s Third Nation Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), report issued on June 2014, EEAA and UNDP, 2014 - Available on: http://www.eg.undp.org/content/dam/egypt/docs/Environment%20and%20Energy/Signed%20TNC%20Project%20Document.pdf/ (Accessed: 24.08.2016) 51 Egypt’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (NSACCDRR), 2011- available at: http://cairoclimatetalks.net/sites/default/files/Adaptation%20Strategy%20-%20Final%20-%20E.pdf (Accessed: 24.08.2016) 52 http://www.egyptictindicators.gov.eg/en/Pages/default33.aspx/
88
• Contribute to better corporate governance and financial sustainability in the management ofinvestment projects and the operation and maintenance of public infrastructure.
• Adhere to policy dialogue on provision of infrastructure jointly with other donors.
• Creation of new/ higher quality jobs in the area of environmental and REs53.
In 2008, Climate Change Risk Management Programme (CCRMP) has been established as a result of a partnership between Egypt and the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund (MDGAF).
The CCRMP has three main objectives to:
• Integrate GHG mitigation into national policy and investment frameworks;
• Increase CC adaptation capacities, particularly in agriculture and water;
• Raise awareness regarding the impacts of climate change54.
Key achievements that came out of such joint programme are to successfully assist in and support the establishment of the following units and capacity building:
a. Clean Development Mechanism Awareness and Promotion Unit (CDMAPU),
b. Energy Efficiency Unit (EEU) that advises the Cabinet on energy efficiency,
c. The MoWRI’s capabilities to forecast climate change scenarios, and
d. The irrigation research and climate change crop simulation activities of the Ministry of Acclamation ofLand Resources (MALR)51.
In 2010, Egypt published, in response to the SNC to UNFCCC a National Environmental, Economic and Development Study (NEEDS) for CC which outlines the financial and institutional needs for implementing prospective and on-going adaptation and mitigation measures. This study recognizes that the next phases of CC planning should include a National Action Plan for Adaptation (NAPA) and National Low Carbon Economy Plan (NLCEP). The NEEDS report highlights the urgency for developing a GHG monitoring system that aggregates and disseminates information about GHG emissions across sectors. In 2014, the Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) signed an agreement with the Italian counterpart to transform El-Gouna City into the first carbon-neutral city in Africa51. In addition, the UNEP developed the National Strategy Study entitled: ‘Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy National Study (EERENS), which was developed in 2007 as part of both the Mediterranean and National Strategies for Sustainable Development under Priority Field of Action 2: Energy and Climate Change55.
53 Swiss Economic Cooperation and Development, Egypt Country Strategy 2013-2016 - available at:
www.seco-cooperation.admin.ch/laender/.../index.html?lang 54 Climate Change Legislation in Egypt: The 2015 Global Climate Legislation Study - A Review of Climate Change Legislation in 99 Countries, 2015, http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/EGYPT.pdf (Accessed: 25.08.2016) 55 http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/mediacenter/reports/guidelines.aspx/ (Accessed: 10.08.2016)
Guidelines of Principles and Procedures for Environmental Impact Assessment, 2nd Edition, Ministry of Environment, EEAA, January 2009: http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/portals/0/eeaaReports/N-EIA/English_EIA_guidelines.pdf/ (Accessed: 09.08.2016)
89
The key players of this strategy study are the "Plan Bleu" - a regional activity centre of the UNEP/MAP (Mediterranean Action Plan), created, funded and steered by EC56. As far as the CC risks are concerned, Africa is the most vulnerable continent globally, where Egypt is located.
Regional strategy and the specificities the region faces
The Governorate of Luxor put forward a strategy to address climate change risks and adaptation. Such strategy is based on the National Strategy on climate change. Its main focus is to adapt and reduce risks and disasters caused by climate change, increase awareness of Governorate’s staff and enhance its’ participation aligning with the city of Luxor goals to become the centre of culture and tourism. This strategy will have to be regularly updated for the reason of possible unpredicted changes of climate.
The Governorate of Luxor roadmap includes: strategic objectives, strategic components, and actions. These are as follows:
Strategic objectives:
− Define all Climate Change risks for all sectors, − Increase the sustainability issue in all sectors, − Reduce the dependence on fossil fuel, − Promote renewable energy sources, − Involve all Governorate’s and municipality staff in the effort to transfer the city and governorate to
be green and sustainable, − Make the infrastructure of the city of Luxor and Governorate of Luxor resilient and a world-class
tourists’ destination, − Raise awareness and capacity building on climate change risks, impacts, and adaptation, and − Regular assessment and evaluation of the strategy and current situation.
Strategic components:
− Increase the communication with all stakeholders and Governorate departments and directorates of all ministries operating in Luxor,
− Built a vertical communication mechanism to response to extreme events and disasters, − Promote sustainability and sustainable energy actions in all Governorate’s institutions and
Municipality’s departments to encounter CC risks, and − Develop a database for all changes in the climate in coordination with the National Weather
Authority and Luxor international airport.
Strategic Actions − Built an observatory in the Luxor local municipality to monitor the pattern of rainfall and
temperature increases and rain fall patterns. − Give alerts on sever events before happing in the Governorate, − Constructed water barriers in storm areas to collect storms’ upon occurring to lessen resulted
impacts of floods,
56 http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/RESILIENCE-Resilient-Cities-Acceleration-Initiative.pdf
90
− Installed capacity of about 300 kWp solar panels that generates electricity from renewable energy sources to feed in four Governorate buildings in the city of Luxor, and
− Street lighting changed from conventional lighting to LED lighting that saved about 80 per cent of the energy consumption.
4. Climate data and Climate change projections
4.1. Climate overview in Luxor
Climate in Egypt is generally hot in summer and cold in winter but is known for its very low humidity. The annual mean temperatures increase from around 20°C on the Mediterranean coastline to around 24°C on the Red Sea coastline, with a difference of 5°C. It is 25°C in Cairo (the capital) and 26°C further south in Luxor and Aswan, with a seasonal variation of about ±7°C. The typical daytime maxima in mid-summer ranges from 30°C in Alexandria and to 41°C in Aswan (Upper Egypt); while the corresponding temperature north-south range in mid-winter daytime maxima is ranging from 18°C to 23°C. This makes even winter daytime in the south pleasantly warm and sunny, with cool nights, as further north. On the northern coastal strip, the winter cyclonic disturbances moving eastwards along the Mediterranean Sea bringing some significant rainfall and, even at Alexandria on the coast, the total annual rainfall averages are only 196 mm.
The Governorate of Luxor is characterized as a subtropical desert low-latitude arid hot climate, which means that the temperatures remain warm all year round with very little rainfall. There are only two distinct seasons in Luxor, a hot summer and a mild winter. The humidity in Luxor is low, but it has extremely high temperatures during the summer months, which means that the heat can be very uncomfortable.
Summer – Luxor
The months of June, July, August and September are the hottest time of the year in the Governorate of Luxor with temperatures ranging between an average high of 39 degrees Celsius and 44 degrees Celsius, nevertheless, July and August are the hottest months of the year with night time lows of between 20 degrees Celsius and 22 degrees Celsius. Precipitation is very rare though as the amount of rainfall is about 1-2mm during May, June July, August and October, so the amount is so minimal.
Winter – Luxor
Temperatures ranging between 23 degrees Celsius and 35 degrees Celsius on average in the winter months and with the exception of February, March and April the winter months are without rainfall. Winter begins in November and ends in April. The night time temperatures get much colder in the winter than they do in the summer with the extreme low of 5 degrees occurring in January, the coolest month of the year. Climate data that covers mean temperature and precipitation levels are highlighted in Figure 18.
91
a. Ambient temperature (2000-2012) b. Precipitation and Average Rainfall days
Figure 18: Climate data (Mean Temperature and Precipitation Level (year 2000- 2012), Luxor
According to Figure 18.a, the warmest month of the year is July, with an average temperature of 33 °C with the highest average temperature of 44°C. In January, the average temperature is 15°C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year. Also, it is clear from Figure18.b, that Luxor has very low rate of rainfall ranging from 1 day to none each month. The month of May has the highest precipitation (4.2 mm), and August being the lowest (0.0 mm).
Climate data – maximum and minimum temperature (Feb – July 2017), Luxor Source: http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&WMO=62405&ART=MXMN&CONT=afri&R=0&LEVEL=150®ION=0011&LAND=EG&NOREGION=1&MOD=&TMX=&TMN=
&SON=&PRE=&MONAT=&OFFS=&SORT=&MM=07&YY=2017&WEEK=24
Climate data - Annual maximum and minimum temperature 2017, Luxor
92
Source: http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&WMO=62405&ART=MXMN&CONT=afri&R=0&LEVEL=150®ION=0011&LAND=EG&NOREGION=1&MOD=&TMX=&TMN=&SON=&PRE=&MONAT=&OFFS=&SORT=&MM=07&YY=2017&WEEK=24
Climate data: Annual Maximum temperature 2017), Luxor Maximum pressure 2017, Luxor
Figure 19: Climate data (Mean Temperature and Precipitation Level (year 2016 - 2017), Luxor
Source : https://weatherspark.com/y/97258/Average-Weather-in-Luxor-Egypt
4.2. Climate trends
The decadal trends in seasonally averaged temperatures for Egypt between 1960 and 2010 indicate that there is a spatially consistent warming signal for temperature over Egypt57. Figure 19 describes both summer consistent warming (June to August) and winter (December to February).
In the city of Luxor – Governorate of Luxor and the city of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea, there is a warming period during summer of 0.25 °C to 0.5 °C per decade compared with that during winter of 0.05 °C to 0.1°C per decade as shown in Figure 20. In line with the increase in the mean temperature, warm nights have become more frequent. It increased by +2 to +3.5 per cent per decade, whereas cool nights have occurred less frequent due to the decrease by - 1 to - 2 per cent per decade as shown in Figure 21.
Regarding the rainfall pattern, the annual total precipitation over the period 1960 to 2003 decreased relatively from the baseline (1961-1990) by -1 mm to -15 mm in the city of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea as shown in below.
57 Egypt Climate: Observations, projections and impacts, UK Met Office, 2011 - The research was led by the UK Met Office in collaboration with experts from the University of Nottingham, Walker Institute at the University of Reading, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, University of Leeds, Tyndall Centre — University of East Anglia, and Tyndall Centre — University of Southampton – available at: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/mohippo/pdf/4/j/egypt.pdf
93
Figure 20: Change in cool nights (a,b), warm nights (c,d), cool days (e,f) and warm days (g,h) for Egypt over the period 1960 to 2003 relative to 1961-1990. Source: UK Met Office, 2011
a) Decadal trendsb) Area average annual time series for 24.375 - 35.625°E, 21.25 - 31.25 °N.
Figure 21: Total annual precipitation for Egypt over the period 1960 to 2003 relative to 1961-1990 from HadEX (Alexander et. al, 2006). Source: UK Met Office, 2011
94
Main climate trends
Temperature
In terms of climate projection (Figure 20), it shows the percentage change in average annual temperature by 2100 from the baseline climate of 1960-1990, averaged over 21 CMIP3 models48. It is clear that the projected temperature increases over the city of Luxor – Governorate of Luxor by around 3°C to 3.5°C.
Rainfall
Regarding climate projection (Figure 21), it illustrates the percentage change in average annual precipitation by 2100 from the baseline climate period of 1960-1990, averaged over 21 CMIP3 models.
It indicates that Egypt is projected to experience a decrease in precipitation, which is seen as common with the wider Mediterranean and the majority of the Middle East. In the city of Luxor, the decrease of -5% to -10% is projected, whereas it is projected -10% to -20% in the city Hurghada.
Climate change weather scenarios
The CC World Weather Gen generates the climate change weather scenarios for 2020, 2050 and 2080 for worldwide locations to be used in building performance simulation programs.
It’s based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report58.
Table 11: Scenario Day (1 July) – City of Luxor
Year Dry-bulb Temperature
°C Relative Humidity
% Horizontal Radiation
W/m2
Wind Speed
%
1980 - 2003 39.2 15 612 2.6
2050 42.6 13 607 2.5
2080 45 12 604 2.5
58 Climate Change World Weather File Generator for World-Wide Weather Data – CCWorldWeatherGen – available at: http://www.energy.soton.ac.uk/ccworldweathergen/
95
a. Dry-bulb temperature (°C) scenarios b. Relative humidity (%) scenarios
Figure 22: Climate scenarios for the city of Luxor 1980-2003, 2050 & 2080
a. G Horizontal Radiation (W/m2) scenarios b. Wind speed scenarios
Figure 23: Climate scenarios for the city of Luxor 1980-2003, 2050 & 2080
Appendix 1 presents the scenarios Day 1 July for the city of Luxor in year 1980-2003, 2050 and 2080. The scenarios show that the increase will be manifested in temperature by 2050 and 2080, whereas the relative humidity, horizontal radiation, and wind speed will witness a decrease by 2050 and 208049.
Climate change risks – Luxor
Climate change impact in the city of Luxor will be strong in different sectors: agriculture, water, tourism, urban and health. Table 12 below describes these risks in detail.
39.2
42.6
45
Luxor 1980-2003 Luxor 2050 Luxor 2080
15
1312
Luxor 1980-2003 Luxor 2050 Luxor 2080
612
607
604
Luxor 1980-2003
Luxor 2050 Luxor 2080
2.6
2.5 2.5
Luxor 1980-2003 Luxor 2050 Luxor 2080
96
Table 12: Climate Change Risks by Sectors – Luxor
Climate Change Risks by Sectors Vulnerability
Agriculture and food security
Global and regional studies indicate generally deficits and decline in crops’ yields for Sugar cane, wheat, maize, and bananas.
Exposed
Increasing pressures on food security as a result of climate change. Exposed
Water stress and drought
Water stress could increase with climate change. Exposed
Mean precipitation patterns could decrease with climate change. Exposed
Groundwater could experience increased of its salinity due to River Nile drop (RLR/D) or droughts. And reduce it salinity due to RLN rise
Exposed
Ecosystems
Coral reefs’ growth suffered from underwater activities – a decline in growth by 40% during 1987–2000. A drastic decline of ~49% and 45% between 2000 and 2013 respectively. In addition, coral reef bleaching in the sea areas will increase 80% by 2060.
Doesn’t exist
Water acidification, that affect and treat mangroves in sea biodiversity, may include over 100species.
Doesn’t exist
Tourism
Heat waves will affect attractiveness and tourism movement in Egypt. Exposed
Loss in beaches’ tourism due to coral reefs bleaching in the sea area. Doesn’t exist
Urban
Increase thermal discomfort and heat strokes, particularly in urban areas due to high temperatures and pollutions.
Exposed
Infrastructure failure due to storms and resulted floods. Exposed
Air quality in cities decreases due to climate change. Exposed
Climate Change Risks by Sectors Vulnerability
Health
Higher temperatures, water stress and malnutrition increase rift valley fever, avian influenza, and diarrhoea.
Exposed
Dust and sand storms affect patients with respiratory history and problems. Exposed
Heat wave and higher temperatures increase cases of heat strokes and death in elderly citizens.
Exposed
Adaptation Scoreboard
The adaptation scoreboard is part of the SECAP template developed by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission. The City of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor is intended to realize a self-assessment of its adaptation status, putting a grade from A to D, in line with its progress regarding the Adaptation Cycle Steps. This was based on meetings and interview with the Director of Environment, Governorate of Luxor between July and August 2017.
More specifically:
• “A”, corresponds to completion level of 75 - 100%,• “B”, corresponds to completion level of 50-75%,
97
• “C”, corresponds to completion level of 25-50%, and finally• “D”, corresponds to completion level of 0-25%.
Based on coordination meetings and extensive interview in Luxor during August 2017, the city of Luxor – Governorate of Luxor (municipality) has developed a score based on grades ranging from A to D according to the above four grades to each one of the adaptation cycle specific steps, as presented in Table 13.
Table 13: Governorate’s (Municipality’s) score in the Adaptation Cycle Specific Steps (SECAP template and JRC guidelines) – Luxor
Adaptation Cycle Steps
Actions Grades (A – D)
Luxor
Step 1: Preparing the ground for adaptation
Adaptation commitments defined/integrated into the local climate policy D
Human, technical and financial resources identified C Technical
Adaptation team (officer) appointed within the municipal administration and clear responsibilities assigned D
Horizontal (e.g. across departments) coordination mechanisms in place
D
Vertical (e.g. across governance levels) coordination mechanisms in place
C
Consultative and participatory mechanisms set up, fostering the multi stakeholder engagement in the adaptation process D
Continuous communication process in place B
Step 2: Assessing risks and vulnerabilities to climate change
Mapping of the possible methods and data sources for carrying out a Risk and Vulnerability Assessment conducted C
Assessment of climate risks and vulnerabilities undertaken C
Possible sectors of actions identified and prioritized D
Available knowledge periodically reviewed and new finding integrated
C
Steps 3 and 4 – Identifying, assessing and selecting adaptation options
Full portfolio of adaptation actions compiled, documented and assessed D
Possibilities of mainstreaming adaptation in existing policies and plans assessed, possible synergies and conflicts identified
D
Adaptation actions developed and adopted C
Step 5: Implementing
Implementation framework set with clear milestones D
Adaptation actions implemented and mainstreamed as defined in the SECAP document
D
Coordinated action between adaptation and mitigation set C
Step 6: Monitoring and evaluation
Monitoring framework in place for adaptation actions D
Appropriate monitoring and evaluation indicators identified D
Regular monitoring of the progress and reporting to the relevant decision makers
D
Adaptation strategy and/or Action Plan updated, revised and readjusted according to the findings of the monitoring and evaluation procedure
D
98
The Governorate of Luxor has developed a set to actions to meet Step 1: Preparing the ground for climate adaption. For example, the Governorate established a Unit for Crises Management (GCM) to deal with any climate extreme events and any other crises in the governorate.
The Governorate of Luxor also created a daily communication tool with the National Weather Forecast Authority (NWFA) and the Governorate’s Central Operation Room (COR) to track any changes or extreme events in the weather or climate, and to record and coordinate with concerned departments to deal with such extreme events, whether in the Governorate of Luxor or the City of Luxor.
5. Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Analysis
In order to conduct a risk assessment and vulnerability analysis, as a first step, the climate hazard types should be identified. These hazard types in general for the Maghreb and Mashreq countries in particular, are presented in Table 14 (Below).
The Governorate of Luxor (municipalities) was called to assess the impact that each climate hazard type has a series of Vulnerable/ Impacted sectors, such as:
• Population (Public Health),
• Infrastructure (Transport, Energy, Water and Social),
• Built environment (Buildings’ stock and materials),
• Economy (Tourist and Agriculture), and
• Biodiversity (Coastal zone ecosystems, Green zones/ forests).
Table 14: Hazard types in general for the Maghreb and Mashreq countries
General Climate Hazard Types Applicable for Maghreb and Mashreq regions
Extreme heat √
Extreme cold
Landslides
Storms √
Droughts √
Sea level rise √
Floods √
Extreme precipitation
Forest fires
Ice and snow Took place in Cairo, Egypt in December 2013 after 112 years and in Alexandria in 2015
These sectors have been identified as the most relevant for the Maghreb/ Mashreq region, utilizing info from
99
Future Cities Adaptation Compass Tool, Governors’ (Mayors) Adapt, as well as the European Climate Adaptation Platform website.
In order to conduct the vulnerability analysis, the Governorate (municipality) formulated and filled in the table presented below (Table 15). This exercise is based on sources such as the Future Cities Adaptation Compass Tool and UNFCCC.
The vulnerability analysis was carried out. Thus, the next step is to elaborate a risk assessment, in line with the above. To this end, the development of Table 16 has been conducted based on interviews with the Coordinator of Governorate of Luxor and it was realized. Although the probability of each risk cannot be estimated without specific climate data for each region, the impact of each risk is identified in the scale of High – Medium – Low.
This has been conducted in Table 16 based on interviews with Director of Environment Department and Coordinator of the Governorate of Luxor.
In case specific climate projections are available, a risk analysis combining probability and impact was realized, by formulating the Table 17 and Figure 24.
The vulnerability analysis, combining the results is presented in the following pages.
100
Table 15: Vulnerability analysis (based on the Future Cities Adaptation Compass tool)
Receptors Extreme weather event
Potential effects Who/What is affected Feedback and Assessment by Governorate of Luxor
Popu
latio
n
Public Health
Extreme heat - Heat stress - Altered allergic pattern - Spread of vector born and infectious diseases - Deaths due to cardiovascular diseases
Everyone, but especially workers in outdoor environments, elderly people, babies, children, and sensitive groups of people
* Some street cleaners were affected byextreme heat due to heat waves and resulted in 2 passed away (heart problems).
Droughts* - Asthma and cardiovascular diseases - Accumulation of trace elements
All people living or working in the area
Droughts occurrences in the city of Luxor are very low and possibility is also low.
River Nile level rise / drop
- Asthma and respiratory allergies - Water-borne diseases - Forced migration and mental health impacts
All people living or working mainly near the river banks.
* River Nile level drop affects sailing oftouristic boats.
Storms* - Casualties and deaths - Trees falling down on the agricultural farms and small
villages nearby the farms.
All people living or working in the area
Storms occurrences are very low in the city of Luxor.
Floods in the river Nile
- Injuries and deaths - Water-borne diseases - Asthma and respiratory allergies - Increase in underground water level near the river banks.
All people living or working in the area
River Nile level rise occurs in August, September, and October ranging from 1.5-2.0 m.
Such drop affects sailing of touristic boats.
Infr
astr
uctu
re
Transport
Extreme heat - Air quality problems - Higher maintenance costs - Change in behaviour patterns - Road and railway network damages
Roads, railways, public transport, people mobility
Mainly affecting air quality and increasing maintenance costs.
Droughts - Difficult transport of bulk material Waterways, water management Droughts occurrences in the city of Luxor are very low.
101
Receptors Extreme weather event
Potential effects Who/What is affected Feedback and Assessment by Governorate of Luxor
River Nile level rise / drop
- Damages - Mobility difficulties in afflicted areas - River Nile drop reduces sailing ability of touristic boats. - River Nile rise has a positive effect on the sailing ability of
touristic boats.
Roads, railways, public transport, people mobility
Not applicable as marine transportation is only affected.
Storms - Damages - Mobility difficulties in afflicted areas - Trees falling down on the agricultural farms and small
villages near the farms
Roads, Railways, public transport, people mobility
No railway is present in Luxor.
Floods* - Damages - Mobility difficulties in afflicted areas
Roads, railways, public transport, people mobility
Floods occurrences are very low; once every 5 years.
Energy
Extreme heat - Altered electricity peaks/demand - Damages - Cooling problems - Reduction of efficiency yield from conventional power
plants and distribution grid - Higher maintenance costs
Conventional power plants, electricity providers and consumers
Droughts* - No/lower production from hydro power plants - Energy supply and demand patterns’ shift - Higher maintenance costs - Cooling problems
Conventional and renewable energy facilities (hydro, PVs, etc.)
Droughts occurrences in Luxor city are very low
No renewable energy facilities are present in Luxor
River Nile level rise / drop
- Damages - Operational difficulties - Higher maintenance cost
All facilities in coastal areas (usually conventional plants that are nearby water resources)
*There is no sea in Luxor, instead there is river Nile rise/ drop
Storms - Damages All facilities in the electricity production and especially wind turbines, as well as the
No wind turbines are present in Luxor. Instead utility (electricity) poles are
102
Receptors Extreme weather event
Potential effects Who/What is affected Feedback and Assessment by Governorate of Luxor
distribution grid affected.
Floods - Damages - Operational difficulties
All facilities in the electricity generation and distribution grid in the affected areas
Damages mainly to electricity cables
Water
Extreme heat - Higher water demand - Higher maintenance costs - Water quality issues
Water infrastructures, public health
Droughts - Higher maintenance costs - Water scarcity - Water quality issues
Public health, water infrastructures
River Nile level rise / drop
- Increased salinity of underground water - Water management issues - Damages - Water quality issues - Higher maintenance costs
Public health, water infrastructures
Risks attached to river Nile rise/drop
Storms - Water quality issues - Water management issues
Water infrastructures, public health
Floods - Water quality issues - Water management issues - Higher maintenance costs - Damages
Water infrastructures, public health
Social
Extreme heat - Higher electricity demand to cover cooling needs - Changes in behaviour patterns, e.g. living outdoors - Burdening of the health care facilities due to the increased
number of patients in hospitals
Hospitals, schools, public places, municipal facilities/infrastructure, athletic facilities
Droughts* - Difficulties in meeting water demand for athletic facilities (e.g., swimming pools) and green public spaces
Hospitals, schools, public places, municipal
Droughts occurrences in Luxor city are very low, so effects are negligible.
103
Receptors Extreme weather event
Potential effects Who/What is affected Feedback and Assessment by Governorate of Luxor
facilities/infrastructure, athletic facilities
River Nile level rise / drop
- Impacts on public spaces (e.g. river banks) - Damages on river facilities
Touristic sites, houses near river bank
*There is no sea in Luxor, instead there isriver Nile rise/ drop
Storms - Damages in social facilities in afflicted areas - Burdening of the health care facilities due to the increased
number of patients in hospitals
Schools, public places, municipal facilities, athletic facilities, hospitals
* Storms occurrences are very low in thecity of Luxor.
Floods - Flooding of social facilities in afflicted areas - Burdening of the health care facilities due to the increased
number of patients in hospitals
Schools, public places, municipal facilities, athletic facilities, hospitals**
* Floods occurrences are very low; onceevery 5 years
** Houses and agriculture lands near river bank are more vulnerable.
Built
Envi
ronm
ent
Building stock and material
Extreme heat - Increased cooling demands - Higher maintenance costs - Concrete’s damages - Urban heat island effect
All building infrastructure
Droughts - Higher water demand All building infrastructure
River Nile level rise / drop
- Extensive damages for buildings* near river bank - Flooding at the city level of all building infrastructure - Sinkholes collapse
All building infrastructure, road network etc.
* The damages occur to buildings due tothe increase in the underground water level near the river banks.
Storms - Damages - Higher maintenance costs
All building infrastructure
Floods - Damages - Higher maintenance costs
All building infrastructure
Tourist Extreme heat - Lower tourists flows during the impacted seasons
- Increased demand for cooling Tourists, tourist infrastructure, tourist related economy
104
Receptors Extreme weather event
Potential effects Who/What is affected Feedback and Assessment by Governorate of Luxor
- Higher water demand
Droughts - Increased pressure on water resources, escalating water scarcity issues
- Increased water supply costs
Tourists, tourist infrastructure
River Nile level rise / drop
- Damages in touristic infrastructure, which in its majority is at coastal areas
- River Nile drop reduces the sailing ability of touristic boats.
Tourists, tourist infrastructure, tourist related economy
*There is no sea in Luxor, instead there is river Nile rise/ drop
Storms - Damages in touristic infrastructure and related costs for repairs
- Affecting sailing boats movement and touristic ships
Tourists, tourist infrastructure * Storms occurrences are very low in thecity of Luxor.
Floods - Damages in touristic infrastructure and related costs for repairs
Tourists, tourist infrastructure
Agriculture
Extreme heat - Lower crop yields - Changes in growth cycle - Damages / loss of harvest - Livestock loss and impacts on health
Farmers, consumers, food industry
Droughts - Land degradation - Damages / loss of harvest - Lower crop yields - Livestock loss and impacts on health
Farmers, consumers, food industry
River Nile level rise / drop
- Damages / loss of harvest in coastal areas - Decreased water salinity* will result in existing crops’ long-
term destruction - Loss of fertile grounds near river banks
Farmers, consumers, food industry
* Decreased water salinity occurs in case ofRiver Nile level drop.
Storms - Damages / loss of harvest in afflicted areas / loss of livestock
Farmers, consumers, food industry
Econ
omy
105
Receptors Extreme weather event
Potential effects Who/What is affected Feedback and Assessment by Governorate of Luxor
Floods - Damages / loss of harvest in afflicted areas / loss of livestock
Farmers, consumers, food industry
Biod
iver
sity
Coastal zone ecosystems
Extreme heat - Increased coral bleaching* - Migration of coastal species towards higher altitudes ** - Reduction of vulnerable fishing stock - Altered flora and fauna, new and invasive species
Ecosystem, fish industry, consumers
* N/A as no coral reefs present.
** Not observed except for insects like scorpions.
Droughts - Increase of river water salinity - Loss of species - Altered flora and fauna, new and invasive species
Ecosystem Invasive species are not present.
River Nile level rise / drop
- Salinization of surface and ground waters - Increased coastal erosion - Reduction of certain fish species and displacement of river
bank lands
Ecosystem, fish industry, consumers
*There is no sea in Luxor, instead there isriver Nile rise/ drop
Storms - Pollution of natural resources
Ecosystem
Floods - Loss of species - Altered flora and fauna, new and invasive species
Ecosystem
Green zones/ Forests*
Extreme heat - Fires and destruction of the ecosystem, flora and fauna
Ecosystem Luxor has an artificial tree forest in El-Hebel area.
Droughts - Fires and destruction of the ecosystem, flora and fauna
Ecosystem
River Nile rise /drop - Increase of underground water salinity and destruction of
the ecosystem Ecosystem
Storms - Damages
Ecosystem
Floods - Spoiling of water bodies and soil quality
Ecosystem
106
Table 16: Suggested template for the risk assessment (1-3), the City of Luxor has a river not a sea
Receptors Weather Sensitivity
Future Risk Impact/ risk Impact Po
pula
tion
Public Health
Extreme heat
- Increased number of deaths - Reinforcement of heat stress - Increased infectious diseases - Altered allergic patterns
Low
High
Medium
Medium
Droughts
- Increased allergic incidents - Decreased air quality - More respiratory problems
Low
Medium
Medium
Medium
River Nile level rise/ drop
- Increased incidents of asthma and pneumonia
- Increased water-borne diseases - Limitations to the healthcare access
Low
Low
Low
Low
Storms - Limitations to the healthcare access - Increased numbers of injuries and
deaths
Low
Low
Low – Medium
Floods - Limitations to the healthcare access - Increased numbers of injuries and
deaths
Low
Low
Low
Infr
astr
uctu
re
Transport
Extreme heat
- Damages on road and rail network - Modification of transport frequency
and means - Air quality problems - Higher maintenance costs
Low
Low
Medium
Medium
Low – Medium
Droughts - Difficult transport of bulk material Low Low
River Nile level rise/ drop
- Damages Medium - High
Medium - High
Storms - Damages - Mobility problems
Medium
Medium
Medium
Floods - Damages - Mobility problems
Medium
Medium
Medium
Energy
Extreme heat
- Blackouts and inability to cover demand load
- Damages, especially in the thermal power plants
Low
Low
Low
Droughts
- Blackouts and inability to cover demand load
- Higher maintenance costs - Cooling problems in power plants
Low
Low
Low
Low
River Nile level rise/ drop
- Damages - Shut down of power plants near
rivers, etc. - Operational difficulties
Medium
Low
Low
107
- Higher maintenance cost
Low
Storms - Damages / Failures in the production
facilities and distribution grid / power cuts
Medium Medium
Floods - Damages / power cuts Medium Medium
Water
Extreme heat - Water scarcity - Water quality issues
Low
Low
Low
Droughts - Water scarcity - Water quality issues
Medium
Low
Low- Medium
River Nile level rise/ drop
- Increased salinity of underground water
- Water management issues - Damages - Water quality issues - Higher maintenance costs
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Storms
- Increased damages and related maintenance costs
- Water management issues
Low
Low
Low
Floods
- Increased damages and related maintenance costs
- Water management issues - Water quality issues
Low
Low
Low
Low
Social
Extreme heat - Increased needs for air-conditioned
public spaces High High
Droughts
- Increased numbers of people presenting respiratory problems and burdening the health care facilities
- Inability to cover the water demand - Difficulties in the operation of certain
facilities due to lack of water (e.g. swimming pools)
Medium
Low
Low
Medium
River Nile level rise/ drop
- Potential damages in the coastal area facilities
- Loss of coastal public spaces (beaches etc.)
Low
Low
Low
Storms - Damages - Increased maintenance costs
Low
Low
Low
Floods
- Damages - Increased maintenance costs - Flooding at the city level of the
afflicted public building infrastructure (schools, hospitals, etc.) - Difficulties in providing the envisaged services
Low
Low
Low
Low
108
Built
Env
ironm
ent
Buildings’ stock and materials
Extreme heat
- Concrete’s damages - Increased cooling demands - Higher maintenance costs - Urban heat island effect
Low
High
High
Low
Medium
Droughts - Higher water demand Low Low
Sea level rise
- Sinkholes collapse - Extensive damages, loss of property - Impact on coastal zone economy
Low
Low
Low
Low
Storms - Damages - Increased maintenance costs
Low
Low
Low
Floods - Damages - Increased maintenance costs
Low
Low
Low
Econ
omy
Tourist
Extreme heat
- Change of the tourism season – lower touristic flows
- Reduction of the tourism related economy
Medium
Medium
Medium
Droughts
- Increased water supply costs - Potential increase of indirect costs for
the tourists (infrastructure related) and reduction of touristic flows
Low
Low
Low
Sea level rise - Damages and even complete
destruction of touristic infrastructure, nearby coastal areas and deltas
Medium Medium
Storms - Damages to touristic facilities Medium Medium
Floods - Damages to touristic facilities - Potential effects on the touristic
flows, in areas with flooding history
Low
Low
Low
Agriculture
Extreme heat
- Changes in growth cycle - Damages / loss of harvest - Livestock loss and impacts on health - Lower crop yields - Increased fire risks
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Medium - Low
Droughts
- Damages / loss of harvest - Lower crop yields - Livestock loss & impacts on health - Land degradation - Increased fire risks
Low
Medium
Low
Medium
Low
Low- Medium
Sea level rise
- Damages / loss of harvest in areas near delta, sea etc.
- Increased water salinity will result in existing crops’ long-term destruction.
Low
Medium
Low- Medium
109
Storms
- Damages/ loss of harvest in afflicted areas
- Surface soil erosion
Low
Low
Low
Floods
- Damages/ loss of harvest in afflicted areas
- Livestock loss - Surface soil erosion
Low
Low
Low
Low
Biod
iver
sity
Coastal zone eco-
systems
Extreme heat - Loss of specific species (fish, etc.) Low Low
Droughts - Increase of coastal water salinity Medium Medium
Rive Nile level rise/ drop
- Loss of specific species (fish, etc.) - Soil erosion - Water salinization
Low
Low
Low
Low -Medium
Storms - Soil erosion Low Medium
Floods - Soil erosion Low Low
Green zones/ Forests
Extreme heat - Fires and destruction of the ecosystem, flora and fauna
Low Low
Droughts - Fires and destruction of the ecosystem, flora and fauna
Low Low
Sea level rise - Increase of underground water salinity and destruction of the ecosystem
Low Low
Storms - Destruction of trees and other damages
Low Low
Floods - Destruction of trees and other damages
Low Low
The vulnerability analysis of the City of Luxor was carried out by combining the results of Table 16 and the probability of scale 1 (High), 2 (Medium), and 3 (Low) for each receptor, are presented in Table 17 and Figure 24.
Table 17: Risk assessment of receptors - city of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor
Receptors Impact Probability
R1 - Public Health 2 2
R2 - Transport 2 2
R3 - Energy 1.5 1
R4 - Water 1 2
R5 - Social 2 2
R6 - Buildings' stock & Materials 1.5 2
R7 - Tourists 2 3
R8 - Agriculture 1.5 2
R9 - Costal zones - ecosystems 2 2
R10 - Green zones - Forests 1 1
110
Figure 24: Risk assessment figure in case of climate data availability - Luxor
6. National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures
There is a noteworthy legal framework, but nevertheless, many policy plans are in implementation and many government agencies are responsible for integrating CC into the national policy agenda were executed. However, the Governorate of Luxor should develop their local policy and agenda for CCAMM. The Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies fall under the mandate of the MoEnv and its executive arm EEAA. A climate change unit (CCU) was established in the EEAA in 1992, which has since been upgraded to the Central Department for Climate Change (CDCC).
6.1. Climate Change Action Plan - CCAP
The Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP) was developed by the MoEnv through the Second National Communication (SNC) to UNFCCC, which was established in 2000. An inventory of GHG emissions, including policies has been created to mitigate and evaluate their economic impacts after reduction. Such policy was not implemented or released until 2015.
Results of the inventory of GHG emission yield an increase of the total emissions at an average of 5.1% yearly. The GHG emissions were highly influenced by four sectors that contribute significantly to total emissions. These are: a) energy, which accounted for 61% of the total in 2000, 27%, of which was transportation-related; b) agriculture by 16%; c) industrial processes by 14%; and d) waste by 9%. Despite, the reduction of GHG emissions reported above there are barriers to GHG mitigation.
Such barriers can be summarised as follows:
• Institutional capacity constraints,
• Lack of information about GHG reduction opportunities and technology, and
• Limited access to investment capital needed to execute mitigation technologies and procedures.
Nonetheless, an estimate of nearly 8.3mt CO2-e reduction due to the existing mitigation efforts, which focused on three areas: a) Fuel substitution; b) Renewable energy; and c) Energy efficiency59.
In addition, a Climate Change Risk Management Programme (CCRMP) was established in 2008 as a
R1, R2, R5, R9
R3
R4 R6,R8
R7
R10
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Prob
abili
ty
Impact
111
result of a partnership between Egypt and the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund (MDGAF). The CCRMP has three main objectives to:
• Integrate GHG mitigation into national policy and investment frameworks;
• Increase climate change adaptation capacities, particularly in agriculture and water;
• Raise awareness regarding the impacts of climate change59.
Key achievements that came out of such joint programme are to successfully assist in and support the establishment of the following units and capacity building:
• Clean Development Mechanism Awareness & Promotion Unit (CDMAPU) within EEAA,
• Energy Efficiency Unit (EEU) that advises the Cabinet on energy efficiency,
• The MoWRI’s capabilities to forecast climate change scenarios, and
• The irrigation research and climate change crop simulation activities of the Ministry ofAcclamation of Land Resources (MALR).
Further to the SNC to UNFCCC, Egypt published in 2010 a National Environmental, Economic and Development Study (NEEDS) for CC to outline the financial and institutional needs for implementing prospective and on-going adaptation and mitigation measures. This study recognizes that the next phases of CC planning should include a National Action Plan for Adaptation (NAPA) and National Low Carbon Economy Plan (NLCEP). The NEEDS report highlights the urgency for developing a GHG monitoring system that aggregates and disseminates information about GHG emissions across sectors.
6.2. Adopted Measures within the framework of the INDCs
There are national efforts, which have been realized in the adaptation and mitigation. Egypt's adaptation efforts can be outlined as per the INDCs 2015 as follows:
Adaptation Challenges
The vulnerability of Egypt's water resources to climate change depends on Nile flows, rainfall, and ground water.
Agricultural sector
Climate change studies expect that the productivity of two major crops in Egypt - wheat and maize –will be reduced by 15% and 19%, respectively, by 2050. Losses in crop productivity are mainly attributed to frequent temperature increase, irrigation water deficit, and pests and plant disease. In addition, 12% to 15% of the most fertile arable land in Nile Delta is negatively affected by sea level rise and salt water intrusion. In terms of livestock production, current evidence shows that temperature rise leads to harmful heat stress, which negatively impacts livestock productivity. New animal diseases have emerged in Egypt, which have strong negative impacts on livestock production. These include bluetongue disease and rift valley fever, which are both attributed to significant changes in the Egyptian climate. Climate change is expected to increase seawater temperature, shifting fish distributions northwards to live in deeper waters. In addition, increased water salinity in the coastal lakes in Egypt is expected to negatively affect fish species.
Coastal zones
Costal zones are expected to suffer from climate change direct impacts. These include sea level rise and the overflow of low-level land. Estimations indicate that sea level rise by 50 cm leads to serious
112
impacts on low-level lands in Delta and adjacent highly populated cities such as Alexandria and Port Said. Consequently, this will result in a more significant challenge, which is the migration of people from the affected areas to other areas, thus affecting the efficiency of different services and increasing the financial cost required for their development.
