grad dip technology report
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Graduate diploma in architecture technology reportTRANSCRIPT
Introduction to project
For over a century, Barrow-in-Furness's fortunes have beenintrinsically linked to the local shipyard. In this age of global disarmamentthe shipyard is struggling, since the end of the cold war Barrow with lessthan 70,000 inhabitants has suffered 14,000 redundancies. It has longbeen recognised that the town's over dependence on an industry thatonly brings prosperity in times of war cannot continue. Diversification isdesperately needed.
Finally it seems that change and diversification is coming. Barrowhas targeted itself as the gateway to Britain's energy coast, which is amajor proposal to use the natural assets (wind and waves) and existingnuclear skills base to transform the west coast of Cumbria into a hotspotof renewable energy generation and innovation. Barrow itself has justseen planning consent granted for two new offshore wind farms, whichwill add 132 new wind turbines to the existing 30 turbine strong windfarm. It is claimed that the largest of these two new wind farms willgenerate enough energy to power every residential property in Cumbriaone and a half times over.
The aim of this thesis is to fuse the study of renewabletechnologies and ecology into a single university faculty. The intention ito:
• provide a skilled workforce in order to ensure the futuresuccess of the renewable sector within Barrow.
• help ensure that proposals of the renewable sector will notdamage the rich and diverse ecology of the area.
• encourage cross discipline learning which should help inspiretechnological innovation through biomimicry.
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Geographical informationWhere is Barrow-in-Furness?
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Geographical informationBarrow-in-Furness
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Geographical informationThe Site
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Roof plan in context @ 1:500
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Ground floor planin context @1:250
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First floor plan@1:250
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Second floor plan@1:250
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Third floor plan@1:250
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Forth floor plan@1:250
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Fifth floor plan@1:250
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Rendered image
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Sections AA and BB@1:250
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Section CC @1:250
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Structures
Structures
Structural Form
The buildings structure is treated differently in dif ferent parts of
the building. In the library wing columns and beams are hidden as much
as possible. However on the ground floor they are used to free up the
façade and aid in making the building appear lightweight. The tower on
the other hand is the complete opposite of the library wing, where the
structure is exposed and expressed in the form of an exoskeleton. This
was done to both free up the internal spaces (which may have been a
bit cramped with internal columns) and to break up the towers façade in
order to make it more aesthetically interesting.
Foundation type
The site has only ever been used as a railway sidings and has
never been built on. It was reclaimed/claimed from Barrow channel
during the 1860's as part of the construction of the dock system and a
large retaining wall separates the site from the adjacent dock.
Given that the site boasts, moisture rich soil, poor ground
conditions and a risk of subsidence, it seems wise to opt for piled
foundations, as is the case for all buildings in the area.
Construction material
On environmental grounds, timber would have been the material
of choice, however given the scale of the design (particularly the 52m
high tower) it seemed impractical. The decision was made therefore to
provide high tech building solutions, which also address environmental
ideas where possible.
The decision has been made to use steel as the primary
structural material, this is due to its capacity to carry high loads on
reasonably small structural members and for the obvious historical
reference, of Barrow once boasting the largest Iron and steel works in
the world. Tarmac Hollowcore and solid plank flooring will sit between
beams, the system will allow shallower floors and for the use of less
concrete.
Provisions for lateral stability
In the case of the tower lateral forces are naturally counteracted
through the towers leaning design, however for additional support the
structure ties back into the core. Another threat to the tower is twisting,
in order to prevent this a series of ring beams are placed at intervals of
at most 6m apart throughout the towers height, this also helps to reduce
the risk of buckling within the columns. The library obtains its lateral
stability for the two cores which run through it.
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Identification of live anddead loads
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Structural organisation
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Foundation detail
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Column calculations
First column calculation
In order to calculate the size of UC (universal column) required, the
weight it will need to support must first be calculated. This consists of
calculating the slab weight and the imposed loads (dead and live
loads).
150mm deep Tarmac Hollowcore slabs have been selected as the slab
of a composite floor system. They have a self weight of 2.42KN/m2.
