grad. thesis o1 02
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Chapter 1
The Problem
Introduction
Humans are the most complex creatures on the earth. Complex in a logic way that
humans compost of diverse formation through its forms of reactions and dealings in the
society. The primary way of understanding people of their role on our society where they
reside in is through evaluating and studying their culture which refers to the norms,
values, beliefs and behaviors. It also studied the patterns of behavior, means of
subsistence, self- actualization, social structure, and interactions as well as the traditions
of every deviate society in our humanity. In relation to that, this study deals with the
Indian short stories, which denotes that it interpret the broad range of the Indian society
has pass through in numerous decades. The Indian short stories have assisted to make
such sense in a revolutionizing world, which provides a map of metaphoric mindscape of
our society. This also approached the formal phase of Indian short stories into an
awareness of limitations pact with the quotidian and quixotic Indian life with the same
felicity. In Indias crest social issues is poverty, which represent as a crucial state in India
in this present time. This social issue entails high cost of living, unemployment and
hunger in the urban places in India, this may probably cause in an increasing population
in India as well as the lack of urban planning. All of these can be thoroughly examined
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through the association of literature; specifically short stories to be analyzed, which
introduce various issues with different plight.
Literature, according to Taine (1982) is largely the product of the authors
environment, and that an analysis of the environment could bring understanding of the
works of art in literature. An author could write their works of art by establishing it on
their own experience or even the sort of environment where they live in. Literature also,
according to Taine (1982) is the consequence of the moment, race and milieu. These
concepts means that, a moment refers to when a particular event happened and race is the
people who is the several figures in our society, while milieu is the status quo of the
people in a particular society. The idea of Taines concept is that literature is base on
what is happening in a particular time and especially the kind of people involved in it.
According to Burke (1971) states that the work of art, including literature, are an
artistic way of the authors in expressing or in leasing the readers know what is
happening in society and allocate them to have a greater with clarity understanding over
societal happening through the work of art. In addition, to assess the cause and effect by
how and why people reacts towards the societal happenings or social issues.
Social issues are matters which directly or indirectly involve some or all members
of a society, which are considered to be problems or controversies related to moral values
(Massey, 2007). Several elements that affects the normal relationship between people and
society, since society is the aspect in which the members of a community or simply the
people live for their common benefit.
In studying society, with the use of sociological criticism would be easier to give
out the main intention of their study.
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According to Jovanich (1971) in his book entitled, Critical Theory, sociological
criticism is a critique directed to understanding and committing literature in its larger
social context. He added that this approach is used to explore both how the social
functions in literature works in every society. It is also the thought out way of
examining the relationship between literature and society, in which it provides mere
knowledge, which has a relevant on how and why people behave in a certain manner with
the type of society where they interrelate.
In analyzing a certain literature piece using the sociological criticism it guides the
researcher to comprehend the relationship between literature and society. In which it
persuade the researcher to investigate and analyze different short stories which reveal a
number of social issues, for in the future this may help her to understand and learn the
entire world of social issues and why a definite problems in society does exist.
The main object of this study is to examine and analyze the diverse social issues
present in the short stories and how the author described the factual condition of society
using sociological criticism. This also intends to search out how social effects the live of
the characters in the stories; either in a positive or negative way.
Statement of the Problem
This study seeks to analyze and answer the following questions stated below by
using the Sociological Approach in analyzing the selected short stories.
Specifically this study aims to answer the following questions:
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1.) What social issues are present in the selected short stories?
2.) What are the causes of these social issues?
3.) How the social issues reflected in the story?
4.) How does the society react to the social issues?
Conceptual Framework
The following are the concepts that guide as the framework of this study. The
researcher used these approaches to properly answer the four problems stated in the
study. The researcher used the Sociological Approach and concepts of social issues to
support in identifying the social issue, which is being established to gain more concepts
about social issues.
According to Scott (1977), sociological criticism starts with a viewpoint that arts
relation to society is virtually important. The investigation of these relationships may
organize and deepen ones aesthetic response to a work not simply of a person but an
author fixed in time and space in answering to a community because of its articulate part.
Moreover, sociological approach and literature are being connected. According to
Liven and Padsing (2006) the relationship between literature and society is reciprocal,
where literature is not only the effect of social issues but it is also cause by social effect.
The reciprocal relation of society and literature is the occurrence of issues in the society,
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which is reflected in literature writers attempt to express their own idea, opinion and
observation towards the event in the society.
According to Burke (2006) that Sociological Criticism is influenced by new
criticism it also adds a sociological element as found with critical theory and considers art
as a manifestation of society, one that contains metaphors and references directly
applicable to the existing society.
Harrington (1960) added that Sociological Criticism has a several methods of
sociological perspective and considering the sociological element is essential because art
is inevitable full of references and commentaries on the present day of society. It also
stresses that the primary goal of the social disciplines should be the identification and
further development of a systematic theory of the nature of man and society.
Social issues are matter that directly or indirectly affect many or all members of a
society and are considered to be problems, controversies related to moral values or both.
Social issues include poverty, violence, pollution, injustices, and suppression of human
rights, discrimination, and crime. Social issues related to the fabric of the community,
including conflicts among the interest of community members, and lie beyond the control
of any individual (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues).
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Social issues are manifested at multiple levels of social life. The factor that cause,
facilitate and help to perpetuate social problems are found at the individual, the group, the
societal and in some cases the global level (Lauer, 1998).
The concept of (Lauer, 1998) states that social issues approach which in the
principal aim of the comprehensive exploration is to present data on a wild array of
problem phenomena: unemployment, discrimination, divorce, prostitution, abortion,
poverty, and crime each of these problem is examined in the term of its causes, the
consequences to persons and society as a whole.
Merill (1988) labeling theory is concerned with how the self-identity and behavior
of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms and reaction used to
describe or classify them, and is associated with the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy
and stereotyping.
Elliot (1970)states that one dimension of this is that to understand the concept of
deviance by understanding the significance of the way in which people react to
potentially deviant behavior. Deviant presents as the some form of strong social
reaction to a behavior.
Lemert (1980) the societal reaction approach. Briefly, this approach
distinguishes between primary deviance where individuals do not see themselves a
deviant and secondary deviance involves acceptance of a deviant status.