As forth tourism sector, coral reefs, which constitutes a major attraction in Red Sea resorts are highly vulnerable to climate change.
In urban areas, heat islands formed by hot air arising from the increasing energy use in buildings represent the main concern in hot arid climates. One of the most significant potential negative impacts of climate change is the harm inflicted on national heritage as result of temperature rise, sandy winds and ground water. However, this isn’t just a national concern. Instead, it is a global challenge since this heritage is part of the human heritage.
Health sector
In terms of Health, climate change increases direct and indirect negative impacts on public health in Egypt. For example, in 2015 the negative impacts are represented in higher death rate due to heat stress.
Energy sector
In the energy sector, the increase in temperature negatively affects the efficiency of conventional power plants and photovoltaic cells. Also, the rise in sea level threatens the electric power plants and networks located along the coasts. In addition, the negative impact of climate change on rainfall rates and rain distribution across different regions negatively affects power generation from hydropower plants, especially in Upper Egypt. Moreover, the increased demand in electricity consumption rates as a result of the excessive use of air conditioners due to unprecedented heat waves that hit Egypt that of August 2015 for 2 weeks at 49 degrees Celsius.
Egypt's intended actions to promote resilience
6.2.2.1 Water Resources
Several measures are currently being considered in Egypt to adapt to decreasing water resources or increasing Nile flows. These primarily include:
- Maintaining water level in Lake Nasser, - Increasing water storage capacity - Improving irrigation and draining systems, - Changing cropping patterns and farm irrigation systems, - Reducing surface water evaporation by redesigning canal cross sections, - Developing new water resources through upper Nile projects, - Rain water harvesting – Desalination, and - Treated wastewater recycling - Increased use of deep groundwater reservoirs.
In addition, public awareness is being raised on the need for rationalizing water use, which has been manifested at the national level in 2015 and increasingly in 2016.
6.2.2.2 Coastal Zones
Adaptation options for coastal zones are highly site-dependent. However, changes in land use, integrated coastal zone management, and proactive planning for protecting coastal zones are
113
necessary adaptation policies. Providing job opportunities in safe areas (in locations that are not impacted by CC) is an important priority to successfully absorb the affected population.
6.2.2.3 Agricultural Security
Changing sowing dates and good management practices are among the important adaptation measures oriented to mitigate climate change. Changing cultivars to those that are more tolerant to heat, salinity and pests, and changing crop pattern are the most promising adaptation measures at the national level.
Moreover, using different multi-level combinations of improved surface irrigation systems and applying deficit irrigation are successful means of increasing surface irrigation system capacity in traditional lands to overcome the negative impacts of climate change.
For the livestock, improving the current low productivity of cattle and enhancing feeding programs are being considered. There is an urgent need for further studies on the impacts and adaptation to climate change in the agricultural sector in order to develop an adaptation strategy that would overcome the barriers for implementing adaptation measures. These barriers include limited scientific information and strategic visions, and lack of financial support.
6.2.2.4 Additional Adaptation Policies and Measures
According to the INDCs of November 2015, Egyptian authorities are currently focusing on the following additional policies and procedures:
− Building institutional capacities of comprehensive collection and analysis of monitoring and observations and geographic data;
− Identifying indicators and conducting an assessment of vulnerable sectors and stakeholders;
− Enforcing environmental regulations;
− Identifying and applying protection measures of vulnerable touristic and archaeological sites and roads against extreme natural phenomena such as floods, dust storms and extreme weather conditions;
− Building capacities for using regional water circulation models;
− Proactive planning and integrated coastal zone management, and
− Risk reduction and increasing awareness of stakeholders for energy and water utilization.
National Adaptation Action Plan
Coastal Zones:
1. Reduce climate change associated risks and disasters.2. Capacity building of the Egyptian society to adapt to CC risks and disasters.3. Enhance national and regional partnership in managing crises and disasters related to climate
change and the reduction of associated risk.
Water Resources and Irrigation:
1. Increase investments in modern irrigation systems.2. Cooperate with Nile Basin countries to reduce water evaporation and increase its capacity.3. Develop national policies to encourage citizens on water use rationalization.
114
Agricultural Sector:
1. Build an effective institutional system to manage climate change associated crises anddisasters at the national level.
2. Activate genetic diversity of plant species with maximum productivity.3. Achieve biological diversity of all livestock, fishery, and poultry elements to protect them and
ensure food security.4. Develop agro-economic systems and new structures to manage crops, fisheries and animal
production, which are resilient to climate changes.5. Increase the efficiency of irrigation water use, while maintaining crop productivity and
protecting land from degradation.6. Review of new and existing land use policies and agricultural expansion programs to take into
account possibilities of land degradation in Delta and other affected areas resulting fromMediterranean Sea level rise.
7. Develop systems, programs and policies to protect rural community and support its adaptivecapacity to the expected trend in land use change, plant and animal production, and internalmigration due to climate change.
Health Sector:
1. Identify potential health risks as a result of climate change.2. Raise community awareness about CC risks and means of adaptation.3. Increase the efficiency of healthcare sector and improve the quality of health services in
dealing with climate change.4. Support Ministry of Health efforts to improve the social and economic status and population
characteristics.
Urban Sector - Population:
1. Draw a baseline scenario for the optimal regional distribution of population and economicactivities within the geographical boundaries of Egypt up to the year 2100, taking climatechange into consideration.
Tourism Sector:
1. Reduce climate change risks in touristic areas.2. Engage users in supporting the proposed strategy.3. Support periodical monitoring and observations systems and follow-up bodies.4. Raise environmental awareness.5. Cooperate with international bodies.6. Incorporate disaster risks promoting sustainable tourism in Egypt.7. Capacity building of local communities in touristic areas.
Energy Sector:
1. Conduct comprehensive studies to assess the impact of CC on the energy sector, proposeappropriate adaptation measures, and estimate the economic cost of the proposed adaptationmeasures. These studies should also determine the safe locations for the construction ofpower generation projects.
115
2. Build institutional and technical capacities of different units in the energy sector in climatechange issues.
3. Support research and technological development to enable the electricity sector to dealproperly with climate change.
7. Adaptation Actions in the City of Luxor
The governorate, having compiled the vulnerability analysis and risk assessment, needs to identify a specific set of actions that will allow it to adapt to the situation it faces. A list of adaptation actions, identified from the international literature and best practices available, are presented in the following chapter, for each one of the five sectors studied above. Of course, additional measures, depending also on the local needs and situation would be necessary. However, the actions listed below are considered to be a good starting point. For each one of the five sectors, a further distinction of the adaptation actions in four categories is realized:
• Strategic actions: Actions regarding the formulation of action plans, or strategic policy planning documents that set the basis for all the actions to come in the specific sector,
• Alert /Communication actions: These are focusing on alerting the citizens on a situation, suchas an extreme climate event or hazard (high temperatures, floods, tsunamis etc.),
• Educational actions: The focus in this case is on increasing the awareness raising level of thecitizens on a specific threat or situation that the municipality is faced and requires the citizens’collaboration in one way or another, and
• Technical actions: Activities that are directly addressing technically specific climate hazard.
7.1. Public health and quality of life
Extreme weather events - particularly heat peaks and heavy rain or floods - might have a significant impact of public health and potential disease outbreaks.
Strategic actions
Health action plan for the extreme events: This is mainly about improving monitoring systems to ensure that any disease development will be detected early and addressed by competent public health services in the Governorate. This plan is currently under development. To optimise reactivity, in the event of a problem, a collaborative approach with the regional medical services has been developed. This includes processes to reach the appropriate preparedness level.
Improve sheltering capacities: Improve air conditioning in public services (hospitals, city hall, etc.) using climate friendly options to offer appropriate extreme heat protection to those citizens that lack the infrastructure to protect themselves. Such sites should also be considered as potential shelters when other type of extreme weather events will affect the more vulnerable groups (storms, floods).
Alert / Communication / Education
Developing an early warning system, to alert citizens in the case of extreme weather events or natural disasters such as heat waves, fires, floods, etc. is vital. This system needs to be set up as early as possible connecting with national monitoring centres to be able to transmit appropriate information as early as possible to citizen of Luxor.
116
This should be established as early as possible and would require a budget of about 50.000 € / year.
Educational and awareness raising campaigns should be developed to inform people about health impacts of heat waves, floods, vector borne diseases, etc., and educate residents on the ways to protect their health and prevent infection or disease outbreaks.
This should be launched as early as possible and would require a budget of about 30.000 € / year.
Technical measures
Mitigate risk of disease outbreak through appropriate maintenance of the city’s cleanliness, as well as regular quality control of sewage and drainage systems. Indeed sewage, waste dumps and dormant waters are reservoirs for serious diseases. Unless the City services fix these components, health risks will remains high in the city. The first step of this technical programme will be the mapping of hot spots for the development of communicable and vector borne diseases in order to design the most appropriate remediation plan.
Improving water quality control is also necessary as water availability is essential. First, to cover the basic needs of people particularly during periods of heat waves. Secondly, because it can be a vehicle for spreading diseases if quality control is not sufficient. Systems are already in place and need to be improved. Such improvement could be implemented such as the water delivery system upgrading proposed to reduce energy consumption in this sector (refer to Section III, part 4.1.4 / p.37).
7.2. Infrastructure management
Current infrastructures (roads, bridges, dock sides) have not been design considering the risk generated by dangerous climate change. It is time now to implement the appropriate measures to monitor the occurrence of possible problems and design appropriate remediation action.
Strategic actions
Water and Waste Water management plan is under design as part of this SECAP (refer to Section III, part 4.1.4 / p.37). This plan is must to ensure proper management of water flux particularly in the case of heavy rains that could overpass absorption capacities of the current system. This plan also needs to consider artificialized areas that will speed up water run-off. The Nile River banks already received a protection action against erosion with some parts receiving cement to clad some selected areas.
Improve infrastructure monitoring, particularly for bridges and docksides to anticipate any problems that would undermine their resistance to high waters and floods. The adequate process should be set up to ensure that any problem identified will result in an immediate remediation process. This also means designing new specifications for bridges and docksides to match the maximum expected flow during extreme events.
Modelling predicted demand and supply in electricity to adapt production capacities to actual requirements. Heat waves will increase the demand as well as degrading performance of solar PV. It is then key to develop models that will ensure a perfect match between demand and supply to avoid blackout when people are in particular need of electricity.
117
Alert / Communication / Education
Developing an early warning system: to alert citizens in case part of the infrastructure has been severely damaged, and citizens should avoid using it or even possibly preparing for a major disaster.
Educational and awareness raising campaigns: Developing guidance and advice for citizens on how to save water and energy, especially during climate crisis. This should be embedded in the different awareness messages developed as part of the campaigns to promote energy conservation and efficiency measures.
Technical measures
Establish underground water reservoirs and develop a flood control system. Reservoirs are necessary to retain water in case of heavy rains. Such reservoirs should be located in strategic areas where water gets channelled. Reservoir will retain water and avoid dramatic run off that could cause adverse impacts to the built environment downstream. Such reservoirs should be part of a flood control system that will monitor the Nile river level and occurrence of heavy rain.
Upgrade of riverside defence systems near potentially affected facilities and conduct potential re-engineering to increase the height of docksides. This could be done along the plan to reorganize docksides and install solar PV, as mentioned in this SECAP Section III (refer to part 4.2.2 – Tourism sector, page 42).
7.3. Land planning and building management
Strategic
Modify the building codes to promote more energy efficient and heat tolerant structures. Upper Egypt has been the place where very efficient building techniques has been developed in the old times. The Nubian Vault is one these techniques only requiring mud and clay (no cement, no wood, and no iron) to elaborate on buildings that are particularly well adapted to hot regions. This technic has been re-active by some architects and researchers, but also by a French NGO “Association voûte nubienne”59. More than 3000 buildings were produced in West Africa (Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, Ghana, Benin) offering very qualitative results at an affordable cost. The City of Luxor could develop a set of buildings using this technique in demonstrative districts and valuing this resurgence of a building method invented in Upper Egypt 3500 years ago.
Set up incentives for innovative climate friendly buildings. This could be done, for example, through the provision of reductions on the municipal taxes for those proceeding in adoption of adaptation measures in their houses.
Develop an integrated land use planning with zoning system depending on the different areas exposed to risk, dedicated to protection infrastructures or areas, and/or to innovative building methods. This land planning should take into account the three most important element of pressure that combines in the City of Luxor: growing urbanisation, tourism around heritage sites, requirement
59 www.lavoutenubienne.org/en
118
to preserve agricultural lands.
The Governorate is currently designing such a land-use plan. It would be necessary to include, as early as possible, consideration of climate mitigation and adaptation in this exercise as well as objectives to better preserve biodiversity both along the Nile River and in city’s surrounding desert environment.
Education & awareness raising
Raise awareness among all stakeholders living and/or using the City of Luxor’s territory, to highlight how fragile this environment is, flagging the interdependencies between the different components that nourish the City’s economy: tourism, building and services, agriculture. Specific actions should be developed to educate farmers and tourists on ways to conserve natural resources, preserve water and save energy, especially during extreme weather events.
Technical measures
Develop greening infrastructure such as buildings’ roofs and walls covered with greenery to increase the amount of shade and refresh the environment.
The very presence of trees and plants generates a cooling effect on the immediate environment. Such structures could be promoted initially in public buildings as a demonstration of the benefits.
Likewise, developing green areas in the city by planting trees and building fountains will help reduce the heat island effect.
Build exemplary districts with climate friendly and climate adapted urban forms and buildings. The combination of innovative technics (including the Nubian Vault mentioned above), adequate district design and greenery development could result in a much appreciated urban environment. Other techniques such as using white roofs, natural shading and bioclimatic designs, could be integrated in these exemplary districts.
Promote agriculture climate adaptation plans. It would be interesting to promote technologies that will both favour climate mitigation and adaptation: drip irrigation practices, agro-forestry systems, drought resistant crops, etc. This should be done in conjunction with mitigation measures that are promoted in this SECAP.
Protect the biodiversity. This programme should include tree planning (using native species) alongside the Nile River and riverside biodiversity protection. It should aim to establish and restore riparian buffers. A general multi-purpose riparian buffer design consists of a strip of grass, shrubs, and trees between the normal bank-full water level and cropland.
The programme should also develop action to preserve the very specific biodiversity of the desert surrounding the City of Luxor.
7.4. Adopted adaptation actions per sector – City of Luxor
Table 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 focuses on a set of suggested adaptation actions on the population and public health, infrastructure, built environment, economy, biodiversity in the City of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor.
119
Table 17: Suggested adaptation actions for population and public health – City of Luxor
Actions’ characteristics
Adaptation Actions Actions 2017
Governorate of Luxor, city of Luxor
Strategic
Health action plan for the extreme events that the municipality is facing, e.g., heat. etc., (Heat health action plan).
Under development
Provide access to air-conditioned public buildings during heat waves or other extreme events, for those citizens that lack the infrastructure to protect themselves (people living in underground apartments during floods, or lacking AC during extreme temperatures, etc.).
Not yet done
Collaboration with the regional medical services to increase preparedness level.
Done
Collaboration exists
Alert / Communication
Developing an early warning system to alert citizens in the case of extreme weather events or natural disasters (heat waves, floods, tsunami, etc.
Not yet done
Educational
Educational and awareness raising campaigns about health-related effects of heat waves, floods, vector borne diseases, etc., and educate residents on the ways to protect their health and prevent infection or impact.
Education, awareness raising, and campaigns are for Municipal staff.
(Under development)
Technical
Regular cleaning and maintenance of sewage & drainage system
Under development
Identification of potential hot spots for the development of vector borne diseases
Under development
Frequent monitoring of water and air quality Under development
Table 18: Suggested adaptation actions for infrastructure – City of Luxor
Actions’ characteristic
Adaptation Actions Actions 2017
Governorate of Luxor, city of Luxor
Strategic Water and Waste Water management plan There is a plan, but under development
New specifications for bridges, according to maximum expected flow during floods or sea level rise and highest temperatures
Under development
Modelling predicted supply changes in the electricity from the locally available RES sources that serve the community, as a result of the climate change
Not done yet
Frequent monitoring of the infrastructure in order to spot and quickly repair any damages
Monitoring is done on a weekly basis during infrastructure meeting
Alert / Issuing alerts in case part of the infrastructure has been severely damaged, and citizens should avoid it
Under development
120
Communication
Educational Developing guides and awareness raising campaigns for citizens on how to save water and energy, especially during crisis
Done and conducted continuously
Technical Integration of sustainable drainage systems Under execution
Establishment of underground water reservoirs Not yet done
Building desalination plants based on the best available technologies*
Doesn’t exits
*Luxor is located by theNile River
New or upgrade of (coastal) flood defence systems near affected facilities. Potential re-engineering to increase the height of quaysides.
Not done yet
Development of controlled flood management zones near afflicted facilities
Development is underway
Table 19: Suggested adaptation actions for built environment – City of Luxor
Actions’ characteristic
Adaptation Actions Actions 2017 Governorate of Luxor, city of
Luxor
Strategic
Modification of building codes to allow more energy efficient and heat tolerant structures
Not done
Modification of building codes against seismic activity According to national laws
Provision of reductions on municipal taxes for those proceeding in adoption of adaptation measures in their houses
Doesn’t exist
Integrated land-use planning with zoning system depending on the different areas (e.g. red for areas to be heavily afflicted by floods or sea level rise)
Not done
Alert / Communication
Not applicable N/A
Educational Educational campaigns on informing the citizens on the benefits of adopting the suggested actions in their premises
Not done
Technical
Greening infrastructure such as buildings’ roofs and walls Not done
Increasing the amount of shade and green areas in the city by planting trees to reduce the heat island effect
Under development
More projects are underway.
Building exemplary districts with adapted urban forms and buildings
Not done
White roofs (cool colours), shading and bioclimatic design Not done
Rainwater collection and use Not done
121
Adoption of methods to reduce water demand Grey water is not used for irrigation
Using water resistant construction materials Under development
Table 20: Suggested adaptation actions for economy – City of Luxor
Actions’ characteristic
Adaptation Actions Actions 2017
Governorate of Luxor, city of Luxor
Strategic Elaboration of drought, water and ground water management plan
Not yet done
Adoption of integrated land use planning for the touristic activities
A proposal is under development by Governorate of Luxor
Alert / Communication
- -
Educational Educating farmers* and tourist personnel on ways to conserve natural resources, especially during extreme weather events
Not yet done
Technical Use of drought resistant crops Not yet done
Adoption of agro-forestry systems Not yet done
Utilization of drip irrigation practices Not yet done
Adoption of energy efficient and water conservation programs at resorts
Not yet done
Reducing cooling needs in resorts by installing automations and setting thermostats at given temperature
Not yet done
Promotion of RES (SWH, PVs) in resorts Not yet done
Table 21: Suggested adaptation actions for biodiversity – City of Luxor
Actions’ characteristic
Adaptation Actions Actions 2017 Governorate of Luxor, city of
Luxor
Strategic
Establishment of a fire management plan A plan is under development
Elaboration of an integrated coastal management plan Not yet developed
Alert / Communication
Early warning system for flooding or fire hazards Under development
Educational Educating the citizens Under development
Fragmenting the forest* into section to allow better fire Not yet done.
122
Technical
management *There is one forest in Luxor
Planning, construction and maintenance of forest* roads Not yet done.
* There is one forest in Luxor
Trees planting Done in the city of Luxor and more tress are underway to green the city
Establishment of controlled flooding zones Not done
Beach nourishment or replenishment.
It is the artificial placement of sand on an eroded shore to maintain the amount of sand present in the foundation of the coast, and this way to compensate for natural erosion and to a greater or lesser extent protect the area against storm surge (nourishment may also use gravel & small pebbles, particularly for shore face). Beach nourishment also often aims to maintain beaches (beach width for tourism and recreational purposes)
- Nile River banks received a protection action against erosion & maintenance, - Execution plan is done for these banks to cement and clad some selected areas to avoid collapse.
Restoration and management of coastal wetlands and rivers*
Not yet done.
Establishment and restoration of riparian buffers.
A general, multi-purpose, riparian buffer design consists of a strip of grass, shrubs, and trees between the normal bank-full water level and cropland. Riparian Buffer Strips are linear bands of permanent vegetation adjacent to an aquatic ecosystem intended to maintain or improve water quality by trapping and removing various nonpoint source pollutants from both overland and shallow subsurface flow. Buffer strips also provide (additional) habitat for aquatic species and may result in increased recharge of groundwater
Not yet done.
123
Section V: Project Fiches
City of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor – Priority Action # 1 for SECAP
1. General presentation
# 1 1. Urban Sustainable Mobility Master Plan
Location: City of Luxor,
Governorate of Luxor Summary of the Action
Current Status – Transport in the City of Luxor (Governorate of Luxor)
Start date: October 2017 Transport in the City of Luxor – Governorate of Luxor is one of the key concerns to be addressed, as this sector is both a significant domain of energy consumption (41% with 2002 GWh/year) and the first GHG emitter (33% with 531 ktCO2eq/year). Also, the GHG emission from tourists’ transport amounts to 273 ktCO2eq/year and 790GWh/y. Hence all transports represent 804 ktons CO2 equivalent/year.
The city counts with 8,460 private vehicles and 39,425 motorcycles. Citizen mobility services are ensured by commercial (private) transport (3105 Taxis & 424 Microbus) - within City of Luxor and its boundaries (neighbouring villages, cities, nearby Governorates). Additionally, there are 3,958 vehicles for transporting goods in the city. Tourists’ transport means are ensured by 3,674 vehicles, including: a) 1,837 buses & microbuses; b) 440 Sedan cars; c) 990 microbuses; and d) 407 buses.
All the above means of transport are using fuels that will negatively impact the city’s air quality and affect antiquities and heritage sites, namely Luxor temple, Karnak temple located in the heart of the urban part of the city and other monuments in the west bank. Adding to the vibration caused by the transport nearby these sites, all will eventually cause deterioration and perhaps collapse to some parts.
Such problem is not limited to roads, but also extended to water transport’ means through the Nile river, which are causing water and air pollution to the antiquities heritage site near by the Nile river banks as well, due to the use of conventional means of fuels in running small passengers’ dhows and large cruise tourists’ boats.
The Governorate has no public transport but depends only on private network and horses’ carriages for moving tourists in-and-around.
The Governorate of Luxor, particularly the City of Luxor now wants to move forward to holistically solve these challenges by promoting sustainable mobility and green transport through developing a comprehensive strategic and efficient
Project lifetime: 1 year
End: December 2018
Estimated cost €
100 K€ initial investment for the design of the Master plan.
124
mobility solution -- “Sustainable, Clean and Green Urban Mobility Master Plan – SCGUMMP.’’
This SCGUMMP should integrate new sustainability approaches and technologies to a green and resilient city.
Status of the Action: General Objectives of the project
• New
• Planned
• Following previousaction.
The “Urban Sustainable Mobility Master Plan” will be Luxor’ strategic roadmap to improve mobility, while reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions from the highest emitting sector.
The aim of this master plan is to switch to green transport and mobility, including tourists’ transports that currently use fossil fuel. This plan will lower GHG emitting from transport sector, reduce air and water pollution near the banks of the Nile river, preserve antiquities and heritage sites nearby and protect the Nile, as well as improve the quality of life in the City of Luxor.
This action supports the Governorate to attain the SDS 2030 and contribute in achieving SDG 7: Ensure Access to Affordable Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All, and SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, particularly in Egypt SDS 2030 Strategic objectives under energy and environment sectors.
National Strategy, Policies, Laws and Programmes
General:
Vision and Strategy
- Egypt’s Vision 2030,
- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030,
- Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030, and
- Green City Strategy 2030 ‘’Luxor the Heritage City of the World’’ – Luxor Governorate (2014).
Specific Strategy and Policy
125
Strategy
- Transport Strategy and Action Plan, - Freight Transport (MFT) strategy MoTr and JICA, - Sustainability - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation (2014),
- National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Management – NSICM, MoEnv, - EU-Egypt Action Plan for Egypt’s National Development Plan (2002 – 2007), - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation – TEUC (2014),
- National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction – NSACCDRR (2011), and - EU-Egypt Action Plan for Egypt’s National Development Plan (2002 – 2007).
Policies - National Sustainable Transport Policy, - Transport Policy and Planning, and - National Air Quality Policy – NAQP, UNEP (2015).
Climate Change Policies
- Environmental Air Quality Policy – UNDP (2015),
- Third National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2014), - Second National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2010), and - Initial National Communication on Climate Change – MoEnv and EEAA (1999).
Legislations, Laws and Decrees
Laws
- New Investment Laws (2017),
- Climate Change Legislations (2015),
- Clean Development Mechanism – CDM (2010),
- Integrated Coastal Zone Management – ICZM (1994),
- Environmental Protection (1994, 2015), and - Public Partnership with Private sectors – PPP (2010).
Decrees
- Baselines of the Maritime Areas (1990), - Public Authority for Rivers’ Transportation (1979), - Regulating Private Sector’s Participation in Infrastructure Projects – Services and Public Utilities (2010), - Baselines of the Maritime Areas (1990), and - Public Authority for Rivers’ Transportation (1979).
Plans and Programmes
Programmes
- Green Cities and Sustainable Development (2015),
- National Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Portfolio (2009),
- Protection of Natural Environmental Resources and Nature Conservation – PNERNC, EEAA, - Environmental Awareness – Training and Capacity Building, - Clean Production Mechanism CPM (2010),
126
- National Environmental, Economic and Development Study – NEEDS (2010), and
- Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme – EPAP, EEAA (2007– 2012).
Plans
- Transport Master Plan 2012-2027 – MINTS, and
- National Low Carbon Economy Plan – NLCEP.
Plan and programmes - Climate Change
- Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Plan – UNDP and MoEnv (2015), - Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures – CCAMM, - Climate Change Action Plan – CCAP, - Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP, - National Action Plan for Adaptation – NAPA, and - Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP, MoEnv (2013).
Initiatives - Low Emission Capacity Building – UNDP, MoEnv and EEAA (2013 – 2016), - Resilient Cities Acceleration Initiative - RCAI (2015), - Environment - Air and Water Quality, JICA and MoEnv (2006 – 2016), and - Green Tourism Unit – GTU (2014).
Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy
The Governorate of Luxor developed a Green City Strategy 2030 - GCS “Luxor the Heritage City of the World” that was launched on June 14, 2014. The GCS 2030 recommendations were also cemented by the Green City Protocol signed by more than 45 key stakeholders. However, the implementation road map of the GCS has not been published yet. The Governorate of Luxor also joined the Resilient Cities Acceleration Initiative (RCAI) in its 3rd phase with the objective to assist selected cities to be more resilient in confronting environmental challenges and counterbalance the impact of CC risks to socioeconomic life60.
Keeping in mind its specific values and the local context, the City of Luxor develops a strategy consistent with Egypt’s Vision 2030, Energy Strategy 2035 and National SDS 2030. This strategy is structured around two folds:
- Reduce energy consumption in all sectors through energy conservation and efficiency, in order to provide better services while reducing costs and impacts, and
- Promote energy production from locally available renewable resources in order to cover as far as possible energy needs from these decarbonised sources.
As the vulnerability analysis of the City of Luxor – Governorate of the Luxor indicates among 10 receptors including tourists is ranked the second highest risk (level 2) in terms of probability and impact.
The City of Luxor - Governorate of Luxor developed and announced a Strategic Plan 2017, which promotes many projects in the areas of infrastructure. The strategy is centred on the objective of promoting Luxor as a green city. Within this strategy promoting clean and green transport system and sustainable water mobility
60 http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/RESILIENCE-Resilient-Cities-Acceleration-Initiative.pdf
127
in the Nile river is absolutely central to reduce energy consumption and lower CO2 emissions that impacts air quality and the climate. In addition, the Governorate also intends to support the plan by informing and raising awareness of all Governorate staff and citizens on the impact of climate change, upcoming risks and adaptation actions, as well as the importance of applying sustainable energy measures.
Priority action #1 – Urban Sustainable Mobility Master Plan, is in-line with the City of Luxor vision and strategy.
Contact person in the local authority Principal partners and stakeholders
Ramadan Seddik, Director of Environmenta Affairs, Governorate of Luxor
Mohamed Salah, Head of Traffic
Department – Ministry of Interior, Luxor
• Governorate of Luxor – City of Luxor (Municipality)
• City Council represented by the Governor
• Ministry of Local Development
• Traffic Department, Ministry of Interior
• General Organisation of Physical Planning (GOPP)
• Ministry of Environment
Process
• Preliminary Mobility Master Plan (MMP) submission and approval,
• GOPP review and approve the SCGUMMP to study its impact on land use, urban density and taxation,
• Expert meeting (Local Municipality Environment, Transport, Traffic Department),
• Final Master plan detailed for approval,
• City of Luxor Council represented by the Governor and Municipality approval, and
• Governor’s approval.
2. Technical description
Link to Governorate (municipal) development plan
Mobility is a central point of concern for Governorate of Luxor. The City of Luxor urban area urgently needs a strategic approach to improve mobility in the city and change the current system to more sustainable one, cleaner and greener. The city is divided by the Nile river forming the east and west banks. This represents a strong geographical constraint for mobility services in the city. With the massive number of heritage sites and antiquities, it is vital to develop a comprehensive plan of green mobility services and infrastructures to ensure Luxor will preserve its future development while improving quality of life in a sustainable urban area, meeting Egypt’s vision and SDS 2030.
The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate adaptation actions. The transport sector is one the five main sectors that will be affected by climate change risks. Transport is running on non-clean energy (mainly diesel), which is adding to such risks. Also, the Nile River banks, antiquities and heritage sites in the City of Luxor that are experiencing heavy transport due to tourist activities, including water transportation from east bank to west banks and leisure, are urgently in
128
need of a strategic and comprehensive approach to improving the transport network and promoting a more sustainable model.
With 210,000 tourists (2015 reference) using transportations (3,674 vehicles, including 1,837 buses & microbuses) and the city having 8,460 private vehicles and 39,425 motorcycles, on transforming the mobility model is a big challenge. Mobility services are, so far, only ensured by commercial (private) transport (3105 Taxis & 424 Microbus), which make it even more complex. Hence, it is vital to develop a comprehensive planning of green transport mobility, which will preserve the city future development, while improving quality of life in the urban area of the City of Luxor.
This priority action #1 on greening transport and mobility would also support the National Adaptation Actions. It also supports the Governorate strategy attaining the set policies in the National Climate Change Communication Report, mainly the policies targeting development that is more sustainable based on four pillars:
• More efficient use of energy, especially by end users.• Increased use of renewable energy as an alternative to non-renewable sources.• Use of advanced locally-appropriate and more-efficient fossil fuel technologies, which is less-emitting.• Energy efficiency is the cornerstone to be targeted by policy makers to decouple demand on energy and
economic growth.
Implementation plan
Component 1: The City of Luxor first needs to get a more sophisticated understanding of mobility needs across the city and issues to be solved:
• Traffic movements and intensity in different parts of the city,• Mobility habits of residents,• Needs for goods transport,• Main issues to be solved (traffic jam, air pollution, GHG emissions), and• Specific assessment of tourists’ transport needs and evolution of fluvial circulation management and
transport needs.
The first step of the Mobility Master plan design will consist in a detailed investigation of mobility issues, challenges and needs in Luxor.
Component 2: From the detailed description of issues at stake, the study will draw strategic priorities with a double objective in mind – improve mobility services for people, goods, and tourists while reducing the environmental foot print of the transport sector and its impact on heritage and cultural sites and antiquities. This could include:
• Designing a new organisation of transport services integrating transport needs and city planningpolicies, while prioritising collective / public transportation instead of private/ individual vehicles and active modes of mobility for people (walking and biking) in particular by providing safer conditionsfor users,
129
• Structuring the urban transport sector by empowering a public transport authority to take action forthe improvement of transport in and around the city. In the case of Luxor, this would mean a closercollaboration between the Governorate and the Ministry of Transport,
• Review traffic management rules and circulation routes to improve the flow of traffic,• Explore innovative solution that would significantly change the mobility paradigm in Luxor (RTB,
electrical buses in reserved lane, etc.),• Developing incentives as well as regulatory measures adding constraints on the use of private motor
vehicles and making other modes a more attractive choice, and• Implementing a common methodology to measure GHG emissions, report on them and monitor all
other benefits deriving from the development of sustainable urban mobility, including river Nile clean transportation and sustainable cursing.
Component 3 will articulate the different options in comprehensive scenarios taking into account all components of the evolution of mobility services (efficiency, comfort, energy consumption and GHG) and will assess the environmental impacts of the different scenarios.
Component 4 will assess costs of the preferred scenario to help the Municipality council making the appropriate choice with the best return on investment.
Component 5 will build up institutional capacities, as this is essential to prepare and oversee the implementation of the master plan. This would involve training in cost estimation, feasibility studies, funding schemes
Component 6: Awareness raising is vital to change the current mode of transport to public sharing modality and to assist in the implementation of the plan and in transforming the city to be a green city (bicycles, flukes (dhows), cruises and boats to run by gas not fossil fuel and clean transport.
Deliverables should be as follows:
• Integrated Sustainable Mobility Master Plan for a period of 15 years (the best mobility scenario forthe city) to improve mobility in the City Luxor and attain Egypt’s vision, SDS 2030 and SDG 7, 9, 11,12, and 17,
• Costing of these different components,
• Implementation road map, including priorities to be addressed on the short and medium terms,
• Environmental protection and adaption measures to reduce adverse impacts (locally and globally),and
• Green city – transport.
3. Organisation and procedures
Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action ≠1
Formal approval
• Mohamed Salah – Traffic Department Luxor• Mahmoud Samy, Traffic Department Luxor• Dr Ramadan Seddik, Environmental Affairs,
Governorate of Luxor• Governorate of Luxor
City council represented by the Governor of Luxor needs to decide for the implementation of such an investigation in coordination with GOPP.
130
• City Council – Luxor Represented by the• Governor and Municipal Council represented by
the Governor• GOPP
This would include the following entities:
• Ministry of Investment and Int. Cooperation
• Governor of Luxor
• City Council represented by the Governor
• Traffic Department – City of Luxor
• Ministry of Local Development
Role of Partners Staff training
- Stakeholders (taxi drivers, transport companies, traffic department, Antiquities
- Department, private users, all big institutions generating a lot of transport needs – schools, hospitals, etc.) should be invited to specific workshop to design the strategic road map to improve urban mobility, make this design process as inclusive as possible, and
- Training is also need to transfer the message of clean and green transport.
Governorate (Municipality) and Traffic Dept. staff related to the issue of Sustainable Mobility need to receive coaching and training on two subjects:
• Strategic management of mobility issues, and
• Technical and organisational solutions to bepromoted,
• A Special Strategic Unit to be developed andstructured to oversee the training of staff and allconcerned as well as the implementation of theplan at the governorate.
4. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions
A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic sustainable mobility for each and every individual and for the general benefit of the City of Luxor. The Awareness Raising Programme (ARP), would include lectures and workshops for staff and citizens that could encompass several actions:
- The creation of a permanent municipal information point, - The organisation of an open house, - The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers, - The distribution of brochures and posters, - The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability and local success
stories: Information on national energy policies and local implications, The prevailing energy conditions in the municipality, The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainable
energy strategy and the SECAP, and Successful projects in national and foreign municipalities, notably in municipalities that are members
of the Covenant of Mayors (CoM).
131
5. Assumptions and risks
• Mobility is a very complex issue and the potential impacts (good or bad) of the different scenarios aredifficult to assess, which may lead to options being hard to distinguish by their merits,
• In the absence of public transport managed by local authorities, that could possibly boost publicmobility offer, the transformation of mobility patterns will only depends on private transporters whohave no incentives to change the current model, and
• Beyond promoting new sustainable services and/or new green infrastructures, reducing mobility needsand behavioural change is very dependent on public mobilization on the matter.
6. Key success factors
• The huge nuisances generated by poorly organized mobility services are a nightmare for people whoare then really willing to act, a soon as they see the benefits of sustainable solutions answering theirpersonal needs while taking into account the collective commitment the Governorate takes,
• Public participation can help designing ambitious and most appropriate solutions, and
• The strong commitment of the Governor of Luxor to act (with the support of the Traffic Department -Ministry of Interior and the support of Ministry of environment) on the issue is obviously an importantelement to consider.
7. Cost estimates
90,000 €
20,000 €
30,000 €
20,000 €
10,000 €
5,000 €
5,000 €
Technical support for designing the Sustainable Mobility Master Plan
- Information gathering (data, maps) to inform the Master plan’s design - Scenario drawing - Stakeholders’ consultation to get their buy-in and identify conditions for
success, - Costs benefit analysis of the most appreciated scenario - Master plan finalisation - Promotion of the master plan among stakeholders
10,000 € Training for Governorate staff
Not relevant Approximate annual cost saving (after initial investment reimbursement)
Not relevant Return on Investment (draft calculation)
132
8. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed
National Funds and Programs Local authority's own resources:
EU Funds & Programs and other external funds International Financial Institutions61:
- The World Bank (WB),
- United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
- European Commission (EC),
- European Investment Banks (EIB),
- European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD),
- French Development Agency (AFD),
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID),
- Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW),
- German Technical Cooperation (GIZ),
- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
- OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID),
- Islamic Development Bank (IDB),
- African Development Bank (ADB),
- Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED),
- Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD),
- Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD),
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD),
- Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED),
- Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED),
- Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and
- Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).
Lined up private investments Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise)
61 The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/ (Accessed on: 14.08.2017)
133
Expected annual cost savings to City budget Loans and potential borrower
9. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030
200,240 GWh/year from 2020 onwards
600,720 GWh/y by 2030 including:
200,240 GWh/year
100,120 GWh/year
200,240 GWh/year
100,120 GWh/year
Energy savings GWh/y
- Improved management and awareness among transport operators would lead to a 10% reduction in energy consumption from 2020 onwards,
- Providing the Sustainable, Clean and Green Urban Mobility Master Plan implementation would have started in 2020 the latest and would demonstrate a 50% progress in implementation in 2030 the expected impact of such a plan should generate a 30% reduction in energy consumption by 2030, including:
New engine technologies will allow securing à 10% reduction,
Active mobility development (cycling and walking) allow 5% reduction,
Urban planning allows traffic optimization that will reduce consumptionby 10%,
Public transport system and RTB service to airport result in another 5%reduction.
Not relevant Renewable energy production MWh/y
CO2 reduction t CO2/y
2015 - Reference Year
2030 - Target Year
212,325 ktCO2 eq./year - Net reduction by 2030
30% - Reduction as related to BAU scenario (transport sector)
134
City of Luxor – Governorate of Luxor Priority Action # 2 for SECAP
1. General presentation
# 22. Sustainable and Green Boats
Location: City of Luxor,
Governorate of Luxor Summary of the Action
Current Status – Transport (water) in the city of Luxor (Governorate of Luxor)
Start date: December 2017 Transport in the City of Luxor – Governorate of Luxor is one of the key concerns to be addressed, as this sector is both a significant domain of energy consumption (41% with 2002 GWh/year) and the first GHG emitter (33% with 531 ktCO2eq/year).
Also, the GHG emission from tourists’ transport amounts to 273 ktCO2eq/year and 790GWh/y. Hence all transports represent 804 ktons CO2 equivalent/year.
There are 253 boats large cruise boats based in the city of Luxor. Only 112 of them are in operation (2016), consuming 13,000 litres of diesel per journey of a week.
There are also 155 small dhows sailing on the Nile river from one bank to the other and consuming 20 litres of diesel per day in average. The movement of these boats cause air and water pollution resulting from their daily journey from the west to east banks transferring tourists and passengers.
The use of diesel negatively impacts the city’s air quality and affects the Nile river, as well as the antiquities and heritage sites located nearby.