For the purposes of the calculation, KN/m2. needs to be converted to
KN/m3 . Therefore:
1000mm�/�150mm=6.666�x�2.42KN/m2�=�16.13KN/m3
The calculation used for working out the slab weight is:
Weight�of�material�x�depth�of�slab�x�width�of�slab�x�length�of�slab�=� weight�
of�slab
The slabs span 5m between beams and 14m along the beams.
Therefore the slab weight is:
16.13KN/m3�x�0.15�x�5�x�14�=�169.365KN
Now that the slab weight has been identified, the imposed loads need
to be calculated. With the below calculation.
Imposed�load�in�KN/m2�x�width�of�slab�x�length�of�slab�=�total�imposed� load�in�
KN
Imposed loads:
Library 4KN/m2.
Class Rooms and similar spaces 3KN/m2
Imposed loads were taken from table 3 on pages 446-447 of the new
metric handbook.
The imposed load of the first floor (Library) is:
4 KN/m2�x�5m�x�14m=�280KN
The imposed load upon the second and third floors (classrooms) and
the roof (requires regular access) is:
3KN/m2�x�5m�x�14m=�210KN
The next stage is to combine the weight of the slabs and the imposed
loads together, in order to calculate the load that any given column
needs to support.
169.35KN�+�280KN�=�449.365KN�(total�load�of�first�floor)
169.35KN�+�210KN�=�379.365KN�(total�load�of�second,�third�and�roof�floors)
�449.365�+�(379.365�x�3)�=�1,587.46KN�(total�load)
Given that any given column will be supporting only one quarter of the
slab the total load can be divided by 4 however all columns, excluding
end columns are supporting one quarter of two seperate slabs,
therefore any given column is supporting half the total load of a slab and
the implied loads acting upon it, so:
1,587.46KN�/�2�=�793.73KN�(load�acting�upon�any�given�column)
Now that the total load has been calculated, the Euler buckling modulus
will be used to work out how much load a 203 x 203 x46 UC can take
before buckling. The equation for this is:
Pcrit�=�π2EI�/�L2
This translates as:
Critical�load�=�π2�x�Young's�modulus�(can�be�obtained�from�tables)�x� Second
moment�of�area�(can�be�obtained�from�tables)�/�distance�between�column�bracing2
(usually�floor�to�floor�distance).
In this instance the Young's modulus of steel is 207,000N/mm2 and the
second moments of area are 4568cm4 in the X-X axis, and 1548cm4 in
the y-y axis. As a UC could buckle in any dimension the weakest
second moment of area (the y-y axis) will be applied to the equation.
The greatest distance the column will span without any bracing is
4590mm.
The second moment of area is given in cm4 but for the purposes of the
Euler buckling modulus it needs to be converted to mm4. Therefore:
1548cm4�x�10,000=�15,480,000mm4
Now that all the inputs have been identified for the equation it's time to
apply them. Therefore the critical load of a 203 x 203 x46 UC over a
4590mm span is:
Pcrit�=�π2�x�207,000�x�15,480,000/45902�=�1,501,120.915�/�1000�=�
1,501.120915KN
As a 203 x 203 x46 UC can support 1,501.120915KN and the load acting
upon any given column within the building is 793.73KN, the specified UC
is large enough to deal with the buildings loads. However it is common
practice to apply a factor of safety by doubling the load acting on any
given column. Therefore:
793.73KN�x�2�=��1,587.46KN
This means that whilst a 203 x 203 x 46 UC could support the specified
weight, it is advisable to specify a larger steel.
Therefore a 203 x 203 x 52 UC with a second moment of area in the y-y
axis of 1778cm4 has a buck²ling load of:
1778cm4�x�10,000�=�17,780,000mm4
Pcrit�=�π2�x�207,000�x�17,780,000/45902�=�1,724,155.677�/�1000�=� �
1,724.155677KN
A 203 x 203 x 52 UC will support the building loads without buckling.
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Column calculations
Second column calculation (the tower columns).
