PLATE TECTONIC THEORY

Grade 7 ScienceUnit 4: The Earth’s Crust

Alfred Wegener

1880 – 1930

German meteorologist

He noticed that the continents fit together like a puzzle.

He said that at one time all continents were joined together in one large land mass, he called Pangaea.

He proposed that this super-continent broke apart 200 million years ago.

Wegener proposed the Theory of Continental Driftwhich suggests that the continents change position slowly by a few cm a year.

He could not explain how.

Th

eory

of

Co

nti

nen

tal

Dri

ft

Supporting Evidence...

Biological Evidence – Fossils

Similar fossils found on one continent have been found on others. Ex. NL and Wales

Refer to page 361

Wegener believed that at one time there had been a land bridge that has now disappeared to join continents together.

Geological Evidence – Rocks and Rock Layers

Geologists found rocks that were similar on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The ages of these rocks are also the same.

These rocks look as though they had been pushed up into mountains together before they were separated.

Meteorological Evidence –Climate Change

Location of coal beds. These should be found in tropical, swampy area BUT have been found in cold and moderate climates.

Glacial evidence. There are warm areas that show evidence that they were once covered in glaciers.

Accepted or Rejected?

Because he was unable to explain HOW the continents move, his theory was rejected by the scientific community.

Plate Tectonics

Developed from the earlier Continental Drift Theory due to new evidence.

New technological advances include the following...

1. Sonar: provides a more detailed picture of the sea floor. (pg. 364)

2. Magnetometers: provide evidence for sea floor spreading. (pg. 365)

3. Deep sea drilling: provides evidence for the internal structure of the crust.

(pg. 366)

Evidence Collected...

Discoveries on the sea floor showed that magma produces new crust which pushes the plates of the Earth’s crust.

The plates can be pushed in three ways.

1. Divergent boundaries: plates moves away from each other.

2. Convergent boundaries: plates move towards each other

3. Transform Boundaries: plates slide past each other.

*This idea was developed by

J. Tuzo Wilson (Canadian Scientist) during the 1960s.

New Theory...

Wilson’s ideas form a new theory in the 1970s.

Because it was discovered that the sea floor as well as the continents were moving, the plate tectonic theory was born.

This theory states that Earth’s crust is broken up into pieces, called plates that are always moving on Earth’s mantel.

Satellites are helping to measure plate movements.

Convection Currents

One explanation to the HOW.

These convection currents, that move the plates, are in the mantel.

Co

nv

ecti

on

C

urr

ents

Canadian Contributions...

J. Tuzo Wilson

He mapped out where earthquakes and volcanoes had occurred over the Earth’s surface, thereby defining the Earth’s plates.

Joseph Tyrell

Discovered dinosaur fossils in Alberta, which proved that the local climate was warmer at an earlier time.

Harold Williams

Highlighted plate tectonic activity that occurred regionally along the eastern edge of the North American continent.

CORE STSE

Plate Tectonics Theory

The shaking of the Earth

Measured using a seismograph

The Richter Scale measures the strength of the earthquake

They are the result of energy released from forces built up due to plate tectonics in Earth’s crust

When this energy is released, it travels in seismic waves.

Usually minor in our

region. They occur due

to the movement along

local faults on the floor of

the Atlantic Ocean.

Burin Peninsula, 1929,

tsunami (pg. 374)

An opening in Earth’s

crust.

Mt. St. HelensMay 18, 1980

Washington

ParicutinFebruary 20, 1943

Mexico

Mt. PinatuboJune 1991

Philippians

KilaueaNovember 24, 2007

Hawaii

The most

active

volcano

on Earth

1. At collision zones intense

pressure can melt rock

that later flows to the

surface as a volcano (the

Pacific Ocean is being

subducted under Japan)

2. Where plates separate,

molten rock flows up to

the surface (Mid-Atlantic

Ridge)

3. In area where the plates

are thin, lava can be

forced up through the

cracks to the surface.

(Hawaiian Islands)

The name given to the

volcanoes encircling the

Pacific Ocean.

Page 386-7

2. Glooscap: Mi’kmaq

legend about the

Sugarloaf Mountains.

1. Pele: Hawaiian goddess

who makes the mountains

shake and lava flow at

Kilauea.

3. Anaxagoras: Greek who

believed that volcanic

eruptions were caused

by great winds within the

earth.

4. René Decartes: French

philosopher who believed

an incandescent earth core

was the source of volcanic

heat.

Due to:

1. folding

2. faulting

3. volcanic eruptions.

A bend in rock layers.

Created when plates

collide at convergent

boundaries.

A break in rock layers.

When the rock is too

brittle to fold.

Faulting can result from

squeezing or stretching

the Earth’s crust.

When magma is forced up by pressure from deep within Earth, it can uplift the rock and create features on the surface. The magma may erupt as volcanoes.