The City of Luxor - Governorate of Luxor (municipality) has the desire to move forward to holistically solve the challenges facing the city, promoting sustainable and green transport and developing a comprehensive tourism strategic and efficient solution with the Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan (SGTP).
This SGTP will introduce measures and technologies to green tourists’ boats and small passengers’ dhows.
Project lifetime: 3 years
End: December 2020
Estimated cost €
Technical support 30.000 €
Boats’ conversion fund
2,780,000 €
Status of the Action: General Objectives of the project
• New
• Planned
• Following previous action.
The Sustainable and Green Boats (SGB) priority action, which is one component of the SGTP, consists mainly in converting all these boats using fossil fuel to operate with LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gaz) or CNG (Compressed natural gas) which are far cleaner than diesel and generate less CO2 emissions.
This action will transform both transport and tourism sectors, that are the highest GHG emitting sectors in the city of Luxor. It will also improve air and
135
water quality of the surrounding environments.
This action supports the Governorate of Luxor to attain the SDS 2030 and contribute in achieving SDG 7: Ensure Access to Affordable Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All, and SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, particularly in Egypt SDS 2030 Strategic objectives under energy and environment sectors.
National Strategy, Policies, Legal framework and laws, and Programmes
General:
Vision and Strategy
- Egypt’s Vision 2030,
- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030,
- Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030, and
- Green City Strategy 2030 ‘’Luxor the Heritage City of the World’’ – Luxor Governorate (2014).
Specific Strategy and Policy
Strategy
- National Tourism Strategy 2020 (2013), - Transport Strategy and Action Plan, - Freight Transport (MFT) strategy MoTr and JICA, - Sustainability - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation (2014),
- National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Management – NSICM, MoEnv, - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation – TEUC (2014),
- National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction – NSACCDRR (2011), and - EU-Egypt Action Plan for Egypt’s National Development Plan (2002 – 2007).
Policies - National Sustainable Transport Policy, - Transport Policy and Planning, and - National Air Quality Policy – NAQP, UNEP (2015).
Climate Change Policies
- Environmental Air Quality Policy – UNDP (2015),
- Third National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2014), - Second National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2010), and - Initial National Communication on Climate Change – MoEnv and EEAA (1999).
Legislations, Laws and Decrees
Laws
- New Investment Laws (2017),
- Climate Change Legislations (2015),
- Clean Development Mechanism – CDM (2010),
136
- Integrated Coastal Zone Management – ICZM (1994),
- Environmental Protection (1994, 2015), and - Public Partnership with Private sectors – PPP (2010).
Decrees
- Baselines of the Maritime Areas (1990), and - Public Authority for Rivers’ Transportation (1979).
Plans and Programmes
- Green Cities and Sustainable Development (2015),
- Transport Master Plan 2012-2027 – MINTS,
- Green Industrial Development (2015), - National Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Portfolio (2009),
- National Low Carbon Economy Plan – NLCEP,
- Protection of Natural Environmental Resources and Nature Conservation – PNERNC, EEAA, - Environmental Awareness – Training and Capacity Building, - Clean Production Mechanism CPM (2010),
- National Environmental, Economic and Development Study – NEEDS (2010), and
- Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme – EPAP, EEAA (2007– 2012).
Plan and programmes - Climate Change
- Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Plan – UNDP and MoEnv (2015), - Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures – CCAMM, - Climate Change Action Plan – CCAP, - Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP, - National Action Plan for Adaptation – NAPA, and - Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP, MoEnv (2013).
Initiatives - Low Emission Capacity Building – UNDP, MoEnv and EEAA (2013 – 2016), - Resilient Cities Acceleration Initiative - RCAI (2015), - Environment - Air and Water Quality, JICA and MoEnv (2006 – 2016), - Green Tourism Unit – GTU (2014), and - Private Sector Tourism Infrastructure and Environmental Management – WB (2003).
Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy
The Governorate of Luxor developed a Green City Strategy 2030 - GCS “Luxor the Heritage City of the World” that was launched on June 14, 2014. However, the implementation road map of the GCS has not been published yet. The Governorate of Luxor also joined the Resilient Cities Acceleration Initiative (RCAI) in its 3rd phase with the objective to assist selected cities to be more resilient in confronting environmental challenges and counterbalance the impact of CC risks on the socioeconomic life.
Keeping in mind its specific values and the local context, the City of Luxor develops a strategy consistent with Egypt’s Vision 2030, Energy Strategy 2035 and National SDS 2030. This strategy is structured around:
137
- Reduce energy consumption in all sectors through energy conservation and efficiency, in order to provide better services while reducing costs and impacts, and
- Promote energy production from locally available renewable resources in order to cover as far as possible energy needs from these decarbonised sources.
As the vulnerability analysis of the City of Luxor – Governorate of the Luxor indicates among 10 receptors including tourists is ranked the second highest risk (level 2) in terms of probability and impact.
The City of Luxor - Governorate of Luxor developed and announced a Strategic Plan 2017, which promotes many projects in the areas of infrastructure. The strategy is centred on the objective of promoting Luxor as a green city.
Within this strategy and in the Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan (SGTP), promoting clean and green transport system and sustainable water mobility in the Nile river is absolutely central to reduce energy consumption and lower CO2 emissions that impacts air quality and the climate. The City of Luxor wants to expand the use of clean energy to cruise boats, promoting natural gas instead of diesel.
In addition, the Governorate of Luxor is also intending to support the plan by informing and raising awareness of all Governorate’ staff and citizens on the impact of climate change, upcoming risks and adaptation actions, as well as the importance of applying sustainable energy measures.
Priority Action #2 – Sustainable and Green Boats in the City of Luxor is in-line with such vision and strategy.
Contact person in the local authority Principal partners and stakeholders
Dr. Ramadan Sedik,
Director of Environmental Affairs, Governorate of Luxor.
• Governorate of Luxor – City of Luxor (Municipality)
• City Council represented by the Governor
• Ministry of Local Development
• Ministry of Transport (MoTr)/ River TransportAuthority
• Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MoWRI) /General Administration for Nile river protection
• Ministry of Environment / EEAA• Mo PMRs / EGAS and EGC – Luxor• Ministry of Interior / Civil Defence Department
2. Process
Technical Process
The objective is to switch as many boats as possible form using diesel and fuel to natural gas (CNG) as such a solution will significantly reduce GHG emissions for cruise boats and dhows. Additionally, renewable solution can be added to cover basic needs on board (electricity and sanitary warm water).
Natural gas, mainly composed of methane, can be stored as liquid (LNG) or in compressed form (CNG). On the long term natural gas could come from bio-waste or from conversion of renewable electricity, hence offering a fully renewable supply for boats on the Nile river. Note that CNG is far more interesting than LPG as it can be produced from bio resources (through bio-digesters) when LPG is necessarily derived from oil. Technologies to manage CNG/LNG are progressing fast in Europe and could be easily transferred in Egypt.
138
The estimated cost of transferring a cruise boat to run by CNG is varying from 252 kEGP (12k€) to 336 kEGP (16 k€) and doesn't cost more than 109,200 EGP (5,200 €) from small boats.
The planned action is set through the following assessments and development:
• Develop a thorough assessment of the situation of tourists boats (small and large);
- Assess the condition, engine size and power capacity required for large cruise boats, - Examine the condition, engine size and capacity required for small dhows, and - Estimate the amount of CNG needed to supply converted boats.
• Identify potential technical partners to contribute to boat conversion to CNG,
• Implementing the plan to convert cruise boats and small passenger boats to operate with CNG, and
• Develop a study to install Solar PV onto cruise boats for supplying electricity from renewable energy.
The ambition is to convert 110 cruise boats and 155 small passengers boats.
Note that docks could also be equipped with solar PV. This should be done as part of the general effort to promote solar energy in the City of Luxor along the lines of the development of solar power plants around the city.
Administrative and coordination process
• Governorate of Luxor – City of Luxor (Municipality) and Governor’s to approve the plan and its targets,
• City Council represented by the Governor approval,
• Cruise boats and small passengers’ boats owners and management in Luxor – approvals,
• Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (MoPMRs) – study and approve the quantity of the NCN/NGneeded for these boasts to switch to green, including:
- Egypt Gas Holding Company (EGAS) – study and approvals,
- Ganoub el-Wady Holding Company – study and approval,
- Egypt GAS Company EGC– Governorate of Luxor (approval for CNG supply),
• Ministry of Transport /River Transportation Authority (RTA) – inspections and approval for safety,• Ministry of Interior (MoInt) / Civil Defence Department for checking safety issues with new installation,• Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE) / NREA to approve the installation of SWH and PV
new installation on Boats and docks,
• Tourism (MoTrm) – renew license as part of the 110 cruise boats license,
• Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – Assess strategic environmental and social Impacts (SESIs) and benefits, and
• Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) – international investment approvals.
Government and Administrative Procedures and Approvals
• Initial approval of the Governorate (Municipality),
• Final approval City Council represented by HE the Governor,
139
• Environmental permit: EEAA approval of the SESIs,• Operation Permit: SWH and PV installations,
• Safety and Operation permit: River Maritime Inspection Authority – MoTr,
• Safety Permit: Civil Defence Department – MoInt, and
• Supply Approval: GeWCo and EGC - MoPMRs to supply CNG.
European Union (EU) Commission Directives which apply to projects financed by IFCs for Action #2
Committed to the adoption of EU environmental principles, practices and substantive standards are essential, including the following list that provides a brief description for the key pertinent EU Directives:
- Directive 2001/42/EC (SEA Directive) on the integration of environmental considerations into the preparation and adoption of plans and programmes with a view to promoting sustainable development, and
- Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment, and its amendment (Directive 2014/52/EU).
Biodiversity and Natural Resources - Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Water Fowl Habitat (RAMSA), and - Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and Flora in their Natural State.
Atmosphere and Air Pollution
- COP 21 Paris climate change agreement, - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, - Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, and - Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
Health and Worker Safety:
Convention Concerning Protection of Workers against Occupational Hazards in Working Environment due to Air Pollution.
3. Technical description
Link to Governorate development plan
Tourism is a central point of concern for the Governorate of Luxor and the City of Luxor.
With 210,000 tourists visiting Luxor (2015 reference) and most of them embarking on a cruise on the Nile Rover to reach Aswan and heritage sites or doing a smaller tour on a dhow, reducing fossil fuel consumption from these boats is an essential path toward sustainable energy.
This priority action #2 on greening boats is consistent with eth City of Luxor ambition to position itself as a Green tourism and cultural destination. It also supports the Governorate strategy attaining the set policies in the National Climate Change Communication Report (NCCCR), mainly the policies targeting development that is more sustainable based on four pillars:
• More efficient use of energy, especially by end users.• Increased use of renewable energy as an alternative to non-renewable sources.• Use of advanced locally appropriate and more efficient fossil fuel technologies that are less-emitting.
140
• Energy efficiency is the cornerstone for policy makers to decouple energy demand and economicgrowth.
Implementation plan
Component 1: The Governorate of Luxor needs to get a more sophisticated understanding of water mobility and use of cruise boats for tourism and issues to be solved.
Component 2: From the detailed description of issues at stake, the plan will draw strategic priorities with a double objective in mind – improve boats sustainable operation and reducing their environmental footprint.
This could include:
• Establish a coordination unit/organisation of tourist boats and water mobility needs and policies, whileprioritising collective action to change mind set of boats owners such as cruise boats companies andsmall passenger boats regarding the possible optimization of boats occupancy to reduce the numberof cruise boats not traveling at full capacity, and the benefits of not using diesel and instead use cleaner energy,
• Structure the plan to convert boats and docksides in phases, (switch to natural gas and improve energyefficiency on board and use SWH and Solar PV),
• Explore innovative solutions and technologies that would significantly change tourist cruise and smallpassenger boats,
• Develop incentives as well as regulatory measures adding constraints on the use of private motor boats run by diesel and making it a more attractive choice to use natural gas instead, and
• Implement a common methodology to measure GHG emissions, report on them and monitor all otherbenefits deriving from the development of sustainable boat operations by natural gas.
Component 3: Engines conversion to CNG.
Tourist Cruise Boat
Each cruise boat consumes per weekly journey about 10-15,000 litres of diesels. Assuming each boat will make 4 journeys per month, each cruise boat will make 16-20 journeys per year during high seasons (3-5 months). The total diesel consumed per boat and per year is estimated as follows (minimum and maximum):
Minimum diesel consumption per Cruise boat/year = 16 x 10,000 = 160,000 litres = 136 t = 376,000 EGP = 18,297 € Maximum diesel consumption per Cruise boat/year = 20 x 15,000 = 300,000 litres = 255 t = 705,000 EGP = 34,306 €
This means that CO2 emission per boat and per season vary between 429 and 804 tCO2eq.
When switching from diesel to NG, energy consumption grows by a factor 1,1 due to less engine efficiency.
141
- Minimum NG required per Cruise boats/year = 173,500 cubic meters (Equivalent 136 t diesel X 1,1efficiency)
- Maximum NG required per Cruise boats/year = 292,100 cubic meters (Equivalent 255 t diesel X 1,1efficiency)
As NG cubic meter costs 2.25 EGP, operating cost will range from 390 kEGP (18,996 €) to 657 kEGP (31,981 €) meaning almost the same cost than operating with diesel.
However, CO2 emissions per boat and per season are far lower, varying between 380 tCO2eq and 640 tCO2eq, and representing cut going from 11% to 20%.
Note that energy consumption could be further reduced, by using solar PV to cover electricity needs and avoid engine running when boats are not sailing.
The conversion cost per boat to run by CNG is ranging from 252 kEGP (12k€) to 336 kEGP (16 k€) each and need to be subsidized with current price of diesel. Should this price go up, the conversion payback would be 10 years or less.
Hence, for 110 cruise boats, the total cost would be around 42 million EGP (2 m€).
Small passengers boats
Each small boat uses between 4-5 litres of diesel per journey (west bank to east bank and return). These boats operate on daily basis and complete 4 to 5 trips/day, meaning an average of 20 litres per day or 7,300 litres per year.
This means in 7.3 tons / year on diesel converted to 6.7 tons of NG or 8,934 cubic meters per year (per boat).
Hence for 155 small boats a requirement of 1,384,770 cubic meters per year.
Like for larger boats, operating cost will be equal or slightly lower, but CO2 emission will drop by 10% to 20%.
The conversion cost per small boat to run on CNG is starting at 109,200 EGP (5,200 €). Hence, for 155 small passenger boats, the total conversion cost would reach 19.5 m EGP (930,000 €).
Component 4: Retrofitting cruise boats to rely on renewable energy
LED lamps replacement and required solar PV for lighting
Assuming that each cruise boat has 100 rooms, each room has 3 lamps, thus we would need to replace 300
142
lamps plus 50 for corridors and staircases as well as 100 lamps for the upper deck, restaurants and other facilities. Thus, in total 450 lamps per boat. This lighting would need 13.5 kWh per day that can be produced by 3 to 4 solar PV on the roof with appropriate batteries for energy storage. This would mean an investment per boat of 5,400 € maximum (1350€ per 1 kWp panel).
Note: SWH on Cruise Boats
Assuming that one cruise boat with 100 rooms, occupied by 2 persons, and then we have 185 passengers/boat, on average, plus 30 staff, so the total is 215 persons. Considering 30 litres per day per person (6,450 litres in total) we need 22 kits of 3 collectors at 12,264 EGP (584 €) each, meaning an investment of 252 kEGP (12k€) minimum. This will not offer any interesting payback when water could be warmed up using the heat generated from the boat engine.
Component 5: Capacity building among local authorities is essential to prepare and oversee the implementation of the boats conversion plan to NG, Solar PV for lighting and LED replacement. This would involve cost estimate, feasibility studies, funding schemes that need to be supervised by appropriately trained staff in the Governorate services in Luxor.
Component 6: Awareness raising is vital to change the current mode of using non-clean fuel for tourist cruise boat and small passenger boats and their sailing docks to assist in the implementation of the plan and in transforming the city to be a green city.
Deliverables should be as follows:
• Integrated sustainable mobility of tourist cruise boats and small passenger boats to improve the Cityof Luxor green profile,
• Detailed road map and investment plan to implement the action,
• Short and medium terms priorities:
- Optimize the overall cruise fleet management with an objective of improvement its overall efficiency by 30% mainly working on occupancy rate improvement.
- Convert 110 tourists cruise boats to run by natural gas, adopt LED lighting and solar PV.
- Convert 155 small passenger boats to run by natural gas.
4. Organization and procedures
Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action # 2
Formal approval
• Governorate of Luxor and City of Luxor,• City Council represented by the Governor,• MoPMRs (EGAS, GeWCo, Egypt Gas Co.),• MoTr (RTA),• MoInt – CDD, and• MoEnv (EEAA).
City council represented by the Governor of Luxor needs to decide for the implementation of such an investigation.
This would include the following entities:
• Governor of Luxor,
• City Council represented by the Governor,
143
• MoTr through River Transport Authority,
• MoWRI–General Administration for Nile riverProtection,
• Ministry of Environment – EEAA,
• MoPMRs – EGAS, GwEC and EGC,
• MoInt. – Civil Defence Department,
• Ministry of Investment and InternationalCooperation in case of IFIs funds.
Role of Partners Staff training
Stakeholders: - All stakeholders should be invited to specific
workshop to design the strategic road map to start transferring cruise boats and small passenger boats from Fossil fuels to use CNG/NG, SWH and solar PV. This could include boat owners and boat managers and staff.
- Training is also needed to transfer the message of clean and green tourism to all parties involved,
- The Governorate and City of Luxor to coordinate the procedures approval with different related authorities in close contact with the Governorate such as: Ministry of MoPMRs, MoERE, NREA, EEAA, MoTr and MoInt, including RTA, EGAS and GEWC through Egypt Gas Company and CDD to ensure constant supply of CNG/ NG to cruise boats and guarantee safety,
- All should be invited to specific to facilitate the action project to follow up the implementation upon funding,
- The RTA, CDD, and EGAS through GEWC and ECG to be involved to check on the installation procedures, implementation and testing of safety.
Governorate (Municipality) staff related to the issue of Sustainable water mobility need to receive coaching and training on four subjects:
• Question of green cruise boats and greendocks
• Strategic management of green watermobility issues,
• Technical and organisational solutions forgreen boats to be promoted, and
• Project Management.
A Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU) to be developed to oversee the training of staff and all concerned issue and ensure the implementation of the plan actions of SECAP.
5. Summary of Awareness Raising (AR) actions for action ≠2 (Green cruise and passenger boats)
A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive sustainable water transport utilising clean energy (Renewable energy) plan to brand the City of Luxor as a clean and green city including the use of NG/CNG instead diesel in running tourists cruise boats in the Nile river. Also, an adequate awareness raising actions will be necessary to help Governorate promote the value of Green Tourism - Green water transport through greening tourists cruise boats and small passenger boats and docks on river banks will benefit both for individual and boats owners and for the entire city of such a
144
move.
Awareness should also focus on the fact that Green water transport – Tourism development doesn’t mean that energy will become abundant. On the contrary such awareness campaign should highlight that combining renewable energy and the use of NG/CNG instead of non-clean energy will make tourist cruise boats and small passenger boats would reduce GHG emissions and make air and water less polluted.
The Awareness Raising Programme (ARP), would include meetings, workshops, lectures and workshops for staff and citizens that could take part in several initiatives:
- The creation of a permanent municipal information point,
- The organisation of an open house,
- The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers, - The distribution of brochures and posters,
- The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability and local success stories:
Information on national energy policies and local implications,
The prevailing energy conditions in the municipality, and
The progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the SE strategy and theSECAP
Successful projects in municipalities, notably in municipalities that are members of the Covenant of Mayors (CoM).
6. Assumptions and risks
- The key challenge will be to change the mind set of some boat owners,
- Organise a proper maintenance service in order to ensure adequate CNG and renewable electricity management,
- The medium to low price of diesel set by the Egyptian General Petroleum Authority - EGPA (MoPMRs) is a challenge, but this will change in 2018 with new planned energy tariffs, and
- Beyond promoting new green cruise boats, reducing energy demands is dependent on public mobilization.
7. Key success factors
• Cost of new Energy tariff means that any saving will be a significant value and an incentive,
• Municipality determination to act in a comprehensive way on sustainable energy, mainly CNG, SWH, andPV, and the Governor of Luxor dedication to support the plan and raise capacity building for theGovernorate staff to optimize implementation, and
• The boats owners perceiving the benefits of a better management of their fleet and the potential impactof profiling Luxor as a green tourism and cultural destination.
145
8. Cost estimates
30,000 € Technical support for designing the master plan
2,780,000 € Boat conversion fund (subsidies)
- Cruise boat engine conversion 2,000,000 € - Led lamps 180,000 € - Solar PV 600,000 € - Small boats conversion 930,000 €
1,144,000 € Approximate annual cost saving
- 30% gains from occupancy optimization 858,000 € - 10% due to Solar PV 286,000 €
Not relevant at this stage for engine conversion as operating costs remain the same.
Return on Investment (draft calculation)
9. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed
National Funds and Programs Local authority's own resources:
EU Funds & Programs and other external funds International Financial Institutions62:
- The World Bank (WB),
- United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
- European Commission (EC),
- European Investment Banks (EIB),
- European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD),
- French Development Agency (AFD),
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID),
- Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW),
- German Technical Cooperation (GIZ),
- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
- OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID),
- Islamic Development Bank (IDB),
- African Development Bank (ADB),
- Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED),
62 The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/ (Accessed on: 14.08.2017)
146
- Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD),
- Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD),
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD),
- Khalifa Fund For Enterprise Development (KFED),
- Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED),
- Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and
- Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).
Public-Private-Partnerships PPP (available or to raise)
Loans and potential borrower
Due to the significant CO2 reduction caused by this action, it would be interesting to explore mobilising a carbon fund that would by carbon credit generated by this priority action. At 25 €/t (on a climate dedicated voluntary market) this mechanism would generate 2.3 m€ per year offering a very interesting payback rate.
Innovative funding: An option would be to generate carbon credit from the engine conversion and market these credit on the voluntary market where climate dedicated supporters can by such voluntary credit at 25 €/ton (maximum).
10. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030
229,469 MWh/y Energy savings GWh/y
- Fleet occupancy optimisation generates 30% cuts
- There is no real energy saving due to engine conversion
990 MWh/y Renewable energy production MWh/y (Solar PV on boats)
CO2 reduction t CO2eq/y
2015 - Reference Year
2030 - Target Year
93,202 t CO2eq/y - Net reduction by 2030
61,498 from occupancy optimisation
31,704 from engine conversion
30% - Reduction as related to BAU scenario of tourism sector
147
City of Luxor – Governorate of Luxor Priority Action # 3 for SECAP
1. General presentation
# 3 3. Green Residential Buildings Plan
Location: City of Luxor Summary of the Action Residential Buildings in the City of Luxor
Start date: December 2017 The residential buildings’ sector in the City of Luxor is the second highest sector in terms of energy consumption (25% and 1,243 GWh/y) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (31% and 501 kteqCO2/y).
The Luxor Electricity Distribution Company (LEPCo) distributes the electricity used in residential buildings. The City of Luxor counts with 159,604 residential units (2005 reference).
The residential buildings consume a total of 690,697 MWh of electricity annually, with a connection rate of 100%. Natural gas consumption of the sector reaches 147 m3/building with an annual consumption of 2,250,465 LPG cylinders and a connection rate of 60% (more connections are underway), whereas tertiary buildings consume 70,680 cylinders/ year.
Action Summary
The City of Luxor wants to move forward to holistically solve the challenges to be faced in the residential sector by adopting the “Green Residential Plan” (GRP) promoting a sustainable approach in residential buildings combining energy efficiency and renewable energy development – solar PV and SWH systems.
The Action Plan #3 is to green the Building sector in the City of Luxor.
Project lifetime: 5 years
End: December 2022
Estimated cost €
Technical expertise 30,000 € Revolving funds - Management cost 500 K€ - Lamps replacement 1,152
K€ - SWH development 2,000
K€ - Building retrofitting 2,000
K€
Status of the Action: General Objectives of the project
• New
• Planned
• Following previous action.
The Green Residential Plan aims to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions through an awareness programme to enhance users’ behaviours on the saving tools and methods and a major investment plan to improve building energy efficiency. This action is also designed to promote renewable energy sources: solar PV and solar water heating (SWH). SWH systems will avoid using electricity to warm water, which is not efficient and very costly when the sun is available at no cost.
The necessary awareness plan can be unrolled in phases focusing on 2 priority targets - Governorate staff and building users (including mothers and children) to:
• Inform on issues related to energy management and climate change,• Provide guidance to behavioural changes to reduce energy
consumption,
148
• Involve and train companies that can install solar PV and SWH systems to ensure appropriate capacities are made available at an affordablecost.
The Green Residential Plan – GRP will support the Governorate of Luxor in contributing to Egypt’s vision, National Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030 and SDG 7: Ensure Access to Affordable Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All and SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and communities, particularly in Egypt SDS 2030 Strategic Objectives under energy and environment sectors:
• Ensuring energy security,
• Increasing the contribution of energy sector to the GDP,
• Maximising utilisation of domestic energy resource,
• Enhancing rational and sustainable management of the sector,
• Reducing the intensity of energy consumption,
• Limiting the environmental impact of the sector's emissions, and
• Improving the quality of the urban environment.
National Strategy, Policies, and Laws and Programmes
General:
Vision and Strategy
- Egypt’s Vision 2030,
- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030,
- Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030, and
- Green City Strategy 2030 ‘’Luxor the Heritage City of the World’’ –Governorate of Luxor (2014).
Specific Strategy and Policy
Urban Planning Strategy - Strategy to Promote Green Building – MoEnv (2012), - Strategic Development Plan (SDP) of Southern Egypt – UNDP (2007), - Sustainable Environmental Compatible Building – SECB, and - National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction – NSACCDRR (2011).
Policies & Plans: - National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs), - Policy Framework of Energy Efficient Practices (PFEEPs), - National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs), - Policy Framework of Energy Efficient Practices (PFEEPs), and - National Air Quality Policy – NAQP, UNEP (2015).
Climate Change Policies:
- Environmental Air Quality Policy – UNDP (2015),
- Third National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2014),
149
- Second National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2010), and - Initial National Communication on Climate Change – MoEnv and EEAA (1999).
Laws, Regulations, Decrees and Codes
Laws and Regulations:
- New Investment Laws (2017), - National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), - Unified Building Laws (2008), - National Building Law (1997), - National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), - Climate Change Legislations (2015),
- Environmental Protection (1994, 2015), and - Public Private Partnership – PPP (2010).
Decrees:
- The new electricity tariff Ministerial decree (2016), - Stimulation of Producing Electricity from Renewable Energy Source (2015), - Feed-in-Tariff (2014) and 2nd Feed-in-Tariff (2016), - Net Metering (2013), and - Executing Electricity Generation from different Clean Energy Sources (2012).
National Codes: - Ventilation in Buildings (2013), - Energy Efficient Buildings (2009), - Improving Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings (2009), - House Design Standards (2009), - Improving Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings (2005), - Energy Efficient Buildings (2009), and - Improving Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings (2009).
Plans and Programmes:
- Green Cities and Sustainable Development (2015), - Green Building Programme – UNDP (2014), - Green Building Guideline – GBG (2013), - Calculate Your Carbon Footprint (2012), - Renewable Energy and Energy Rationalization in New and Urban Communities, - National Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Portfolio (2009), - National Low Carbon Economy Plan – NLCEP,
- Protection of Natural Environmental Resources and Nature Conservation – PNERNC, EEAA, - Environmental Awareness – Training and Capacity Building, - Clean Production Mechanism - CPM (2010), and
- Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme – EPAP, EEAA (2007– 2012).
Plan and programmes - Climate Change
- Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Plan – UNDP and MoEnv (2015), - Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures – CCAMM, - Climate Change Action Plan – CCAP,
150
- National Action Plan for Adaptation – NAPA, and - Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP, MoEnv (2013).
Initiatives - Low Emission Capacity Building – UNDP, MoEnv and EEAA (2013 – 2016),
Institutions and Rating Systems:
- Central Unit for Sustainable Cities and Renewable Energy – CUSCRE (2014), - Green Pyramid Rating System – GPRS (2012), and - The Egyptian Green Building Council Ministerial Decree (2009).
Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy
The Governorate of Luxor developed a Green City Strategy 2030 - GCS “Luxor the Heritage City of the World” that was launched on June 14, 2014. However, the implementation road map of the GCS has not been published yet. The Governorate of Luxor also joined the Resilient Cities Acceleration Initiative (RCAI) in its 3rd phase with the objective to assist selected cities to be more resilient in confronting environmental challenges and counterbalance the impact of CC risks on the socioeconomic life63.
Keeping in mind its specific values and the local context, the City of Luxor develops a strategy consistent with Egypt’s Vision 2030, Energy Strategy 2035 and National SDS 2030. This strategy is structured around two folds:
- Reduce energy consumption in all sectors through energy conservation and efficiency, in order to provide better services while reducing costs and impacts, and
- Promote energy production from locally available renewable resources in order to cover as far as possible energy needs from these decarbonised sources.
The City of Luxor - Governorate of Luxor developed and announced a Strategic Plan 2017, which promotes many projects in the areas of infrastructure. The strategy is centred on the objective of promoting Luxor as a green city. Within this strategy promoting clean and green transport system and sustainable water mobility in the Nile river is absolutely central to reduce energy consumption and lower CO2 emissions that impacts air quality and the climate.
In addition, the Governorate is also intending to support the plan by informing and raising awareness of all Governorate’ staff and citizens on the impact of climate change, upcoming risks and adaptation actions, as well as the importance of applying sustainable energy measures.
The City of Luxor - Governorate of Luxor is planning to implement the Green Residential Plan (GRP) – based on clean energy production and green solutions in the building sector. To support the vision in making the city Green, the City of Luxor plans to:
- Expand the natural gas network to most of the residential buildings,
- Support the GRP to inform and raise the awareness all stakeholders including staff, citizens as well all companies working in RE to support the plan and to transfer to the city to be green city, especially the building sector,
- Inform stakeholders of the necessity of integrating solar PV and SWH systems to heat water, and
63 http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/RESILIENCE-Resilient-Cities-Acceleration-Initiative.pdf
151
- Reduce fossil fuel consumption in the sector to mitigate GHG emissions from the City of Luxor.
It is important to note that the vulnerability analysis of the City of Luxor – Governorate of the Luxor, carried out by combining the results of the probability and impact (scale 1-3) of the 10 receptors, including Buildings' stock and Materials (BSMs), indicated that BSMs is ranked the third highest risk (level 3) in terms of probability and impact.
Therefore, this planned action # 3 Green Residential Plan (GRP) – City of Luxor is in line with the tentative vision and strategy of the Governorate of Luxor and support its implementation.
Contact person in the local authority Principal partners and stakeholders
Dr Ramadan Seddik, Director of Environmental Affairs, Governorate of Luxor
• Governorate of Luxor – City of Luxor (Municipality)• City Council represented by the Governor of Luxor• Building owners, mothers and children• Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (MoPMRs)
- Egypt Gas Holding Company (EGAS) - Ganoub El Wady Holding Company – Governorate of
Luxor - Egyptian Gas Company - Luxor
• Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE)- New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA)
• Ministry of National Housing and Building Research Centre(HBRC)- Egyptian Green Building Council - Green Building Unit (GBU)
• Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – EEAA• Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC)
2. Process
Technical Process
Applying green measures in the residential building sector is an interesting option for reducing energy consumption and lower GHG emissions. This action is set through the following assessments and development:
• Get a detailed understanding of the residential sector and its pattern in energy use;
- Run a detailed assessment of sample of residential buildings (up to 500 units) to get a detailed understanding of building typologies and their energy profile. This assessment will help defining the best targets to implement the GRP on a first group of buildings offering the best potential for
152
improvement, - Assess the number of solar PV and SWH that could be installed taking into account the needs and
roof capacities or each building, and - Mobilize local companies that can offer the appropriate services to install these renewable energy
production capacities.
• Unroll the plan to promote energy efficiency and install PV and SWH systems on residential buildingsaccording to priorities defined from the initial assessment;
• Set a plan to raise awareness as part of The Environmental Awareness Unit (EAU) to inform and train allthe stakeholders, including Governorate staff, users and suppliers;
The Environmental Awareness Unit (EAU), as part of the CES-MED Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU) at the Governorate, will be a key component of the SECAP implementation, as most of the impactsexpected for the action plan, depends on the adequate mobilization and engagement of stakeholders tocease the opportunities offered to reduce their energy consumption and, in doing so contribute to thesuccess of the SECAP and assist in achieving the City of Luxor - Governorate of Luxor vision and strategy.
Administrative and coordination process
• Governorate of Luxor – City of Luxor to review the action plan and its components: GRP and EAU,
• Governor’s to approve the plan and its targets,
• City Council represented by the Governor approval,
• Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development MoHUUD – approvals,
- Department of Housing at the Governorate for the refurbishment • Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE),
- NREA to approve the plan of solar PV and SWH systems
• Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – Assess the strategic environmental and social impacts (SESIs) andbenefits,
• Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) – international investment approvals.
Government Procedures and Approvals
• Initial approval of the Governorate (Municipality),
• City of Luxor to coordinate all approvals with the listed entities to execute the GRP:• Refurbishment permit: MoHUUD and Governorate,• Operation permit: NREA for PV and SWH connection,
• EETC and AEDC permit: in the case of on-grid connection, and
• Height permit: MOCA and EAA for height regulation.
European Union (EU) Commission Directives which apply to projects financed by IFCs for Action ≠3
Committed to the adoption of EU environmental principles, practices and substantive standards are essential, including the following list that provides a brief description for the key pertinent EU Directives:
153
- Directive 2001/42/EC (SEA Directive) on the integration of environmental considerations into the preparation and adoption of plans and programmes with a view to promoting sustainable development, and
- Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment, and its amendment (Directive 2014/52/EU).
Atmosphere and Air Pollution
- COP 21 Paris climate change agreement, - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, - Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, - Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, - London Amendment to Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, and - (Copenhagen) Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete Ozone Layer.
3. Technical description
Link to Governorate (municipal) development plan
The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate adaptation actions. Hence, the GHG emissions from Residential sector are vital for the Governorate of Luxor strategy on climate change adaptation - CCA.
Residential sector is one the five main sectors that will be affected by climate change risks. Thus, it is vital to develop a comprehensive plan to green the residential buildings to attain the vision of the City of Luxor and Governorate Luxor in making the City of Luxor a green city and improving quality of life. The GRP will also increase the use of RE to improve the Governorate’s sustainable energy prospectus, yet contribute to achieving Egypt’s Vision and National Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030. Thus, Governorate of Luxor will contribute to Egypt’s SDS key performance indicators – KPIs that are relevant to SECAP, mainly in Energy, Urban Development, Environment, and Domestic energy policy, e.g., energy:
- Secure energy resources,
- Increase reliance on local resources,
- Reduce the intensity of energy consumption, and
- Raise the actual economic contribution of energy sector in the national income.
The Priority Action #3 – Sustainable Approach to Green Residential Buildings would also support the Governorate strategy in attaining the set policies in the Nation Climate Change Communication, mainly the policies targeting development of the three underlined related pillars:
- More efficient use of energy, especially by end users, - Increase the use of renewable energy as an alternative to non-renewable sources, and - Energy efficiency is a cornerstone to be targeted by policy makers to decouple demand on energy and
economic growth.
Implementation plan
154
Component 1:
Phase 1: Set up the EAU – Allocating staff – Installing basic equipment (see Priority Action #6)
Phase 2: Develop a specific “GRP” awareness programme mobilising women and household owners, to promote energy conservation in housing, focusing on:
- Promote the adequate temperature set at home: usually homes consume large amount of energy in summer when a reasonable cooling/heating temperature can result in 20 – 30 per cent cut in energy use,
- Foster behavioural changes at home: turning off lights when not in use, good management of refrigerator, washing machines’ time of use, boiling waters in kettles, and replacing classical bulbs with efficient devices such as LED lamps,
- Advance use of energy efficient cooling/ heating devices: with good devices, enough to ensure efficient performance. People usually buy inexpensive equipment without taking into account the higher level of energy consumption – even with green labelling devices act, this could lower energy consumption, but more awareness is needed to emphasise on buying green label appliances,
- Control elevators’ use: set operation programme and limit their use to 3rd floor unless users have medical issue/problems,
- Apply 3M sheets on windows’ glass/glazing to reduce the impact of solar radiation impinging on the external buildings, reduce cooling loads, and lower energy consumption.
A rough calculation allows considering that a widespread awareness campaign could result in a 30 per cent reduction of electricity consumption (estimation being more difficult on other fluids) in 50 per cent of households.
Component 2: The plan is to develop solar PV and SWHs, wherever possible and appropriate in residential buildings. All combinations are possible, from small 5 kW units on a roof to larger units of 200 kW or even more when surface available allows it:
- Promote the use of SWH systems instead of the current electric water heating (EWH) systems. Currently, in most of residential buildings EWH systems are in use due to low electricity tariff.
- Develop a partnership with a bank acting as a “third party investor” that will support the investment (for example through a process where the bank will cover the cost of the loan from a part of the savings allowed by the installation of PV and SWH programme.
- Involve and train staff and companies that provide and sell PV and SWH systems to identify the benefits of installing such devices. The price of the SWH can be calculated and deducted virtually from the monthly electricity bill and given to the company in exchange of hot water delivery service through the installation of a SWH. This could be done for 2-3 years; the occupants will own the SWH after that period and will eventually save money from this installation.
Component 3: On the long term, it would be necessary to develop a renovation programme targeting less energy efficient building, where basic buildings envelop insulation could significantly reduce energy use while improving comfort. To design and implement an adequate energy-retrofitting plan for residential buildings, the City of Luxor should engage in the following steps:
- Assess the need through a detailed mapping of housing units, registering average energy consumption per square meter, date of construction and orientation,
155
- Train small local companies that will have the flexibility to work in different type of conditions while performing adequate retrofitting programmes, the result in significant energy reduction,
- Develop a partnership with a bank acting as a “third party investor” that will support the investment (for example through a process where the bank will cover the cost of the loan from a part of the savings allowed by the retrofitting programme),
- Promote retrofitting in selected targets offering the best potential in terms of return on investment and, elaborating on these showcases further deploy the plan.
LED Lighting - Considering each housing unit has 25 lamps, that lighting represents 30% of the total electricity consumption of each household (4,350 kWh/y in average) and knowing that a switch to LED will cut consumption by 60% at least (a cut of 783 kWh/y), avoiding costs of 579 EGP or 28 €. As cost of replacement lamps will not exceed 90 € (75 EGP / 3.60 € per lamp) return on investment will be secure in 3,5 year or less.
Considering a 1st phase of 320 buildings/ 6400 units the necessary investment will be 11.8 million EGP or 576,000 € (25 LED x 20 households x 320 buildings = 80,000 lamps at 3,6 €).
A second phase of investment could be promoted in the second year of the programme, with the same target, leading to a global investment of 576,000 x 2 = 1,152,000 €. This investment should be managed as a revolving fund. Lamp replacement offers a 3,5y payback. Meaning, both funds will be fully replenished after 5 years and would be used to support a new round of lamp replacement.
The electricity can engage in the lamp replacement, but this contribution is not necessary for the replacement to happen. The replacement plan could be launched as major awareness raising initiative promoted by the City council with a potential political gain that would help implementing other activities.
SWH Systems – considering a daily consumption of 95 litres per person, average households with 4 people and 20 households per building we would need for one building: 95 x 4 x 20 = 7,600 litres requiring 33 collectors (2,5 x 0,9) for a total collector surface of 76 square meter (or 11 units of 3 collectors). This production capacity represents a total production of 69,920 kWh/y avoiding an expense of 51,800 EGP (2520 €).