As the loads and spans of the tower are significantly different to the
lower portion of the building, the columns for the tower shall also be
worked out. Cold-formed circular hollow sections will be used for the
tower for both and aesthetic reasons and that higher loads can be
supported with slimmer sections.
150mm deep Tarmac Hollowcore slabs with a self weight of 2.42KN/m2.
Shall be used again, however 400mm deep Tarmac Hollowcore slabs
with a self weight of 5.28 KN/m2 will be used for the floor supporting
the roof garden (trees) and the roof is glazed, plate glass has a self
weight of 2787 KN/m3.
The slab weights are:
Roof�2787�KN/m3�x�0.025�x�5�x�7�=� 2,438.625KN
Cafe�floor�2.42KN/m2�x�5�x�7.5�=� 90.75KN
Multi-purpose�floor�2.42KN/m2�x�5�x�8�=� 96.80KN
Roof�garden�5.28KN/m2�x�5�x�17�=� 448.8KN
Rake�of�auditorium�2.42KN/m2�x�5�x�15�=� 181.5KN
Imposed loads per KN/m2:
Roof 0KN/m2
Cafe�floor 3KN/m2
Multi-purpose�floor 5KN/m2
Roof�garden 20KN/m2
Rake�of�auditorium 5KN/m2
Imposed loads upon slab in KN:
Roof 0KN
Cafe�floor�3KN/m2�x�5�x�7.5�= 112.5KN
Multi-purpose�floor�5KN/m2�x�5�x�8�=� 200KN
Roof�garden�20KN/m2�x�5�x�17�= 1,700KN
Rake�of�auditorium�5KN/m2�x�5�x�15�= 375KN
Total load of slabs and imposed loads combined:
2,438.625KN�+�90.75KN�+�96.80KN�+�448.8KN�+�181.5KN�+ 112.5KN�+�200KN�+�
1,700KN�+�375KN�=�5,643.975KN
Load acting on any given column:
5,643.975KN�/2�=�2,821.9875
Inputs for the Euler buckling modulus for a 273mm diameter and 12mm
thick Cold-formed circular hollow section:
�Young's�modulus�of�steel�=� 207,000N/mm2
Second�moment�of�area�=�8,400cm4�x�10,000�=� 84,000,000mm
Maximum�distance�between�column�bracing�=� 6000mm
The buckling mass of a 273mm diameter and 12mm thick Cold-formed
circular hollow section is:
Pcrit�=�π2�x�207,000�x�84,000,000/60002�=�4,767,018.926�/�1000�=�
4,760.018926KN
A 273mm diameter and 12mm thick Cold-formed circular hollow section
is not strong enough to support the required load. Is a 273mm diameter
and 16mm thick Cold-formed circular hollow section strong enough?
Second�moment�of�area�=�10,700cm4�x�10,000�=�107,000,000mm
Pcrit�=�π2�x�207,000�x�107,000,000/60002�=�6,072,274.108�/�1000�=�
6,072.274108KN
A 273mm diameter and 16mm thick Cold-formed circular hollow section
is strong enough to support the loadings of the tower including the
factor of safety.
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Beam calculations
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Environment and services
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Environment and services
There are two distinct levels of environment, which will be
addressed in this section. They are the buildings internal environment
(local) and the impact that the building has on the global environment in
both its construction and use.
Local environment
Buildings must provide their users with a comfortable internal
environment. The core considerations for providing a desirable internal
environment are the temperature, air quality, lighting quality and
acoustics. Each of these core considerations will be discussed in greater
depth in relation to the proposed building over the preceding pages.
Global environment
Due to the significant negative impact that buildings can have on
the global environment, it is essential that buildings are designed so to
minimise the amount of energy required to provide the core internal
considerations discussed above. Ideally all new buildings would be
carbon neutral or even supply renewable energy beyond its needs so to
supply its neighbours with renewable energy. Intelligent material choices
and construction techniques can also be used to reduce the buildings
carbon footprint.