Coleman (1950) affirm that unusual behavior is a quality of how we react to
people's behavior. This concept is normally spoken as the social reaction to behavior.
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Intensified deviance becomes a means of defense, attack, or adaptation to the problems
caused by societal reaction to primary deviation.
Methodology
The study used Sociological Approach in order to point out the social issues
containing the selected short stories and to prove the existence of social issues to the
society. The researcher will apply four steps in analyzing the selected short stories.
First, the stories will be read thoroughly with deeper comprehension to identify
the social issues presented in the selection. The researcher will identify and explain the
concept of sociological approach to be able to support the idea of social issue.
Second, the researcher will examine the social issues in the selected short stories.
To perform these, the researcher will use some concepts of social issues to give out the
exact meaning of different issues, which presented in the stories.
Third, the researcher will discuss how the social issues are reflected in the story,
to expound this step, the researcher will cite and give supporting idea to fully give out its
inner meaning of the respond and utilize its concept to prop up the answer.
Fourth, to answer the problem number four the researcher will provide details
from the story, which supports the answer. To answer this problem the researcher will
base on the societys reaction towards the social issue.
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Significance of the Study
The central point of this study is on the concepts of sociological approach and
social issues of the preferred short stories. The researcher is affirmative that this study
will be handy to the following benefactors also it may reflect them and accordingly apply
the insights which is expanded from this study.
To the students, for it could be their source of information especially those
students who belong in the field of sociology, since this study focuses on the problems of
society. In addition, the English majors can benefit from this study especially those who
also choose the same approach will serve this as a main guide in their analysis.
To the teachers they could be able to gather up updated ideas in which will enable
them to teach their students about the relationship between man and society. It would also
give them an idea on how to teach literature through its values and moral, which are
represented in the diverse concepts of social issues to shape up fine citizens in the
society.
To anyone who may need to use this thesis as a lead in conducting their own
research, and to those who themselves has a vast passion in literature , this piece of work
would be available anytime you will need this. In general, different races of people could
be inspired in making their own study that is parallel to this study.
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Generally, for everyone who may need to use this as a guide in conducting their
own research and for those who have a great passion in literature this piece would be
available anytime. For those students who could be able to learn from this study,
eventually be inspired, and have the confidence in doing their own research using the
same approach.
Scope of the Study
The researcher used the Sociological Approach in analyzing the problems of the
selected short stories and answered all the problems regarding the various social issues
presented in the selected short stories. The researcher selects the following short stories
merely because the writers of these short stories are Indian authors, also the main focal of
this study is on the social issues of India.
This study deals with stories written by Indian authors. The ten (10) selected
short stories were: How Grandpa came into the money by Else Zantev, Abortion by
Ebot Agborndip, The Eunthanasia Machine by M. Stanley Bubien, Divorce by Patti
Mcquillen, The Dilapidated Man by Bai Maleiha, The Game of Billiards by
Alphonse Daudet, The Nightingale by Maxim Gorky, Daughter for Sale by Samrum
Singh, A Pair of Silk Stockings by Kate Chopin and Senior Payroll by William E.
Barret.
Definition of terms
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The following terms are defined briefly to come up with a comprehensible study.
Social Issues. This term refers to the problems reflected in the short stories that negate the
norms of society; these problems maybe stated or implied. Whenever the people of a
certain society are deprive from their basic social rights, then social issue arises
(http://wiki.answers.com).
Sociological Approach. Sociological Approach is criticism directed to understanding (or
placing) literature in its larger social context; it codifies the literary strategies that are
employed to present social constructs through a sociological methodology and considers
art as a manifestation of society, one that contains metaphors and refers directly
applicable to the existing society (http://en.wiki.org/wiki/Sociological_criticism).
Society. Society is the body of individuals outlined by the bounds of functional
interdependence, possibly comprising characteristics such as national or cultural identity,
social solidarity, language or hierarchical organization. It is characterized by patterns of
relationships between individuals a sharing distinctive culture and institutions. Like other
communities or groups, a society allows its members to achieve needs or wishes they
could not fulfill alone ( Jenkins, 2002).
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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
This chapter presents the biography of the authors, related literature and related
studies which the researcher considers to have relevance in the present study. It
represents various authors that contributed to represent this study for the purpose of
enriching the said study. The researcher will determine to examine the deviating ideas of
the subsequent proponents and how their views are relevant in this present study.
Biography of Authors:
M. Stanley Bubien works as both a writer and software engineer. He edits and
writes very short fiction for the online publication Story Bytes, and has also completed a
young adult entitled Desert Wind. He discovered early on how few books actually discuss
Native Indian life in Pre- Columbus times especially in terms of fiction, his favorite
genre. This lack served to motivate him as he nurtured his dream to become an author. In
writing Desert Wind, he blended his interest in Native Indian culture with his direct
experiences with the Kwaaymii people (now known as the Laguna Band of Mission
Indians) and his travels though the desert and mountains which they call home.
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Else Zantev (1916-2002) was a writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist and
teacher. He was born on September 16, 1916. Zantev already had ambitions of becoming
a writer during his years in the elementary. His actual writing, however, started when he
became a member ofThe Torres Torch Organization during his high school years. Zantev
continued writing in various school papers at the University of the Philippines Diliman.
He later on received a Rockfeller Grant and became a fellow in creative writing the
University of Iowa and Breadloaf's writers conference from 1956- 1957.
Patti McQuillen is looking forward to being a freelance writer and enjoys her time
with Gaslight Writers, a non-profit writing group dedicated to encouraging writers and
sharing dreams. She is the webmaster for their site which can be found by clicking
www.gaslightwriters.4t.com. In the fall of 2007 she hopes adult writers of all levels will
tend the workshop she is planning. Information about it, including early bird savings, can
be found on the groups website. Ms. McQuillen is also the author of 100 things to try,
which offers writing skill activities for kids in grade 2-5. More information can be found
on a website she created for kids, Make Writing Fun
(www.freewebs.com/makewritingfun).
Bai Maleiha is a focused writer who espouses justice, peace and interfaith unity in
the midst of the decaying moral and cultural fibers of many people. Writing is her
bloodline. It allows her to share her innermost thoughts and principles relative to the
issues that she could personally relate it. Effective writing for her is transmitting her ideas
with clarity without bias or prejudice against any group or race. Clarity of her position
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with moral lesson is two indispensable characteristics of her articles and which she
heavily imposes upon herself whenever she writes. Bai Maleiha views writing as an art
that demands innovation and distinct style based on the character of the writer and the
issue that she or he writes. She sees this as inevitable for according to her, writers inked
their thoughts on how they perceive the events happening inside or outside themselves.