One unit (300 litres tank and a set of 3 solar collectors’ planes - 2.50m x 0.9m) costs 12,000 EGP (584€), hence the return on investment is secured in 2,5 year (584 € x 11= 6,424 € >> 6,424 €/ 2520 € (cost avoided / y) = 2,5 y).
Two options can be promoted:
• Allocation of one unit (1 or 2 collectors) per households, and• Global installation per building (average 20 households) and meter per household for hot water
consumption.
Both set up are workable, when the collective will offer more efficiency hence higher reduction of cost per households
Considering a 1st phase of 160 buildings / 3200 unites the necessary investment will be 11 SWH units (for 20 housings) x 160 buildings = 1,760 units (tank + 3 collectors) for a cost of 21.1 million EGP or 1 million €.
156
This priority action includes a 2nd phase targeting another group of 3200 units for 1 million € investment fund. Then, the replenishment of these 2 initial funds will allow to cover the cost of SWH development in a staged approach for at least 50% of residential buildings in the City of Luxor.
Energy Efficiency (EE) measures – Retrofitting building
It is impossible at this stage to define what will be the average cost for one building retrofitting. This will be informed by the initial analysis of building typology and energy profile. However, a reasonable assumption would be to target 20% of building expecting a 50% cut in energy consumption for each building targeted.
Retrofitting would focus beyond lamp replacement with LED and SWH installation, on optimising ventilation, promoting efficiency cooling device, minimising glaze heat absorption, introducing white roof and greenery to improve natural cooling, etc.
The best option would be to set up a retrofitting revolving fund with an overall budget of 2,000,000 €. Considering that the objective would be to reach at least 50% energy consumption reduction per building. A 1,500 € investment envelop per household would ensure return on investment over 10 years maximum. This envelop covers the cost of lamp replacement (90 €) + SWH installation (400 €) + additional retrofitting activities (1010 €). The 2 million € fund allows retrofitting 1,330 units. It will require a significant scaling up after the 3 or 4 initial years of experimentation to cover 50% of the building in Luxor.
Deliverables should be as follows:
• Implementation of the GRP priorities;
- 12,800 households benefiting lamp replacement (320,000 LED lamps) before 2020,- 6,400 households benefiting SWH installation before 2020, and- 1,330 households benefiting a more sophisticated retrofitting by 2022.
• Expansion of these different programmes based on funds replenishment with a target of reaching out:
- 50 per cent of residential buildings by 2030 with LED lamps,- 30 per cent of residential buildings by 2030 with SWH, and- 20 per cent of residential buildings by 2030 with full retrofitting.
4. Organization and procedures
Staff allocated Formal approval
- City of Luxor - Governorate of Luxor,
- MoERE and NREA - MoHUUD represented by city
Council – Luxor
The development would require the following entities for issuing permits, approvals and follow up process:
- Governor’s approval - City of Luxor (Municipality) - Council represented by the Governor - MoERE – NREA for SWH installation on buildings, - Building permit: MoHUUD – through the City Council for buildings
modification, - Operation Permit: MoERE through NREA - Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) to
coordinate loans and funding from IFIs.
157
Role of Partners Staff training
Stakeholders: - Training is also need to transfer
the message of clean and Green Residential Plan - GRP to all parties involved,
- The Governorate and City of Luxor to coordinate the procedures approval with different related authorities in close contact with the Governorate such as: MoERE and NREA,
- All should be invited to specific to facilitate the action project to follow up the implementation upon funding.
Governorate (Municipality) team, which will be assigned to the EAU as part of the SSEU needs to receive a proper training on several subjects:
- Technical questions related EE, PV and SWH development as well as CCA,
- Pedagogy and communication to run efficient awareness programmes,
- Strategic Management of sustainable energy issues, - Project management.
A Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU) to be developed and established by CES-MED to oversee the training of staff and all concerned issue and ensure the implementation of the plan actions of SECAP.
5. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions
- A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive sustainable energy (energy efficiency) mainly the GRP to brand the City of Luxor as a clean and green city including the use of SWHs to heat water and EE measures,
- An adequate awareness raising actions will also be necessary to help the Governorate promote the value of Green residential plan (GRP) through greening these buildings as well as the benefit household of such move,
- Awareness should also focus on the fact that Green buildings development doesn’t mean that energy will become abundant. On the contrary, such awareness campaign should highlight that combining energy efficiency with the use of SWH systems will make reduce GHG emissions and make air in the city less polluted,
- The Awareness Raising Programme (ARP), would include meetings, workshops, lectures and workshops for staff and household owners and managers that could encompass several actions:
- The creation of a permanent municipal information point, - The organisation of an open house, - The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers, - The distribution of brochures and posters,
The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability and local success stories:
Information on national energy policies and local implications, The prevailing energy conditions in the municipality, and The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the
sustainable energy strategy and the SECAP.
158
Successful projects in national and foreign municipalities, notably in municipalities that are members of the Covenant of Mayors (CoM).
6. Assumptions and risks
- Considering the time to change the mind set of building users which may take time, - It will take a smart concept to engage the public in collective actions that will generate individual
benefits (saving money from their own budget through reduced energy and water consumption) as well as global impact (reducing dependency on imported oil and mitigating climate change, etc.),
- The main constraints of such a plan will be the mobilisation of appropriate resources to fund renovation programmes, as in many cases house owners will not have the fund to invest at the appropriate level. This is why such a programme requires a partnership between the Governorate (Municipality) offering the guarantee that retrofitting will result in actual energy bill reduction, and the bank providing the funds or with MoERE and NREA to promote GRP, mainly EE measures, LED lamps and SWHs, and
- The absence of a maintenance plan could reduce the efficiency of the installed SWH systems, thus it is vital to ensure good performance of SWH.
7. Key success factors
• The Governor’s vision for promoting Sustainable Energy (RE and EE) in the city Luxor and Governor ofLuxor to be Green city is of a vital success factor,
• The Governor of Luxor determination to seriously act on the energy issue in this sector, is obviously avital element to the success of this action success,
• The approach and development of GRP to be part of the Governorates’ vision and strategy, hence wouldassist in reducing the annual consumption of non-clean energy and in greening the city,
• Cost of new energy tariff means that any saving will be a significant value and great savings,• The action plan is divided in two phases to make the investment visible and implementation easier,• Raised capacity of Governorate staff for implementation would assist in smoothly be an added value,• Any reduction in the usage of fossil fuels will be great success due to its huge usage annually, and• Organize a proper maintenance system in order to ensure adequate flow of hot water from the SWH
systems, yields securing interesting enough Return on Investment (R.o.I.),
8. Cost estimates
30,000 € Technical expertise and support for designing the Green Residential Plan – GRP
500,000 €
1,152,000 €
2,000,000 €
2,000,000 €
Revolving funds (established based on an initial grant from an external source)
- Management cost (100K€ /year over five years) - Lamp replacement by LED (revolving fund with no interest) - SWH installations (revolving fund with no interest) - Housing retrofitting (revolving fund with no interest)
2030 onwards according to targets (% of all Approximate annual energy saving / housing unit (average)
159
buildings)
2,234,000 € (50%)
6,033,000 € (30%)
5,331,000 € (20%)
- Lamp replacement by LED 10% 783 kWh/y = 579 EGP/y = 28 € /y - SWH installations 30% 3496 kWh/y = 2,587 EGP/y = 126 €/y - Housing retrofitting 60% 4690 kWh/y = 3,471 EGP/y = 167 €/y
3,5 year
2,5 year
10 years
Return on Investment (draft calculation)
- Lamp replacement by LED - SWH installations - Housing retrofitting
9. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed
National Funds and Programs Local authority's own resources:
EU Funds & Programs and other external funds International Financial Institutions64:
- The World Bank (WB),
- United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
- European Commission (EC),
- European Investment Banks (EIB),
- European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD),
- French Development Agency (AFD),
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID),
- Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW),
- German Technical Cooperation (GIZ),
- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
- OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID),
- Islamic Development Bank (IDB),
- African Development Bank (ADB),
- Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED),
- Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD),
- Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD),
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD),
- Khalifa Fund For Enterprise Development (KFED),
64 The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/ (Accessed on: 14.08.2017)
160
- Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED),
- Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and
- Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).
10. Projected Energy Estimates in 2020 (or other set target)
62,483 MWh/y
167,388 MWh/y
149,705 MWh/y
- Lamp replacement by LED Energy reduction 10% per housing unit: 783 kWh/y
- SWH installations Energy reduction 30% per housing unit: 3,496 kWh/y*
- Housing retrofitting Energy reduction 60% per housing unit: 4,690 kWh/y*
278,388 MWh/y Renewable energy production MWh/y*
* Energy production from SWH can be counted either as electricity / energyconsumption substitution (reduction) or as additional renewable energy production, but it can’t be counted twice.
CO2 reduction t CO2/a
2015 - Reference Year
2030 - Target Year
197, 865 tCO2eq/y - Net reduction (kteqCO2/y)
- From electricity consumption reduction / substitution 164,322 teqCO2/y
- From natural gas consumption reduction / substitution 9,201 teqCO2/y
- From LPG cylinders consumption reduction / substitution 24,342 teqCO2/y
39% - Reduction as related to BAU scenario for residential buildings (%)
12% - Reduction as relation to global emission in 2030 (BAU)
161
City of Luxor (Governorate of Luxor) – Priority Action # 4 for SECAP
1. General presentation
# 4 4. Greening Hotels and Resorts
Location: City of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor
Summary of the Action
Current Status – Tourism: Hotels and Resorts in the City of Luxor
Start date: December 2017 Tourists’ frequentation stabilized around 206,966 visitors in 2015. The tourism sector in the city of Luxor is one of the foremost sectors that greatly need to be addressed. It holds the third position in energy consumption with 17 per cent translated to 842 GWh/year of the total of 4,938 GWh/year.
Also, it is measured third in GHG emissions with 17 per cent translated to 296 ktCO2eq/y of the total city emission of 1,758 ktCO2eq/yr. There are 38 hotels in the city representing 7,600 rooms. Most of them are located on the east bank of Nile river. There are also 275 floating hotels representing 16,000 rooms.
It should be noted that there are hotels are poorly equipped in renewable energy. Only very few SWH were installed.
There are various ways of tourist transportation such as boats, cars, buses…etc. The number of tourist’s boats in the City of Luxor is 253 boats, of which 112 only are in operation (2016) consuming 13,000 litres/ journey up to Aswan and back to Luxor.
There are also 155 boats small boats traveling between the west and east banks in the City of Luxor with an average fuel consumption of 20 litres per day.
Tourism in the City of Luxor consumes 51,464 MWh/year (27,191 MWh/year from hotels, and 24,273 MWh/year from tourist attraction such as heritage sites). Last but not least hotels produce an average of 38 tons of solid waste daily (13,870 tons/y).
The current situation in the City of Luxor indicates that heritage sites and tourist areas would be affected by air pollution due to fossil fuel consumption.
This priority action plan is to promote energy efficiency in hotels and resorts and to develop as far as possible renewable energies to cover their needs in heat and electricity.
The City of Luxor - Governorate of Luxor has the desire to holistically solve the challenges facing the city by promoting sustainable and green tourism through developing a comprehensive “Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan” (SGTP). The SGTP should integrate new sustainability measures and technologies to green tourism in the city with a major focus on hotels and resorts.
Project lifetime: 5 years
End: December 2022
Estimated cost €
Technical support 30 K€
Awareness 150 K€
Management Unit 250 K€
Investment 1,000 K€
Status of the Action: General Objectives of the project
162
• New
• Planned
• Following previous action.
The Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan (SGTP) will focus on hotels and resorts to promote energy conservation, energy efficiency and develop renewable solutions to cover energy needs.
This priority action will both help profiling the City of Luxor as a sustainable tourism destination and, improving air and water quality of the surrounding environments, contribute to protect heritage sites that represent the main capital for future development of the tourism sector.
This priority action - SGTP will also support the Governorate of Luxor in contributing to the Egypt’s vision and attaining the National SDS 2030 and helping in achieving SDG 7: Ensure Access to Affordable Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All, and SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities.
National Strategy, Policies, Laws, Plans and Programmes
General:
Vision and Strategy
- Egypt’s Vision 2030, - Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, - Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030, and - Green City Strategy 2030 ‘Luxor the Heritage City of the World’ – Luxor Governorate (2014).
Strategy, Policies and Plans
Strategy
- Energy Strategy 2015 – 2030 (MoPMRs), - National Renewable Energy Action Plan – NREAP 2015, - Strategic Energy Efficiency Roadmap and Energy Prices 2014, - Strategy for Renewable Energy 2027 (20% by 2020), - National Strategy on Market for Electricity Generated from Renewable Sources 2014, - Politically Viable Institutional Strategy for Energy Efficiency – PVISEE 2014, - Strategy to Promote Green Building – MoEnv (2012), - Strategic Development Plan (SDP) of Southern Egypt – UNDP (2007), and - Sustainable Environmental Compatible Building – SECB.
Policies - Policy Framework of Energy Efficient Practices (PFEEPs),
Plans
- National Energy Efficiency Action Plan – NEEAP (2012 – 2015), - Energy Efficiency Plans in Electricity Sector – EEPES (2012 – 2015) , - Mediterranean Electricity Regulatory – MEDREG (2013), - National Energy Efficiency Action Plan – NEEAP (2012), - Energy Efficiency Plans and Capacity Building Schemes (2012), - Employment Promotion through Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency – EPRREE 2016, and - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy National Study – EERENS, UNEP 2007.
163
Laws, Regulations and Decrees
Laws and Regulations
- New Investment law and execution legislations 2017, - New Electricity law 2015, - Renewable Energy and Feed-in-Tariff 2014 and 2017, - Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Comprehensive Law No. 203 – REEEL 2014, - Incentives for Generating Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources 2014, and - Public Private Partnership – PPP 2010.
Decrees - New Electricity Tariff Ministerial Decree 2016, - Stimulation of Producing Electricity from Renewable Energy Source 2015, - Feed-in-Tariff 2014 and 2nd Feed-in-Tariff 2016, - Net Metering 2013, and - Executing Electricity Generation from different Clean Energy Sources 2012.
Programmes and Initiatives
Programmes
- Green Cities and Sustainable Development (2015), - Green Building Programme – UNDP (2014), - Green Building Guideline – GBG (2013), - Renewable Energy and Energy Rationalisation in New and Urban Communities, - Power Purchase Agreement – EgyptERA 2014, - Design of Feed-in Tariffs 2012 and 2016, - Egyptian-German Joint Committee Programme on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency 2015 –
2018, and - Renewable Energy Fund – REF 2012.
Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy
The Governorate of Luxor developed a Green City Strategy 2030 - GCS “Luxor the Heritage City of the World” that was launched on June 14, 2014. However, the implementation road map of the GCS has not been published yet. The Governorate of Luxor also joined the Resilient Cities Acceleration Initiative (RCAI) in its 3rd phase with the objective to assist selected cities to be more resilient in confronting environmental challenges and counterbalance the impact of CC risks on the socioeconomic life65.
Keeping in mind its specific values and the local context, the City of Luxor develops a strategy consistent with Egypt’s Vision 2030, Energy Strategy 2035 and National SDS 2030. This strategy is structured around two folds:
65 http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/RESILIENCE-Resilient-Cities-Acceleration-Initiative.pdf
164
- Reduce energy consumption in all sectors through energy conservation and efficiency, in order to provide better services while reducing costs and impacts, and
- Promote energy production from locally available renewable resources in order to cover as far as possible energy needs from these decarbonised sources.
The City of Luxor - Governorate of Luxor developed and announced a Strategic Plan 2017, which promotes many projects in the areas of infrastructure. The strategy is centred on the objective of promoting Luxor as a green city.
The vulnerability analysis of the City of Luxor indicates among 10 receptors including tourists, that Tourism is ranked the highest risk (level 1) in terms of probability and impact. Hence, it is essential to improve the energy profile of the tourism sector in order to support the ambition of profiling Luxor as sustainable tourism destination.
The Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan (SGTP) will work to greening hotels and resorts, inviting them to operate on clean energy incorporating solar PV panels and SWH systems instead of using fossil fuels.
The City of Luxor wants to expand the natural gas network to reach more hotels and resorts. Natural gas should be seen as a complement to renewable energy. The Governorate of Luxor also intends to support the Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan by raising awareness of all hotel owners, management, including staff and users on the impact of climate change, as well as the importance of measures to green hotels and resorts, supporting the conversion of the city to be a world-class tourists’ destination.
This Priority Action #4 is in line with the vision and strategy of the Governorate of Luxor and supports its implementation.
Contact person in the local authority Principal partners and stakeholders
Dr Ramadan Seddik,
Director of Environmental Affairs – Governorate of Luxor
• Governorate of Luxor – City of Luxor (Municipality)
• City Council represented by the Governor of Luxor
• Hotels owners and Management in City of Luxor
• Ministry of Petroleum (MoPMRs)
- Egypt Gas Holding Company (EGAS)
- Ganoub El Wadi Holding company
- Egypt Gas Company (EGC) - Luxor
• Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE)
- New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) • Ministry of Tourism (MoTrm)
- Green Tourism Unit (GTU) • Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – EEAA
- Green Building Unit (GBU) • Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC)
2. Process
Technical Process
Applying green measures in the tourism sector is an important option for reducing energy consumption and
165
lower GHG emissions. This action is set through the following assessments and development:
• Get a detailed understanding of the tourism sector (hotels and resorts) and its pattern in energy use;
- Assess the current 38 hotels in terms of fuel and power use, - Examine the conditions and availability of energy efficiency measures in these hotels and resorts:
lighting and AC, overall building performances, etc., - Assess the detailed potential for renewable energy development in hotels and resorts, - Explore the amount of natural gas needed to supply hotels and resorts in combination with
renewable energy, • Establish a plan for of stakeholders’ involvement to ensure conditions of success are met.
Administrative and coordination process
• Governorate of Luxor – City of Luxor (Municipality) and Governor’s to approve the plan and its targets,
• City Council represented by the Governor approval,
• Hotel owners and management in Luxor – approvals,
• Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (MoPMRs) – study and approve the quantity of the natural gas needed for these Hotel connection, including:
- (EGAS and Ganoub El Wady Holding Company) – study and approvals,
- Egypt GAS Company – Governorate of Luxor (approval for NG supply),
• Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE) – NREA to approve the plan of SWH systems,
• Ministry of Tourism (MoTrm) – Award GB license as part of the hotel license renewal,
• Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – Assess the Strategic environmental and social impacts and benefits,and
• Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) – international investment approvals.
Government and Administrative Procedures and Approvals
• Initial approval of the Governorate (Municipality),
• Environmental permit: according to Egyptian Law for the Environment, Law 4/1994 amended by Law9/2009,
• EEAA approval and process: a Preliminary Strategic Environmental and Social Impacts (SESIs),• Safety and Operation permit by EGAs, Ganoub El-Wady Holding – MoPMRs, and
• MoPMRs approve the supply natural gas by EGC.
Atmosphere and Air Pollution
- COP 21 Paris climate change agreement, - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, - Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, - Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, - London Amendment to Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, and
166
- (Copenhagen) Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete Ozone Layer.
3. Technical description
Link to Governorate (municipal) development plan
The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate adaptation actions. Hence, reducing GHG emissions from the tourism sector is vital for the Governorate of Luxor strategy on climate change mitigation and adaptation.
The tourism sector is one the sectors that will be affected by climate change risks and its potential contribution to profile the City of Luxor as a green city is important. Thus, it is vital to develop a comprehensive plan to green hotel and resorts and doing so contribute to the vision of the City of Luxor being a sustainable tourism destination.
The Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan will improve the Governorate’s sustainable energy prospectus,yet contribute to achieving Egypt’s Vision and National Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030.
Implementation plan
Component 1: The Governorate first needs to get a more sophisticated understanding of hotels and resorts level of sustainability across the city and issues to be solved.
From the detailed description of issues at stake, the priority action will draw strategic priorities with a double objective in mind – improve hotels/ resorts sustainable operation in the City of Luxor, while reducing the environmental foot print of the tourism facilities. This could include:
• Establish a coordination unit to manage this priority action plan engaging with stakeholders tosupport a change of mind set in hotels and resorts managers, highlighting the benefits of a greenerprofile,
• Structure the action to address priority areas, highlight positive examples of change and thengenerate a positive momentum towards changing practices,
• Explore innovative solutions and technologies that would significantly improve hotels/resortsenvironmental performances,
• Develop incentives as well as regulatory measures to speed up the change process towards energysaving and renewable energy development,
• Implement a common methodology to measure GHG emissions, report on them and monitor allother benefits deriving from the development of sustainable hotels/resorts, and
• Boost any awareness activities that would help energy saving initiatives in hotels and resorts. Alongthe line of what hotels already developed to conserve water, the plan would be to develop awareness raising activities inviting visitors to contribute to energy saving (turn off the light when not necessary,adapt AC to a “normal” use and avoid excessive cooling, etc.).
Such awareness activities can easily result in saving up to 10% of electricity consumed in hotels andresorts.
167
Component 2: Develop Solar Water Heating in hotel and resorts
Hotels and resorts need water for their visitors and their equipment (swimming pool). Solar is easy solution to warm water. Any hotel/ resort, with 200 rooms will need around 50.000 litres per day half of it been warm enough for sanitary use and washing (towels, sheets, soils). To produce 25.000 litres of warm water it means a minimum collector surface of 250 square meters (250 collectors of 1 square meter). Kits available on the market are composed of a tank and 3 collectors. Each unit’s costs EGP 12,000 (€ 584) all-inclusive (2017 prices). Full equipment for one hotel will then cost around 50,000 € (84 units at 584 €). Such an installation will produce 231,800 KWh/y, avoiding electricity expenses of 8,318 €/y, and hence offering a payback period of 6 years. In the meantime it will reduce GHG emissions by 127.5 tCO2eq/y.
The priority action #4 proposes to set up a revolving fund to support investment in hotels. This investment could be done in phases of 10 hotels per year with an investment capacity of 500K€ per year for the first two years (1m€) and another round on investment as soon as the fund has been replenished.
Although the investment is perfectly profitable it still requires some incentives from the project, as hotel owners are not interested in making specific efforts due to low price of fossil energy and electricity. The project should then act as a stimulator. As soon as hotel owners will understand the cost-efficient equipment, they will be invited to cover the investment costs on their own.
The revolving fund will be managed by the Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan - SGTP management unit.
Component 3: Develop Solar Water Heating in floating hotels
For the 275 floating hotels representing 16,000 rooms meaning 2 thirds of the overall capacity in Luxor.
If we assume each floating hotel would accommodate 60 rooms in average we would have a maximum of 120 guests plus 30 staff: 150 per floating hotel. This means a daily consumption of 30,000 litres including 15,000 litres of warm water. This production can be secured with 150 square meters of collectors (150 collectors/ 30 units of 3 collectors). Such an equipment will produce 138 MWh/y avoiding burning 13,800 litres of diesel hence saving 2,471 € offering a 7 years payback period. However, it is important to mention that this is only valid if the floating boats are operating all year long. If they only operate during the peak season (4 months) then the equipment is not worse the investment.
We recommend further exploring this option taking into account the actual rate of occupancy that will be key to define the real RoI, hence define if installing SHW in that case is worth a try.
Component 4: Hotels/Resorts natural gas supply
The City of Luxor is developing its natural gas grid and would like to connect as many hotels as possible. Note that in merit order, renewable comes first (SWH), gas comes next and last comes diesel. It is also important to mention that investing on gas without investing in energy efficient and SWH would be a mistake in terms of climate mitigation. However, taking into account the emission factor for natural gas, and assuming 30% of energy consumption in hotels is dedicated to producing heat, switching from electricity to gas would reduce GHG by 11% which is important to consider.
This priority action plans to supply natural gas to hotels/resorts in the eastern bank of the City of Luxor, which
168
will save 8,157 MWh/year of electricity (8 GWh/year) from the total use 27 GWh/year (2015 reference) and will reduce GHG emissions by 2.8 tCO2eq/y.
Component 5: Institutions’ capacity building is essential to prepare and oversee the implementation of hotels/resorts conversion plan to NG and SWH.
Component 6: Awareness raising is vital to change the current mode of using non-clean fuel in hotels and resorts to assist in the implementation of the plan and in transforming the city to be a green city, hotels/resorts to run by natural gas not fossil fuel and heating water from solar.
4. Organization and procedures
Staff allocated to implement and monitor action #4 Formal approval
• Governorate of Luxor and City of Luxor,• City Council represented by the Governor,• MoPMRs (EGAS, Ganoub el-Wady and Egypt Gas
Company),• MoERE, NREA,• MoTrm (GTU),• MoTrm, and• MoEnv (EEAA).
The development of converting hotels and resorts would require the following entities for issuing permits, approvals and follow up process:
- Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) to coordinate loans and funding from IFIs,
- Ministry of Local Development (MoLD), - MoERE–NREA for SWH installation on
hotels/resorts, - Ministry of Petroleum represented by EGAS
and Ganoub el-Wady and Egypt Gas Company – Luxor,
- Ministry of Tourism (MoTrm) represented by the GTU,
- Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) to assess and conduct the Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) for the impact of converting the hotels/resorts with renewable energy such as SWH systems in accordance of the Law No. 4/1994 and its amendments, the Law on Protection of the Environment, and its executive regulations,
- The EIA Department of the Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) – MoEnv to conduct the screening of ESIAs,
- Operation permit by MoPMRs and NREA for buildings installations and modification,
- EGAS and EGC approvals to supply of natural gas,
- City Council represented by the Governor, and
169
- Municipality and Governorate – Governor’s approval.
d. Role of PartnersC. Staff training needs
Stakeholders: - All stakeholders should be invited to specific workshop
to design the strategic road map to start transferring hotels and resorts from fossil fuels mainly diesel to natural gas and Electricity to Solar thermal. This could include hotel/resorts owners and managers.
- Training is also needed to transfer the message of clean and green tourism to all parties involved,
- The Governorate and City of Luxor to coordinate the procedures approval with different related authorities in close contact with the Governorate such as: MoERE and NREA, EEAA, MoTrm. Also special coordination with the following entities: MoPMRs through EGAS and Ganub el Wady via EGC
to ensure constant supply of natural gas to Hotelsand Resorts, Coordination with Ministry of Transport (MoTr)
River Transport Authority (RTA),Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MoWRI)
through the General Administration for Nile riverProtection (GANRP), andMinistry of Interior via Civil Defence Dept. (CDD),
- All should be invited to specific to facilitate the action project to follow up the implementation upon funding.
- The GTU of MoTrm and EGAS and Ganoub El Wady through EGC to check on the installation procedures of the connections, implementation and test the safety of converted Hotel in the Eastern part of the city to operate by natural gas, and meters installation, and monitor the operation and re-license.
Governorate (Municipality) staff related to the issue of Sustainable Energy and Green Tourism will be assigned to receive training on four subjects:
• Questions related to sustainable energyincluding solar water heating (SWH), PV,solutions and technologies,
• Strategic Management of SustainableEnergy issues,
• Organisational solutions and technicalquestions related converting Hotels andresorts by natural gas development andintegrate solar water heating in them aswell as floating hotels, and
• Project management.
A Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU) to be developed and established to oversee the training of staff and all concerned issue and ensure the implementation of the plan actions of SECAP.
5. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions for Action ≠ 4 (Green Hotels & Resorts)
A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive sustainable energy (energy efficiency) plan to brand the City of Luxor as a clean and green city including the use of natural gas instead of electricity in hotels and resorts as well diesel in floating hotels for heating water.
Also, an adequate awareness raising actions will be necessary to help Governorate of Luxor promote the value of Green Hotels through greening these facilities as well as the benefit hotels owners and managers of such
170
move.
Awareness should also focus on the fact that Green tourism development doesn’t mean that energy will become abundant.
On the contrary, such an awareness campaign should highlight that combining energy efficiency with the use of NG instead of non-clean energy and integrate SWH systems will reduce GHG emissions and make air in the city less polluted.
The Awareness Raising Programme (ARP), would include meetings, workshops, lectures and workshops for staff and hotels owners and managers that could encompass several actions:
- The creation of a permanent municipal information point,
- The organisation of an open house,
- The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers, - The distribution of brochures and posters,
- The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability and local success stories:
Information on national energy policies and local implications,
The prevailing energy conditions in the municipality,
The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainableenergy strategy and the SECAP, and
Successful projects in national and foreign municipalities, notably in municipalities that are membersof the Covenant of Mayors (CoM).
6. Assumptions and risks
- The key challenge will be the time needed to change the mind-set of some owners of hotels, - Organise a proper maintenance system in order to ensure adequate flow of hot water from the SWH
systems, yields securing interesting enough Return on Investment (R.o.I.), - Return on investment also depends on the actual occupancy rate in hotels and floating hotels. This
means that the first priority should be to increase average occupancy by rationalising the hotel system. Having less capacity with a much higher rate of occupancy will be the best measure to reduce energy consumption,
- The medium to low price of diesel set Egyptian General Petroleum Authority - EGPA (MoPMRs) is a challenge, but the story will be different in 2018 with new planned energy tariffs, and
- Beyond promoting new green hotels/resorts, reducing energy demand depends on public mobilization.
7. Key success factors
171
• The development of Green hotels and resorts, since it is part of the Governorate of Luxor strategy,would be of an assistance in reducing the yearly energy consumption of non-clean energy and help ingreening the city,
• Cost of new energy tariff means that any saving will be a significant value and an incentive,
• Governor of Luxor determination to seriously act on the energy issue, is obviously vital to this action’ssuccess,
• The Governor’s vision and backing of connection of these hotels and resorts with the natural gasnetwork instead of using electricity and diesel as a non-clean energy sources, reduce energyconsumption and mitigate GHG emission is of a vital success factor,
• Raised capacity of Governorate staff for implementation.
8. Cost estimates
30,000 € Technical support for energy systems design in hotels, resorts and floating hotels
150,000 € Awareness raising (30 K€/y over 5 years)
250,000 € Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan management unit (50 K€ /year)
1,000,000 € Revolving fund for investment on SWH in hotels and resorts (on land) (20 hotels)
166,000 € Approximate annual cost saving (after initial investment reimbursement) (20 hotels)
6 years Return on Investment (draft calculation)
9. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed
National Funds and Programs Local authority's own resources:
EU Funds, IFIs tools, financial programmes, and external funds.
International Financial Institutions66:
- The World Bank (WB),
- United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
- European Commission (EC),
- European Investment Banks (EIB),
- European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD),
66 The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/ (Accessed on: 14.08.2017)
172
- French Development Agency (AFD),
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID),
- Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW),
- German Technical Cooperation (GIZ),
- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
- OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID),
- Islamic Development Bank (IDB),
- African Development Bank (ADB),
- Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED),
- Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD),
- Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD),
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD),
- Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED),
- Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED),
- Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and
- Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).
Lined up private investments Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise)
Expected annual cost savings to City budget Loans and potential borrower
10. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030
2,719 MWh/y Energy savings GWh/y
Awareness raising in Hotels and resorts (across all hotels and resorts)
4,620 MWh/y Renewable energy production MWh/y (Solar water heater in 20 hotels)
CO2 reduction t CO2/a
2015 - Reference Year
2030 - Target Year
4,048 tCO2eq - Net reduction
Awareness campaign 1,495 tCO2eq
Substituting SWH to electricity in 20 hotels 2,550 tCO2eq/y
Switching hotels to natural gas 3 tCO2eq/y
173
27% - Reduction as related to BAU scenario for hotels and resorts
0,2% - Reduction as related to BAU scenario for the entire city
174
City of Luxor – Governorate of Luxor Priority Action # 5 for SECAP
1. General presentation
# 5 5. Green Governorate Buildings Plan
Location: City of Luxor, Governorate of Luxor
Summary of the Action
Current Status – Governorate Buildings in the City of Luxor
Start date: December 2017 The Governorate owns many buildings in different locations representing a total of 175,800 square meters that could be detailed as follows:
• 142,500 square meters of offices (including, the city hall, administrativesites, water and sanitation offices, electricity management building,library, cultural centre, etc.),
• 8,500 square meters of commercial facilities, warehouse and technicalequipment (open), and
• 24,800 square meters of schools and higher institutions.
These buildings’ areas represent roughly 132,000 square meters of roofs to be equipped with solar PV to generate electricity. The governorate took early steps in this direction by installing solar PV panels on 4 buildings: Governorate’s main building; Public library; Governorate’s conference hall; and College of Fine Arts.
The Governorate buildings in the City of Luxor consume 4,718 MWh/year of electricity (2015 reference). This electricity consumption is used for lighting, cooling, office equipment (computer, copiers, etc.), elevator, etc. The annual electricity bill for municipality buildings alone represents 3,599,961 EGP (173 K €).
On average, electricity consumption in buildings comes from lighting (18%), cooling and heating (65%), office equipment (computer, copiers, etc.) and elevators (10%), and water pumps and others (7%).
Lighting – buildings: Some efforts were made to switch to efficient bulbs such as LED lamps, but there is still neither tight control of lighting in buildings, nor efficient management using motion or occupancy sensors. There is a habit to switching light on, whatever will be the availability of natural lights, even if this natural light is sufficient most of the time. No control smart devices such as motion and occupancy sensors are installed.
Electric equipment – buildings: So far, electric equipment (computers, copiers, printers, and fax machines, etc.) are not green label products. There
Project lifetime: 5 years
End: December 2022
Estimated cost €
Technical support & training 60,000 €
Investment 10,842,000 € LED lamps & sensors 40,000 €
Efficient AC devices 150,000 €
Solar PV 10,000,000 €
SWH 292,000 €
175
is a need to make use of green labelled equipment to lower energy consumption and switch to energy efficient devices.
Cooling and heating – buildings: Most of the buildings are equipped with AC split systems that are not labelled green. Only few offices are under a centralised temperature control system. Important margin for improvement to ensure proper management of heating and cooling is needed. Temperature inside building is often too high in cold season and too low in hot season.
Renewable energy – building: Some of the potential sites have been identified, and there are already pilot projects to test the benefit of solar PV with an installed capacity of 300 kW over four governorate buildings. The Governorate of Luxor already developed a strategic plan to develop renewable energy on its buildings, but this plan still needs to be unrolled.
Action Summary
The City of Luxor - Governorate of Luxor has the desire to move forward to holistically solve these challenges by promoting sustainable energy in Governorate (municipal) buildings in the city of Luxor through the development of a comprehensive plan to reduce energy consumption and consequently GHG emissions.
Also, the Governorate plan is to enhance energy efficiency in these municipal buildings by promoting renewable energy and incorporate SWH systems utilising solar energy and apply green measures such as LED lamps and sensors – “Green Municipal Buildings Plan – GMBP.’’
The Priority Action #5 – Green Governorate Buildings Plan (GGBP) is set to integrate new sustainability measures and technologies to green Governorate buildings in the City of Luxor and raise awareness on the need to save energy and improve energy efficiency in all Governorate buildings.
Status of the Action: General Objectives of the project
• New
• Planned
• Following previous action.
The project is part of the Governorate of Luxor’s strategic roadmap to improve its energy profile, reducing dependency on fossil fuel and cutting GHG emission. It focuses on public buildings with the following objectives:
• Raise awareness among staff to engage Develop renewable energyproduction to reduce dependency on fossil fuel, improve energy supply,
• Reduce loads on the national grid and support the Governorate reachtargets,
176
• Contribute to build a sustainable energy strategy for the entireGovernorate,
• Develop technical capacity locally to promote the technology, and• Support the Governorate of Luxor climate adaptation action plans.
National Strategy, Policies, Laws and Programmes
General:
Vision and Strategy
- Egypt’s Vision 2030, - Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, - Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030, and - Green City Strategy 2030 ‘Luxor the Heritage City of the World’ – Luxor Governorate (2014).
Strategy, Policies and Plans
Strategy
- Energy Strategy 2015 – 2030 (MoPMRs), - National Renewable Energy Action Plan – NREAP 2015, - Strategic Energy Efficiency Roadmap and Energy Prices 2014, - Strategy for Renewable Energy 2027 (20% by 2020), - National Strategy on Market for Electricity Generated from Renewable Sources 2014, - Politically Viable Institutional Strategy for Energy Efficiency – PVISEE 2014, - Strategy to Promote Green Building – MoEnv (2012), - Strategic Development Plan (SDP) of Southern Egypt – UNDP (2007), and - Sustainable Environmental Compatible Building – SECB.
Policies - Policy Framework of Energy Efficient Practices (PFEEPs),
Plans
- National Energy Efficiency Action Plan – NEEAP (2012 – 2015), - Energy Efficiency Plans in Electricity Sector – EEPES (2012 – 2015), - Mediterranean Electricity Regulatory – MEDREG (2013), - National Energy Efficiency Action Plan – NEEAP (2012), - Energy Efficiency Plans and Capacity Building Schemes (2012), - Employment Promotion through Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency – EPRREE 2016, and - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy National Study – EERENS, UNEP 2007.
Laws, Regulations and Decrees
Laws and Regulations
- New Investment law and execution legislations 2017, - New Electricity law 2015, - Renewable Energy and Feed-in-Tariff 2014 and 2017, - Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Comprehensive Law No. 203 – REEEL 2014,
177
- Incentives for Generating Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources 2014, and - Public Private Partnership – PPP 2010.
Decrees - New Electricity Tariff Ministerial Decree 2016, - Stimulation of Producing Electricity from Renewable Energy Source 2015, - Feed-in-Tariff 2014 and 2nd Feed-in-Tariff 2016, - Net Metering 2013, and - Executing Electricity Generation from different Clean Energy Sources 2012.
Programmes and Initiatives
Programmes
- Green Cities and Sustainable Development (2015), - Green Building Programme – UNDP (2014), - Green Building Guideline – GBG (2013), - Calculate Your Carbon Footprint (2012), - Renewable Energy and Energy Rationalisation in New and Urban Communities, - Power Purchase Agreement – EgyptERA 2014, - Design of Feed-in Tariffs 2012 and 2016, - Egyptian-German Joint Committee Programme on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency 2015 –
2018, and - Renewable Energy Fund – REF 2012.
Initiatives
- Resilient Cities Acceleration Initiative - RCAI (2015).
Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy
The Governorate of Luxor developed a Green City Strategy 2030 - GCS “Luxor the Heritage City of the World” that was launched on June 14, 2014. However, the implementation road map of the GCS has not been published yet.
The Governorate of Luxor also joined the Resilient Cities Acceleration Initiative (RCAI) in its 3rd phase with the objective to assist selected cities to be more resilient in confronting environmental challenges and counterbalance the impact of CC risks on the socioeconomic life67.
Keeping in mind its specific values and the local context, the City of Luxor develops a strategy consistent with Egypt’s Vision 2030, Energy Strategy 2035 and National SDS 2030.
This strategy is structured around two folds:
67 http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/RESILIENCE-Resilient-Cities-Acceleration-Initiative.pdf
178
- Reduce energy consumption in all sectors through energy conservation and efficiency, in order to provide better services while reducing costs and impacts, and
- Promote energy production from locally available renewable resources in order to cover as far as possible energy needs from these decarbonised sources.
The City of Luxor - Governorate of Luxor developed and announced a Strategic Plan 2017, which promotes many projects in the areas of infrastructure. The strategy is centred on the objective of promoting Luxor as a green city. Within this strategic plan, converting Governorate building to more sustainable practices, energy conservation and efficiency as well as developing energy production from renewable sources is essential, to demonstrate public authorities’ leadership.
In addition, the Governorate is also intending to support the plan by informing and raising awareness of all Governorate’ staff and citizens on the impact of climate change, upcoming risks and adaptation actions, as well as the importance of applying sustainable energy measures.
Therefore, this priority action # 5 Green Governorate Buildings Plan - City of Luxor is in line with the tentative vision and strategy of the Governorate of Luxor and supports its implementation.