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Environmental Analysis: General
Barrow's coastal diversity, independent weather patterns1 and
existing skills base make it an ideal location for renewable energy
testing and innovation. The following few pages will analyse Barrow's
weather patterns in order to identify the potential renewable forms of
energy that may be suitable for use on the site.
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Environmental Analysis: Wind speed
The power of the 15-20 knot winds around Barrow2 are already
being harnessed by a 30 turbine strong offshore wind farm, each
turbine generates 3MW of power, which amounts to a net total of 90MW
of power3. Barrow's high wind speeds are as a result of being at the
end of a peninsula and being surrounded by water on three sides,
leaving the town exposed to vapour laden winds coming from the Irish
Sea4.
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Environmental Analysis: Rainfall
The vapour laden winds coming from the Irish Sea are a cause
of Barrow and Furness's high levels of rainfall5. Calculations based on
MetOffice information suggest that on average in Barrow every 1m2 of
ground will receive 0.516m3 of rainfall per annum. The hope is that this
high level of rainfall will be able to supply the building's grey water
demands, and possibly even the building's entire water requirements.
Barrow's slogan is, “Where the Lakes meet the sea”. A large
proportion of the high levels of rain that falls on the Lakeland fells drains
into the sea around Barrow. This makes Barrow an ideal area for the
study of a new form of renewable energy known as osmotic energy.
Osmotic energy works by forcing fresh water (river water) and salt water
(sea water) into adjacent chambers, separated by a membrane, through
which the fresh water will pass but salt water cannot. The result is an
increase in pressure in what was the salt water chamber. This pressure
is then released to drive a turbine6.
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Environmental Analysis: Sunshine Duration
Barrow receives 1200 to 1400 hours of sunshine per annum7.
Whilst coastal areas receive more sunshine than inland areas, the south
receives noticeably more than northern areas8. This suggests that
Barrow may not be the best place for the study of photovoltaics and
solar panels but that both could contribute to the building meeting its
own energy and heating demands.
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Environmental Analysis: Frost and Ground Temperature
Coastal areas tend to have fewer days of air/ground frost and
enjoy warmer ground temperatures9. This is due to the insulation
provided by the sea. As a result of Barrow being surrounded by sea on
three sides, this effect has likely been intensified.
Barrow has 20-40 days of air frost, significantly less than much of
the country. This indicates that air source heat pumps could prove
exceptionally efficient in the area.
The town sees 60-80 days of ground frost, which is again
significantly less than most of the country. The average annual 30cm soil
temperature is 10-110C, making the ground of the Furness peninsula the
warmest in Cumbria and one of the most northern English settlements
with such high ground temperatures10. This suggests that ground source
heat pumps and possibly geothermal energy may prove highly efficient
in and around Barrow.
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Heating and ventilationstrategy
Due to the heating and ventilation strategies being intrinsically
linked they will be discussed as such. The initial intention of the design
was that it would be solely naturally ventilated, it was realised however
that on an exceptionally windy, coastal site that there will be periods of
time when natural ventilation would be impractical. For this reason the
decision was made to consider a summer and winter heating and
ventilation strategy.
The strategy now uses a composite of natural principles and
man-made technologies, which complement each other. The passive
and active technologies to be used are:
• Natural ventilation
• Passive solar design
• Thermal mass
• A ground source heat pump
• An energy recovery ventilator (heat exchanger)
• Underfloor heating
• Chilled beams
Natural ventilation
In order to ensure that natural ventilation was a feasible option
within the building. The lower portion of the building has been
orientated to sit almost parallel to the prevailing wind (per fectly parallel is
structurally undesirable due to the increased wind loads). No room or
floor has a depth to height ratio any greater than 4.2 to 1 (as a rule of
thumb, spaces with a depth to height ratio of 5 to 1 or less, can be
naturally ventilated).
Passive solar Design
“To make the most of solar gain, the main solar collecting
facades11” “should face within 300 of due south. Orientations further east
or west than this will receive less solar gain, particularly in winter when it
is of most use12”. Currently the glazed area, which will be used to
maximise solar heat gains sits at exactly 300 of due south. Meaning that
the building has been suitably laid out to take advantage of solar gains.