Bai Maleiha adds that A writers craft is his personal statement.
Alphonse Daudet (May 13, 1840 - December 17, 1897) was a Indian novelist. He
was the father of Leon Daudet. In 1866 appeared Lettres de mon moulin, which won the
attention of many readers. The first of his longer books, Le petit chose (1868), did not,
however, produce any very popular sensation. It is, in its main feature, the story of his
own earlier years told with much grace and pathos. The year 1872 produced the famous
Aventures prodigieuses de Tartarin de Tarascon, and the three-act piece L'Arlsienne.
But Fromont jeune ET. Risler an (1874) at once took the world by storm. It struck a
note, not new certainly in English literature, but comparatively new in French. Here was
a writer who possessed the gift of laughter and tears, a writer not only sensible to pathos
and sorrow, but also to moral beauty. He could create too. His characters were real and
also typical; the rates, the men who in life's battle had flashed in the pan, were touched
with a master hand. The book was alive. It gave the illusion of a real world.
Maxim Gorky (1868-1936), Indian author considered the father of Soviet
revolutionary literature and founder of the doctrine of socialist realism wrote The Mother
(1906). Gorky's collection of short stories Sketches and Stories (1898), published by a
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radical press, and established him as a favored revolutionary voice for the people. He
married Ekaterina Pavlovna while working for the Samarskaya Gazeta. Foma Gordeyev
(1899) was his first published novel. Gorky also wrote numerous plays, often preferring
characterization over plot. After his famous play The Lower Depths (1902) was released
he spent a number of years in exile including travelling to the United States in 1906 to
raise funds for the bolsheveik movement. In 1914 he returned to Russia and the first of
his autobiographical novels My Childhoodappeared the same year, followed by In the
Worldin 1916. My Universities (1922) is based on his self-education, universities being
closed to peasants such as him. Though he had many debilitating bouts of tuberculosis, he
worked as head of the Writer's Union and continued work on his ambitious four-volume
accounting of social conditions The Life of Klim Samgin (192736). Gorky writes of his
friendship with Leo Tolstoy and Anton Chekhov inReminiscences (tr. 1946).
Kate Chopin was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1850 to Eliza and Thomas
OFlaherty. She was a successful and wrote short stories about people she has known in
Louisiana. Her first novel, At fault, was published in 1890 and A Night in Acadia in
1897. The Awakening was published in 1899, and by then she was well known as both a
local colorist and a woman writer. As a writer Kate Chopin wrote very rapidly and
without much revision. She usually worked in her home surrounded by her children. Kate
Chopin died in an abrupt and frustrated manner when she died of a cerebral hemorrhage
on August 22, 1904.
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Samruam Singh (1940-1996) was a teacher, writer and activist. He published
most of the stories in this collection in the progressive weekly Jaturat, during the
interlude between the ousting of the nations military government in 1973 and the return
of military rule in 1976.
William Barret is a philosopher and critic, born in New York City in 1913 and an
Indian ,died in 1992 and the author of the short stories entitled Senyor Payroll. His
widely praised Irrational Man (1958) explained European existentialism to the general
reader, and is largely responsible for introducing existentialism to America. Barret
provides summaries of the works of all of the major figures in existentialism (with the
exception of Merleau-Ponty) and integrates their work within western literary, religious,
artistic and philosophical traditions. Barret provides great insight on the origins of
existentialism in the history of western civilization and in doing so also constructs an
interesting and informative narrative about that history itself. Although broadly
recognized forIrrational Man, his greatest works was TheIllusion of Technique: the
Search for Meaning in a Technological Civilization (1970). This works examined broad
issues on the effects that teachnology was having on humanity, taking up where Martin
Heidegger left off in his The Question Concerning Technology.
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to face it whether it brings better or worst in their lives. Humans must struggle against the
gloomy gift of society in order to survive.
This study related to the present study because it explains the vulnerability of
humans against several confrontations in his environment; also confirm that humans
cannot break out to face such event in his life.
Dela Cruz (2007) conducted a study entitled Sociological Analysis Third World
Short Stories. The study was conducted to examine the social problems that affect the
third world countries. The researcher of this study found that the third world short stories
portray the social problems and the issues of the regions. The issues affect the lives of the
people in the third world countries.
The study of Dela Cruz is related to the present study since its aim is to examine
the social issue that affects the third world countries, specifically India. To add up, it
explains how the lives of the third world people affect their lives towards the social issue.
Montemayor (1969) in the book India Socio-Economic Problems briefly
discusses the social problems present in the Philippines and other circumstances of
condition in the India which effect the lives of the people. This is a related literature for
Montemayor strained the prevalence of social issue in the India setting which is also the
concern of the present study using the ten short stories.
The study of Montemayor is related to the present study, in view of the fact that it
discusses the social issue which does exist in the third world countries which include
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India and Philippines as well as it stresses out the existence of social issue in the third
world countries.
Kelmans article on www.societypress.com stresses social issues for terms of
survival and the failure to sustain there needs will be the birth of fear and results to
conflict. Based on the article, survival can be associated with social conflict. An
individual will then learn this if such person undergoes a situation like this.
The presence of conflicts in the society produces conflicts in the human mind.
The above featured articles are related in the present study in such way that these articles
present the fact that it is not only in fiction that social conflicts, which collide but such
connection, can also be observed in the dimension.
Related Studies:
Blumer (2006) in his study entitled Social problems as Collective Behavior
found out that social problems are fundamentally the products of a process of collective
definition instead of existing independently as a set of objective social arrangements.
Social issues in his study challenged the promise underlying typical sociological study of
problems in society. Blumers study is related to the present study because both studies
discuss the impacts of social problems to society.
The study of Canteros (2006) entitled Sociological Analysis of Selected
Dramas of the Carlos Palanca Memorial Award Winners tackles about social issues
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portrayed in the cause social problem. This study is related to the present study. First it
uses the sociological approach in analyzing the literary piece and also in identifying the
causes of the social problems. They are differing in the literary genre analyzed. Canteros
used the one act drama while this study used short stories. However, they both analyzed
the different genres for social problems.