Contact person in the local authority Principal partners and stakeholders
Dr Ramadan Seddik,
Director of Environmental Affairs – Governorate of Luxor
• Governorate of Luxor – City of Luxor (Municipality)• City Council represented by the Governor of Luxor• Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE)• New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA)• Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development
(MoHUUD)• Egyptian Green Building Council (Egypt-GBC)• Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – EEAA• Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation
(MoIIC)
Process
The Environmental Awareness Unit (EAU) will be a key component of the SECAP implementation, as most of the impacts expected for the action plan, depend on the adequate mobilization and engagement of stakeholders to cease the opportunities offered to reduce energy consumption. Pursuing so, would contribute to the success of the SECAP.
The planned action is set through the following assessments and development:
• Preliminary plan and specific study of developing an awareness unit,• Allocating staff for the Awareness Unit,• Involvement of Stakeholders,• Preliminary plan to study the possibility of installing solar PV systems onto the Governorate buildings’
roofs,
179
• Install PV Solar panels and SHW systems onto the roof of the Governorate (Municipal), educationalbuildings including schools.
Administrative and coordination process
• Governorate of Luxor – City of Luxor (Municipality) assess and approval the plan,• Governor’s to approve the plan and its targets,• City Council represented by the Governor approval,• Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE) – NREA to assess the PV and SWH systems
plan,• EETC to approve the power load in case it is connected to the Grid and test the power installation,• Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – conduct a preliminary Strategic Environmental and Social
Impacts, and• Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) – coordinate international investment.
Government and Administrative Procedures and Approvals
• Initial plan approval: Governorate (Municipality),• Operation permit: NREA to coordinate the approval with the Governorate and other entities,• Environmental permit: according to Egyptian Law for the Environment, Law 4/1994 amended by
Law 9/2009 EEAA approval and process,• MoCA and CAA for height permit: for installation of PV above buildings’ roof.
Atmosphere and Air Pollution
- COP 21 Paris climate change agreement, - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, - Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, - Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, - London Amendment to Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, and - (Copenhagen) Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete Ozone Layer.
2. Technical description
Link to Governorate (municipal) development plan
The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate adaptation actions. Hence, greenhouse gas emissions from Governorate services, including (Municipal) buildings, are vital for the Governorate of Luxor strategy and climate adaptation actions. Thus, it is essential to develop a comprehensive plan of greening the Governorate’s (municipal) buildings and attaining the vision of the Governorate Luxor in making the City of Luxor Green City 2030 and improving quality of life in the urban area yet attaining Egypt’s vision 2030. The comprehensive plan will also enhance the clean energy profile and improve the Governorate’s sustainable energy prospectus yet contribute to achieving Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030. In this respect, the Governorate will particularly contribute to Egypt’s SDS key performance indicators (KPIs) relevant to SECAP, mainly in Energy, Urban development, Environment and Domestic energy policy, e.g., energy:
180
- Secure energy resources, - Increase reliance on local resources, - Reduce the intensity of energy consumption, and - Raise the actual economic contribution of energy sector in the national income.
This Priority Action #5 – Green Governorate Buildings Plan would also support the Governorate of Luxor’s strategy in meeting the set policies in the National Climate Change Communication report, mainly the policies targeting development of sustainable approach based on four pillars:
• More efficient use of energy, especially by end users.• Increased use of renewable energy as an alternative to non-renewable sources.• Use of advanced locally appropriate and more efficient fossil fuel technologies that are less-emitting.• Energy efficiency is the cornerstone for policy makers to decouple energy demand and economic growth.
Implementation plan
Component 1:
Phase 1: Setting up the EAU – Allocating staff – Installing basic equipment.
Phase 2: Develop a specific programme “Green Governorate Buildings plan” - GGBP, mobilising managers and staff. This plan should focus on the following measures:
- Open curtains and window shutters during daytime to avoid artificial lighting when outside air temperature is between 20°C and 25°C,
- Keep the inside air temperature between 24°C - 25°C in summer to ensure good comfort all year long and make a strong cut in energy consumption (30 per cent of AC power consumption),
- Avoid elevator and choosing staircase when going up or down one or two floors, only allow employee with heart problems to use elevators,
- Turn off electric equipment at the end of working time or when not actually in use, and - Unplug all electricity cables from wall’s sockets as this could save about 5 per cent of the energy use, - It would be interesting to promote a challenge between services/ units to invite all workers from the
Governorate (Municipality) to make efforts to save energy and cut GHG emissions. The best performing service would be celebrated as “energy saver/ climate saver’’ and would get a special gratification, and.
- The Environmental Awareness Unit (EAU) supervised by CES-MED, to be set up within the Governorate, will promote these activities in coordination with the Governorate related staff.
Component 2: Beyond promoting awareness and behavioural change, it is necessary to develop a clear and comprehensive plan to replace old devices (lamps and air conditioners) and equipment and install energy efficient systems that will help in reducing electricity consumption. Ideally, this programme should be implemented, in a first phase, in a small number of buildings (starting with the more symbolic one: the main Governor’s building or city hall), but covering all type of devices and equipment, in order to concentrate many initiatives on the selected buildings and demonstrate the benefit of these structural changes.
181
This includes:
- Switch from AC/ Heating reverse systems to central management of heating and cooling. - Switch to LED lighting installation and incorporate motion sensors in offices of Governorate buildings.
This device turns the lights off during un-occupied periods. This can reduce lighting consumption by 20% to 80% depending on the occupancy type of these spaces.
A case study conducted by MoERE and UNDP (Wati Al-watt Initiative) in public buildings, including Government buildings in Cairo, demonstrated that a 9.5 million kWh saving per year (an equivalent to a cut of 5.6 million EGP (equivalent of 265,260 €) could be easily achieved when LED lamps with different wattage were installed. The fact came after assessing 22 projects (first phase) at an approximate investment of 340,910 EGP per project (equivalent of 16,148€). Such efficient lighting, in main areas was developed with a pretty limited investment of 7.5 million EGP (equivalent of 355,259 €)68. These technical solutions need to be tightly monitored to register impacts on energy consumption reduction to prepare progressive enlargement to a larger number of targeted building.
Assumptions:
- Price of 1 LED Lamp = 75 EGP (3.60 €), - Cost of a Solar PV unit with a 1KW power unit outside Cairo 1,500 US$ (1,278.5 €), - 1 kW in Egypt would produce around 5.2 kWh/day and 1898 kWh/ yearly, - According to Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company (EETC), the FiT (feed-in-tariffs) agreement of
2017 for solar generating electricity means that 1 kWh for commercial activities less than 500 kWh will be paid 108.58 piasters (0.053) per kWh, or 78.8EGP piasters (0.040) for PV plant between 500 kW and 20 MW, and
- Cost of a Solar Water Heater unit (3 collectors) producing 2,760 kWh is 12,000 EGP = 584 €.
Switch to LED lamps and sensor systems
Replacing lamps in all public buildings with LED devices, would require installing 8,500 LED lamps (1 lamp per 10 square meters over 50% of the entire building area of 175,500 m2). This would cost 30,600 for buying lamps + 9,400 for sensors hence a total investment of 40,000 € (822,000 EGP).
Energy saved from such new equipment would represent 283 MWh/y (60% reduction in electricity consumption dedicated to lighting) representing an economy of 10,190 € (209,420 EGP) per year, allowing 4 years payback.
Switching to more efficient AC devices
Switch from AC/Heating reverse systems to central management of cooling/heating in 50% of these buildings is estimated 150.000 €. This will generate savings of 987 MWh/y (30% reduction on 70% of global electricity consumption in public buildings) avoiding a cost of 35,450 €/y (730,380 EGP) allowing a 4,5 years payback.
68 Energy efficiency Project – Waty El Watt, UNDP and GEF, available at : http://www.php.eepegypt.org/
182
Developing Solar PV power generation
Having 150,700 square meters of roofs available from Governorate’s buildings in the City of Luxor and assuming 60% of these roofs can be used, we would have 90,500 square meters for Solar PV installation, meaning a capacity to install 12,500 kWp – a global investment of 16 million € for a potential production of 22,500 MWh/y.
The priority action #5 recommends a staged approach with a first round tapping on 50% of the entire potential, meaning installing 7,500 kWp: for example, 50 units of 100 kWp and 10 units of 250 kWp.
Nb. of 1 kWp unit Investment Prod in kWh Revenues EGP/y Revenues Euro/y RoI
7 500 10 000 000 14 238 560 15 450 261 751 838 13,30
Developing Solar Water Heating systems
Such systems can be used to cover hot water needs in any buildings. There use is even more interesting in schools, mosques, and hospitals with higher requirements for hot water.
One Governorate building with 100 municipal staff and 25 visitors on average (125 persons) would need 1,250 litres per day (10 litres each). This need will be easily covered with 14 collectors of 1 square meter each. Kits available on the market are composed of a 300 litres tank and 3 collectors. 5 units of this type will be sufficient to cover the needs of such a building. Each unit costs EGP 12,000 (€ 584) all-inclusive (2017 prices).
The installation will cost 2,920 € and produce 13,800 kWh/y avoiding electricity expenses of 497 €/y, hence offering a payback period of 6 years maximum. In the meantime it will reduce GHG emission by 7,500 KCO2eq/y.
The priority action #5 propose to equip develop 100 buildings with 5 SWH units of 3 collectors.
Cost in € for 100 x 5 units Production in KWh Avoided costs in € Avoided GHG tCO2eq/y
292 000 1 380 000 49 693 27.3
Note that elementary school would require more water per user, hence the ration of Units / user might change, but the overall economy of this component of the project remains the same, with the same payback period of maximum 6 years.
3. Organization and procedures
Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action # 5
Formal approval
183
- Governorate of Luxor and City of Luxor, - City Council represented by the Governor, - MoERE and NREA, - Ganoub El Wady Holding Company and EETC in
case of on-grid connection, - MoHUUD and - MoEnv (EEAA).
The development would require the following entities for issuing permits, approvals and follow up process:
- Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) to coordinate loans and funding from IFCs,
- Ministry of Local Development (MoLD), - MoERE – NREA for SWH installation on buildings
roofs, - The EIA Department of the Environmental Affairs
Agency (EEAA) –Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) to conduct an Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) study on the impacts of converting Governorate buildings with renewable energy such as solar PV and SWH systems,
- Operation permit by MoHUUD – for buildings modification permit – Governorate issue,
- City Council represented by the Governor, - Governorate and Governor’s approvals.
Role of Partners Staff training
- All stakeholders should be invited to specific workshop to receive training in order to transfer the message of clean and green Governorate (municipal) buildings plan (GMBP) to all parties involved to coordinate with the Governorate, including MoRER, NREA and MoEnv,
- The Governorate and City of Luxor to coordinate the procedures approval with different related authorities in close contact with the Governorate, such as: MoERE and NREA, EEAA, MoHUUD to ensure constant operation and efficiency,
- NREA to be involved to check on the installation procedures of the connections, implementation and testing, and monitor the operation and to facilitate the action project follow up the implementation upon funding.
Governorate (Municipality) team, which will be assigned to the EAU, need to receive a proper training on several subjects, including:
• Technical questions related PV development andenergy issues related to CAA,
• Pedagogy and communication to run efficientawareness programmes,
• Strategic management of sustainable energyissues,
• Organisational solutions and technical questionsrelated refurbishment of buildings to operate bysolar PV and SHW, and
• Project management.
Also, a Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU) to be developed and established to oversee the training of staff and all concerned issue and ensure the implementation of the plan actions of SECAP.
4. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions
A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive sustainable energy (energy efficiency) plan to brand the City of Luxor as a clean and green city including the use solar PV cells and SWH systems on Governorate (municipal) buildings’ roofs.
184
An adequate awareness raising actions will be necessary to assist the Governorate of Luxor promoting the value of Green Governorate (Municipal) Buildings Plan - GMBP through greening such buildings as well as the benefits of such move.
Awareness should also focus on the fact that Green buildings development doesn’t mean that energy will become abundant. On the contrary, such awareness campaign should highlight that combining energy efficiency with the use of solar PV and SWH systems will make reduce GHG emissions and make air in the city less polluted.
The Awareness Raising Programme (ARP), would include meetings, workshops, lectures and workshops for staff and managers that could encompass several actions:
- The creation of a permanent municipal information point, - The organisation of an open house, - The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers, - The distribution of brochures and posters, - The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability and local success
stories:
• Information on national energy policies and local implications,• The prevailing energy conditions in the municipality, and• The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainable
energy strategy and the SECAP.
Successful projects in national and foreign municipalities, notably in municipalities that are members of the Covenant of Mayors (CoM).
5. Assumptions and risks
- Changing people’s minds is always a challenge,
- Organize a proper maintenance system to ensure best generation from solar PV panels and the SWH systems securing interesting enough return on investment (R.o.I.), and
- The medium to low price of diesel set by Egyptian General Petroleum Authority - EGPA (MoPMRs) is a challenge, but as tariffs will increase in 2018/2019 there will be a new dynamic supporting such investments.
6. Key success factors
• The Governor’s vision and backing of promoting sustainable energy (EE and RE) in the City of Luxorinstead of using diesel and non-clean energy sources would support any transformation of the energysystem,
185
• Municipality determination to act comprehensively on the issue of sustainable energy (Solar PV, SWHand EE),
• The approach and development of greening Governorate Buildings is part of the Governorates’ visionand strategy, hence would assist in reducing the annual use non-clean energy and in greening the city,
• New energy tariff means that any saving will be a significant value and great savings,
• Developed capacity of Governorate staff for implementation, and• Organize a proper maintenance system in order to ensure adequate flow of hot water from the SWH
systems, yields securing interesting enough Return on Investment (R.o.I.).
7. Cost estimates
30,000 € Technical support to further design investment plans.
30,000 € Training for Municipality staff
10,482,000 € Required investment
- Lamp replacement 40,000 €
- AC upgrading 150,000 €
- Solar PV development 10,000,000 €
- SWH systems 292,000 €
847,170 € Approximate annual cost saving (after initial investment reimbursement)
- Lamp replacement 10,190 €
- AC upgrading 35,450 €
- Solar PV development 751,840 €
- SWH systems 49,690 €
Return on Investment (draft calculation)
- Lamp replacement 4 years
- AC upgrading 4 years to 5 years
- Solar PV development 13 years to 14 years
- SWH systems 6 years
8. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed
National Funds and Programs
• Renewable Energy Fund 2014
Local authority's own resources:
• N/A
186
EU Funds & Programs and other external funds International Financial Institutions69:
- The World Bank (WB),
- United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
- European Commission (EC),
- European Investment Banks (EIB),
- European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD),
- French Development Agency (AFD),
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID),
- Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW),
- German Technical Cooperation (GIZ),
- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
- OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID),
- Islamic Development Bank (IDB),
- African Development Bank (ADB),
- Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED),
- Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD),
- Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD),
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD),
- Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED),
- Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED),
- Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and
- Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).
Lined up private investments Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise)
Expected annual cost savings to City budget Loans and potential borrower
9. Projected Energy Estimates in 2020 (or other set target)
69 The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/ (Accessed on: 14.08.2017)
187
1,266 MWh/y Energy savings GWh/y
- Lamp replacement 283 MWh/y
- AC upgrading 983 MWh/y
15,618 MWh/y Renewable energy production MWh/y
- Solar PV development 14,238 MWh/y
- SWH systems 1,380 MWh/y
8,590 t CO2eq/year CO2 reduction t CO2/a
2015 - Reference Year
2030 - Target Year
Emission will totally offset - Reduction as related to BAU scenario for the sector
0,4 % - Reduction as related to BAU scenario for the entire city
188
Section VI: Citizen Awareness Promotion Plan (CAPP)
Luxor
A Heritage Green City Preparing and including the “Awareness Raising Actions” component in the
SECAP
In addition to the requirement linked to the public consultation of the SEAP, a Citizen Awareness Promotion Plan (CAPP) has to be elaborated by the municipality as part of the Sustainable Energy Climate and Action Plan document (SECAP).
Identification of CAPP actions through participatory training workshops
The CES-MED project has conducted a tailored communication and CAPP training workshop for the local authority and it communication team in coordination with (and attended by) the Focal Point and the SECAP Consultants. Prior to conducting the workshop, which was led by CES-MED key communication expert (KE), three parts “Communication Kit” was handed on to the local authority and SEAP Consultant, who were asked to get acquainted with its content prior to conducting the training.
The “Communication Info Kit” (annex1) includes:
- Part 1: the “CAPP Guidelines” document: a tailored comprehensive manual prepared by CES-MED for the use of cities/municipalities on how to identify, plan and conduct awareness raising actions (Arabic, English and French versions)
(http://www.ces-med.eu/publications/recommendations-and-guidelines-development-citizens-awareness-promotion-plan-capp)
- Part 2 includes;
o PPT Presentation of the CAPP Guidelines
o Presentation of “how to prepare and implement a communication and an awarenesscampaign” showing techniques, materials and models
o Pools of benchmark examples and references to best practices from across the worldtowards citizen engagement and behaviour change, with adaptation to the CES-MEDcities context
- Part 3: consists of 4 Tables to assess CAPP conditions and identify actions.
o Table 1 is used to conduct a rapid investigation to identify awareness situation, levelsand needs linked to behavioural change in the city; and to initiate discussions with
189
the workshop participants towards the identification of target audiences and the SECAP CAPP actions.
o Table2: presents the content of a plan to implement a CAPP action related to a PilotProject.
o Table 3 presents the proposed actions related to the general sustainable energychallenges and to the city.
o Table 4: presents the proposed CAPP actions linked to each SECAP priority projects.
During the workshop, the “Communication Kit” material was explained. The following discussions, assessment and analysis addressed awareness raising conditions and challenges, communication concepts and CAPP methodologies, tools, techniques before examining and multiple benchmark applications.
A practical exercise was then conducted to specify the SECAP’s CAPP actions, whereby the local authority general awareness raising needs and SECAP’s priority actions (proposed in the Project Fiches) were looked over and proposed. In doing so, the template tables were “draftly” filled by the participants and the KE.
Following the workshop, the participants have thoroughly reviewed the tables and finalized them with CES-MED KE and the SECAP Consultants, prior to including them in the SECAP (below).
The Communication Info Kit and specially the CAPP Guidelines are to be used as reference work manuals for the subsequent detailed planning and implementation of the CAPP actions proposed in the in the SECAP document and other similar awareness raising actions.
190
Preparation of a COMMUNITY AWARENESS PROMOTIONAL PLAN (CAPP)
Template 1- Situation analysis of Luxor Aim
The questions in the attached templates cover various areas of actions and levels of awareness linked to behavioural change. It has been used to conduct a quick investigation on the awareness situation and level of perception of the citizens in the city concerning renewable energy and energy saving.
The exercise of filling the templates has identified and assessed the conditions in the municipalities prior to preparing a CAPP and to answers a number of questions, including:
1) Who are the target audience of a CAPP?2) What are the priority issues to be addressed by the CAPP (that also could be identified by
the PAED as priority actions)?3) What is the level of awareness of energy key problems? And what are the first issues to
raise awareness about?4) What are previous awareness raising actions, so that he CAPP can build on them?5) What is the situation as related to public consultation, based on which a public
consultation is to be designed?
The exercise of filling the template helped pointing out how raising awareness can be utilized as a tool for improved energy policy to facilitate implementation of its actions; it has allowed initiating discussions in the Communication Workshop and helped identifying appropriate campaigns and actions.
Specific objectives:
(i) Provide the necessary information about the current conditions and the situation regarding awareness of energy saving and renewable energy,
(ii) Help to identify the most appropriate a) awareness raising campaigns that would accompany the SECAP vision/strategy and b) the awareness raising actions that would accompany the priority actions determined in the SECAP.
Steps to follow:
(i) The SECAP team of the municipality has filled the templates based on their understanding and perception of the of the city’s inhabitants. They were free to seek the opinion of a limited number of persons to help fill the answers.
(ii) The filled templates were discussed in the “CES-MED Communication Workshops”, which were led by CES-MED Communication Expert and attended by the SECAP consultant and the SECAP municipal team. In parallel, the vision/strategy of the city and the proposed pilot actions in the SECAP were reviewed as part of the workshop exercise.
The outcome guided the selection of the most appropriate awareness raising campaigns and actions of the SECAPs including the ones related to priority projects.
191
I. Identification of the target audience and the importance they give to Sustainable Energy (audience targeted by the awareness raising campaigns and actions)
Age group Very important Important Not important
Youth X
Middle Age X
Seniors X
Other (School kids) X
III. Identification of level of awareness (energy problems) and education of energy related issues
Very aware (through media or research)
Aware but not convinced
Not Aware
Impact on environment X
Cost of energy X
Waste of energy X
Climate change X
Ways to save energy consumption
X
Existence of renewable energy X
II. Identification of priority issues to be addressed by a sustainable energy action and theirlevel of importance
Issue Level of importance
Very important Important Not important
High price of energy X
Availability/lack of energy X
Availability of transport X
Waste management X
Clean environment X
192
IV. Previous awareness actions conducted by the city/municipality or by other actors
Has the city or local authority done previous
actions Yes
If yes, who conducted the actions (the
city/municipality, NGO, national authority…?)
If yes, describe the action
Many attempts have been previously made; the activities undertaken were: awareness actions on the means of waste treatment by converting organic fertilizers; marketing the idea of planting forests by means of wastewater in order to increase the production of oxygen and combat pollution.
If yes, what was the budget and how did you
fund it
There has been no funding provided by the governorate but only through cooperation from the administration and some NGOs such as the Mustafa Mahmoud Association, who provided their equipment and the mechanization for cutting and compressing together agricultural waste and Naga Khamis in Al-Tod for practical lectures (using model machinery and gadgets to demonstrate possible recycling and environmental friendly techniques, e.g., shredding agricultural waste) in agricultural societies.
If yes, outcome, impact and feedback
V. Public consultation
Does the city practice public consultation?
Yes, with community leaders such as mayors and housewives in private homes during the month of Ramadan as was the case in Ramadan 2017 In Esna at women assembly and youth centres.
Has the city done public consultations for SEAP?
NO
Is it part of the legislative process?
YES
Foreseen consultation(s) The Family households, schools, youth centres, cultural centres for women, the Supreme Council for women and through the office of the Governor and the offices of government departments where many women are employed.
Does the city liaise with national institutions, stakeholders?
It is seldom done because the leaders themselves need to be educated and oriented in a systematic, scientific approach; this is lacking due to the absence of leadership model, i.e.: an enthusiastic governmental leadership.
Situation analysis
193
From this study concerning the target audience and its profile, it appears that the groups that are aware and informed about energy challenges are the young population; they should be identified as the most influential target as they seem to be well-aware and informed about issues related to this sector. However, they are sceptical about the information that is fed in the awareness campaigns and will not take them for granted nor easily accept the indoctrination; It would be recommended to carry out the communication with them through a pragmatic method and a rational explanation on the importance of energy saving; only then, we may get their full involvement as opinion sharing people who will disseminate ideas and new behaviour. It is therefore essential to endorse their processes of perception, judgment and reasoning regarding renewable energies information. This category can be reached through the youth centres.
The school kids would be more responsive, high dynamic and seem to be impacted by awareness actions they were exposed to. It would be recommended to carry out the communication with them and get easily their involvement as they could function as opinion sharing people to disseminate ideas and new behaviour in their households. As for the middle age target group, it has very little interest in the topic of sustainable energy and doesn’t seem to evaluate its importance. They should be considered as the audience that needs more persuasion as they are the ones to hold the purchasing power.
The template shows that the population of Luxor has identified three priorities issues to be addressed: The non-availability of energy, the transportation issue (there is a preference for microbes as the first popular means of public transport) and waste management (no recycling, too much pollution etc.). High price for energy is an important and influential element, but with the absence of transparency from the state and the lack of meters reading this element loses its optimal importance in persuasion, implementation and awareness. The ambiguity lays in the fact that the citizens of Luxor in general are aware about challenges such as the impact on environment and ways and means to save energy; however, they do not seem to be informed about energy costs and energy waste nor about climate change.
Nevertheless, the Governorate has previously conducted some awareness raising actions through active associations but it seems that these were some one-shot actions with no follow-up or assessment on their impact or outcomes. Finally, the Governorate of Luxor practices public consultations as part of the legislation of the city; However, it has not yet conducted one concerning the SECAP; More will be done in order to engage with the population and more specifically women, to get their involvement;
194
2.1.1. Template
Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot Project: Energy
- Title of the Pilot Project:
Raising the environmental awareness of the citizen to rationalize the use of energy
- Title of the Communication Action related to the pilot project:
Communication with house residents and places of target groups.
- Location (site/place/site or place/schools…):
In offices, villages and women's gatherings, youth centres, the open day of the governor of Luxor in the governorate’s HQ, the main centres and government departments in Luxor.
- Summary of the Communication Action
- General objective(s): Build awareness on the importance of rationalizing consumption and switching to the use of clean energy as much as possible.
- Key Message: Rationalization saves money for the owner and reduces the power outage endured by the governorate.
- Theme: A practical explanation on the importance of the message of rationalization of energy and the efficiency and benefits drawn by switching to the use of clean energy.
- Target group: Youth, Women (housewives and working in the government)
- Tools and channels: Seminars at the youth centres and the National Council for Women, meetings in the centres of women and community service, informal seating for the big families in villages, meetings in the governorate headquarters and government centres in the main cities.
- Organization
- Roles and responsibilities (Communication Team):
Coordinate with the governor's office to give the special team of environment management in the governorate the networking method with women working in all government departments from the provincial centres and the Ministries of Health and Education. The team from the Environment Department aims to gather women and men, to raise awareness through informal gatherings of families in villages for a community outreach.
Coordinate with the manufacturers, supply and installation of solar power generation systems and solar heaters, to train and rehabilitate local companies to provide all necessary services for the transformation of clean and renewable energy for those who want.
- Project lifetime (start and end date):
6 months, starting from March 2018 to include the month of Ramadan in May, and ending in August.
195
- Link to other opportunities and/or events:
Rehabilitation of companies and suppliers of electrical installation services to provide sources for the solar energy and solar heaters systems.
- Principal partners and stakeholders and their roles
- Staff training needs:
Training on how to use the Ohm-meter to measure the difference in the consumption of electricity and the means of clarification and explanation necessary to submit the campaign to enable the team to: Energy saving rates in kilowatts during the use of energy-saving lamps or clean energy systems and rationalization of consumption and translate this to financial estimates.
- Technical assistance and expert needs:
Rehabilitation of companies and suppliers of electrical products for the supply, installation and maintenance of solar power systems and solar heaters.
- Cost estimate
- Estimated implementation cost: EUR (and local currency at the date of preparation):
Under calculation
- Funding source (available and foreseen):
Manufacturers of energy saving devices and lamps (such as Venus company), solar power plants and systems, solar heaters (such as military factories) and major distributors in Luxor (such as Nasiriya market for products and electrical installations).
- Initial and start-up expenses and approximate operational Costs:
Under calculation
- Next steps:
Coordinate with the Governor to get his support for the communication and coordination with women in governmental departments and to hold open day meetings.
Coordinate with relevant civil associations such as Mustafa Mahmoud and Ain Al-Hayat in Cairo through its work and branches in Luxor and the future East Mahameed Armant Association
Coordinate with the producers and suppliers of solar power generation systems and solar heaters.
Prepare the campaign plan from activities, movement, message and design of materials and publications.
- Follow-up, evaluation and impact assessment:
- Monitor the differences in electricity consumption during and after the campaign - Monitor the purchase and demand for energy saving products and clean and renewable
energy systems - Design a questionnaire to monitor any change in the pattern or behaviour of electricity
consumption
196
- Annexes or references to annexes
Materials for the campaign and its cost: Due to the scepticism of the target groups and the most influential in consumption rates (women and youth) it is necessary to work face-to-face and use real and practical means of explanation and demonstrate the difference in consumption and the impact of this in the rates of consumption and the provision of energy and money.
This requires:
- Electrical tools for household consumption simulators, such as wood panels, lamps, electric lamps for the installation of ordinary lamps and LED with connection to the Ohmmeter to indicate the difference in consumption.
- Data show, display screen for campaigns, and sound system with 2 wireless microphones. - Video camera to document the events and use the outputs of the tours throughout the
campaign. - The means of transport to travel during the campaign. About two or three trips/visits weekly
during the campaign period. Renting a microbus for half a day 300 pounds/day - Gifts and souvenirs for the campaign of 40-50 individuals (preferably things that include the
domain and the logo of the sponsors) for distribution during the meeting at a rate of 10 pounds at a cost of 400-500 pounds / day.
- Food and beverages for hospitality of the assembly at a rate of 500 pounds / day. - A reward for the researcher of 200 pounds and an assistant of 100 pounds of the management
at a rate of 300 pounds / day. - Printing and printed materials: 3000 pounds.
197
2.1.2. Template
Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot Project: Energy
1. Title of the Pilot Project:
Raising the environmental awareness of the citizen to rationalize the use of energy
2. Title of the Communication Action related to the pilot project:
Green Corner Festival for Environmental Education and Awareness
3. Location (site/place/site or place/schools…):
Omar Ibn Abd El Aziz elementary school at El Karnak (Nagea El Tawil area)
4. Summary of the Communication Action
- General objective(s):
Raising awareness on the importance of rationalisation of energy and using clean energy as much as possible.
- Key Message:
Rationalisation makes your environment cleaner, more beautiful and saves your money. It decreases power cuts that governorate suffers from.
- Theme:
Green Corner Festival in Schools
- Target group:
School children
- Tools and channels:
Organizing the Green Corner Festival in coordination with the Governor's Office to facilitate permits and cooperation of the Ministry of Education and in cooperation with the active NGOs specialized in the promotion of environmental awareness, such as Ain Al-Hayat, based in Cairo, and has a branch in Qena. Also, the possibility of cooperation with Mustafa Mahmoud Association for its potential and its presence in Luxor.
5. Organization
- Roles and responsibilities (Communication Team):
Coordinate with the Governor's Office to hold the festival under his auspices to facilitate the communication with the Ministry of Education for the necessary permits to design the programme of the festival
- Project lifetime (start and end date):
It is preferable to hold the festival after the mid-year vacation in February
- Link to other opportunities and/or events:
198
Coordinate with the Ministry of Education to facilitate the replication of the festival and to broadcast the idea of the Green / Environmental Corner in all elementary and preparatory schools
- Principal partners and stakeholders and their roles (1):
- Staff training needs:
In coordination with civil associations, a training is needed for the awareness team to learn how to use the gadgets and the tools needed to explain activity 2.1 after simplifying the contents of the presentation during the festival.
- Technical assistance and expert needs:
To purchase the model gadgets and tools that demonstrate the recycling and other related environmental sustainability techniques such as waste sorting, simple renewable energy generation etc. Or, learn how to manufacturing them from specialised associations such as Ain Al-Hayat or offer their participation to be used in environmental awareness events specially in schools, where the team can propose and support initiating a Green Corner at each school, where they visit or held an environmental festival.
6. Cost estimate
- Estimated implementation cost: EUR (and local currency at the date of preparation):
Under calculation
- Funding source (available and foreseen):
Civil associations support and equipment. Producers and distributors for energy saving devices and devices
- Initial and start-up expenses and approximate operational Costs:
Under calculation
7. Next steps:
With media coverage of the support of the Governor which facilitates the coordination withMinistry of Education and private schools. Coordinate the repetition of the festival and broadcastthe idea of Green Corner in schools with the possibility of repeating one or more similar festivalsin youth centres, if there are available donors.
8. Follow-up, evaluation and impact assessment:
Monitor any difference in electricity consumption after holding more than one festival
9. Annexes or references to annexes
Campaign materials and cost: As the target group is the most influential and also has an impacton consumption rates and can confirm and ticket the value of savings and rationalization between parents and family. Thus, working face-to-face is a must in a simplified manner using real andpractical means of clarification, also explain the difference in consumption and how it affectsconsumption rates and saves energy and money. This requires:
- Electrical tools for household consumption, such as wood panels, lamps, electric lamps for
199
the installation of ordinary lamps and others LED connected to the Ohmmeter device to show the differences in consumption. Also, tools for recycling of waste to be exhibited in environmental awareness club in the elementary schools to create an educational experience.
- Data Show, display screen for campaigns, headphones, and sound system with 2 wireless microphones
- Video camera to document the events and to use the outputs of the tours throughout the campaign. (Its value is already covered by model 2.1)
- A group of films explaining and presenting the use and saving teams (can be provided by the Internet and technical support) (already covered by the value of the 2.1 model).
- Explanation of solar cells and batteries as a small plant model, and tools for recycling and separation of waste. Presentations and publications (provided by producers). (Already covered by model 2.1) as well as separation and recycling equipment in cooperation with civil associations.
- Transportation; to travel during the campaign and two or three trips/visits weekly during the campaign period. Renting a microbus for half a day 300 L.E. / day
- Gifts and souvenirs for the campaign preferably games and stationery for children with the sponsor logo for distribution during the festival 2000 L.E.
- Hospitality food and beverage for the gathering rate of 2000 L.E. / day. - An incentive for the awareness team for the extra job assignments for outdoor visits etc.
equivalent of 200 L.E. for a researcher and for an assistant 100 L.E., a rate of 300 L.E. / day. (Each campaign shall need 2-3 days/ week).
- Printing Banners and printed materials (already covered by model 2.1).
200
2.1.3. Template
Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot Project: Energy
1. Title of the Pilot Project:
Raising the environmental awareness of citizens to rationalize energy consumption
2. Title of the Communication Action related to the pilot project:
Sculpture Symposium entitled: “Together towards a clean environment”
3. Location (site/place/site or place/schools…):
Sculpture Symposium at a cultural event in Luxor
4. Summary of the Communication Action- General objective(s):
Awareness on the importance of rationalizing consumption and switching to the use of clean energy as much as possible
- Key Message:
A message through art to shed light on the importance of the inviting environment for sensation and influence
- Theme:
Practical clarification of the importance of the environment and its preservation
- Target group:
All groups, in particular Youth.
- Tools and channels:
Technical and cultural symposia accompanied by a technical exhibition similar to the Aswan International Symposium
5. Organization- Roles and responsibilities (Communication Team):
Coordinating with the governor's office to give his sponsorship and the Faculty of Fine Arts and NGOs
- Project lifetime (start and end date):
8 days in the second half of February.
- Link to other opportunities and/or events:
Among the activities of the rationalization of consumption 2.1.1 and 2.1.2
- Principal partners and stakeholders and their roles (1)
201
- Staff training needs:
Coordination with artists
- Technical assistance and expert needs
6. Cost estimate- Estimated implementation cost: EUR (and local currency at the date of preparation):
100,000 L.E. (around 5000 Euros)
- Funding source (available and foreseen)
- Initial and start-up expenses and approximate operational Costs
7. Next steps:- Coordination with Governor and Faculty of Fine arts
- Coordination with relevant civil associations such as Mustafa Mahmoud and Ain Al-Hayat inCairo through its work and branches in Luxor and the future Association in Armant.
- Preparing the plan of symposium accompanying the artistic event and designing it so that it reaches the message of the campaign through art to the widest recipients
8. Follow-up, evaluation and impact assessment:Monitor any differences in consumption after the event
9. Annexes or references to annexes:Event Materials and cost: Due to scepticism of the target groups and the most influential inconsumption rates (women and youth), it is necessary to work face-to-face using real and practical means of explaining the difference in consumption and the impact of this in the rates ofconsumption and the provision of energy and money.
This requires:
- Electrical tools for household consumption simulators, such as wood panels, lamps, electric lamps for the installation of ordinary lamps and others LED with connection to the Ohmmeter to indicate the difference in consumption.
- Data show, display screens for campaigns, headphones, and sound system with 2 wireless microphones. (value already covered by the 2.1.1 model)
- Video camera to document the events and to use the outputs of the tours throughout the campaign. (value already covered by the 2.1.1 model)
- Printing Banners and materials 3000 L.E. (value already covered by the 2.1.1 model)
202
2.2.1 Template
Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot Project: Environment
1. Title of the Pilot Project:
Environmental awareness campaign to reduce the exhaust of public transport (microbus)
2. Title of the Communication Action related to the pilot project:
Reducing fuel consumption of microbuses and reducing exhaust
3. Location (site/place/site or place/schools…):
Drivers associations for microbus cars and parking spaces for microbus
4. Summary of the Communication Action- General objective(s):
Limit or reduce the carbon emissions produced from microbuses
- Key Message:
Exhaust will cost you heavy fines and you will not be able to renew your license
- Theme:
Organizing a campaign in the form of a compulsory cycle and a campaign of detection and obligation to repair the damage caused by engines that cause the emission of carbon monoxide
- Target group:
Drivers and Microbus owners
- Tools and channels:
In coordination with the Traffic Department and the Ministry of Interior (to make it a binding activity to be effective), the management of roads in the governorate campaign will develop an awareness campaign as a short session regarding the activation of the law of environment and its obligation.
5. Organization
- Roles and responsibilities (Communication Team):
- In coordination with the Traffic Department and Ministry of the Interior: The renewal of any license without: a) obtaining and abiding by the awareness training session done at the Union by the environmental management team is prohibited; b) undergoing the detection of the engine and repairing the damage resulting in the increase of harmful emissions.
203
- Coordinate with the road management in the governorate to repair the roads and to review the microbus routes (in order to remove the bumps and reduce the travelling time), to ensure the reduction of the gas emissions and motivate drivers and owners of microbuses to participate.
- Coordinate with the Union, owners and drivers to study the extension of the microbus service to areas such as Habu and Basili on the western bank, for example, microbuses do not reach some areas in which the citizens relay on using more motorcycles which produces more air pollution
- Project lifetime (start and end date):
The campaign will be conducted twice a week for seven months from February till September. The campaign days will be reduced in May for Ramadan and in August for heat intensity and campaigns will be intensified later at a greater rate according to the design of the campaign plan.
- Link to other opportunities and/or events:
Switching microbuses to natural gas (Activity 2.2.2)
- Principal partners and stakeholders and their roles (1):
- Staff training needs:
The management team will be equipped with the necessary tools to measure violations and pollution
- Technical assistance and expert needs:
The management team is equipped to measure violations and pollution and with the necessary tools
6. Cost estimate
- Estimated implementation cost: EUR (and local currency at the date of preparation):
Under calculation
- Funding source (available and foreseen):
Tires and Lubricating oils companies (Microbuses)
- Initial and start-up expenses and approximate operational Costs:
Under calculation
7. Next steps
8. Follow-up, evaluation and impact assessment:
Measure air quality measurements before, during and after the campaign at Microbuses parkingand itinerary points in the microbuses’ paths.
9. Annexes or references to annexes
Campaign’s Materials and cost: Due to the difficulty of dealing with the leaders of microbuses, itis mandatory to coordinate with the Traffic Department to create a campaign to detect and repair
204
the engines to limit and reduce harmful exhausts as much as possible in coordination with the Union of drivers. This requires:
- Data Show, display screen for campaigns, headphones, and sound system with 2 wireless microphones
- Video camera to document the events and to use the outputs of the tours throughout the campaign.
- A series of films explaining and displaying the difference of use and how to reduce exhaust (can be provided from the Internet and technical support).
- Transport during the campaign for two or three trips/visits weekly during the campaign period. Renting microbus for half a day 300 L.E. / day
- Hospitality food and beverage for the assembly rate of 500 L.E. / day. - A reward equivalent of 200 L.E. for a researcher and for an assistant 100 L.E. of management
at a rate of 300 L.E. / day. - Printing Banners and materials 3000 L.E.
205
2.2.2. Template
Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot Project: Environment
1. Title of the Pilot Project:
Environmental awareness campaign to reduce the exhaust of public transport (microbus)
2. Title of the Communication Action related to the pilot project:
Switching to the use of liquefied natural gas in Microbuses engines
3. Location (site/place/site or place/schools…):
Drivers associations and Microbuses’ parking
4. Summary of the Communication Action- General objective(s):
Reduction or limitation of microbuses carbon exhaust
- Key Message:
Switching to natural gas will save 20% of the usual fuel cost (diesel)
- Theme:
Organize a campaign in the form of a course to explain the economic advantages and safety of liquefied natural gas, taking advantage of the 2.2.1 campaign to explain and provide a safer and more economical alternative to diesel and fuel.