Thermal Mass
Each floor is supported by steel beams spaced an average of
five meters apart, spanning between the beams will be 150mm thick
Tarmac Hollowcore concrete slabs. The large thermal mass of the
concrete slabs will absorb heat from the sun's rays during the day,
particularly in winter, and slowly release the heat during cooler periods
(generally the evening). The advantage of this is that it helps to reduce
the need for supplementary heating and thus the amount of CO2.
Ground source heat pump
As previously highlighted, the ground temperature around
Barrow-in-Furness is quite high due to the sea surrounding and
insulating the town on three sides. For this reason it was felt that a
ground source heat pump could prove exceptionally efficient in the area.
The Christ the King Centre for Learning in Knowsley which is of a similar
scale to this project , employs a ground source heat pump to
supplement its heating requirements. The heat pump provide 75% of the
buildings peak energy demands and 90% of its cooling demand13. If this
level of efficiency could be attained within my building, and there is no
reason to suspect it could not, then it would play a major role in the
buildings efficiency.
Energy recovery ventilator
Due to the potential of the ground source heat pump, an energy
recovery ventilator may be a step beyond the buildings needs. If on cold
winter days the approach thus far discussed cannot meet the buildings
heating demands then the energy recovery ventilator will be used to
draw cool external air in to the building, heat it up, distribute it and then
recycle it. The advantage of this system is that heat is retained, as
opposed to released as it is with natural ventilation and that the air is
kept moving and thus doesn't become stagnant.
Underfloor heating
Underfloor heating is to be used as it heats at ground level
(where the people are at) and as such it requires less energy to keep
the buildings users comfortable, than traditional heaters which need to
heat the entire space before the room temperature is comfortable for
the buildings users. The demand for less energy also puts less strain on
the ground source heat pump and energy recovery ventilator thus
increasing there efficiency and increasing the buildings potential to be
carbon neutral.
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Working out passive solarangles
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Centralised plant andground source heat pump
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Heating and ventilationstrategy: Winter
The winter heating and ventilation strategy is to use the heat
provided by both the ground source heat pump and energy recovery
ventilator to supply the underfloor heating. The heat given off by
underfloor heating, people and machinery is allowed to rise naturally to
the ceiling, here the warm air is ducted through the building back to the
energy recovery ventilator, which releases the heated air to the outside
world, importantly however it uses the heated air to heat new, cooler
incoming air.
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Heating and ventilationstrategy: Summer
On hot days, when there is a surplus of heat and the act of
retaining the heat would cause the building to become uncomfortably
warm, a natural cross ventilation strategy will be employed. The lower
portion of the building has been orientated almost parallel to the
prevailing wind and depth to height ratios kept within the advised limits
to make natural ventilation. The tower also employs natural ventilation,
however in this portion of the building the stack effect is used.
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Alternative heating andcooling
Sadly it is not plausible for all spaces within the building to be
naturally ventilated. The following charts seek to identify the types of
heating and ventilation that the various rooms within the building
require. The information obtained from these flow charts will then be
presented on a section.
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Lighting strategy
A core objective of the environmental strategy was to maximise
the amount of natural daylight that the building receives. The simple
reasons for this is that natural daylight reduces the need for energy
sapping artificial lighting and provides passive solar heat gains, which
reduces the buildings heating demands.
Natural lighting
When identifying the feasibility of the building being natural lit,
the primary concern is, other buildings obstructing light entering the
proposed building. This is worked out by drawing a line at 250 from
either two meters above the ground or from the centre of the proposed
windows. If any buildings are blocking the penetration of light, then the
daily period of time at which natural light will not enter the proposed
building should be worked out and deducted from the amount of sun
received per annum.
Fortunately having done this exercise, there should be no
blocked light. The dock to the south of the site is over 200m wide and
so there is not a building within 200m of the south facing facade, nor is
it likely there will be in future. The only real building of concern was the
reasonably nearby railway men's club, but as the study shows light
should be able to comfortably enter the building from the north. This
means that the building should receive the full 1400-1500hrs per annum
of sunlight that Barrow receives.