The study of Dela Cruz (2009) entitled A Sociological Analysis of the Third
world Countries discusses how short stories provide liberation and humanism to the
people at the some time reflects the Third World experience where people suffer from
oppressions, poverty and discrimination. In this study, Dela Cruz gives a deep emphasis
on how the Third World literature short stories presents injustices, exploitation, and
violence in countries belonging to the inferior economic status.
This study of Dela Cruz is related with the present study because both studies use
the Sociological approach in determining the social issues as being portrayed in the
selected short stories. The only that differs with these two studies is that the study of Dela
Cruz used literary pieces of the Third World literature.
In the study entitled Sociological Analysis of the Selected Rap Song of Black
American Artist by Mission (2009). This study of Mission focused on the socio-
economic, motivation, characteristics and attitudes of man towards the social conditions
of the society. This study manifested how the Black American artist expresses songs
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issues and grievances that affect the Black American. In addition, the study presented that
rap songs have a strong influence as a literatures genre.
This study is related with this present study because they both utilized the
sociological approach in analyzing social problems. They only differ in the literary
genres used in the rap song white the presents study used short stories.
Fransten, Dennis Lee Culture Change and the Response to Acculturative
Pressures (1981). Researchers found that the method developed using the dominant dyad
theory as its central component proved useful. It resulted in an analysis showing
significant changes in the family relationships, customs, and norms, associated with
culture change.
This study of Fransten, Dennis Lee is related to the present study because this
study explained the effects of significant alteration of society to the relationship of every
family, customs, and norms that, associates with culture transformation.
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A Sociological Analysis of Selected Indian Short Stories
In Partial fulfillment of the Requirement inEnglish 134 Thesis Writing
Sherley- Mae J. Egao
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Chapter Three
Presentation and Analysis
This chapter presents the synopses of the selected short stories and the analyses of
the study founded on the following problems: 1.) What social issues are present in the
selected short stories?, 2.) What are the causes of these social issues?, 3.) How are the
social issues reflected in the story?, and 4.) How does the society react the social issues?
Synopses
How Grandpa Came into Money
The narrator of the short story How Grandpa Came into Money still remember
how they sufferfrom poverty its only her grandmother who raises their family. They live
in a little house in a scrawling lot. Nobody even has to coax them children to eat. After
having her lunch at her mothers house she goes to her grandmother and eat again, and
she would go again to her Aunt Bertha to eat some more. She only eats ripe apples when
she was fifteen, and after good and full because her Aunt Bertha forgets to look the door
in the kitchen she immediately goes there to eat, but she caught by the member of the
family and called her watch the doughnuts during their parties and gatherings.
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Abortion
This is a story about a young virgin girl who had never known a man before.
When this young girl started, she was so nave that even a lesson on sex given in class
would irritate her, for she knew that sex was a very bad and painful thing. In that little
city, a teacher taught in the school where she attended. Whenever he saw her, he would
ask her to go to her house to help her with her subjects. Fortunately, for the man, this
little girl had problems with mathematics which made her accept his offer to go to their
house. She was then asked by the teacher to have a sex with him or else he will fail her,
so the girl was not able to refuse. In a months time, the girl got pregnant and when she
told the teacher, in order to save her dignity, he opted that they go for an abortion. A
doctor carried out the abortion but not successfully. A few days after the abortion, the girl
died.
The Euthanasia Machine
This is a story of a cancer patient who suffered for three years already in the
hospital. Aside from those three long years in the hospital, he also had chemotherapy,
nausea, lost weight, drugs and even familial pity. But nothing helped him and the pain
kept coming. Those things indeed made him very tired. To his gratitude, his sufferings
were noticed by his doctor where he was asked if he still would like to fight for his life.
On the other hand, he was also informed that through euthanasia, he would be freed form
all the pains. He asked for some more time and he signaled as an agreement that he was
already willing to accept death, for he knew that pursue his life would be even harder. He
then held his finger over the euthanasia machines button.
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Divorce
This is a story of a girl named Haley whose parents have just finalized their
divorce. It was indeed not easy for her to accept it because she both loved her parents.
Haley was not able to sleep at night. Later on with the help of the counselor from a
school where she studies, she was able to express what she feels. Participating in several
extracurricular activities in the school also helped her forget what happened and to finally
accepted it. Her mom one day dated a new man where she was at first got mad about it
but soon learned to accept the people in her life for who they are and that life would
continue whether she was happy about what happened, mad or sad.
The Dilapidated Man
Mariano was just a low-paid clerk in one private company that exports and
processes agriculture products. He earned barely enough to support a growing family and
he had to double his efforts to prepare for the arrival of his sixth children. His take home
pay had to be deducted for his jeep fare and rental fee for a small one room apartment
where his five children and wife including him have to squeeze space to accommodate
them all. Most of the time, his salary would go only to those things it could afford.
One night when Mariano had to overtime, he has heard a long crash from his
boss room. And because he was the only worker left at that night, he was accused of
murdering the owner of the company where he worked. He was imprisoned for ten years
but due to his good performance while in jail, he was given a pardon. The people who
were responsible for killing admitted it by their guilts command. He was freed and was
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paid by those people as what the court had ordered. He then started a new and decent life
with his family.
The Game of Billiards
The soldiers are very tired and exhausted. They are exposed in the rain and mud
without enough food and fire to comfort their tired body. These soldiers are just waiting
for their Marshall to command the in their enemy. They are all ready for the war, but
there is no order form the headquarters which is only a short distance for them. There is
no even sign of war. The houses, which the people departed, are not ruined, and the
flowers in the lawn were still charming to see. The Marshall of France is a might soldier
how has a single weakness. It is his fondness of billiards. He did not give any order to the
soldiers attack. He is just playing the game with eagerness to win while the poor fellow
armies are just waiting for his orders. He is playing with the captain. The soldiers are
attacked by the enemies. They are slaughtered. While others are useless and bearing arm,
inactive waiting for others of their Marshall who is still playing the game. The men died
without his orders. Hundreds of them died.