- Target group:
Drivers and Microbus owners
- Tools and channels:
In coordination with the Traffic Department, Ministry of Interior to make it an obligatory activity, and GASCO Natural Gas Company.
5. Organization- Roles and responsibilities (Communication Team)
- Project lifetime (start and end date):
The campaign will raise awareness and provide guidance: twice a week for 7 months from February till September (the campaign days will be less in May for Ramadan and in August for heat intensity). Afterwards, increase the intensity according to the campaign program plan.
- Link to other opportunities and/or events:
Campaign to reduce Microbuses’ exhaust (Activity 2.2.1)
- Principal partners and stakeholders and their roles (1)
- Staff training needs:
206
Training from GASCO on the economic savings, installation systems required and safety rates compared to cars that use the conventional fuel.
- Technical assistance and expert needs:
Support from GASCO to explain and allow the visit to only natural gas stations in Luxor to provide explanation to anyone interested in the conversion of liquefied natural gas from the drivers of the microbuses.
6. Cost estimate- Estimated implementation cost: EUR (and local currency at the date of preparation):
Under calculation
- Funding source (available and foreseen):
GASCO, in addition to tires and lubricant oil companies.
- Initial and start-up expenses and approximate operational Costs:
Under calculation
7. Next steps
Design the campaign, presentations and publications, and switch 7 minibuses to work as follows:
One microbus to operate on the line El-Zeneya, another microbus on the line of El-Bayadeya, andfive microbuses in the main lines with their processing and paint supported or free of charge as amobile-display in the governorate.
8. Follow-up, evaluation and impact assessment:
Measure air quality level before, during and after the campaign with Microbuses parks and pointsalong their paths.
9. Annexes or references to annexes
Campaign’s Materials and cost: Due to the difficulty of dealing with the leaders of microbuses, it is mandatory to coordinate with the Traffic Department to create a campaign to detect and repair the engines to limit and reduce harmful exhausts as much as possible in coordination with the Union of drivers in which switching to natural gas can also be explained.
- Data Show, display screen for campaigns, headphones, and sound system with 2 wireless microphones
- Video camera to document the events and to use the outputs of the tours throughout the campaign.
- A series of films explaining and displaying the difference of use and how to reduce exhaust (can be provided from the Internet and technical support).
- Transport during the campaign for two or three trips/visits weekly during the campaign period. Renting microbus for half a day 300 L.E. / day
- Hospitality food and beverage for the assembly rate of 500 L.E. / day. - A reward equivalent of 200 L.E. for a researcher and for an assistant 100 L.E. of management
at a rate of 300 L.E. / day. - Printing Banners and materials 3000 L.E.
207
3.1. Template
Identification of CAPP CAMPAIGN TOPIC related to sustainable energy challenges
Once the Sustainable Energy challenges and priorities, general awareness raising priorities, and specific awareness raising needs related to SECAP actions have been identified, the CAPP’s main areas of intervention and activities can be defined. The table below portrays the challenges, priorities and related AR activities.
Challenges: Priorities: Awareness Raising Priorities, Topic & Activities of CAPP Campaign
Severe pollution from the consumption of electric power for homes and the gradual urbanization that requires the generation of electricity from fuel
Reduce the city’s energy consumption and bills.
Consume energy more responsibly.
Rationalization of electricity consumption.
Change the pattern of consumer behaviour of electricity.
Transformation to use clean and renewable energy.
Consume energy more responsibly.
Topic:
Raising environmental awareness among citizens to rationalize energy consumption
Activities:
Awareness campaign for citizens to raise awareness about the importance of energy conservation.
Green Corner Festival in one of the schools to raise environmental awareness and its details with young people
Symposium of Fine Art and Sculpture entitled: “Together towards a cleaner environment”.
Rise in the levels of carbon monoxide and air pollution from public transport specifically microbuses
Improve the quality of microbus engines
Shift as much as possible from the use of liquefied natural gas rather than fuel
Reduce the impact of greenhouse gas emissions.
Topic:
Environmental awareness campaign to reduce the exhaust of public transport
Activities:
Campaign to improve engine quality to reduce exhaust
Campaign to market the economics and safety of liquefied natural gas as a clean alternative to fuel such as diesel
Explain with facts sheets the harmful effects of greenhouse gas emissions.
208
3.2. Template
CAPP activities as related to SEAP Priority Actions of Luxor This template will guide the municipality in the implementation of a strategy and the identification of adequate awareness raising activities according to the target group and its needs and related to the priority actions identified in the SECAP.
SECAP Priority Actions Related CAPP Activities:
1- Rationalizing energy consumption and reducing the amount of fossil fuel needed to generate energy.
Target Audience:
- Civil society (Specifically, youth, women and school children).
Key Message:
- Reduce electricity consumption in order to save money from the annual Municipality expenses.
- Consuming energy more responsibly will benefit the city at both environment and economic levels
- Rationalisation saves your money and decreases the power-cuts suffered by the governorate
Objectives:
- Launch a campaign to raise awareness of the importance of rationalization in the consumption of electricity
- Explain and value the importance of the environment and the impact of pollution on public health and environmental quality
- Shift as much as possible to use clean and renewable energy
Communication Tools:
Access to people and target groups in cities and villages through a campaign, public hearings and informal seminars with large families in villages, government centres and youth centres.
Organization of a festival to broadcast the idea of Green Corner of environmental awareness in a school with media coverage to repeat the experiment (Projection of free available environmental documentary, distribution of LED lamps…).
Organization of Fine Art Symposium and Sculpture on “protecting the environment” theme.
Participating to the international “Earth hour” event by WWF, where people across the world turn their lights off for one hour.
Launch a campaign promoting the purchase and use of high energy label equipment among the residents.
Distribute fact sheets with electricity bills that include data on the importance of solar energy, its advantages and the savings
209
expected in %.
2- Reduce carbon emissions from the transport sector and shift to clean energy from liquefied natural gas.
Target Audience:
- Drivers and owners of Microbuses, taxi drivers, transport companies, private users
- traffic department, Antiquities Department, all big institutions generating a lot of transport needs
- The Ministry of Transportation. - All citizens and visitors of the city. - Tourism operators - Governorate staff
Key Message:
- Exhaust will cost you large fines and you will not be able to renew your license
- For a green, resilient and more attractive city
Objectives:
- Reduce the fuel consumptions and carbon footprint - Promote the importance of liquefied natural gas instead of
hydrocarbons - Launch awareness campaign to change mobility habits of
residents to transform the city to be a green one - Promote sustainable mobility and green transport - Preserve antiquities and heritage sites
Communication Tools:
Awareness raising is vital to change the current mode of transport to public sharing modality and to assist in the implementation of the plan and in transforming the city to be a green city: bicycles & flokas (sailboats), cruises, boats, and microbus to run by gas not fossil fuel and clean transport.
Means of transport working on clean energy will be used as a media conveying messages.
Promote a car pooling scheme run on the Internet and co-financed by the Governorate, at the disposal of all employees, tourists and city dwellers. Create awareness campaigns to young people (to whom mobility is important) on car sharing.
Conduct an awareness campaign on eco-driving that explains how the recommended drive technique is a modern, smart and efficient way to save fuel. Invite specific local NGO’s & Volunteers to attend training by qualified driving instructors allowing them to share the experience with others. (The adoption of Eco-driving principles by fleet’s drivers is considered a good way to decrease the fuel consumption).
Promote the use of bikes as the topography of the city is
210
appropriate for constructing bike lanes; convincing citizens to use these alternative means instead of their cars, thus reducing the gasoline consumption and limit the respective emissions.
Establish a bicycling sharing program with bicycles available to the citizens at a low rental price, backstopped by several stations throughout the city, where the citizen may get on and off (infrastructure of bike lanes is prepared).
Create awareness with drivers and owners of microbuses at the Union headquarters and positions
Coordinate with GASCO and introduce the economics and safety of LNG use as fuel and security through 7 initial express minibuses moving in the welcome range of Luxor.
3- Green Residential Buildings Plan
Target Audience:
- Civil society - Governorate staff and building users - Architects and developers and building owners. - Neighbourhood Associations - PV and SWH local companies
Key Message:
- Luxor is turning greener, safer and more attractive.
Objectives:
- Build an awareness centre for Governorate staff and building users
- Reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions - Adopt the “Green Residential Plan” (GRP) - Promote renewable energy sources: solar PV and solar water
heating - Improve the quality of the urban environment.
Communication Tools:
Inform on issues related to energy management and climate change; Provide guidance to behavioural changes to reduce energy consumption. Involve and train companies that can install solar PV and SWH systems to ensure appropriate capacities are made available at an affordable cost. Set a plan to raise awareness as part of The Environmental Awareness Unit (EAU) to inform and train all the stakeholders, including Governorate staff, users and suppliers. Create an awareness programme mobilizing women and household owners, to promote energy conservation in housing, focusing on meetings, workshops, lectures and workshops for
211
staff and household owners and managers that could encompass several actions:
- The creation of a permanent municipal information point - The organisation of an open house - The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers - The distribution of brochures and posters
Produce an information letter that includes current events on sustainability and local success stories:
- Information on national energy policies and local implications
- The prevailing energy conditions in the municipality - The state of progress of the different actions implemented
within the framework of the sustainable energy strategy and the SECAP.
4- Sustainable and green Boats Target Audience:
- Civil society - Traffic department, Antiquities Department, all big
institutions generating a lot of fluvial transport needs - The Ministry of Transportation. - The Ministry of Tourism. - All citizens and visitors of the city. - Tourism and freight operators - Governorate staff
Key Message:
- Luxor is turning greener, safer and more attractive. - Sustainable energy is a lesser threat on historical heritage
Objectives:
- Build an awareness centre for Governorate staff and building users
- Reduce air pollution - Adopt the “Green Residential Plan” (GRP) - Improve the quality of the urban environment. - Promote energy production from locally available renewable
resources - Promote clean and green transport system and sustainable
water mobility in the Nile river
Communication Tools:
Boats working on clean energy will be used as a media conveying messages. Conduct a communication campaign on branding Luxor as a green city. Highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive sustainable water transport utilising clean energy. Set up meetings, workshops, lectures and workshops for staff and
212
citizens that could encompass several actions: The creation of a permanent municipal information point, the organisation of an open house, the publication of articles in local and regional newspapers, the distribution of brochures and posters.
5- Greening Hotels and Resorts Target Audience:
- Civil society - The Ministry of Tourism. - All citizens and visitors of the city. - Tourism and freight operators - Governorate staff
Key Message:
- Luxor is turning greener, safer and more attractive. - Sustainable energy is a lesser threat on historical heritage - In Luxor, we care about our environment
Objectives:
- Build an awareness centre for Governorate staff and building users.
- Reduce air pollution. - Adopt the “Green Residential Plan” (GRP). - Improve the quality of the urban environment. - Promote energy production from locally available renewable
resources.
Communication Tools:
Conduct a communication campaign on branding Luxor as a green city (Governorate website, city posters). Communicate on the hotels sustainability efforts to the guests and get their supports (in booking websites, cards in the rooms, press releases…) Create hotel-specific action teams linking all employee levels and reduced energy use and conduct training sessions to hotel staff to make it more responsible for environmental management. Create a 'green team' in hotels. Promote the actions through tour operators locally and internationally (leaflets, posters, in specialized magazines…).
6- Green Governorate Buildings Plan
Target Audience:
- Civil society, private and public stakeholders - All citizens and visitors of the city. - Governorate staff - Schools, mosques and all other governmental facilities and
staff
- Professionals in energy sector
- Government agencies and associations
213
Key Message:
- Luxor is turning greener, safer and more attractive. - Sustainable energy is a lesser threat on historical heritage - Increasing the renewable source will benefit the city at both
environmental and economic levels by savings in the Governorate’s annual budget.
Objectives:
- Build an awareness centre for Governorate staff and building users
- Reduce air pollution - Adopt the “Green Residential Plan” (GRP) - Improve the quality of the urban environment. - Promote energy production from locally available renewable
resources - Reduce power consumption as well as the Governorate
energy bill
Communication Tools:
Conduct a communication campaign on branding Luxor as a green city.
Holding Awareness and Training workshops for the Governorate staff and raising staff awareness on the positive effects of taking the individual measures related to the activities of preserving the environment to impact their change in behaviour.
Linking the actions to the associations and NGOs and their social networks, in order to increase the Governorate capacity in the implementation of sustainable energy action plan.
Promote the actions in the media through publicity, social media networks and implementing a municipal website.
Implementing Energy Saving Instruction and tools for employees to switch off PC, monitors, A/C or other electrical equipment or appliances when they are out of office; Fix the Air-condition thermostat on 22°C to24°C in winter/ summer; Utilize as possible day lights through windows and reduce artificial lights as possible; Minimize the usage of printing as possible etc. (information posters, stickers, fact sheets with the savings expected in %.…)
Recommendations:
These tables have been thought and prepared by the communes and municipalities. In this approach, they aim to promote in a particularly innovative and ambitious way local communities’ response to current challenges identified in the SEAPs and SECAPs, notably in the management of energy and the promotion of renewable energies. They allow us as well to identify the most appropriate communication actions to reach the local community.
214
In the case of Luxor specifically, the Governorate seems to be facing a number of challenges and mobilising all forces to tackle them; raising awareness should be carried out in an interconnected manner between the Governorate and its citizens to create cohesion and therefore persuasion concerning the ongoing projects and the future ones.
Therefore, it is important to have leverage which we can use and base our communication upon such as:
Develop a communication strategy to highlight the benefits and promote the new direction in which the Governorate engages in the general benefit of the city of Luxor. The Awareness Raising Programme (ARP), would include lectures and workshops for staff and citizens that could encompass several actions and policies through all medias and means possible (a permanent municipal information point, articles in local and regional newspapers, brochures and posters…); it should as well inform the citizens about national energy policies and local implications, the prevailing energy conditions in the municipality, the state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainable energy strategy and the SECAP, and Successful projects in national and foreign municipalities, notably in municipalities that are members of the Convention of Mayors (COM), current events on sustainability and local success stories.
Adopt a participative approach and reach out to the many concerned stakeholders and sectors such as the touristic operators, the households, governorate’s teams and employees, schools, farmers, socio-economic actors, NGOs, local councils, etc.
Highlight the interdependencies between the different components that nourish the City’s economy and develop specific actions to educate citizens on ways to conserve natural resources, preserve water and save energy, especially during extreme weather events.
Develop the image and branding of a green City in order to affect behavioural intents; as the public is increasingly concerned about environmental issues, green management is rapidly becoming a strategic tool that can enhance a city’s competitive advantage and attractiveness.
Train the staff responsible for environmental management to become properly qualified and have the awareness, knowledge and skills to implement environmental best practices in accordance with regional and international standards.
Establish a strong and comprehensive communication campaign adjusted to all stakeholders (Professional, head teachers, youth movements, religious leaders, touristic operators, associations...) to facilitate the planning and implementation of the SECAPs; stick to the vision slogan in every communication; and highlight the goal aimed at and attain it (A Heritage Green City);
Educate the society and targets by offering helpful energy efficiency tips and disseminating good practices to reduce cost and usage at home on a day-to-day basis. This will convey a resonance regarding the populations’ own energy consumption (through entertainment, talk shows, special guests and things happening); and will make people aware of the positive effect their actions can have on their global and local environments.
Last but not least, empower the communication cell within the municipality and strengthen its capabilities and its human resources. It will be able to establish communication between the Governorate and the civil society and keep it constantly aware of projects and involve it in order to implement the concept of eco-responsibility.
215
References Elkhayt, M. 2016. The Egyptian Perspective: The Status Quo of Renewable Energies and the Framework of Energy-Governance, Ch. 1; “A Guide to Renewable Energy in Egypt and Jordan: Current Situation and Future Potentials.” ISBN: 978-9957-484-62-0, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. Available at: www.fes-jordan.org/ (Accessed: 31.08.2016).
http://www.reeep.org/egypt-2012/ - http://www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/EG.
NEEAP Egypt published at RCREEE - Available at: www.rcreee.org/ (Accessed: 17.08.2016).
UNDP – available at http://www.eg.undp.org/ (Accessed: 20.08.2016).
http://www.moee.gov.eg/english_new/Presentations/EEDC.pdf/ (Accessed: 16.08.2016).
Transport Sector the way forward, Ministry of Transport. http://www.comcec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/COMCEC_EGYPT.pdf
Mints – MISR National Transport Study, the comprehensive study on the Master Plan for Nationwide Transport system, Egypt, Final Report, March 2012, JICA - available at: http://www.open_JICAreport.JICA.go.jp/pdf/12057584.pdf
http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/RESILIENCE-Resilient-Cities-Acceleration-Initiative.pdf/ - (Accessed: 26.08.2016)
RCREEE at: www.rcreee.org/ - (Accessed: 29.07. 2016).
The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx - (Accessed: 14.08.2017).
Energy Efficiency Building Code, a Roadmap for Implementation in the MENA Region, September 2013, MED-ENEC – (Accessed: 20.08.2016).
Energy efficiency Project – Waty El Watt, UNDP and GEF, available at: http://www.php.eepegypt.org/.
http://www.meobserver.org/?p=4210
Alberto Marini, Mohamed Talbi, Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on Mapping Desertification, Springer Science & Business Media, 2008, p. 274.
Olagunju, Temidayo Ebenezer, Ecology and Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Zoology University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria., "Drought, desertification and the Nigerian environment," academic journals, Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment., vol. 7, pp. 196-209, July , 2015.
NESCO, "What is desertification? Objective: Introduce the phenomenon of desertification," Available at: www.unesco.org/mab/doc/ekocd/chapter1.html - (Accessed on July 15, 2017).
E.C. OERKE, Institute for Plant Diseases, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn, Nussallee 9, D-53315 Bonn, Germany, "Crop losses to pests" The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. Volume 144, no. Issue 01, pp. pp 31-43, February 2006.
Elizabeth Martin Perera and Todd Sanford, "Climate Change and Your Health: Rising Temperatures, Worsening Ozone Pollution," Union of Concerned Scientists, June 2011.
Egyptian Weather forecast Centre, (EWFC)
Ministry of Health report, 17th August 2015
"Climate: Observations, projections and impacts," UK Met Office, 2011
David Tresilian, "Egypt and climate change," Ahram weekly, May 2014. Available at: weekly.ahram.org.eg /News/6060/32/Egypt-and-climate-change.aspx – Accessed: 20.04.2016.
Christopher R. Adams, "Impacts of Temperature Extremes", available at: http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/ socasp/weather1/adams.html/ - Accessed: 20.04.2016.
"Historical Climate Variability and Change, Egypt dashboard", The World Bank Group, 2016, Available at: sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportalb/home.cfm?page=country_profile&CCode=EGY&ThisTab=RiskOverview.
Accessed: 20.04.2016
Joel Smith, Bruce McCarl Texas, Paul Kirshen James Malley and Mohamed Abdrabo, "Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Egyptian Economy 2013," United Nations Development Programme, Cairo, Egypt, 2013
Alexandra Fielden Intern, "Ignored Displaced Persons: the plight of IDPs in urban areas," Policy Development and Evaluation Service, UNHCR, no. 161, July 2008
C. P. Kumar, "Climate Change and Its Impact on Groundwater Resources," International Journal of Engineering and Science, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 43-60, October 2012
216
Omran E. Frihy, Khalid M. DewidarMohamed El Raey, "Evaluation of coastal problems at Alexandria, Egypt," Researchgate, Vol. 30, pp. 281-295, January 1996
Shardul Agrawala, Annett Moehner, Mohamed El Raey, Declan Conway, Maarten van Aalst, Marca Hagenstad and Joel Smith, "Development and Climate Change in Egypt: Focus on Coastal Resources and the Nile," Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD, 2004
"World Development Indicators: Freshwater," World Bank, Available at: wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.5/
Hossain, "Global Warming Induced Sea Level Rise on Soil, Land and Crop Production Loss in Bangladesh," in 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Brisbane, Australia, August 6, 2010
"Water Scarcity in Egypt," Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egypt, February 2014
CAPMAS - Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics – available at www.capmas.org.eg
Bates, B.C., Z.W. Kundzewicz, S. Wu and J.P. Palutiko, "Analyzing regional aspects of climate change and water resources," IPCC Secretariat, 2008
Mohamed El Raey, "Impacts and Implications of Climate Change for the Coastal Zones of Egypt," The Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington, 2010.
Elsharkawy H., Rashed H., and Rached I, "The impacts of SLR on Egypt," 45th SOCARP Congress 2009
M. EL-RAEY, KR. DEWIDAR AND M. EL-HATTAB, "Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change," Springer, Vol.4, no.3, p343-361, September 1999.
Ben Haj, S., Cebrian, D., Limam, A., Grimes, et al. "Vulnerability and impacts of climate change on marine and coastal biological diversity in the Mediterranean, Arab Countries" UNEP, Tunis, 2009. "Natural Protectorates Description," Ministry of Environment (MoE), Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), Available at: www.eeaa.gov.eg/enus/topics/nature/protectorates/protectoratesdescription.aspx./ - (Accessed: 16.10.2015).
T. J. Done, "Phase shifts in coral reef communities and their ecological significance," Springer Link, Vol. 247, No. 1, pp. 121-132, November 1992.
H. El-Askary, S. H. Abd El-Mawla, J. Li, M. M. El-Hattab & M. El-Raey, "Change detection of coral reef habitat using Landsat-5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI data in the Red Sea (Hurghada, Egypt)," International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 2327-2346, 2014.
"Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared," Reuters Africa, October 2009 - Available at: http://www.af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE59J0PG20091020?sp=true (Accessed on: 16.07.2015).
"Egypt’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change And Disaster Risk Reduction," the Egyptian cabinet information and decision support center, December 2011.
"Environment and development in coastal regions and in small islands", International Workshop on Submarine Archaeology and Coastal Management. Available at: www.unesco.org/csi/pub/papers2/alex7.htm. (Accessed: 15.07.2015)
Ma Bele´n Go´mez Martı´n, "WEATHER, CLIMATE AND TOURISM A Geographical Perspective," Elsevier, Barcelona, Spain, 2005.http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Egypt/1/Egyptian%20INDC.pdf
Egypt’s first National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), report issued on June 1999, EEAA - Available on: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/egync1.pdf/ (Accessed: 24.08.2016)
Egypt’s Second Nation Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), report issued on May 2010, EEAA and UNDP, 2010 - Available on: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/egync2.pdf/ (Accessed: 08.08.2016)
Egypt’s Third Nation Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), report issued on June 2014, EEAA and UNDP, 2014 - Available on: http://www.eg.undp.org/content/dam/egypt/docs/Environment%20and%20Energy/Signed%20TNC%20Project%20Document.pdf/. (Accessed: 24.08.2016)
Egypt’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (NSACCDRR), 2011- available at: http://cairoclimatetalks.net/sites/default/files/Adaptation%20Strategy%20-%20Final%20-%20E.pdf (Accessed: 24.08.2016)
http://www.egyptictindicators.gov.eg/en/Pages/default33.aspx/
Swiss Economic Cooperation and Development, Egypt Country Strategy 2013-2016 - available at: www.seco-cooperation.admin.ch/laender/.../index.html?lang/
217
Climate Change Legislation in Egypt: The 2015 Global Climate Legislation Study - A Review of Climate Change Legislation in 99 Countries, 2015, http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/EGYPT.pdf (Accessed: 25.08.2016)
http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/mediacenter/reports/guidelines.aspx/ - (Accessed: 10.08.2016)
Guidelines of Principles and Procedures for Environmental Impact Assessment, 2nd Edition, Ministry of Environment, EEAA, January 2009: http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/portals/0/eeaaReports/N-EIA/English_EIA_guidelines.pdf/ - (Accessed: 09.08.2016)
http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/RESILIENCE-Resilient-Cities-Acceleration-Initiative.pdf
Egypt Climate: Observations, projections and impacts, UK Met Office, 2011 - The research was led by the UK Met Office in collaboration with experts from the University of Nottingham, Walker Institute at the University of Reading, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, University of Leeds, Tyndall Centre — University of East Anglia, and Tyndall Centre — University of Southampton – available at: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/mohippo/pdf/4/j/egypt.pdf/
Climate Change World Weather File Generator for World-Wide Weather Data – CCWorldWeatherGen – available at: http://www.energy.soton.ac.uk/ccworldweathergen/.www.lavoutenubienne.org/en.
Al-Qurna Governorate of Luxor
Study Report
Annex l
2
Table of Contents
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................ 3
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... 3
LIST OF IMAGES ........................................................................................................................... 3
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 4
2. THE CONTEXT ...................................................................................................................... 42.1. GEOGRAPHY & LOCATION AND IMPORTANCE (AL-QURNA AS AN ACTION AREA): ........................................ 4 2.2. INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................. 5 2.3. EXISTING URBAN & RURAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (UDS) AND HISTORICAL SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN (HSM), INDICATING MAIN DIMENSIONS OF THE CURRENT STATUS. .................................................................. 6 2.4. PHYSICAL PROBLEMS ......................................................................................................................... 6
3. PROBLEMS AND PROBLEM INDICATION ................................................................................ 7
4. HAZARDS & RISKS ANALYSES ................................................................................................ 84.1 SECAP SECTORS ANALYSIS. ................................................................................................................. 8 4.2 SUSTAINABLE URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS. ............................................................................................. 11
Context and Distinctive character ................................................................................................ 11 Urban Development ..................................................................................................................... 11 Rural Development ....................................................................................................................... 12 Waterfront.................................................................................................................................... 12
4.3 HERITAGE SITES MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS. .......................................................................................... 13 4.4 ACTIONS NEEDED (CLASSIFIED AS PER IMMEDIATE/ SHORT, MID, AND LONG TERM BASIS). ........................... 15
5. PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS ............................................................................................... 175.1 PROJECT FICHES FOR IMMEDIATE/SHORT TERM ACTIONS ........................................................................ 17
5.1.1 Tourist Centre and Ticketing Office ................................................................................. 17 5.1.2 Clear transportation on the west bank ............................................................................... 23 5.1.3. Solar PV for Heritage Sites.................................................................................................. 29 5.1.4 Management of Agriculture waste ..................................................................................... 32 5.1.5. Environmental public awareness unit ................................................................................ 36 5.1.6. Waterfront Aesthetics ........................................................................................................ 39
5.2 PROJECT FICHES MID-TERM ACTIONS. .................................................................................................. 42 5.2.1. Integrated Master Plan ...................................................................................................... 42
6. APPENDIX: ......................................................................................................................... 46LUXOR GOVERNORATE STRATEGY ............................................................................................................ 46
A.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 46 A.2. Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 46 A.3. The Context ........................................................................................................................... 46 A.4 Projects & Tentative Vision .................................................................................................... 48
3
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 - Hazard & Risks, Heritage Sustainable Management .............................................................. 15
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Conflicting /unbalanced relations among heritage, agricultural and urban zones in the west bank of Luxor. ................................................................................................................................. 6
Figure 2: Towards a well-balanced environment in the West Bank of Luxor ........................................ 7 Figure 3: The destructive cycle of uncontrolled urbanization .............................................................. 14 Figure 4: Chain samples Overlap to define the shared factors in all analyses. .................................... 16 Figure 5: The shift from the heterogeneous, conflicting, current situation) to a more homogeneous
balanced situation ........................................................................................................................ 16
LIST OF IMAGES
Image 1: Location of Al-Qurna in the west bank of the Governorate of Luxor ...................................... 5 Image 2: Natural barriers surrounding Al-Qurna .................................................................................... 5 Image 3: Activities in AlQurna ................................................................................................................. 5 Image 4: Physical problems .................................................................................................................... 7 Image 5: SECAP sectors - Urban and building problems ......................................................................... 8 Image 6: SECAP sectors - Transportation problems ............................................................................... 9 Image 7: SECAP sectors - Environmental problems .............................................................................. 10 Image 8 SECAP sectors: Tourism & Heritage problems ........................................................................ 10 Image 9: SECAP sectors - Waste problems ........................................................................................... 10 Image 10: Mud Architecture in AlQurna ............................................................................................... 11 Image 11: Al Qurna’s Architecture ........................................................................................................ 11 Image 12: Hassan Fathi’s Architecture abandoned .............................................................................. 12 Image 13: Agriculture expansion behind Habo temple and Memnon Statues .................................... 12 Image 14: Part of the encroachment can be seen along the green belt on the waterfront ................ 13
4
1. Introduction
Al-Qurna is one of CES-MED action areas in Luxor Governorate. The purpose of the CES-MED project is to focus on enhancing the ecological qualities and sustainable energy related aspects of the studied areas. This, however, cannot be realised unless a comprehensive approach is adopted, taking on board all activities conducted and promoted by different stakeholders: the local community, investors and developers, and the government and its official organisations, as well as the international entities.
Al-Qurna was defined and selected by H.E. the Governor of Luxor for its importance. The world heritage sites, within and surrounding Al-Qurna, were the reason why Luxor was declared as a World Heritage City. The rural-urban nature interwoven with archaeological sites along the West Bank of the Nile River in Luxor demands special and careful study of heritage as the main component of any proposed development strategy.
The purpose of the present report, therefore, is to conduct an indicative investigation to explore Al-Qurna and its immediate environment to propose actions that are part of the Sustainable Energy Climate Action Plan (SECAP). Such actions are developed to confront energy and sustainable energy related, urban, rural and World heritage site management problems.
2. The Context
It is essential to have a comprehensive view while studying Al-Qurna due to the diversity of its components. As a rural-urban phenomenon, predominantly envisaged as a heritage treasure by the government since the 19th century (the most important necropolis in the World), it is a sophisticated context. It is essential to define its geographical characteristics starting from defining its location within its wider environment, including the contents of the West Bank of Luxor city, as well as its inhabitants, local community and other different stakeholders and their activities. The legislative acts controlling and organising such activities are also very important for the developments within such a context. Another important element is to define any existing management plan, whether an urban management strategy or a historical or heritage site management one, if any. Finally, we will exhibit the current condition focusing on the imbalanced situation, current status with its problems.
2.1. Geography & Location and Importance (Al-Qurna as an action area):
- Location: West Bank of the River Nile, Governorate of Luxor, Egypt
Green belt of vegetation of agricultural lands counting on the sedimentation along the river Nile bank and a chain of mountains, where the valleys of queens' tombs and kings' tombs, some of the most valuable heritage sites in the world, the most famous necropolis, where both the green belt and the mountain flank a valley where Habo city and other heritage sites and rural and urban settlements are located.
- Activities: Agriculture, tourism, sailing, and small crafts (Alabaster)
- Accessibility:
By road: New Luxor Bridge.1
Across the Nile: Felucca, Passenger ferry boat (local ferry), and private motor boat.
1 Inaugurated in 1998 since it was introduced the West Bank has witnessed an unprecedented pace of urban development mostly uncontrolled and illegal, encroachments on agricultural lands.
5
Image 1: Location of Al-Qurna in the west bank of the Governorate of Luxor
Image source: Googlemaps
Image 2: Natural barriers surrounding Al-Qurna
Image source: Googlemaps
a. Agriculture b. Tourism c. Sailing d. Alabaster factorySource:http://www.apersonalguide.co.uk/egypt/visit/pics/Alabaster-outside.jpg
Image 3: Activities in AlQurna
2.2. Institutional and Legal framework
A Presidential decree was issued by the late President Sadat in 1980, supported by a UNESCO declaration in 1979 considering Al-Qurna and the whole West Bank area as a World heritage site. That is how the whole area, administratively, came under the responsibility of the Supreme Council of Antiquity (SCA), the Ministry of Antiquities.
The non-archaeological sites, predominantly all the agricultural green belt along the Nile River and the urban zones outside the walled-up premises of the archaeological sites and all their demands and municipal problems are the responsibility of the governorate and the concerned locality.
Article 29 of the Egyptian Constitution criminalises violations on the agricultural areas, yet it has not proven any efficiency.
“The State shall protect and expand agricultural land, and shall criminalise encroachments thereon. It shall develop rural areas; raise the standard of living of their population and protect them from environmental risks; and shall strive to on develop agricultural and animal production and encourage industries based thereon.2 ”
PS. Law enforcement is not efficient for there are no other alternatives to provide for necessary lands for development due to the growing demand in Al-Qurna for housing.
Yet, based on research, there is no exact law relevant to sustainable urban growth and sprawl.
2 Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt, 2014
6
2.3. Existing Urban & Rural Development Strategy (UDS) and Historical Site Management plan (HSM), indicating main dimensions of the current status.
- UDS: based on conducted interviews with the concerned municipal staff, there isn’t a comprehensive strategy that controls urban development in the West Bank.
- HSM: based on communications and an interview, during Workshop I, with Dr. Mustafa Waziri, General Director of Antiquities in Luxor Governorate, there is no HSM plan.
There are no relevant strategies or plans regarding heritage management and sustainable urban development included in the governorate of Luxor’s recently realised vision and strategy issued in March 20173.
Based on aforementioned sections – 2.2 and 2.3, there are two major entities in charge of Al-Qurna and the West Bank, Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), Ministry of Antiquities and the Governorate of Luxor, yet, without coordination nor actual regularisation and effective control; i.e., Without UDS nor HSM.
2.4. Physical Problems
Following are indicative problems shedding light on the unbalanced current condition.
- Congested uncontrolled urban expansion with degraded urban environment. - Erosion of the agricultural green belt along the River Nile. - No organised means of transportation, especially public means, giving room to very polluting unlicensed
means such as individual motorcycles and toktok cars. - Uncontrolled energy consumption in various sectors, such as in residential and agriculture ones, as well as
in lighting heritage sites causing huge carbon and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, negatively affecting the environment’s quality, especially while using fossil-fuel based generators.
- Unplanned tourist transportation movement among monuments with no proper parking areas, producing emissions and vibration, together with pollution caused by the above factors, endanger the historical monuments.
- Unplanned solid waste management, especially agricultural waste causing visual and air pollution in different parts of the West Bank.
3 https://luxorpost.com/اإلستراتي-المخطط-تفاصیل-ننشر-انفراد/
(1) Heritage Sites (2) Agriculture Lands (2/3) Mixed urban & agriculture
spots (3) Urban spots
Urban and agriculture zone pressures
Heritage Site pressures
1 1
2
2
2
3
3
2/3
2/3
1
Figure 1: Conflicting /unbalanced relations among heritage, agricultural and urban zones in the west bank of Luxor.
7
a. Building activities close to monuments b. Visual Pollution
Image 4: Physical problems
3. Problems and Problem Indication
Figure 1 represents conflict/ pressure contributing to the unbalanced urban development and other activities, mainly agricultural development vs. heritage sites, which is the chronic cause responsible for the current situation. Such an unbalanced situation should rather be smoothed. Instead of cantonised archaeological, urban and agricultural spots, Al-Qurna's different characteristic components (urban, agricultural and archaeological and heritage sites) should be harmonised and in balance.
To realise the above thought harmonised state, it is essential to pinpoint the hazards and risks applying the above-mentioned SECAP sectorial analysis.
However, as explored in the previous section – 2.4, a wider exploratory investigation is needed, taking on board the strategic urban development (SUD) analysis as well as heritage site management (HSM) analysis. These three types of analyses should be integrated together for a more profound investigation to define the most efficient interventions and actions to mitigate the current status.
Figure 2 shows the adopted three types of analyses: SECAP, SUD and HSM to overlap and define the core, prioritised interventions.
Most efficient activities/ projects
SECAP
Figure 2: Towards a well-balanced environment in the West Bank of Luxor
8
Consequently, the following will be conducted in the following section:
SECAP: problems are traced and defined as per the SECAP given sectors. Main stakeholders and their activities are defined.
Strategic Urban Development (SUD): further study is conducted to define cross impacts, focusing on conflicts among sectors causing the above notified imbalanced planning and inefficient urban management responsible for the current status.
Heritage Site Management (HSM): special emphases are given to the heritage sites through conducting hazards/ risks analysis on monuments and archaeological sites.
The outcomes of the above three types of analyses shall be integrated, overlapped to define most pressing and common influencing problems responsible for the current status. Consequently, short, medium and long term actions can be defined to confront them.
4. Hazards & Risks Analyses
4.1 SECAP sectors analysis.
- Urban and building (including agricultural activities):
Urban expansion grows to introduce further activities that increase carbon emissions. Due to unplanned expansions, there is no land use strategy causing encroachment violation against agricultural lands. This increases the level of carbon emissions due to its relatively higher rate in household activities compared to those in agricultural activities.
Lacking any coordination or a common strategy that organise the safeguarding of heritage and archaeological site premises along the mountain, as well as the uncontrolled increased demand for urban areas, cause encroachments and violations against existing agricultural areas.
a. Unplanned expansions b. Encroachments and violations against existing
agricultural areas Image 5: SECAP sectors - Urban and building problems
- Transportation:
By road, Luxor Bridge, introduced without prior Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies, has caused unprecedented expansions and motor traffic to the West Bank. The increased housing, in addition to development growth rate, increased the demand for transportation. Lacking public means, individual fossil fuel based means were increased. Motorcycles and toktok cars have increased, thus also increasing the respective carbon emissions.
The transportation routes available are from the Nile ferryboat stop up to the ticketing office along Memnoun street, Memnoun Colossal and its surrounding archaeological sites. Nevertheless, the other villages surrounding the premises of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and Habo temples and the other archaeological sites are deprived from regular public means of transportation. Hence, inhabitants of such villages, such as those surrounding Habo temples, had to count on individual motorcycles, which contribute much to carbon emissions, as well as other means of pollution affecting also the archaeological
9
monuments.
Also, the west bank is rich with heritage sites and tourist visits, i.e., Valley of the Kings and Queens, Hatshepsut Temple, Memnon Colossi and its environment, and Habu Temples. All visiting tourists arrive in busses, microbuses or coasters with an average peak visit rate of 4,000 vehicles (during the day before 2011). The problem lies with the awaiting vehicles outside heritage sites. The vibration and emissions (operating air conditioner) produced by the vehicles hold danger to the heritage sites and monuments.
a. New Luxor Bridge, with view to the urban sprawl b. Unlicensed vehicles
Image 6: SECAP sectors - Transportation problems
- Electricity Problems
The Kings Valley and the mountain and Hatshepsut temple is a working archaeological excavation of gigantic size, one of the largest historical necropolis and the most important in the World. It hides tombs and treasures far much more beyond it reveals. Therefore, electric cables for the lighting system cannot be deeply buried, just 10 cm underneath the ground level, easily exposed and eroded. The long operation hours for lighting, almost one hour or more before the sunset, are further burdened by the use of sodium lamps that need long time to reach to their accepted tones.
The main problem is in the redundant system to light the Kings Valley’s tombs and the lower part of the mountain using two fossil fuel generators. The first is 160 kW and the second is 150 kW. These generators elicit many emissions and vibrations.
There is no plan to manage electricity supply and design lighting on the mountain and the archaeological site causing great waste in consumed energy and visual pollution.
- Environmental Problems
Increased uncontrolled, nor planned, urban and rural development alter land use and intensify the causes for carbon emissions, as well as increased cattle breading and inefficient agricultural waste collection increase the GHG emissions; all these are affecting air quality and are responsible for visual and all types of pollution.
a. Tons of agriculture waste collected and burned b. Cattle: methane from manure and visual pollution
Image 7: SECAP sectors - Environmental problems
10
- Tourism and Heritage problem
Lacking a clear strategy for urban development, many buildings for tourism activities have been introduced in the area, replacing agricultural lands. The lack of coordination among the Supreme Council of Antiquity in charge of the vast premises of the archaeological sites and the Governorate issuing urban development permits, results in many archaeological sites falling besieged by unplanned urban expansions. Pressure is caused by limited available areas for both rural and urban development, as the mountain is a natural barrier to give an access to the desert, urban encroachments consume agricultural areas. Agricultural development, consequently started to expand besieging some monuments. Lacking any rural development plans some water consuming crops, such as sugar cane, are grown close to temples. Furthermore, there is no plan for irrigation techniques, decided by farmers who prefer immersing irrigation technique, sequencing the most lethal threat of increased water table.
a. Residential bldgs. opposite to Habo temple b. Sugar cane grown close to the temple
Image 8 SECAP sectors: Tourism & Heritage problems
- Waste Problems
Having no solid waste management plan, environmental and visual pollution exist. The agricultural waste especially for the most common type of crops, namely sugar cane, cast dull shadows of smoke on the West Bank and the whole city of Luxor especially during the harvesting season, causing environmental and visual pollution.