Whilst light to the proposed building is not blocked by any other
building it was also important to ensure that the proposed building
wouldn't block any light from accessing other buildings. Again the only
building of concern was the railway men's club. The study shows that
although close the proposed building doesn't block light to the railway
men's club. That said it would be unwise to increase the height of the
proposed building.
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Heat gains and glare
One of the problems with maximising the amount of natural light
entering the building, is that it maximises solar heat gains, whilst this is
advantageous in the winter months, during summertime it leads to
overheating and thus makes the users feel uncomfortable. Another
problem with an abundance of natural lighting is glare, this is of
particular concern on the first floor of the library, which is essentially a
computer floor.
There are numerous methods to control overheating and glare,
an early solution within the design process was to provide louvres as
they block the heat of the suns ray from entering the building and allow
the light to be bounced onto the ceiling to provide a diffuse light.
however it was felt that they detracted from the aesthetic of the building.
The proposed solutions to the problems are very simple, in order
to keep the building cool, windows will be opened, allowing the natural
ventilation strategy to keep the building temperature down and in order
to reduce glare, simple Venetian blinds will be fitted. The advantage of
them being that they allow for the user to control them locally.
Artificial lighting
On occasions when spaces within the building are not
sufficiently lit by natural daylight I.e. in the evening, artificial lighting will
be used as a substitute. The strategy is to have down lighters evenly
spaced between the beams of the building. Within classrooms lighting
will be user controlled, however in the library, particularly around the
bookshelves the lighting will use a motion sensor and time switch so
that the light is only turned on when a user is present. This system will
be employed in all spaces where it is feasible. Individual task lights will
also be provided within the library for reading and computer use.
This system increases the efficiency with which artificial lighting
is used and allows the user full control of the lighting conditions within
their localised environment.
Acoustics
Despite being situated in close proximity of the UK's largest
naval shipyard and a nuclear submarine undergoing repairs directly
opposite the site, on the other side of the dock, external noise levels are
relatively low. The only real noise is caused by the steady flow of traffic
on the strand, roughly 40 meters away.
A tutors voice must be able to carry from the front of the
classroom to the back, given that the distance is never greater than ten
meters, this should not prove a problem.
Noise from the plant will also be minimal as the building, as part
of a campus utilises a central and externally independent plant, the
building itself has only a very small plant room.
Materiality
The material choices of this building may seem slightly unusual
for a building which is seeking to be the embodiment of the subjects it
has been designed to facilitate the teaching of (ecology and renewable
technologies). Steel and concrete are not exactly famous for their
environmental credentials, it may be expected that a building of this use
would be built with, timber, rammed earth, old car tires or recycled
bottles. There are a few reasons this approach wasn't taken.
The first was that the high level view on the site was to good to
be ignored as such a tower was required of a height to great for all the
aforementioned methods other than perhaps laminated timber.
The second reason was the desire for the building to reference
Barrow's past as having been the home of the worlds largest iron and
steel works.
The third reason was information was acquired which highlighted
that perhaps concrete and steel aren't quite as environmentally
damaging as had previously been assumed.
Whilst steel is highly polluting in its manufacture, particularly in
comparison to timber, it is endlessly recyclable unlike timber, in fact 99%
of structural steelwork and 94% of all steel products are recycled, this is
a greater percentage than any other construction material. In addition
the high strength to weight ratio of steel allows less material to be used
than other construction methods and because less material is used
fewer vehicles are needed to deliver the material to site, thus reducing
transportation costs and emissions. Thanks to the large spans of steel
internal spaces are more flexible allowing the buildings use to be
adapted more readily thus increasing the likely hood that the building
will have a long life span. Research also suggests that steel beams
allow floor depths and concrete slabs to be of the optimal depth for a
good thermal mass14.
The concrete floor slabs to be used within this building are
150mm thick hollowcore concrete slabs. Hollowcore salbs are, well
hollow and so use less concrete in their manufacture and so are a more
environmentally conscious choice than a standard concrete slab. There
deign allows, much like a folded piece of paper, for the slabs to span
greater distances with shallower depths than a traditional concrete slab.