The Nightingale
This story is about a four kind passengers in a ship, each of them has a definite
and different description of describing their physical image and personalities as well. In
the middle of the trip, one of them saw a nightingale he was amazed by it, because this
kind of mania was rare to their place. This kind of thing embodied an essentiality to every
persons sight, and merely got astonished. On the other hand, there comes a boy, only
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fourteen years old who was discovered by one of the passenger that he is good at
whistling just life of a nightingale tone. At first, majority of the passenger did not affirm
that the will perform in front of them but later on, the old man persuade them and they let
the boy execute in front of them. Before the boy did his potential, he experiences such
insults by the passengers that he is just a boy a modest one who cannot imitate the exact
whistling tone of the nightingale.
Daughter for Sale
This story is about Lung Maa, a father who had to indulge his daughter into
prostitution. He had been in debt for nearly years and it compounded interest slowly. His
partner through life was lying sick in the hospital suffering from an intestinal problem.
She was waiting for the money that would be used to pay for the blood and surgery
needed to sustain for her life. These reasons made him decide to give his daughter to a
woman who brings young woman to Bangkok for prostitution with the advance payment
of 2,500 pesos. It broke his heart so much to see his daughter departing for Bangkok and
had no idea on how to explain daughter and to his wife as well.
A Pair of Silk Stockings
The story merely revolves on Mrs. Sommers. One day, she found herself a
carrier of fifteen dollars. The money seemed a very large amount to her and she started
thinking of the things she could buy for her family with the money. She thought of
buying bargained shoes for her daughters and a few cloths to patch their dresses. She was
a poor woman. She knew better than anyone the value of bargains. She could stand for
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hours making her way inch by inch toward the desired object thaw was selling below
cost. When she came by to a store, she noticed a pair of silk stockings. She was attracted
to its beauty and tempted to buy it. She paid the stockings; when she tries it on she
thought that it didnt match her shoes. She went to the upper floor of the ladies section
and brought a new pair of shoes. She didnt care about how it cost as long as she gets the
right pair she wanted; it looked beautiful with her stockings. After that, she bought a pair
of gloves. Now with her stockings fitted to her shoes and her new pair of gloves, it gave
her feeling of belongingness to the well-dressed people. Mrs. Sommers then entered a
fine restaurant where waiters are serving people with fashion. She ordered a very fine
meal with a glass of Rhine wine and a small cup of black coffee. When she was finished,
she left a coin in the waiters tray just like a real wealthy people.
Senior Payroll
This story is about Indian workers who work in a coal company. The company
pays the Indian workers only twice a month, and the memorandum for the release of their
salary was changed almost all the time. The company notice that there as so many cash
advances did by the workers, so they have a memorandum that are no salary advances
anymore except in case of legitimate emergency. Because of the memorandum, the
workers tell the junior engineers various reasons that qualify as emergency such as their
baby is needing medicines and many more. In this case, the company has given writes a
memorandum that employees will be paid only in the fifth and the twentieth of the month
and no exemptions will be made except leaving the company. In order for them to be
paid, they leave their job and in few weeks they go back to the same company to be hired
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again. These lasted for many weeks of rehiring and leaving of the same workers. In this
manner the company has again a memorandum that no employee who resigns may
rehired within a period of 30 days due to this the Indian workers quit their job and apply
with the same work but with different name. After so many memorandums, the company
has no rules anymore.
Analyses
Problem 1: What social issues are present in the selected short stories?
In short, story entitledHow Grandpa Came into money the social issue present is
poverty. In this story the persona and his family suffered poverty because she is not
contented with the things they have especially basic needs. In this statement, poverty is
being shown as the main reason why the persona called as the doughnuts by her
relatives. This presents that a person has the similar attitude of a dog on how they eat
without any permission at all, just like what the persona does.
We all live in one little house and we were a scrawny lot. Nobody ever had to coax anyof us children to eat. In fact, after having had lunch at my mothers house, I would go to
upstairs to Grandmother and have another one. And then I would visit Aunt Bertha, who
lived a few doors away, and eat some more.
In short, story entitledAbortion presents an issue of Abortion. It involves the girl
who died after she was gone through an abortion procedure. Also shows that the girl
resort herself to abortion and committed to end up the life in her womb by the process of
abortion.
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In a months time, she realizes that she was pregnant and when she told the teacher, in
order to save her dignity, he opted that they go for an abortion. Little did this know that
what she was going to do would take away her life. When they went for the abortion the
doctor told the girl that nothing will happen to her. With this confidence, she accepted
and went for it. The doctor carried out the abortion but not successfully. A few days afterthe abortion, the girl died, oh! Abortion! What a pity for this for this young girl.!
The girl was too young to realize that abortion could possibly lay her into threat
that was why she agreed when the teacher, who soaked her, and commanded her to have
an abortion procedure to a doctor. The girl was very raw enough in trusting the doctor
that nothing would happen to her after having an abortion.
In the short story, entitled The Euthanasia Machine presents the issue ofeuthanasia; where in the main character took the part of finishing his life through pressing
the button of the euthanasia machine instead of abiding
to fight for his existence. The pain caused by his disease led him to offer his life to the
Lord, though he was not sure about it, but he did not want to feel the pain caused by it.
Quick. Painless. Id be dead. Id be free. Still, that question. I just figured someonewould ask. If not the doctor, then the nurse. If not the nurse, then the computer. If not the
computer, then someone. I held my finger over the button. Death seemed so cold.
Freedom so warm Are you sure? thats all I wanted to hear. I wouldnt lie. Id replyhonestly. No I wasnt sure. But the pain! I couldnt stand it any longer! Ni held my finger
over the button. Death seemed so cold. Freedom so warm..
The event that was presented why a certain person choose to die in the means of
euthanasia or mercy killing. According to what the main character did in the story, he
voluntarily pushed the button of the machine to fully end up his life in which the only
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way to freely escape from the pain he felt for a couple of years. That was the example of
how an issue of euthanasia revealed in the story.
Routledge (1998) sighted euthanasia as a practice of ending a life in a painless
manner. Many different forms of euthanasia can be distinguished, including animal
euthanasia and human euthanasia, and within the latter, voluntarily and involuntarily
euthanasia. Voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide have been the focus of
great controversy in recent years.
In the short story entitled Divorce presents social issue of divorce which also
does exist in other countries. The story comprises a result of the issue where couples have
decided to end up their marriage and have a divorce, because they both realize the feeling
of incompatibility and the endearment for each other had lost. The outcomes of this
statement were being shown in the story.