Tons of agriculture waste Image 9: SECAP sectors - Waste problems
11
4.2 Sustainable Urban Design analysis.
Context and Distinctive character
The studied zone’s location and accessibility are elaborated in section 2. Its geographical character is best described as a valley flanked by the River Nile and the mountain, with a vast desert behind. The mountain contains some of the most important world heritage sites. Some archaeological activities and missions have been conducting their excavation for more than a century in the mountain and in some pockets in the valley. The rest of the valley is used to exhibit Upper Egyptian rural environmental features, of mud architecture.
Image 10: Mud Architecture in AlQurna
Al-Qurna itself was a mountain village that was relocated in 1940s to a new Qurna village of mud architecture designed by the renowned architect Hassan Fathi.
Image 11: Al Qurna’s Architecture
Since the turn of the 19th century, the area was regularly visited by individuals and groups of cultural tourists, all contributing to the distinction of the present phenomenon, predominantly rural with archaeological and cultural tourism.
Urban Development
The previously common and predominantly rural character of the studied area punctuated by the monuments and temples, and bounded by the mountain has witnessed great challenges, mainly under the pressure of tourism development without any strategy that would define the types and extent of development. The distinctive urban character eroded with time. The more environmentally compatible mud/ vernacular architecture was replaced by reinforced architecture. Given the absence of any urban and rural development strategy, the area witnessed alteration of the heights and the Floor Area Ratio (FAR).
12
The introduction of the by road, Luxor Bridge, unsupported by any EIA4 studies, Luxor city urban developers influenced in the West Bank to challenge its predominant rural character, converting it into congested unplanned and informal urban settlements lacking any distinctive character, environmentally incomparable developments.
Image 12: Hassan Fathi’s Architecture abandoned
Rural Development
The double pressure, on one hand by the increased uncontrolled urban expansion and the uncoordinated vast premises designated for archeological sites on the other, both against agricultural areas, the rural development moved more and more towards the mountain, expanding the agricultural areas close to the ancient temples, as around Habo and even surrounding some of them as the situation in Memnon Colossi site.
Both urban and rural expansions casted great risks on the historical monuments and the archeological sites.
Image 13: Agriculture expansion behind Habo temple and Memnon Statues
Waterfront
The waterfront of the West Bank is the panoramic vista of the Eastern Bank of Luxor where most of the 5-star chain hotels are located. The distinctive vegetal rural character with the mountainous spectacular background is obscured by encroachments against the Nile River and the green belt along the river. Furthermore, the unstudied illumination of the mountains and the archeological sites contribute to the visual noise above risking the historical and aesthetics of the most important World cultural heritage site.
4 Misallocation of the by road with no planning strategy deprived the city from a more appropriate urban expansion in the desert behind the mountain.
13
Image 14: Part of the encroachment can be seen along the green belt on the waterfront
4.3 Heritage Sites Management analysis.
The rising subsoil water level is one of the most destructive elements threatening sites in Egypt today. It is caused by the effect of the constant abundant irrigation of agriculture, and other triggering factors, following the construction of the Aswan High Dam. This is combined in many cases with poor drainage systems. In the past, the seasonal flooding of the Nile meant that on one hand many monuments in the Nile Valley were under water for much of the year but, on the other, were drained when the inundation season was over, so that the soil remained dry for the remainder of the year. There has been no indication that this was particularly damaging to the stone monuments, yet they are now suffering extensively from the rising level of subsoil water.
The result of this situation, in combination with the climatic extremes of the Nile Valley, is that all of Egypt’s open air monuments are now suffering from salt crystallisation, which is causing the stone to crack and flake. The damage is caused by salt traveling with the water through capillary action within the stone and when the water evaporates on the surface the salt remains and crystallises. When moisture is added again, either through further capillary action or through dew, it breaks the surface of the stone. Dew and condensation on the stones during cold nights also dissolve the salts near the surface of the stone; when the dew evaporates during the day the salt crystals reform and cause crumbling and flaking.
Furthermore, the salts also affect the overall strength of the stone. The water in the Aswan High Dam has a high level of salt because of high evaporation, which has increased the salinity of the Nile. The evaporation at ground surface level leads to an accumulation of salt in the upper soil-strata, and, moreover, the sub-soil water itself also contains destructive impurities that seep into the monuments.
Among visible side effects, a difference in moisture concentration can clearly be seen in the discolorations on the walls and columns of the stone monuments.
Other major threats to the cultural heritage are intensive agriculture, uncontrolled urban development and poorly managed tourism. The problems with the expansion of agriculture are closely linked to those of the subsoil water, being one of the causes of its rising level. Another problem is that more and more land is reclaimed for cultivation. In a country like Egypt, so densely scattered with archaeological sites, this has resulted in the loss of a large number of unexplored sites, and their official or unofficial surrounding buffer zones.
Some crops (like sugar cane) or their residues (rice) are burned, and consequently produce unhealthy fumes which can have a damaging effect on the archaeological remains; others require the use of toxic chemicals which travel with the water into the capillaries of the stone.
Among the successful remedies to the problem of subsoil water are projects such as that at Karnak and in Cairo’s Coptic historical district, in which pumps are employed to lower the underground water levels. However, this method is very expensive and thus would require a large amount of funding if all monuments were to be treated in this manner. Short-term and less costly solutions include the digging of trenches around the base of monuments to stop water from seeping into the stone, giving them a chance to dry, as well as applying silicon compounds to the stone to bind its molecules together.
The problems caused by urban development and tourism are many times closely related. For example, in Luxor
14
the constant stream of tourists has required the development of tourist facilities such as hotels, restaurants and shops as well as extended and improved infrastructure. As a result, Luxor temple is now completely surrounded by hotels, shops, restaurants and roads which are damaging the monument by polluting the air, causing vibrations and leaking sewage. There is no adequate buffer zone in place to protect the monument from these dangers.
The population’s explosion within Egypt which has occurred over the last decade has led to a rapid development of urban and rural centers; archaeological land has had to be ceded for this purpose, bringing sites into danger. A related issue is the illegal building activity occurring on or around antiquities, which is further complicated by a lack of policy for rescue excavations or pre-construction explorations. The laws that currently exist are not properly enforced, and the policing system is ineffective at best.
Poor Restoration: In the past and unfortunately still today, many restorations were performed without adequate knowledge of the long-term effects generated by the use of inadequate materials. The result is that what was meant to be a conservation measure has turned into a threat to monuments both structurally and visually. The lack of a coherent restoration policy is one of the causes, and the common use of uncertain methods another.
Torrential Rainfalls and Flashfloods: Torrential rains are becoming more and more frequent in certain areas of Egypt due to a changing climate and increased humidity. Resulting flashfloods and standing water are a great threat to mud-brick monuments, as floods of water rush down the mountains and into the valleys bringing with them masses of debris. Wild Vegetation: Weeds resistant to burning, pulling, hoeing and to other methods of clearing are a general problem on archaeological sites in Egypt. These weeds adapt to extreme soil conditions, are found in all environments, and even tolerate shade; they are therefore extremely difficult to get rid of. Scientific tests have concluded that chemicals (herbicides) sprayed directly onto the weeds is the best method of control. The strong roots of the weeds penetrate mud brick buildings under and above ground causing cracks and sometimes the complete destructions of fragile walls. Weeds can also grow in small cracks in stone walls and in gaps between stones causing these to expand and eventually break and undermine the stability of the stone.
Fauna: Wild and domestic animals are numerous on many sites and can include rodents that tunnel through and under monuments, decreasing their structural strength. Dogs, sheep and cattle which can be found climbing over walls and inside tombs can also cause damage. Another common annoyance is bird and bat
droppings found on many temple walls, floors and roofs.
Figure 3: The destructive cycle of uncontrolled urbanization Amin, Naguib (2011), Reference Guidelines on Site Management Planning, Unpublished report developed for the Egyptian Supreme
Council of Antiquity (SCA), (registered NADocuments 08082011).
15
Table 1 - Hazard & risks, Heritage Sustainable Management
HAZARD VULNERABILITY EXPOSURE RISK
Agriculture expansion High High • Rising subsoil water table
Increased tourism Medium to high Low and expected to increase
• Wear & tear • High Levels of Humidity • Littering
Traffic High High
• Destructive vibrations • Decay & cracks • Toxic fumes & pollution from parked tourists’ buses • Obstruct the general view of & to the monuments.
Neglect High High • Insufficient conservation actions accelerate decay. • Overgrown weed
Urban Expansion Medium High • Visual pollution • Polluted subsoil water • Archaeological sites’ value aspects downgraded
Lack of Awareness Low to Medium Medium
• Theft • Waste accumulation • Vandalism
Lack of Maintenance High High
• Fire hazard from the tall dry grass • Bat and bird droppings • Growing weed • Littering
Electricity High High • Fluctuating current • Vibrations caused from overuse of generators
Flash floods High Low • Damage
4.4 Actions needed (classified as per immediate/ short, mid, and long term basis).
Reviewing the different types of analyses exhibited above, there are different arrays of problems, lines of problems that once erupted, a chain of other sequential problems occur. This would introduce us to the concept of the chain of problems (Fig.5)
Tracing the chains, it is essential to define the overlapping causes, to be prioritised. Based on the analyses above and as illustrated in Figure 5, lacking urban and rural development strategy as well as heritage site management strategy are the major causes responsible for the current imbalanced situation.
It is essential, therefore, to recommend UDS and HSM as priority interventions. Meanwhile, due to critical sequenced environmental risks, it is essential to prioritise dealing immediately with electricity problems currently affecting heritage sites and the agricultural waste management problem, as well as another type of immediate priority project for Al-Qurna.
16
Figure 5: The shift from the heterogeneous, conflicting, current situation) to a more homogeneous balanced situation
Uncoordinated designation for heritage site with other land uses
Limited lands available for urban expansion
Encroachment against the agricultural area
Unplanned urban development
Degraded urban environmental quality.
Uncontrolled urban expansion
Erosion of the agricultural built
Intensification of built up area
Increase of emissions and degradation of the environmental
quality.
Uncontrolled urban & rural development
Increase of emissions & degradation of environmental quality
Increase of water table and GHG
Endangered monuments
No energy, electricity, planning to lit monuments
Use of burning fuel generators
Increase of emissions & degradation of environmental quality
Endangered monuments
No heritage site management planning
No visitor center
Use of tourist bus ACs excessively
Increase of emissions & degradation of environ. quality
Endangered monuments.
Figure 4: Chain samples Overlap to define the shared factors in all analyses.
1 1
2
2
2
3
3
2/3
1
1 3
2
2
2/
17
5. Proposed Interventions
Based on the indications above, an integrated master plan is a must. Nevertheless, due to current hazards and risks caused by the above exhibited problems, it is recommended to start immediately with the following list of immediate actions.
5.1 Project fiches for immediate/short term actions
5.1.1 Tourist Centre and Ticketing Office
Al-Qurna – Priority action # 1 for SECAP 1. General presentation
# 1 Title: TOURIST CENTRE AND TICKETING OFFICE
Location: Al-Qurna Village Summary of the Action Start date: 2017Though the West Bank is rich with some of the most important monuments and cultural
tourism attractions, it doesn't contain any tourist information centre or proper ticket centre, while it is missing proper historical site management in general.
The proposed project is a tourist information centre equipped with necessary facilities and trained staff with the following tentative architectural programme:
Tourist Information Centre – 200 m2
First floor
Reception + Lobby – 50 m2
Waiting area – 60 m2
Café area – 25 m2
Small Shop – 25 m2
Ticketing office – 10 m2
Toilets – 15 m2 x2
Second floor
Event centre – 30 m2 (Optional)
Storage – 20 m2
Offices + Facility management – 30 m2
Police office/station – 20 m2
Exhibition – 40 m2 (Optional)
Facilities room (cleaning and services) – 20 m2
Toilets – 15 m2 x2
Project lifetime: 12 months - 6 months: getting necessary consents, select location appoint project committee members, developing TOR up to selecting the best design alternative, and - 6 months: for work initiation and construction and inauguration and the accompanied Awareness Campaign and staff training.
End date: 2018 Estimated cost €
65,000
Status of the Action: General Objectives of the project • New• Planned• Under implementation• Following previous action.
Focusing on improving heritage site management and the archaeological site visits.
Specific Objectives of the project
a) To provide an information centre for the necessary guidance and information toimprove site and site visits,
b) To support individual tourism,c) To provide an advanced ticketing service,
18
d) To mitigate visiting risks through providing careful studied visiting routes and information,
e) For more security of the archaeological sites through providing efficient base for heritage site management, including monitoring and follow up, ensured with effective SCA staff training,
f) To mitigate the excess use of tourist-bus ACs by accommodating all awaiting groups of drivers and tourists not willing to complete their tours or wishing to rest in a low thermal loaded building, this will minimise the excessive caused emissions by buses.
g) To introduce an aesthetic symbolic project that would raise awareness with conventional methods of design, construction and sustainable tourism. Thus, the building would be catalyst acting as a model to modify existing and guide new developments in Al-Qurna to minimise the thermal loads thus emissions of the housing sector in the West Bank.
Contact person in the local authority Principal partners and stakeholders
Dr. Moustafa Waziri, director of Antiquities Division in Luxor Governorate, MoA.
Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) (Ministry of Antiquities - MoA), Luxor Governorate,
GATD (General Authority for Tourism Development, MoT), Tourism Police (MoI),
Local individual investors,
Potential franchising catering and tourism investors, and
Faculty of Fine Arts in Luxor (South Valley University).
2. Technical description
Cost Analysis
Design Competition
The design competition prizes are going to be funded partially (around 40%) by the sold prices of tenders which amounts to – 500 EGP = 25€. The rest is going to be funded by either sponsors or stakeholders.
First prize winner: 40,000 EGP = 1,890€
Second prize winner: 25,000 EGP = 1,180€
Third prize winner: 15,000 EGP = 710€
In addition to the cost of advertising for competition, opening reception for award winners, projects publishing, judging jury.
Cost = 175,000EGP – 8,245€
Cost (excluding 40% covered by tenders) = 105,000EGP – 4,947€
Building cost
The cost analysis is made for a simple tourist information centre with an area of 200 m2, and height of 2 levels. The building should be simple and matching to the surrounding area.
1. Gawad, Architect Engineer – Madaa Architects, Cairo, Egypt
According to Eng. Gawad from Madaa Architects, the building is going to cost around 600,000 EGP – 28,280€ – including construction, materials, salaries for engineers and construction workers, transportation, electricity, plumbing, and finishing.
2. Mahmoud Salem, local builder, Luxor, Egypt
According to a local builder from Luxor who is accustomed with the buildings conditions in Luxor, the building is going to cost around 250,000 EGP – 11,780 € – including construction, materials, transportation, electricity, plumbing, and finishing.
Building blocks = 60,000 EGP
Transportation of materials = 10,000 EGP
Construction = 40,000 EGP
19
Construction material= 15,000 EGP
Finishing = 42,000 EGP
Flooring = 28,000 EGP
Electricity and plumbing = 25,000 EGP
Taking in consideration the difference in value between the consultant and the local builder, the difference is to fill in the salary of the supervising engineer and the installation of copper cables...etc. Thus, an average was considered.
Cost = 425,000EGP - 20,030€
Furniture and equipment cost
Item Cost per unit
€
No. of units Total cost
€
Waiting area furniture
Seating 12 20 240
3 Offices
Office chairs 42 12 504
Office desk station – 4 persons 300 3 900
Mini refrigerator 42 2 84
Desktop computer 125 8 1,000
Reception & ticketing
Ticketing machine 50 2 100
Reception desk 330 1 330
Desk top computers 125 3 375
Chairs 42 3 126
Standalone HD touch screens 500 2 1,000
Electricals
LED downlight Lighting 8 90 720
Surveillance camera 43 4 172
Internet and network router 83 1 83
Split unit Air Conditioners 42 7-9 336
Ceiling fans 12.5 2 24
Emergency and partial system 6,000
Heritage and Archaeological Sites’ Panels
Panels 1,000 20 20,000
Total sum 31,494
Training
Week 1
Provide training for assigned Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) project division on energy efficient buildings, conventional methods of construction and project management skills (pre and during design phase), 3-5 days, 8-10 staff,
20
from the SCA tourist info. Center staff and the SCA project team.
Accommodation: SCA (local), trainer 5 days EGP 500/ day x 5= EGP 2,500.
Transportation: return train ticket for the trainer from Cairo: EGP. 1,000
Local transportation allowance for trainer: EGP 500
Catering: 1 extended coffee breaks EGP 40/person x 12x 5days + lunch EGP 60/ person x 12x 5 days = EGP 3,600. Total: EGP 2,400+ 3,600= EGP 6,000.
Trainer Per diem: 1,000x 5= EGP 5,000.
Training 1 Cost: EGP 15,000.
Week 2
Provide training for modern ticketing devices,
Provide training for SCA staff to provide technical advice for tour guides and individual tourists, and
Provide the representative of General Authority for Tourism and Development. with full info on the different hospitality facilities in the West Bank.
3-5 days, 8-10 staff, from the SCA tourist info.
Accommodation: SCA (local), trainer 1 for 5 days EGP 500/ day x 5= EGP 2,500.
Accommodation: trainer2 (ticketing system) for 2 days. EGP 500/ day x 2= EGP 1,000.
Transportation: return sleeping train ticket from Cairo for 2 trainers: EGP 2,000
Local transportation allowance for the 2 trainers: EGP 200+ 500= EGP. 700
Catering: 1 extended coffee breaks EGP 40/person x 12x 5days + lunch EGP 60/ person x 12x 5 days = EGP 3,600.
Total: EGP 2,400+ 3,600= EGP 6,000.
Trainer Per diem: 1,000x 5= EGP 5,000.
Training 2 Cost: EGP 17,200.
Total: 15,000 + 17,200 = 32,200 EGP = 1,521 €
Conclusion
The total amount to complete the project will amount to:
= (Design competition) + (Construction cost) + (Furniture and equipment) + (Training)
= 8,245 + 20,030 + 31,494 + 1,521= 61,290 €
Adding safety factor due to current unexpected inflation= 65,000 €
Total Cost = 65,000 €
Emissions Analysis
To mitigate the excess use of tourist-bus ACs by accommodating all awaiting groups of drivers of individual tourists and small groups coming in a microbus and individual tourists not willing to complete their tours or wishing to rest in a low thermal loaded building, which will minimise the excessive caused emissions by buses.
Estimated number of vehicles in parking lot:
- 7 minibuses
1 minibus consumes 1.13 litre/hour
- 2 Buses
1 bus consumes 3.8 litre/hour
- 1 coaster
1 coaster consumes 2.25 litre/hour Considering the opening hours of the Tourist information Centre from 07:00 till 16:00 (9 hours).
Thus,
21
Minibuses – 1.13 x 7 x 9 = 71.19 litres
Buses – 3.8 x 2 x 9 = 68.4 litres
Coaster – 2.25 x 1 x 9 = 20.25 litres
Adding these, we have 159.84 litres of diesel.
For high season (150 days) : 150 x 159.84 = 23,976 litres of diesel =239,760 kWh
For Low seasons (215 days) (50 % of high season) : 215 x 79.92 = 17,182.8 litres of diesel = 171,828 kWh
Total annual saving = 411,588 kWh = 411.6 MWh
Total emissions avoided = 411.6 x 0.267 tn/MWh = 109.89 tons of CO2
Link to municipal development plan
This project fills in a great gap for the SCA that has no strategy for efficient heritage management. Also, it provides guidance and promotes for heritage coping and individual tourism with the current tendency of the governorate intending to declare the whole West Bank as a heritage designated area.
Implementation plan
Component 1: Select optimum location for the centre.
Component 2: Develop and design TOR (design programme and criteria), and Archaeological sites’ panels showing the important sites, showcase the monuments and be a way of guidance to individual tourists.
Component 3: Select the competition committee, jury.
Component 4: Implement selected design and construction work initiation,
Component 5: Provide training for the SCA staff who will run the centre, and
Component 6: Deliverables: consultant TOR, architectural design documents, and facility management plan, training of the SCA staff.
3. Organization and procedures
Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action Formal approval Dr. Moustafa Waziri (SCA, MoA), Dr. Ramadan (CES-MED rep. Luxor Governorate) to coordinate and follow up with SCA & municipal approvals and CES-MED rep.
The Governor of Luxor
Role of Partners Staff training needs
• SCA representative (MoA): coordinate for the architecturalconsultant ToR and coordinate and facilitate for thearchitectural design competition committee. Also, superviseand coordinate for the SCA staff training.
• GATD representative (MoT): to participate in thecompetition committee.
• Ministry of Interior representative: to participate in thecompetition committee.
• Faculty of Fine Arts representative: to participate in thecompetition committee.
1. Provide training: for assigned SCA project divisionon energy efficient buildings, conventionalmethods of construction and project managementskills (before and during design phase),
2. Provide training for modern ticketing devices,
3. Provide training for SCA staff to provide technicaladvice for tour guides and individual tourists, and
4. Provide GATD representative with full info on thedifferent hospitality facilities in the West Bank.
4. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions
Some of the actions include:
- Awareness Campaign regarding the importance of traditional structure and green architecture among SCA, especially project division.
22
- Awareness campaign for SCA staff regarding efficient guiding.
- Awareness Campaign of the centre for all tourism sector staff, especially in Luxor.
5. Assumptions and risks
Delay in issuing project approval, municipal consent and SCA’s.
6. Key success factors
1. CES-MED partnership with the Focal Point would mitigate bureaucratic delays and expedite approval processes, ifneeded.
2. Efficient mean to minimise the emissions caused by ACs of tourist buses operating during tourists’ visits.3. Conventional architecture guarantees low thermal load, and4. The building itself is a symbolic project, thus a catalyst that would serve the Awareness Campaign that can guide future
buildings of the SCA in the historical areas and possibly urban developments and local community and tourismdevelopment.
7. Cost estimates
65,000 € Initial and start-up expenses: basic equipment for the unit – advertising material
N/A Approximate operational Costs (including maintenance)
N/A Approximate annual income for energy producing projects
N/A Return of Investment (draft calculation)
8. Available and foreseen sources of funding
- Local authority's own resources:
Available in Egypt: EG JICA International Financial Institutions:
Franchising Coffee shop and souvenir shop Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise) - Loans and potential borrower
9. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030 (or other set target year)411.6 Energy savings MWh/y
Renewable energy production MWh/y
CO2 reduction t CO2/a
2017 - Reference Year
2030 - Target Year
109.9 tn CO2 - Net reduction on the territory
0.01% - Reduction as related to BAU scenario
0.044% - Per capita calculated reduction
23
5.1.2 Clear transportation on the west bank
Al-Qurna – Priority action # 2 for SECAP 1. General presentation
# 2 Title: CLEAR TRANSPORTATION ON THE WEST BANK
Location: Al-Qurna Village Summary of the Action
Start date: 2017For Tourists: The west bank is rich with heritage sites and tourist visits, i.e., Valley of the Kings and Queen Hatshepsut Temple, Memnon Colossi and its surroundings, and Habu Temples. All visiting tourists arrive in busses, microbuses or coasters with an average peak visit of 400 vehicles (of all types of vehicles during the very high seasons before 2011 for the whole day). The problem lies with the awaiting vehicles outside heritage sites. The vibration and emissions produced by the vehicles (operating air conditioner) hold danger to the heritage sites and monuments, as well as increase pollution.
The proposed project suggests 2 parking lots (to be divided into 4 stages), locations to be decided. The parking will be designed with waiting areas for drivers to serve as a safe spot for parking, hence protecting the site and decreasing emissions.
PS. Only the first phase of the parking lot will be implemented, 25% of the full peak capacity. The rest will be developed later, after regaining the pre-2011 level of tourism attraction.
Programme
- Four Parking spaces for 25 buses, 20 coasters, 7 microbuses (incremental phases).
- Building (95 m2) including: control point, WC, large waiting hall taking up to 40-50 persons equipped with tables and seats and 2 TV panels, small buffet, and a small Storage
Control point and waiting area – 60 m2
Storage – 15 m2
Toilets – 10 m2 x2
- PV sheds – Capacity of 20 kW (partial, to be extended). It can be a station that could serve other proposed projects indicated in the Tourist Information Centre and the electric readjustment projects (project fiches 1 & 3).
- Vegetation for boundaries, if away from the archaeological sites. Vegetation should not shade PV sheds.
For Residents: The available microbuses’ routes are limited, while there are no other means of public transportation. Hence, the inhabitants of the Bo’irat village close and around Habo temples aren't served. Therefore, they count on motorcycles, about 100 of them. Therefore, it is recommended to introduce public transportation, using for example 2 large buses with natural gas engines. Nevertheless, this might not be feasible because of two reasons:
a. The low number of inhabitants might cause these buses to move half empty.b. The already existing microbuses represent an income for many families in the local
community.
The project proposes the conversion of all the microbuses’ engines on the West Bank, from diesel and gasoline into natural gas. The first Phase focuses on 4 microbuses, while the next phases will be for the rest (16 microbuses).
Project lifetime: 6 months End date: 2018 Estimated cost €
125,000
Status of the Action: General Objectives of the project
24
• New• Planned• Under implementation• Following previous action.
Provide comfortable environment friendly means of transport for all users, tourists and local community in Al-Qurna and the West Bank.
Specific Objectives of the project
a) To provide a safe sustainable way of transportation around heritage sitesb) To mitigate the excess use of tourist-bus ACs by accommodating all awaiting groups
of drivers, thus minimising the excessive caused emissions by buses.c) Converting diesel based engines of microbuses into diesel-natural gas based engine
for all public transportation.d) Extending microbus service to cover remote areas of the Bo’irat Village inhabitants in
Habo & Basili areas to serve the local community so they can minimise their use ofmotorcycles around 40% (equivalent to saving the emissions of almost 40motorcycles).
e) A symbolic project, converting 20-30% diesel engines into natural gas, that wouldmake it economically viable and thus attractive for many other drivers in the area.
Contact person in the local authority Principal partners and stakeholders
Police officer/ Mohamed Salah, director of traffic, Ministry of Transportation in Luxor Governorate, MoT.
Traffic Department (MoI) in Luxor Governorate: Police Lieutenant Mahmoud Mahana &Dr. Ramadan Sadeek, Head of the Environment Division - Governorate of Luxor.
Ministry of Transport, Egypt (MoT),
Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) (Ministry of Antiquities - MoA),
Luxor Governorate,
GASCO.
GATD (General Authority for Tourism Development, MoT),
Tourism Police (MoI),
Stakeholders: Local individual investors (microbuses owners as well as owners of other vehicles interested in converting into natural gas.
2. Technical description
For Tourists
The proposed project suggests 2 parking lots (to be divided into 4 stages). The parking will be designed with waiting areas for drivers to serve as a safe spot for parking, hence protecting the site and decreasing emissions.
During the peak visiting days, the following numbers of visits to the archaeological site apply on a daily basis: 200 tourist buses (average 50 passengers), 100 coasters (average 25 passengers), & 50 microbuses (average 14 passengers). These are the numbers of buses along the whole day. We suggest the first phase to cover only 25% of the above peak numbers.
We start with 1 parking lot, expanding in the future up to 4, depending on the growing demand.
Preliminary program of the parking lot:
- Control point, WC, large waiting hall taking up to 80-100 persons equipped with tables and seats and 2 TV panels, small buffet, and a small storage room.
- Parking spaces for 25 buses, 20 coasters, 7 microbuses (in each parking).
- Vegetation for boundaries if away from the archaeological sites and not shading PV sheds.
- PV sheds (optional or even partial). It can be a station that could serve other proposed projects indicated in the tourist information centre and the electric readjustment projects (fiches 1 & 3).
For Residents
If only 4 microbuses take a different route to serve the inhabitants of the Bo'irat village, it shall minimise the trips of motorcycles by 40%.
It is more feasible for the microbus drivers to convert into the natural gas to save 20-30% of the cost of the diesel only engine.
For the project first phase and to reach with the microbuses to serve Habo and Basili areas, a microbus line could be
25
introduced with an incentive to the microbuses who will serve this route to receive free conversion into the natural gas based engines, starting with 4 microbuses with an average total cost of € 2,500.
The traffic department (MoI) could partner enforcing a mandatory conversion to use a natural gas based engine when renewing the vehicle license.
These interventions result in:
- Decreasing the use of motorcycles, this can almost be counted as if we decrease the 100 motorcycles into 60.
- Converting 4 microbuses, out of 20 already on the roads, into natural gas.
Financial Analysis
Converting fuel machinery and tanks for each microbus cost about: EGP. 11,000- 12,000.
Out of existing 20 microbuses on the roads we can start with 4 as the first phase with a total cost of about: EGP 50,000= € 2,500.
- PV Solar 20 kW capacity = 300,000 EGP = 14,285 €
- A building and monitoring unit = 200,000 EGP = 9,523 €
- Operating Air conditioners inside buildings = 84 €
- Parking construction = 1500 m2 x 100 EGP/m2 = 150,000 EGP = 7,143 €
- Boarders for parking buses = 80 EGP/m2 x 400 m2 = 32,000EGP = 1,523 €
- Trackless electric train = 250,000 EGP = 11,904 €
Total cost = 2,500+14,285+9,523+84+7,143+1,523+11,904 = 46,962 €
Also, for the price of the land of 1,500 m2 – 2,000 m2 (first phase) = 1,500,000 EGP = 71,428 €
Adding safety factor due to current unexpected inflation = 125,000 €
Emissions analysis
- PV system of 20kWh generates an average of 2,932 kWh/month and 35,179 kWh/year5
- The building and operation unit consumption of electricity yearly is 25 kWh/m2 x 95 m2 = 2,375 kWh/year
This amount (2,375 kWh/year) will be totally covered by the PV systems, thus we reduced the electricity consumption of the building and the related emissions by 35,179*0.55kg/kWh = 19.4 tn CO2/MWh
- Consumption for 1 bus with the AC on is around 3,8 litres per hour.
- Consumption for 1 coaster with the AC on is around 2,25 litres per hour.
- Consumption for 1 minibus with the AC on is around 1,13 litres per hour.
- Calculations are made for 50 buses, 25 coasters and 7 microbuses
High season: 150 days150 Days x 10 operating hours per day x (25 buses x 3.8 L/hr +20 coasters x 2.25 l/hr + 7 minibuses x 1,13 l/hr) =1,500 hours/year x147.91 lt/hr= 221,865 litres of diesel
Low season = 215215 Days x 5 operation hours per day x 147.91 lt/hr = 159,003 litres of diesel
Total savings = 380,868 litres x 10 = 3,808,680 kWh / 1,000 = 3,808.68 MWh/year Emissions Reduction 3,808.68 x 0.267 tCO2/ MWh = 1,016.9 tons CO2/a
Motorcycles consume 6 litres of Gasoline every 100 km and usually cover 50 km a day. Thus for 100 motorcycles, the gasoline consumption would be:
- Litres of Gasoline/day= 3 Litres x100 motorcycles = 300 Litres
- Litres of Gasoline/year = 300 Litres x 365 day = 109,500 Litres
5 http://news.energysage.com/much-20000-watt-20-kw-solar-system-cost/
26
After minimising trips by 40 per cent,
- 43,800 Litres of gasoline = 402,960 kWh = 402.96 MWh = 402.960 kWh x 0.249tn /MWh = 100.33 tn CO2
The average Microbus speed is 40 km/hr; Working from 08:00 till 22:00 it will cover around 400 km a day, with a consumption rate of 10 L/100 km. Thus, it will consume 40 Litre each day.
Microbus diesel consumption each year = 40 x 365 = 14,600 Litres/yearly
4 microbuses to be transferred to Natural gas = 14,600 x 4 = 58,400 Litres/yearly
58,400 Litres x 10 kWh/litre = 584,000 kWh = 584 MWh
584 x 0.267 tnCO2/MWh = 156 tnCO2
Total emission reduction = 19.4 +1,017 + 100.33 + 156 = 1,292.4 tnCO2
Link to municipal development plan
The project serves one of the most affected sectors in the SECAP which is transportation, by improving the air quality and movability of residents, decreasing the usage of motorcycles and introducing a solution to the lack of public transport. This project also helps safeguard archaeological and heritage sites. It will also promote using solar sheds as a way of branding sustainability in the City of Luxor.
Implementation plan
Phase 1 (1/2)
Component 1: Select optimum location for the two parking lots (Incremental development in 4 phases). Taking into account availability of land, the Municipality should opt for a place which will be at an appropriate distance from the Heritage sites and the Tourist Information Centre (Fiche #1). Each phase (4 phases) in the parking lots should be wide enough to take about: 25 buses, 20 coasters, and 7 microbuses (Avg. area for first phase: 1500 - 2000 m2). Finally, a trackless electric train (Tuf-tuf) will move tourists around the sites.
Component 2: Set a plan to the design of the parking lot and implement half of parking lot one. Also, design the waiting area small building to match the surrounding environment. The rest to be developed depending on the growing demand.
Component 3: Set solar panel sheds to power the waiting area’s ACs with a capacity of 20kW and connect it to the national grid (give and take system). (If the location is close enough to the Tourist Information Centre, it could be able to provide electricity from sheds).
Phase 1 (2/2)
Component 1: Extend some of the microbuses to serve the Bo’irat village Habo and Basili areas. Propose new routes for such microbuses.
Component 2: Equip 4 of the microbuses, those who will be serving Bo’irat village, with natural gas engines.
Component 3: Set a plan to convert all the microbuses on the West Bank from the already expensive gasoline into natural gas engines (project second phase).
The traffic department (MoI) could partner enforcing a mandatory conversion to use a natural gas based engine when renewing the vehicle license.
Phase 2
Develop a plan to a future extension of to adopt bicycle lanes, and usage of electric cars. In addition to booster charging cars from new phases of PV systems.
3. Organization and procedures
Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action Formal approval
Mohamed Salah (director of traffic), MoT, Dr. Moustafa Waziri (SCA, MoA), Dr. Ramadan (CES-MED rep. Luxor Governorate) to coordinate and follow up with SCA & municipal approvals and CES-MED rep.
The Governor of Luxor
27
Role of Partners Staff training needs
- Ministry of Transport representative (MoA): coordinate and facilitate for the planning process.
- Gasco Co. would capitalise covering this cost and collect it back in a monthly installment through different packages.
N/A
4. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions
A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the importance of the value of electricity production through renewable source such as PV and the benefit both for individual producers and for the entire city of such a move. It could be suggested to raise drivers on the financial and economic benefits of converting to Natural Gas.
5. Assumptions and risks
Delay in issuing project approval, and municipal consent.
The location of the parking lot is the most important feature. It should be close enough to the Tourist Information Centre to provide support for tourists and electricity through PV sheds, and also close enough to Heritage sites.
The management and monitoring of the parking lot and drivers, whom might stay in the buses and turn on AC units.
Lack of regular maintenance for PV sheds.
The microbuses owners (20 in the West Bank) might resist:
- modifying the routes of some of the microbuses (4 out of 20) to serve Habo and Basili areas in Bo'irat Village,
- conversion in general into natural gas based engine.
6. Key success factors
1. Efficient mean to minimise the emissions caused by ACs of tourist buses operating during tourists’ visits.2. The parking lots should be connected to both the Tourist information centre and close enough to heritage sites.3. Drivers will find an attractive and convenient place to rest and wait.4. The PV sheds is a symbolic project, thus a catalyst that would serve the Awareness Campaign that can guide future
development of renewable energy.5. Cooperating with the Traffic Department (MoI) who are already very cooperative with the help of the Env. Dept. led
by Dr. Sadeek (CES-MED rep. in Luxor Governorate), consent on mandatory renewing licence process for the WestBank only for microbuses using natural gas.
6. H.E. the governor of Luxor Governorate has approved and declared the West bank as a designated area which wouldfacilitate special decrees such as the traffic department urging renewing microbus licenses above.
7. Those microbuses who shall modify their routes towards Habo and Basili areas shall receive an attractive incentive,free charge of conversion of their engines.
7. Cost estimates
50,000 Initial and start-up expenses: basic equipment for the unit – advertising material
N/A Approximate operational Costs (including maintenance)
N/A Approximate annual income for energy producing projects
Less 20-30% of diesel price monthly Return of Investment (draft calculation)
8. Available and foreseen sources of funding
- Local authority's own resources: The Municipality allocates staff to manage the car park
Available in Egypt: EG JICA International Financial Institutions:
28
- Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise)
- Loans and potential borrower
9. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030
4,796 MWh Energy savings MWh/y
35.18 MWh Renewable energy production MWh/y
CO2 reduction (t CO2/a)
2017 - Reference Year
2030 - Target Year
1,292.4 tn CO2 - Net reduction on the territory
0.055% - Reduction as related to BAU scenario
0.24% - Per capita calculated reduction
29
5.1.3. Solar PV for Heritage Sites
Al-Qurna – Priority action #3 for SECAP 1. General presentation
# 3 Title: SOLAR PV FOR HERITAGE SITES
Location: Al-Qurna Village Summary of the Action Start date: 2017The main problem is in the redundant system to light the Kings Valley’s tombs and the
lower part of the mountain using two fossil fuel generators, of 150 kW and 160 kW respectively. These generators elicit high emissions and vibrations dangerous for the tombs.
Meanwhile, there is a need for effective generator outlets for the electric cars moving from the visitor centre to the visiting sites. Instead, some of these cars, about 16, are owned by SCA and are leased to individuals who frequently use diesel, when electricity supplies are insufficient, further contributing to the carbon emissions.
The project proposes a solar off-grid PV to allow for the usage of lithium batteries system to offer in its first phase 40 kW.
Project lifetime: 6 months
End date: 2018 Estimated cost € 48,000
Status of the Action: General Objectives of the project • New• Planned• Under implementation• Following previous action.
Focusing on promoting the title of Luxor’s Green Heritage.
Specific Objectives of the project
a) Develop a renewable energy strategy to further be adopted in the entiregovernorate.
b) To reduce emissions and vibrations caused by redundant electric diesel-basedgenerators in order to protect the environment and monuments.
Contact person in the local authority Principal partners and stakeholders
Eng. Ahmed El-Nagar, Electricity Dept., Project Division, SCA.
Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) (Ministry of Antiquities - MoA),
Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (Egypt),
Luxor Governorate,
Local individual investors.
2. Technical description
Phase 1:
PV solar plant/ stations distributed in different spots, for the PV system demands much area. The panel locations could be changed, easily dismantled and assembled depending on the excavation and the site management strategy.
PS. Instead of using 150 KW PV system for the tombs area, 40KW PV would be sufficient as a beginning.
The above is for an emergency, redundant system.
Phase 2:
i. To use a clean energy based generator for the visitor centre and its environment to generate 160KW, using either PVsystem or natural gas.
ii. For the Kings valley tombs using PV system distributed on the mountain Ideally, 4KW * 62 tombs = 248KW (at least4KW for each tomb for the CCTV, light and other low voltage appliances). Distributing the PV panels would overcome the large area and cables needed from a central PV station.
Feasibility: the current electricity bill for Kings Valley area is EGP 27,000= € 1,350 / month. This could be spared if converting
30
to PV system.
Conclusion:
- A clean energy based 160KW generator.
- A PV system to generate 250 KW distributed on different spots on the mountain in the Kings valley area. Initially, it is possible to start with 40KW.