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This further reduces the amount of concrete used in the construction, but
also the amount of steel work required to support it, thus further
reducing the carbon footprint of the building.
On site renewable energygeneration
As a university faculty which specialises in the teaching of
renewable technologies, it was decided to bring a rich and diverse
range of renewable technologies to the project. For the most part the
energy supplied by these technologies, particularly the osmotic power
plant, will be negligible. However the key exemption is wind power, the
site is large enough to allow several small turbines to be placed upon it
and due to the exposed location of the site within a coastal town wind
speeds are comfortably high enough to run wind turbines efficiently.
As a rule of thumb if the average wind speed of a site is 6.5m/s
or greater at 45m above ground level (agl) then wind turbines should be
feasible. Using the windspeed database it is possible to identify the
average windspeed within a 1km grid square of the proposed site at
10m, 25m and 45m agl. The site sees an average windspeed of 7.3m/s
at 45m agl, therefore the tower turbine which will stand in excess of 60m
agl should be highly efficient. However 45m is simply to high for the
other turbines as they would begin to overwhelm the site, fortunately
the wind speed at 25m agl is 6.7m/s meaning turbines just 25m tall
would also be feasible, in fact turbines as low as 10m agl would still
work reasonably well although would have nowhere near the energy
output of the taller turbines. The average wind speed at 10m agl is
5.9m/s.
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Construction
Construction
This section of the technology report focuses primarily on the
tower as it is by far the most complex part of the building. The building is
steel framed with composite concrete floor slabs. The foundations are
steel piles, piles have been used due to the risk of subsidence. The
external envelope of the tower differs greatly throughout its profile, due
to complex geometry, structural requirements and materiality. Simplified
the tower consists of a structural exoskeleton on one half and a large
preformed concrete mass on the other, upper floors are surrounded
with glazing on three sides, whilst the auditorium on the ground floor is
encased in concrete.
A series of details follow over the preceding pages the part of
the building they refer to is highlight on the section to the right. Areas
highlighted in red are up to date details, whilst details highlighted in
orange are no longer up to date as the design has evolved since they
were drawn, however in all but a few details the changes are only slight.
P.S please ignore the hand written detail numbering the typed numbers
correlate to the numbering shown on the section, whilst for the most
part the hand written numbering does not.
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61
62
Detail 1
63
Detail 2
64
65
Detail 3
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67
Details 4 and 5
68
Details 6 and 7
69
Details 7 and A
70
Details 8 and B
71
Detail B
72
Details B and C
73
Details D and 9
74
Details 10, 11, F and G
75
Fire: Travel distances
76
77
78
79
Endnotes
1. Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED
HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968
2. Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet]
3. BOWind, It's windy …. and it's officially open, 25th
September 2006 [Internet]
4. Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED
HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968
5. Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED
HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968
6. Gregory, Mark, BBC News, Norway's Statkraft opens first
osmotic power plant, 24 November 2009 [Internet]
7. Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED
HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968
8. Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet]
9. Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet]
10. Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet]
11. Littlefair,P,J, Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight A
guide to good practice, 2003, p.15
12. Littlefair,P,J, Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight A
guide to good practice, 2003, p.15
13. Target zero, Key findings
14. Sustainable steel construction, Building a sustainable
future
80
Bibliography
Books
Littlefair,P,J, Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight A guide to goodpractice, BRE, 2003
Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT, AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY, 2ndEdition, Barrow-in-Furness Corporation,1968
Magazines/Journals/newspapers/leaflets
Target zero, Key findings
Sustainable steel construction, Building a sustainable future
Internet
BOWind, It's windy …. and it's officially open [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.bowind.co.uk/press250906.shtml >[Accessed08.12.2009]
Gregory, Mark, BBC News, Norway's Statkraft opens first osmoticpower plant [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8377186.stm>[Accessed 08.12.2009]
Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/ukmapavge.html#>[Accessed 16.10.2009]
81