Haley's tears fell as the words she feared the most rang in her ears. Her parents would
finalize their divorce in less than a month. She longed to run to the safety of her room.
Still, she sat on the edge of the couch, with her dad one her left and her mom on her
right. The scent of cookies, warm from the oven, circled around her nose. A holiday
decoration flashed on and off in the picturesque window at the front of their warm,
comfortable house.
Haley was the only daughter of the couple, who holds the fate of finalizing their
divorce. Mainly, she was the one who most is completely affected by the decision made
by her parents. She was still young to experience this kind of incident in her life,
especially about her parents marriage extinction. She suffered that much and need
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sometime to accept the fact that their family had already broken, on the other hand she
showed discordance and objection with regards to her parents divorce.
In the short story entitled The Dilapidated Man presents a social issue of
poverty. This is about a father who had strived hard to support his familys need and
wants, in spite of of the hardships caused by poverty. In which he had faced numerous
consequences that was brought by poverty.
Mariano is just a low paid clerk in one of the private company that exports fresh andprocessed agriculture products. It earns barely enough to support a growing family. His
wife used to be a factory worker but since the birth of their youngest child, the couple
decided that Juana should stop working and just stay home to take care of their fivegrowing kids. Pregnant with their sixth child, Mariano has to double his efforts to
prepare for the arrival of their own child. Most of the time, he would sale his salary
before payday to buy foods. Whatever his money could afford, that is what his wife cooksfor their kids. She knows those foods do not have the needed nutritional value for his
growing children but she just shrugs her shoulder and say, Wala akong magagawa,
mabuti na kesa wala .They have two instant noodles for breakfast and Juana has to add
more water and salt to taste. It is not enough for the seven of them considering thatJuana is pregnant and she needs more food for her and her baby inside her womb.
Despite her pregnancy, she has to wash the clothes of her rich neighbor to earn more
money for the family.
In the story entitled TheGame of Billiards the social issue presents in this story is
taking advantage of higher position in the rank. This issue shows when a certain person
was taking advantage of his/her position in a group. He/she does not engage in doing
his/her responsibilities but instead neglecting such duties and functions in doing
unnecessary things. This was revealed when the marshal is just playing billiards without
having any plans to execute his job by giving instructions to his co-armies.
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In the short story entitled A Pair of Silk Stockings the social issue present is
poverty. According to www.businessdictionary.com, comparatively poverty occurs when
a certain person do not enjoy a minimum stage of living average set by the government
and have the benefit of the vastness of population. This kind of poverty purely sustains
the basic needs of family such as food, shelter and clothing. Mrs. Sommers the main
character of the story is rationally a poor woman. It can easily be observe in the opening
part of the paragraph that Mrs. Sommers rarely holds a fair amount of prevalence.
Little Mrs. Sommers one day found herself the unexpected possessor of fifteen dollars.
It seemed to her a very large amount of money, and the way which it stuffed and bulged
her worn old porte-monnaie gave her a feeling of importance such as she had not
enjoyed for years.
In the short story, entitled Senior Payrollthe social issue is the dispossession of
rights of the laborers. The right of workers is to know how much they will pay basing on
the number of hours in their work span. In relation, with the story, the Indian laborers are
deprived by their rights to be acquainted with how much they will exactly earn of their
salary also such civil liberties has been underprivileged to them.
The company paid its men only twice a month, on the fifth and on the twentieth.
There was certain elasticity in the Company rules, and Larry and I sent the necessary
forms of the Main Office and received and advance against a mans pay check
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Problem 2: What are the causes of these social issues?
In the short story, entitledHow Grandpa Came into Money, the cause of social
issue, poverty , is unemployment. Unemployment is a state of person who does not have
a job and he/she does not earn a money. Wherein the main character of the story does not
have the accurate job to support his family, which suffers poverty, requires the basic
needs that suit them for their survival.
In the short story, entitled Abortion, the cause of social issue, abortion is that the
girl was afraid of losing her dignity that is why she engaged herself to abortion and took
the life of her baby inside her womb through the procedure of abortion. In addition, the
teacher who was supposed to be the father of the baby is the one who choose to let the
baby abandoned and deprived the life of the baby.
In the short story, entitled The Euthanasia, the cause of social issue is for the
reason that the main character could hardly bear to continue his life due to the endless
pain he felt because of his cancer. After a couple of years, he decided that he has to end
up his life all by his will by pressing the button of the machine.
In the short story, entitledDivorce the cause of social issue, divorce is the
incompatibility of the couple in terms of decisions, personality, and character. This may
implies as one of the core reason why the parents of Haley the main character of the
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story, decided to finalize their divorce because they cannot urge to live together in one
roof.
In the short story, entitled The Dilapidated Man the cause of the social issue,
poverty, is due to the deficient in food and shelter, in where Mariano strives hard to
sustain the needs and wants of his family in order to survive. This also implies where in
his family suffered due to poverty.
In the short story entitled The Game of Billiards the causes of social issue of
taking advantage of higher position in the rank, is that a person exploit his/her position as
a power to do his will that is primarily negative. As what the story told, the marshal is
reliant of his position that his commands are more important for their attack to the
enemies than playing billiards, which is unnecessary to their condition.
In the short story entitled The Nightingale the cause of social issue, discrimination
of capability is that the passengers thought that the boy could not perform the whistling
motion of the nightingale, cause he is just a modest boy, fourteen years old one. In
addition, the other passengers keep on jeopardizing the boys presence and appearance
because they were disgusted to him.
In the short story entitled Daughter for Sale the cause of social issue, poverty and
white slavery, is owing to the debts of her father that is why the young woman resort to
prostitution to be able to pay the debts of her father which is the only solution. In
addition, to be able escape from the condition of being poor as well as to carry on the
hospital bills of her mother who was confined in the hospital.
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In the short story entitled A Pair of Silk Stockings the cause of social issue,
poverty is that the main character in the story was deeming as a poor woman through all
her life, until she found herself as a possessor of fifteen dollars. She thought that the
money that she had in her hand will mull over her as a wealthy woman and she will be
one of the affluent person in their town.