Financial Analysis
For the first phase of installing PV system of 40 kW capacity and 20 batteries.
1 million EGP = 47,612.25 € = 48,000 €
Emissions analysis
PV system of 40kW generates an average of 70,358 kWh/year. With an emission factor of 0.55 tn CO2/MWh, this translates to 38.7 tn CO2
Link to municipal development plan
This project solves a huge problem in the west side of the Governorate of Luxor, with the SCA contribution to provide clean energy to run some of the most sensitive heritage sites. The project will contribute in building a sustainable energy strategy.
Implementation plan
Component 1: The plan is to develop solar PV units off-grid with lithium batteries to serve the electricity situation in the Kings Valley and the mountain and Hatshepsut temple.
Every 1kW of solar PV takes up 8 m2. Thus, to serve the 160kW electricity demand for Upper area of the mountain, an area of 1,280 m2 would be needed. Similarly, the same area will be needed for lower side of the mountain.
Phase 1
PV solar plant/ stations distributed in different spots, for the PV system demands such area. The panel locations could be changed, easily dismantled and assembled depending on the excavation and the site management strategy.
PS. Instead of using 150 KW PV system for the tombs area, 40KW PV would be sufficient as a beginning.
The above is for an emergency, redundant system
Phase 2:
(i) To use a clean energy based generator down for the visitor centre and its environment to generate 160KW, using PV system.
(ii) For the Kings valley tombs using PV system distributed on the mountain Ideally, 4KW * 62 tombs = 248KW (at least 4KW for each tomb for the CCTV, light and other low voltage appliances). Distributing the PV panels would overcome the large area and cables needed from a central PV station.
PS. The present project focuses on the first phase for start.
3. Organization and procedures Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action Formal approval
Dr. Moustafa Waziri (SCA, MoA), Dr. Ramadan (CES-MED rep. Luxor Governorate) to coordinate and follow up with SCA & municipal approvals and CES-MED rep.
The Governor of Luxor
Role of Partners Staff training needs
Local companies will be assigned with installing and maintaining the stations. These companies will be connected with the allocated governorate staff to avoid any communication problems.
The allocated staff will require training regarding operating the PV stations and the further development of each station. Also, there’s a need to further be trained in project management and development.
31
4. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions
An Awareness plan will be required for the SCA’s staff and the community to show the importance and urgency of using renewable energy and the benefit for the whole city. The dangers caused by generators should also be highlighted and explained in the awareness action.
5. Assumptions and risks
- Delay in issuing project approval, municipal consent and SCA’s.
- Lack of maintenance and order.
- Failure in establishing a network between local companies installing and maintaining the PV station and the governorate staff.
6. Key success factors
1. CES-MED partnership with the Focal Point would mitigate bureaucratic delays and expedite approval processes, if needed.
2. Reducing emissions and vibrations from generator will be an important step towards improving the environment and saving the monuments.
3. Adopting the use of renewable energy will act as an awareness for the surrounding area.
7. Cost estimates 48,000 € Initial and start-up expenses: basic equipment for the unit – advertising material
N/A Approximate operational Costs (including maintenance)
N/A Approximate annual income for energy producing projects
N/A Return of Investment (draft calculation)
8. Available and foreseen sources of funding - Local authority's own resources:
Available in Egypt: EG JICA International Financial Institutions: Franchising Coffee shop and souvenir shop Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise)
- Loans and potential borrower
9. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030 (or other set target year) N/A Energy savings MWh/y
70 MWh/yearly Renewable energy production MWh/y
CO2 reduction t CO2/a
2015 - Reference Year
2030 - Target Year
38.7 tn CO2 - Net reduction on the territory
≈0% - Reduction as related to BAU scenario
≈0% - Per capita calculated reduction
32
5.1.4 Management of Agriculture waste
Al-Qurna – Priority action #4 for SECAP 1. General presentation
# 4 Title: MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASTE
Location: Al-Qurna Village Summary of the Action Start date: Dec. 2017 In Al-Qurna, around 4,900 feddan (1,176 ha) are growing sugarcane, which is considered
to be the main crop in this area. The problem is that instead of managing agricultural waste, farmers usually burn the pre-harvest sugarcane because it costs less than compiling and transporting. This practice eventually pollutes the air and is not a pleasing aesthetic view for tourists. Banana crops is the second crop with the same hazard, equal almost half of the sugarcane area yet with equal level of environmental danger for it is harvested, thus burnt, twice annually.
To provide the department of agriculture in Luxor Governorate, MoAgr., with:
- 20 agricultural tractor,
- 20 shredder, and
- 40 trucks,
To be distributed among the big farmers growing sugarcane and banana in the West Bank area, with the necessary training as well.
Project lifetime: 3 months End date: Feb. 2018 Estimated cost €
237,000
Status of the Action: General Objectives of the project • New • Planned • Under implementation • Following previous action.
Focusing on enhancing the environmental quality of the surrounding and limiting CO2 emissions from agriculture waste.
Specific Objectives of the project
a) Concentration on enhancing the quality of air by banning and limiting agricultural waste burning, and replacing it by an effective waste management plans and systems.
b) Symbolic purpose, so as to avoid the aesthetically unpleasant smoke casting a grey dull image of the West Bank in general and deprive such an important cultural heritage spot to qualify as a world class green tourism attraction.
Contact person in the local authority Principal partners and stakeholders
Engr. Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Hussain (responsible for sugarcane) Agricultural Dept. in Luxor Governorate (MoAgr.)
Dr. Ramadan Seedek, Head of the Environment Division - Governorate of Luxor.
Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, represented in Luxor Governorate.
Ministry of Environment Affairs – Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA),
Stakeholders: Investors, Farmers…etc.
2. Technical description
Financial analysis
Phase 1: 10 Shredders, 10 trailer and 20 tractors
1 Shredder machine: 50,000EGP
10 x 50,000 = 500,000 EGP
1 Tractor: 340,000 EGP
33
10 x 340,000 = 3,400,000 EGP
1 Trailer: 50,000 EGP
20 x 50,000 = 1,000,000 EGP
Total Price = 4,900,000 EGP = 235,000 €
Training
Similar to Tourist information centre = 1,521€
Total cost: 235,000 + 1,521 = 236,521 € = 237,000 €
Since the farmers will be recycling their waste, they would be benefitting from recycling:
• 1 ton of sugarcane/banana waste costs after recycling 700 EGP, • Each Feddan (4,200 sq m) of sugarcane/banana produces 3 tons of waste, • There is 4,900 Feddan of Sugar Cane with one harvest a year, • There is 2,450 Feddan of Banana with two harvests a year and • We can calculate that after shredding they will amount to 2 Tons of waste only.
Sugarcane waste: 2 tons of waste x 4,900 Feddan x 700 EGP = 6,860,000 EGP = 327,000 €
Banana waste: 2 tons of waste x (2,450 x 2 Feddan) x 700 EGP = 6,860,000 EGP = 327,000 €
327,000 x 2 = 654,000 €
Emissions analysis
For agricultural waste from sugar cane: 1,280gr CO2 per 1 kg of dry waste (sugarcane bagasse).
For banana waste: 1,515 gr CO2 per 1 kg of dry waste.
• Each feddan of sugarcane/banana produces 3 tons of waste, • There is 4,900 Feddan of Sugar Cane with one harvest a year, • There is 2,450 Feddan of Banana with two harvests a year.
The amount of sugarcane waste:(3 x 4900) = 14,700 tons = 14,700,000 kg
The amount of banana waste:(3 x 2 x 2450) = 14,700 tons = 14,700,000 kg
- CO2 from Sugarcane = 1,280 Kg CO2 x 14,700,000 Kg = 18,816,000 kg CO2 = 18,816 tn CO2 - CO2 from Banana waste = 1,515 Kg CO2 x 14,700,000 Kg = 22,270,500 kg CO2 = 22,270.5 tn CO2
Total emissions reduced = 18,816 + 22,270 = 41,086 tn CO2
Link to municipal development plan
Preserving clean free of smoke and burning crops waste shall regain the green image of Luxor coping with Luxor as a green heritage governorate.
Implementation plan
Phase 1: Component 1: Estimate the needs and requirements of the west side.
Start with limited numbers of tractors, trailers, shredder machines and trucks. Exact number needed to cover a vast range of farms in Al-Qurna:
10 Tractors, 10 shredder machines, 20 Trailers.
Component 2: While the Agriculture department in Luxor Governorate is managing the renting and recycling process, they should urge farmers to start renting and recycling agriculture waste,
Each truck shall be leased on a monthly payment, tentative subjected to further calculation to include shredding machine and 2 trailers with each tractor. This is to be leased to substantial farmers, who will be responsible for serving the vast agricultural farms as well as serving other farmers in the harvesting seasons as well as doing the necessary maintenance and operation cost.
The environmental quality law enforcement will be only possible if the above machinery is introduced to Al-Qurna.
Component 3: Provide training for a period of a week for drivers and staff. The training will include management of machinery, dealing with farmers and some agriculture-related knowledge.
34
Phase 2: Continue with the rest of the required machinery to cover up the rest of the West Bank which amount to: 10 Tractors, 10 shredder machines, 20 Trailers. The cost could be compiled from the renting of Phase 1 machinery.
3. Organization and procedures Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action Formal approval
Agricultural department in Luxor Governorate, Ministry of Agriculture.
The Agricultural division, Luxor Governorate.
Role of Partners Staff training needs
The agricultural department shall lease and follow up; the big farmers will lease and operate in their farms and provide and rent the machine ties for other farmers.
Through the already trained and aware staff of the agricultural machinery department, Ministry of Agriculture. In Luxor, the farmers leasing the tractors and machinery, will be trained on how to use shredding machine and the process needed to produce straw and efficient collection and loading etc. to minimise dropped waste on the roads
4. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions
An awareness campaign could be suggested to raise farmers’ awareness of the burning impacts on the environment and tourism. Also, the campaign could tackle the benefits of the recycled waste (fertilisers) and its return of investment.
5. Assumptions and risks
- Delay in establishing a unit to monitor and evaluate the recycling process in the Governorate of Luxor.
- Rejection from farmers’ syndicate to start renting necessary equipment and keep burning the waste.
6. Key success factors
1. This process could be catalyst for the rest of the governorate to recycle agriculture waste. Starting with Al-Qurna as a catalyst example to be applied to all other farms in Luxor is the message to be conveyed to the farmer syndicate as well as the agricultural and environment authorities in charge.
2. The effective law enforcement led by Dr. Sedeek, the CES-MED rep. in Luxor Governorate, is guaranteed. Hence, there will be effective follow up and applied fines in case of any violation after applying the project.
7. Cost estimates 237,000 € Initial and start-up expenses: basic equipment for the unit
N/A Approximate operational Costs (including maintenance)
N/A Approximate annual income for energy producing projects
>>0 Return of Investment (draft calculation)
8. Available and foreseen sources of funding - Local authority's own resources:
Available in Egypt: EG JICA International Financial Institutions: Hotel chains overlooking the West Bank and in the West Bank.
Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise)
- Loans and potential borrower
9. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030 (or other set target year)
35
Energy savings MWh/y
Renewable energy production MWh/y
CO2 reduction t CO2/a
2017 - Reference Year
2030 - Target Year
41,086 tn CO2 - Net reduction on the territory
1.7% - Reduction as related to BAU scenario
0.075 tn CO2 per capita - Per capita calculated reduction
36
5.1.5. Environmental public awareness unit
Al-Qurna Village – Priority action # 5 for SECAP 1. General presentation
# 5 Title: ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC AWARENESS UNIT
Location: Al-Qurna Village Summary of the Action Start date: 2016 As municipality staff, population and local stakeholders lack information and need to be
mobilised to act on energy conservation / efficiency, environmental protection and protection of Heritage and archaeological sites. It is necessary to strengthen efforts to inform and engage all the publics in contributing to the implementation of the different components of the SECAP.
Luxor Governorate will set up a dedicated unit, focusing on raising awareness in different public audiences to optimise the impact of the measures proposed to reduce energy consumption and improve the quality of life and the protection of heritage and monuments in the city.
PS. This activity could be for the SECAP purpose for the whole city and not just Al-Qurna. However, the thought awareness campaign could be launched in and focused on an Al-Qurna as an action and catalyst area.
Project lifetime: 5 years End date: 2021 Estimated cost €
165.000 € for 5 years
Status of the Action: General Objectives of the project
• New
• Planned
• Under implementation
• Following previous action.
Focusing on 3 priority targets - Governorate staff / Children / Mothers/ Hotels:
• Inform on issues at stake regarding climate change and energy management, • Provide guidance to behavioural changes to fight climate change, • Invite all stakeholders to engage in concrete actions to help reducing energy
consumption, and improve the urban environment and Heritage and archaeological sites.
• Promoting Green Tourism
Contact person in the local authority Principal partners and stakeholders
Dr. Ramadan Seedek, Head of the Environment Division - Governorate of Luxor.
• Governorate of Luxor: Public relation • Ministry of Environment • SCA • Ministry of Education – Local teachers • Local NGOs – Women’ groups • Local media: radio and social media
2. Technical description
With the success of the awareness project, we assumed a reduction of 15% in residential buildings.
In 2015, the population of the city of Luxor is equal to 586,025 persons, consuming 690,697 MWh/year of electricity.
With a rough calculation, we can estimate that the 142,189 persons living in Al Qurna (population of Al Qurna), consume 167,585 MWh/year, since (142,189x690,697) / 586,025 = 167,585 MWh/year
With a reduction of 15%: 167,585 MWh/year x 0.15 = 25,137.75 MWh/year
Thus, a reduction of electricity of 25,137.75 MWh/year equaling 0.55 tCO2/MWh x 25,137.75 = 13,825.76 tCO2
Link to municipal development plan
37
The Awareness unit will be a key component of the SECAP implementation, as most of the impacts expected for the action plan depend on the adequate mobilization and engagement of stakeholders to seize the opportunities offered to reduce their energy consumption and, in doing so, protect the antiquities and heritage sites, and contribute to the success of the SECAP.
Implementation plan ½
Phase 1: Setting up the unit – Allocating staff – Installing basic equipment
Phase 2: Priority programme targeting municipality staff with basic information on climate change and energy
• Reduce artificial lighting and take advantage of natural light. • Manage temperature inside buildings to reduce use of AC/heater. • Shut down electric equipment at end of working time…
Phase 3: Develop a specific programme “Positive energy schools”, mobilising youth groups…
• Working in schools, developing energy efficiency actions and renewable energy production. • Informing kids on climate change and sustainable energy management / explain possible actions in these domains that
be enforced at school on a day-to-day basis. • Make connection between water / waste and energy. • Develop games and challenges to make behavioural change attractive and fun. • Train kids for them to become change promoters at home. • Organise a challenge between schools to reward the team – teachers & kids – getting the best results in terms of
energy conservation.
Phase 4: Implement an Art symposium event promoting the slogan of “Towards a clean environment”.
• Promote the slogan through showcasing an art gallery conveying that message. • Advertise for the Development plan for the City of Luxor in being a cultural and touristic Hub. • Encourage individual tourism.
Phase 5: Ban the use of plastic bags in the West Bank
Implementation plan 2/2
Phase 6: Expand the programme to raise awareness among women / mothers:
• Elaborating from actions in “Positive energy schools” promote activities that were done by kids. • Inform mothers on climate change and energy management / explain possible actions in these domains at the
household level on a day-to-day basis. • Promote behavioural change that mothers can promote at home and raise potential benefits for the family.
3. Organization and procedures
Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action Formal approval
Dr Ramadan Sadeek + other colleagues to be defined The Governor
Role of Partners Staff training needs
Stakeholders will be invited to contribute to the design of the different programmes and their implementation. The programme will be conceived and run to be relayed and implemented by many other stakeholders in order to get a bigger impact reaching out more people / groups.
The team which will be assigned to the unit need to receive a proper training on two subjects:
• Technical questions related to climate change and energy
• Pedagogy and communication to run efficient awareness programmes.
4. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions
Some of the actions include:
38
• Spreading information and training material (posters, brochures, stickers, etc.) on how to save energy. To include training given by municipal staff.
• Creating an annual “Energy festival/day” to demonstrate best practices and celebrate innovative projects. Would be promoted through traditional media and online social networks.
• Mobilising families by training women/mothers • Implement events such as an Art Symposium promoting the “Towards a clean environment”. • Developing a network of “Positive energy schools” that produce not only more energy than they consume, but
where teachers integrate the project into their curricula to train students, develop projects, etc.
5. Assumptions and risks
The key challenge will be to change people mind-set and culture of not trusting the government. Likewise considering the many problems people are facing on their day-to-day life, it will take a smart concept to engage the public in collective actions that will generate individual benefits (saving money from their own budget through reduced energy and water consumption) as well as global impact (reducing dependency on Israel regarding energy, mitigating climate change, etc.)
6. Key success factors
• High cost of energy means that any saving will be a significant incentive • A lot of efforts can be made without heavy investment • Governorate determination to act in a comprehensive way on the issue
7. Cost estimates 15,000 € Initial and start-up expenses: basic equipment for the unit – advertising material
30,000 € /year Approximate operational Costs (including maintenance)
Not relevant Approximate annual income for energy producing projects
If the programme allows 15% saving in electricity in governorate buildings only, it will avoid 40,000 € expenses per year…
Return of Investment (draft calculation)
8. Available and foreseen sources of funding National Funds and Programs Local authority's own resources:
The Municipality allocates staff to the unit and provides an office and basic working equipment.
EU Funds & Programs and other external funds International Financial Institutions
Lined up private investments Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise) Expected annual cost savings to City budget Loans and potential borrower
9. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030 (or other set target year) 25,137.75 MWh/year Energy savings MWh/y
Not relevant Renewable energy production MWh/y
CO2 reduction t CO2/a
2015 - Reference Year
2030 - Target Year
13,825.76 tn CO2 - Net reduction on the territory
0.6% - Reduction as related to BAU scenario
2.5% - Per capita calculated reduction
39
5.1.6. Waterfront Aesthetics
Al-Qurna – Priority action #6 for SECAP 1. General presentation
# 6 Title: WATERFRONT AESTHETICS
Location: Al-Qurna Village Summary of the Action Start date: Dec. 2017 The project suggests:
- An Awareness Campaign to shed light on the importance of preserving the aesthetics of the Waterfront for the environmental quality and visual quality important for the tourism industry.
- A National meeting to coordinate among Mehleb committee and other officials in charge to safeguard the waterfront.
Project lifetime: 3 months End date: March 2018 Estimated cost €
13,000
Status of the Action: General Objectives of the project • New • Planned • Under implementation • Following previous action.
Focusing on safeguarding the aesthetics of the West Bank waterfront.
Specific Objectives of the project
a) Minimise massive illumination, thus mass electricity consumption lighting the mountain.
b) Safeguard green belt and minimise the urbanised lands in order to minimise electricity housing consumption.
Contact person in the local authority Principal partners and stakeholders Dr. Ramadan Sedeek, Env. Dept., Luxor Governorate
Luxor Governorate,
Ministry of Agriculture,
Ministry of Tourism,
Tourism chamber (representing hotels investors and hotel chains),
farmers syndicate, and
Mehleb committee (Nile encroachment committee led by the ex-prime minister).
2. Technical description
Financial Analysis
Advertising and campaign: 10,000 €
The Meeting necessitate:
- Airplane Ticket: Business class Cairo-Luxor-Cairo, return flight booking for 8-10 persons. 4,000 EGP per Person = 36,000 EGP = 1,718.6 €
- Accommodation: 2 nights in a 5-star hotel in Luxor; preferably where the meeting & workshop shall be held. 1,000 per 2 nights/person = 9,000 EGP = 430 €
- Meeting room for up to 30 persons for a whole day, 2 coffee breaks and lunch for 20-30 persons 500EGP/person, for 25 persons = 12,500 EGP = 600 €
- 2 microbuses or 1 coaster for a whole day 1500 EGP = 72 € - printed materials and logistics 400 EGP = 24 €
Total Cost of Conference: 2,844.6 € ≈ 3,000 €
40
Total cost of Project: 13,000 €
Decreasing Emissions
PS. Redesign the lighting of the mountain in coordination with the electricity department, Luxor Governorate and the SCA, would certainly save much electricity.
PS. Removing encroachments on the waterfront would minimise the residential and building, limiting thus the consumed electricity in housing.
Both saved electricity would minimise emissions. Nevertheless, investigations are needed and lighting redesign should be applied in order to define the spared KW/hr. saved.
Link to municipal development plan
Coping with Luxor the city of green heritage slogan where the green waterfront is safeguarded with a rationalised the mountain (waterfront background) illumination reflecting rather more sustainable meaning in energy consumption.
Implementation plan
Component 1: Investing on what is called Mehleb committee, named after the ex-prime-minister commissioned by H.E. President to clear all violations along the River Nile, coordination among concerned stakeholders. The committee is an essential need to confront the current rapid pace of uncontrolled development consuming the green belt and casting a grey ugly shadow in what used to a spectacular heritage panoramic view characterising Luxor.
Component 2: An awareness campaign is also needed to raise the awareness of the importance of preserving the aesthetics and environmental balance of the West Bank waterfront among all stakeholders: SCA, Localities & Luxor Governorate, Local Community & private investors in tourism sector, mainly hotels and hotel chains. The art symposium under the title ‘together for a clean environment’, part of action fiche 6 could contribute to the awareness campaign proposed above.
3. Organization and procedures Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action Formal approval
The office of HE. The governor of Luxor, SCA rep. Dr. Moustafa Al-Waziri, Dr. Ramadan Sadeek (CES-MED rep. in Luxor Governorate).
Governor of Luxor
Role of Partners Staff training needs
Dr. Sadeek and CES-MED team introduce the project to H.E. The governor providing necessary training and support for his Excellency’s office staff for logistics and support for the Awareness campaign and the national meeting.
The governor office establish communication with Mehleb committee calling for the national meeting.
Dr. Sadeek, coordinating with Dr. Waziri (SCA) and the farmer syndicate and Tourism chamber with the rep. of the ministry of tourism for the Awareness Campaign, as well as liaising for the parallel activity: organising for the national meeting.
4. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions
Some of the actions include:
• Spreading information and training material (posters, brochures, stickers, etc.) on how to save energy. To include training given by municipal staff.
• Creating an annual “Energy festival/day” to demonstrate best practices and celebrate innovative projects. Would be promoted through traditional media and online social networks.
• Mobilising families by training women/mothers • Implement events such as an Art Symposium promoting the “Towards a clean environment”.
Developing a network of “Positive energy schools” that produce not only more energy than they consume, but where teachers integrate the project into their curricula to train students, develop projects, etc.
41
5. Assumptions and risks Resistance from farmers and owners with an access to the waterfront land. 6. Key success factors
1) The presidential decree against encroachments on the Nile is a strong legislative mean facilitating law enforcement 2) The area designation decided by the governor would slow the pace of the violations/ uncontrolled urban expansion.
7. Cost estimates 13,000 Initial and start-up expenses: basic equipment for the unit – advertising material
N/A Approximate operational Costs (including maintenance)
N/A Approximate annual income for energy producing projects
Return of Investment (draft calculation)
8. Available and foreseen sources of funding - Local authority's own resources:
International hotel chains on the East Bank. JICA (specially for the scientific lighting design of the mountain on the West Bank).
International Financial Institutions:
Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise)
- Loans and potential borrower
9. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030 (or other set target year) Not available Energy savings MWh/y
Renewable energy production MWh/y
CO2 reduction t CO2/a
2017 - Reference Year
2030 - Target Year
Not available - Percentage of net reduction on the territory
Not available - Reduction as related to BAU scenario
Not available - Per capita calculated reduction
42
5.2 Project fiches mid-term actions.
5.2.1. Integrated Master Plan
Al-Qurna – Priority action #7 for SECAP 1. General presentation
# 7 Title: INTEGRATED MASTER PLAN
Location: Al-Qurna Village Summary of the Action Start date: Dec. 2017 Aiming at a balanced environment, it is essential to address uncontrolled urban and rural
developments, unsuitable and inappropriate crops close to the archaeological sites, ineffective management of the archaeological sites etc.
There must be a master plan that combines the inputs of different authorities. Many problems could be resolved only if there is coordination among different stakeholders. Thus, an integrated master plan must be developed: urban development plan, rural development plan, archaeological site management plan, and integrated plan/ strategy must be developed, to be achieved:
- Form the committee in charge of managing the master plan development, - Develop the TOR, - Send the RFP and receive the technical & financial props. - Analyse props. and select the winning consultant/ consultancy, - Select a scientific committee to be in charge to follow up, monitor the progress, hold
regular meeting and get progress monthly report; it could be all or some of the members of the managing committee. Around 2 workshops shall be held,
- Hold the pre-final workshop where reps. of all stakeholder shall attend: Local community reps., SCA& MoA, farmers syndicate, Luxor Governorate and Localities, MoL, MoI, NUCA & MoH, MoD.
- Final submission and exhibition of the final master plan through a national meeting where top ranked officials of the above stakeholders, especially of governmental entities, shall attend and decree the necessary consents and decisions needed to implement the integrated master plan.
Project lifetime: 12 months End date: Dec. 2018 Estimated cost €
162,000
Status of the Action: General Objectives of the project a) New b)Planned c) Under implementation d)Following previous action.
Focusing on developing a balanced environment enhancing urban, rural environment as well as safeguarding heritage.
Specific Objectives of the project
a) Control UD so the housing emissions are controlled and balanced, b) Control agricultural development and expansions for less emissions and minimise
water table hazards against heritage areas, and c) Provide effective heritage site management for heritage safeguarding and more
effective lighting thus less electricity and emissions elicited due to unplanned lighting of the mountain and the archaeological sites.
Contact person in the local authority Principal partners and stakeholders
Dr. Ramadan Sedeek, Env. Dept., Luxor Governorate & CES-MED rep. & Dr. Moustafa Waziri, SCA, Luxor Governorate.
Luxor Governorate & localities; SCA (MoA); Farmer syndicate; Local community; New Urban Communities Authority (NUCA) (MoH), and Armed Forces (MoD).
2. Technical description
43
Financial analysis
Conference
A national meeting and a workshop to invite the representatives of the ministries and authorities in charge under the auspices of H.E. the Prime minster and called in by H.E. The governor of Luxor. Delegates from: Prime minister office, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Housing & New Urban Community Authority (NUCA) shall group, accommodated discussing and coordinate an integrated Master plan in the west bank. They will participate and discuss with delegates from Luxor Governorate and MoI already in Luxor.
The above necessitate:
- Airplane Ticket: Business class Cairo-Luxor-Cairo, return flight booking for 8-10 persons.
4,000 EGP per Person = 36,000 EGP = 1,718.6 €
- Accommodation: 2 nights in a 5-star hotel in Luxor; preferably where the meeting & workshop shall be held.
1,000 per 2 nights/person = 9,000 EGP = 430 €
- Meeting room for up to 30 persons for a whole day, 2 coffee breaks and lunch for 20-30 persons
500EGP/person, for 25 persons = 12,500 EGP = 600 €
- 2 microbuses or 1 coaster for a whole day.
1,500 EGP = 72 €
- printed materials and logistics.
400 EGP = 24 € Total Cost of Conference: 2,844.6 €
Workshops
Each workshop will be attended by around 20 – 30 persons
o 500EGP/person, for 25 persons = 12,500 EGP = 600 €
Total cost of 2 workshops
25,000 EGP = 1,200 €
Design Competition
The design competition prizes are going to be funded partially (around 40 per cent) by the sold prices of tenders which amounts to – 500 EGP = 25€. The rest is going to be funded by either sponsors or stakeholders.
First prize winner: 40,000 EGP = 1,890€
Second prize winner: 25,000 EGP = 1,180€
Third prize winner: 15,000 EGP = 710€
In addition to the cost for advertising for competition, opening reception for award winners, projects publishing, judging jury.
Cost = 175,000EGP – 8,245€
Cost (excluding 40% covered by tenders) = 105,000EGP – 4,947 €
Consultant
Fees per day: 900 €
Assumption that work will last for (90 days for the UD consultant, 40 days for Agronomist, 40 days Urban Heritage Management Consultant: (90+40+40) X 900= 153,000 €
Total Cost: 8,991.6 € + 153,000 = 162,000 €
Link to municipal development plan
The project will be integrated with the Governorate’s vision towards a green Governorate of Luxor, thus, sustainability dimension is addressed in such an important and catalyst area, Al-Qurna and the West Bank.
Implementation plan
44
Component 1: Select and formulate the integrated master plan development management team (committee) and its coordinator,
Component 2: Develop the TOR and release the RFP and select the winning bidder/ consultant or consultancy,
Component 3: Follow up master plan development process including organising 2 workshops,
Component 4: Hold the workshops and the national meeting to declare the agreed upon components of the developed integrated master plan to facilitate its implementation and all cooperation and coordination necessary to fulfil that.
3. Organization and procedures Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action Formal approval
Dr. Ramadan Sedeek, Env. Dept., Luxor Governorate & CES-MED rep. & Dr. Moustafa Waziri, SCA, Luxor Governorate.
Governor of Luxor
Role of Partners Staff training needs
Representatives of: Luxor Governorate, MoL, SCA, NUCA & MoH, CES-MED to formulate the committee managing the development of the master plan.
Instead, 2-3 workshops to integrate the inputs of all participating stakeholders for effective, sustainable master plan. The workshops shall be during the course of developing the thought master plan.
4. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions
No AR actions needed during the development of the integrated master plan.
5. Assumptions and risks
- Expected resistance from H.E. The governor as studies and planning are not his priority seeking direct projects & funding, - Local community might resist and uncontrolled urban and rural development pace might obscure the master plan
development process, - Resistance from the SCA for the redefined premises part, and - Resistance from the Armed Forces to participate in the master plan development process.
6. Key success factors
1) CES-MED partnership with FP would mitigate bureaucratic delays and expedite approval processes if needed. CES-MED team shall conduct short but effective meetings before and during the development of the thought master plan to explain its importance.
2) The declaration of the West Bank as a designated area would secure the development statuesque desired during the master plan development process.
3) The effective coordination with the SCA rep. in Luxor and with the Governorate transportation, agriculture, electricity and housing department through the CES-MED rep. in Luxor Governorate shall facilitate the process.
4) The Integrated Master Plan is a process with a participatory dimension, through WSs, which would bridge many gaps shedding light on varied obstacles that might not be clear for some stakeholders, due to the incoordination among them.
7. Cost estimates 9,000 + 162,000 Initial and start-up expenses: basic equipment for the unit – advertising material
Approximate operational Costs (including maintenance)
Approximate annual income for energy producing projects
Return of Investment (draft calculation)
8. Available and foreseen sources of funding
45
- Local authority's own resources: Available in Egypt: EG JICA International Financial Institutions: Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise)
- Loans and potential borrower
9. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030 (or other set target year) Not available Energy savings MWh/y
Not available Renewable energy production MWh/y
CO2 reduction t CO2/a
2017 - Reference Year
2030 - Target Year
Not available - Percentage of net reduction on the territory
Not available - Reduction as related to BAU scenario
Not available - Per capita calculated reduction
46
6. Appendix:
Luxor Governorate Strategy
A.1. Introduction
The purpose of this report is to define the Luxor Governorate strategy. Since there have been years of turmoil due to unsmooth political conditions for years, clear defined comprehensive strategies might not be clearly defined or accessible. Reviewing the governorate's site and official Facebook page, no mission or vision is clearly defined or stated. Hence, and for the very purpose of the present report (Al-Qurna), tracing the news fed and press reviews to assemble a tentative vision that guide the moves and development of the governor and the governorate with its different sectors is the only available mean now.
We will explore the context: actual tendencies through projects and interventions and declared projects, as well as through the available legislative framework.
A.2. Objectives
CES-MED project aims at developing the SECAP in resonance with the already existing strategies, if any, for the participating cities and governorates. Hence, it is essential to define the main dimensions prioritised by each municipality/ governorate for more effectively developed SECAP.
The need for an inspiring slogan for the CAPP, normally the seed on which the municipality's / governorate's, or proposed, vision can be defined.
A.3. The Context
Luxor received special recognition, decreed by the ex-president as a special city separating from Qina governorate and appointing H.E. Genr. Samir Farag as the governor in 2004. He developed an ambitious but rapid development strategy for Luxor 2030. However, Luxor developed from being a heritage city into a governorate adding Armant and Esna cities and their villages to its official domain through a presidential decree issued in 2009. This certainly necessitates revisiting the previously set strategy by H.E. Genr. Farag, due to the change in the administrative status and scale, converting Luxor from a city into a governorate.
Luxor is certainly a heritage city par excellence for it contains more than one fifth of the World monuments. However, other pressing problems of the inhabitants such as:
- Illegal urban expansions especially those on the dispense of the agricultural lands,
- Investments and economic challenges after the recession in Luxor's number one industry, tourism (more than 70 % of its economy necessitating diversifying the sectors of investment and not to count only on tourism) and
- Energy and pollution challenges, were some among many other obstacles obscuring the governorate's objectives.
Based on an article on Luxor Post News 6, The Governorate of Luxor has four (4) strategic plans by the year 2032:
a. Luxor: The Capital of Monuments, Tourism and Culture.
b. Centre of Commercial, Logistics, health and education in Upper Egypt.
c. Luxor, the governorate of diversified economy: Tourism, Agriculture, Trade and Industry
d. Green City of Luxor
Figure A.1 presents the SWOT analysis done by the Governorate for assessing the current situation and analysing future opportunities in regards with their strategic plan.
6 https://luxorpost.com/اإلستراتي-المخطط-تفاصیل-ننشر-انفراد/
47
Figure A.1: SWOT Analysis by the Governorate of Luxor for the 2032 strategic plan
The above are few among a long list of hazards and risks that endanger the whole governorate and more precisely Al-Qurna, the subject of this report as elaborated above.
A responsive, effective strategy is, thus, a must. In general, according to the NRR, Egypt adopts Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) known as Egypt 2030 vision, in line with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), of the UN, issued in December 2015. Accordingly, Luxor must be seeking a comprehensive strategy addressing the key performance indicators (NRR, 2016: pp. 35, 36). Therefore, Luxor as all governorates in Egypt, is committed to increasing urbanised areas providing more housing units and resolving slum problem while safeguarding heritage and enhancing the environmental quality. This is implied in the concept of 'Luxor as a green city' referred to by the NRR (page 66). Furthermore, a balanced well controlled urban development and agricultural expansions are essential for both are responsible for many hazards that concern the CES-MED purpose.
Nevertheless, there is no clear and legal framework declared by Luxor governorate as a tool to implement the above, i.e.: no clearly identified and stated goals and strategy. This, however, can be assembled through a survey tracing the press releases about the governorate's projects and the declarations of the H.E. the governor.
Stre
ngth - Distinctive geographical location
that allows Luxor to be the center of service in Upper Egypt.- High ratio of youth population.Contains Sixth of the World’s total monuments.- Various touristic patterns (culture, conferences, festivals, therapeutic..etc). - The existence of industrial zones.- Possibility of expanding agricultural reclamation.- The presence of a number of modern untapped areas (Industrial areas).- High soil fertility and crop diversity.
Wea
knes
s - Very High temperature in Summer.- Weak marketing and advertising for Luxor as a separate touristic hub. - Full reliance on Tourism as the main source of income.- Lack of skilled labor.- Weak demand for industrial investment.- Weak agricultural marketing, livestock production and poultry.- Not benefiting from agricultural waste.
Opp
ortu
nitie
s
- Possibility of establishing factories for food industries and components of solar cells. - Luxor International Airport and a growing bond with Hurghada and Marsa Alam airports.- The ease of localization of the industries in Barmant due to the existence of roads and bridges.- Benefiting from natural gas by building factories of fertilizer plants and phosphate.
Thre
ats - Non-operating industrial zones.
- Some crops require high water consumption such as Sugarcane.- The waste of tourism resources by not benefiting from archeological sites.- Suspending some tourism projects. - Non-completion of planting tree forests. - Some villages are affected by floods.
48
Declared by H.E. the governor, Luxor is declared as a green city by 2020 expanding the utilisation of clean energy, mainly solar energy financed by the UAE (\al-Arab Newspaper, issue 9591, p.10, 2014), declared in a conference held in Luxor on 13th-14th June 2014. This was also to be achieved via expected grants from JICA, GiZ, EU and other granting agencies to realise the Luxor as a green city by 2020. 7
It was also declared in the same conference (13th-14th June 2014) that 'Luxor the Heritage City of the World' recalling the same vision declared in 2004 due to the especial nature of the city.
Furthermore, and seeking the above referred to the thought balanced strategy, a comprehensive strategic urban development plan, very relevant to the CES-MED objectives as indicated in the NRR (NRR, 2016, P.36, Fig.7), H.E. the governor maintained that he adopts a combined study of the GOPP & and the HABITAT. Such a study is an expansion of the previous UNDP strategy for Luxor adopted by H.E. Genr. Samir Farag, to include Esna and Armant cities and their surrounding villages. It is a study under the supervision of the MoP that aims at a comprehensive urban, agricultural and investment expansions in Luxor Governorate.8
A.4 Projects & Tentative Vision
Action projects to realise the above were proposed as listed by H.E. the governor in his interview with Al-Wafd newspaper (16th March 2016):9
1. Construct a solar energy station that spans 80 KW/ 10 hrs. providing 5000 feddans (feddan = 4200 sq. meters) in Armant desert as a solar plant location,
2. Pilot expansion of solar energy to reach 133 houses in 6 villages,
3. To reach with the Natural Gas pipes from the West Nile bank to the Eastern bank to feed 17 thousand housing unit,
4. Sign a protocol to re-operate the fertilizers (of waste recycling) factory,
5. Transfer the 44 floating hotels from Luxor Cornish to Esna,
6. Banning the caret and cargo pulled by donkeys and buffalos from the city centres,
7. Establishing a committee to confront violations against agricultural lands,
8. Relit Al-Qurna village and west bank heritage sites and mountain, and
9. Construct 4500 housing unit in Al-Toud hill.
Furthermore, HE. the governor maintained that he is also adopting the strategy of the HE. the ex. governor Gr. Samir Farag with its 34 projects modifying them to fit with the new administrative status of Luxor,10 incorporating Esna and Armant, including:
- Reclamation of 80,000 feddans,
- Developing a new housing scheme in El-Bughdadi town, and
- Regeneration of the Luxor Cornish walk.
- Continuing the Rams road (Al-Kibash Rd.) project.
P.S. Based on the CES-MED team investigation, mainly by the TL and NKE, during the team's visits in December 2016 and January 2017, most of the projects above related to energy and environmental quality enhancements haven’t been launched.
Though there is no governorate's vision and mission nor clearly declared strategy, yet reviewing the above it is obvious that we have three main dimensions that articulate what we can define as a tentative vision of Luxor:
The First: Luxor as a Heritage City/ Governorate of the World, as has been aimed at and attempted since 2004.
The Second: Luxor as a Green City/ Governorate, declared in 2014.
The Third: Luxor as a governorate of investment opportunities, as declared by H.E. the governor in 2015 for potential investment in clean energy, housing and agriculture and its industries.
3 www.alarabonline.org/?id=25412 4 An interview with H.E. Dr. Mohamed Saied Badr for Akhbarelyoum Newspaper 21st May 2015. Akhbarelyom.com/article/55ccd9d80cff1350034e2/1440662960 /m.alwafd.org -أسعى-لتحویل-األقصر-الى-منطقة-استثماریة-للخدمات-المتكاملة1079558 المحافظات /56 Akhbarelyoum Newspaper 21st May 2015.
DisclaimerThe sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
The European Union is made up of 28 Member States who have decided to gradually link together their know-how,
resources and destinies.
Together, during a period of enlargement of 50 years, they have built a zone of stability, democracy and sustainable
development whilst maintaining cultural diversity, tolerance and individual freedoms.
The European Union is committed to sharing its achievements and its values with countries and peoples beyond its
borders.
www.ces-med.eu