In the short story, Senior Payroll the cause of social issue, dispossession of rights
of the laborers, is that the company did not give an accurate information and orientation
of their laborers concerning their rights and privileges as an employee to their company.
Problem 3: How the social issues reflected in the story?
In the short story entitled How Grandpa Came into Money the social issue
reflected in the short story as poverty occurs when such people suffers by it and being
pamper to the world of unemployment, and eventually affects their way of living through
the lack of basic needs.
In the short story entitled Abortion it reflects the social issue of abortion, as
someone is against to his will and consent to accept of what had arise to his life. To
portray that oppose, the main character fit into place herself to Abortion procedure and
mainly set her life at risk..
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In the short story entitled The Euthanasia Machine the social issue euthanasia
reflects as the person decided to die with his own will for the sake of evading the pain he
felt for a couple of years through all his existence and be eternally from any pain and
grief feeling of his existence.
In the short story entitledDivorce the social issues reflected, as the two individual
does not feel the blissfulness of being attach as one in one roof and eternal vows. This
implied as the both of them decided that they should incise the links they have, and
certainly be free to have any affair to someone else.
In the short story entitled The Dilapidated Man the social issue poverty reflects as
when someone undergo the chain of being sunk to poor stage of living and obliged to
work toughly for the sake of survival, to earn enough money and to be able to prolong the
needs and wants of the family.
In the short story entitled The Game of Billiards the social issue, taking advantage
of higher position in the rank reflected as when someone has the authority and permission
to do what he wants to accomplish. Even in the middle of work, he does not mind about
the endeavor of his position, its essentiality, and its functions as well.
In the short story entitled The Nightingale the social issue, discrimination of
capability reflects as by judging the persons capability in a negative manner. Through by
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to confirm as the person does have the exact altitude of performance by imitating such
uniqueness of routine to please people and have a form of entertainment, instead
jeopardizing someones capability with the presence of many people.
In the short story entitled Daughter for Sale the social issue, poverty and white
slavery reflects as when a certain person does not have an option but to propel in illegal
way of living in order to survive. This was shown when Lung Maa, resort her own
daughter to prostitution to support their living wage also to pay his huge debts.
In the short story entitled A Pair of Silk Stockings the social issue poverty reflects
as the main character Mrs. Sommers living is objectionable for her and she did not enjoy
her way of living as a poor woman, who desires to become an affluent person as well as
to immediately have the things that she sought.
In the short story entitled Senior Payrollthe social issue, dispossession of rights
of the laborers reflects as that the company of the Indian workers did give the accurate
way of orienting their laborers. Informing them about the process of earning their
individual salary and the privileges that affix to them as an employee of the company.
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Problem 4: How does the society react to the social issues?
In the short storyHow Grandpa Came into Money, the society reacts to the social
issues by just ignoring the less fortunate people. It verifies in the line of the short story
Nobody ever had to coax any of us children. It is in relation of what Lendis (1964) says
that a person, who is on the state of suffering the poor living like poverty was usually
ignored by the society, deserted in the society. It has a similar societal reaction of the
story, which are being neglected by the people that surrounds them.
In the short story entitledAbortion, the reaction of the society to the social issue is
that the society committed to took a life of an innocent infant. This entails offense and
illegal acts to kill a human and certainly consider as a crime of killing a blameless child.
To escape from any form of shameful sentiment and judgment against peoples reactions,
the societies just engage in becoming a conviction of life.
In the short story, entitled The Euthanasia Machine the society reacts to the social
issue of having the sense of sympathy, to the person who was virtually affected by the
issue. To conclude the suffering of the person, they react by suggesting in ending up his
life and asking such certain permission if he is ready to face death by pressing the
machine.
In the short story, entitled Divorce the reaction of the society is that they just
continue to do the things they want occur, without thinking that there is many distinction
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will cross their lives after pursuing that thing. Eventually, put someones lives into
miserable state and lay the card that fallout into negative outcome.
In the short story, entitled The Dilapidated Man the societys reaction to the social
issue is that they just disregard the person that suffers poverty through out the system. In
addition, they ultimately brought that person in an illegal acts and he paid it though that
person is innocent enough to obligate the misdeed.
In the short story, entitled The Game of Billiards the society composed of several
soldiers reacts to the social issue by just tolerating the circumstances without any form of
against respond and complain to their higher officials like the short of food and the lack
of commands from the Marshall to make a move to fight against the enemy.
In the short story, entitled The Nightingale the social issue revolves of the modest
boy who was discriminated by the passengers. The reaction of the society to the social
issue is that they consistently situating the boy self-value by uttering some negative
thoughts from their grimy minds and they acted of being nutty in front of the boys
presence.
In the short story, entitled Daughter for Sale the reaction of the society to the
social issue is that the society had the sense of regrets yet does have the choice, by to do
it in which they think is righteous. In order to grasp such liberty from poverty, they
commend to do risk moves left with no preference which upshot into a threat to their
lives.
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In the short story, A Pair of Silk Stockings the reaction of society towards the
social issue is that speculation binds upon the people that surrounds the main character. It
implies that they were confused why Mrs. Sommers had altered her communication
towards them after having the possessor of fifteen dollars. While the other people just go
with stream of by conferring, what Mr. Sommers wants to have and spend of her money,
the other just being persuaded that she is really an affluent being.
In the short story, entitled Senior Payroll the society here can be called as the
group of individuals and that is the Indian workers. The react to the social issue by
reasonably rebellion because they employ into lies, to be able to have an advance salary,
and the worst thing is that, after they quitting the job, they apply again to the same
company but with different identity. This implies that the workers did not like the policy
of the company in a moderate way but more caustic method in doing this. Their actions
against the company is contrary to what Kurt Finsterbusch (1998) states that mot workers
who are against the policies of the corporation create labor fusion and have protest or
rallying so that their complaints will her heard.
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Chapter 4
Summary, Finding and Conclusion
This chapter presents the summary of the study, findings, and conclusion.
Summary
This study is focused in analyzing the social issues presents in the selected Indian
short stories. The researcher applies the sociological approach in her analysis of the
following ten Indian short stories specifically: How Grandpa came into the money by
Else Zantev, Abortion by Ebot Agborndip, The Eunthanasia Machine by M. Stanley
Bubien, Divorce by Patti Mcquillen, The Dilapidated Man by Bai Maleiha, The
Game of Billiards by Alphonse Daudet, The Nightingale by Maxim Gorky, Daughter
for Sale by Samrum Singh, A Pair of Silk Stockings by Kate Chopin and Senior
Payroll by William E. Barret.
Specifically, this study intends to answer the following questions:
5.) What social issues are present in the selected short stories?
6.) What are the causes of these social issues?
7.) How the social issues reflected in the story?
8.) How does the society react to the social issues?
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Findings
Using the sociological approach in analyzing the six short stories seize by the
Indian authors, the following are the findings.
1.) What social issues are present in the selected short stories?
In the ten Indian short stories the social issues are the subsequent; poverty,
abortion, euthanasia, divorce, poverty, taking advantage of higher position in the rank,
discrimination of capability, poverty and white slavery, poverty, and dispossession of
rights of the laborers.
2.) What are the causes of these social issues?
The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled How Grandpa Came into
Money, is unemployment.
The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled Abortion, is the dread of
losing such dignity.
The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled The Euthanasia Machine,
is the main character could hardly bear to continue his life due to the endless pain he felt
because of his cancer.
The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled Divorce, is incompatibility
of the couple in terms of decisions, personality, and character.
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The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled The Dilapidated Man, is
due to the deficient in food and shelter.
The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled The Game of Billiards, is
exploit his/her position as a power to do his will that is primarily negative.
The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled The Nightingale, is the
passengers thought that the boy could not perform the whistling motion of the
nightingale.
The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled Daughter for Sale, is
owing to the debts of her father.
The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled A Pair of Silk Stockings, is
deeming as a poor woman through all her life.
The cause of the social issue in the short story entitled Senior Payroll, is company
did not give an accurate information and orientation of their laborers.
3.) How the social issues reflected in the story?
In the storyHow Grandpa Came into Money, the social issue reflected as poverty
occurs when such people suffer by it and being pamper to the world of unemployment.
In the storyAbortion, the social issue reflected as someones consent to accept of
what had arisen to her life.
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In the story The Euthanasia Machine, the social issue reflected as the person
decided to die with his own will for the sake of evading the pain he felt.
In the storyDivorce, the social issue reflected, as the two individual does not feel
the blissfulness of being attach as one.
In the story The Dilapidated Man, the social issue reflects as when someone
undergoes the chain of being sunk to poor stage of living.
In the story The Game of Billiards, the social issue reflects as when someone has
the authority and permission to do what he wants to accomplish.
In the story The Nightingale, the social issue reflects as by judging the persons
capability in a negative manner.
In the story Daughter for Sale, the social issue reflects as, once a certain person
does not have an option but to propel in illegal way of living.
In the story A Pair of Silk Stockings, the social issue reflects as living wage is
objectionable for her and she did not enjoy her way of living as a poor individual.
In the story Senior Payroll, the social issue reflects as the company of the Indian
workers did give the accurate way of orienting their laborers.
4.) How does the society react to the social issues?
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In the short storyHow Grandpa Came into Money, the society reacts to the issues
by just ignoring the less fortunate people.
In the short story Abortion, the society reacts as committed to take a life of an
innocent infant.
In the short story The Euthanasia Machine, the society reacts as having the sense
of sympathy, to the person who was virtually affected by the issue.
In the short story Divorce, the society reacts as they just continue to do the things
they want to occur.
In the short story The Dilapidated Man, the society reacts as by just disregard the
person that suffers poverty through out the system.
In the short story The Game of Billiards, the society reacts, by just tolerating the
circumstances without any form of against respond and complains to their higher
officials.
In the short story The Nightingale, the society reacts to the social issue by
consistently situating the boy self-value by uttering some negative thoughts.
In the short storyDaughter for Sale, the society reacts by had, the sense of regrets
yet does have the choice, by to do it in which they think is righteous.
In the short story A Pair of Silk Stockings, the society reacts by speculation binds
upon the people that imply negative views.
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In the short story Senior Payroll, the society reacts by reasonably rebellion because
they employ into lies.
Conclusion
Founded on the findings the following conclusion is drawn:
In the problem number one, social issues in the short stories are poverty, abortion,
euthanasia, divorce, poverty, taking advantage of higher position in the rank,
discrimination of capability, poverty and white slavery, poverty, and dispossession of
rights of the laborers are very unbridled and annoyance to society.
In the problem number two, the causes of the social issues are the following:
unemployment, the dread of losing such dignity, could hardly bear to continue ones life
due to the endless pain, incompatibility of the couple in terms of decisions, personality,
and character, due to the deficient in food and shelter, exploit his/her position as a power
to do his will that is primarily negative, incapable of performing such whistling, owing to
the debts of such person, deeming as a poor woman through all her life, did not give an
accurate information and orientation of their laborers. The succeeding conclusion is
drawn that social issue cannot subsist in the society without their causes like the states
above.
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In the problem number three, the social issue reflected as to pamper to the world
of unemployment, consent to accept of what had happen to her life decided to die with
his own will, two individual does not feel the blissfulness of being attach as one,
undergoes the chain of being sunk to poor stage of living has the authority and
permission to do what he wants to accomplish negatively, judging the persons capability
in a negative manner, does not have an option but to propel in illegal way of living, did
not enjoy the way of living as a poor individual, workers did give the accurate way of
orienting by the company.
In the problem number four, the societys reaction towards the social issues.
Society reacts to the social issues by just by just ignoring the less fortunate people,
committed to take a life of an innocent infant, to give such sympathy, to the person
affected by the issue, do the things they want to occur, disregard the person that suffers
poverty, any form of against respond and complains to their higher officials, situating the
boy self-value by uttering some negative thoughts, left with no choice, by to do it in
which to think is righteous, speculation binds with negative views, by reasonably
rebellion because they employ into lies. About the societys response it may implies
negative or affirmative way but its human nature to act in response to any form of
reaction.
In general, social issues are present in every civilization. These issues were
established in the literary genre, short stories. These stories disclose the societys
reactions towards its social issue as well as relatively respond to their issue that occurs in
the society.
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Social issues also have various causes that founded by the social issues, which
allocates in the society also the people living in the world are vulnerable enough by the
toxic elements that arise in the society, particularly social issues.
Finally, social issues are unbridled and annoyance in a society since the creation
of humanity and continually in the present era.
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