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Colorado Measures ofAcademic Success

English Language Arts/Literature

Grade 8

Paper Practice Resource for Students

Paper Practice Resource for Students

The Colorado Measures of Academic Success (CMAS) is Colorado’s standards-based assessment program designed to measure the Colorado AcademicStandards (CAS) in the content areas of science, social studies, English languagearts, and mathematics. The sample items included in this resource providestudents with an opportunity to become familiar with the format of test itemsthat appear in the paper-based test books. The sample items are not intended tobe a complete test, nor are they intended to cover all assessed content or itemtypes.

While the use of the sample items is not required, it is strongly encouraged tohelp ensure students are familiar with the types of items they may encounterwhile taking the paper-based test.

Item Types:

Selected Response Items

Selected response items are multiple choice questions. To respond, the studentindicates their response by filling in the circle(s) next to their answer choice.

Constructed Response Items

Constructed response items are questions or prompts that require anindependent, written response. To respond, the student writes his or her answerin the response box in the test book.

A»CD

Correct Mark: Incorrect Marks:

ððððE

Converted Online Technology-Enhanced Item Types

Online technology-enhanced items converted to the paper testing format mayask students to:

• Circle the correct answer

• Complete a table with checkmarks, Xs, or letters from a list of answerchoices

• Fill in the blank

• Draw lines from boxes to correct answers

• Complete a bar graph or histogram

ITEM SET 1

Today you will analyze a passage from “Trial by Combat” and apassage from Summer Ball. As you read these texts, you will gatherinformation and answer questions about differences in point of viewof the characters so you can write an essay.

Read the passage from “Trial by Combat.” Then answer questions 1 through 3.

from “Trial by Combat”by Shirley Jackson

When Emily Johnson came home one evening to her furnished room andfound three of her best handkerchiefs missing from the dresser drawer, shewas sure who had taken them and what to do. She had lived in the furnishedroom for about six weeks and for the past two weeks she had been missingsmall things occasionally. There had been several handkerchiefs gone, and aservice pin which Emily wore sometimes and which had come from the five-and-ten1. And once she had missed a small bottle of perfume and one ofa set of china dogs. Emily had known for some time who was taking thethings, but it was only tonight that she had decided what to do. She hadhesitated about complaining to the landlady because her losses were trivialand because she had felt certain that sooner or later she would know how todeal with the situation herself. It had seemed logical to her from thebeginning that the one person in the rooming house who was home all daywas the most likely suspect, and then, one Sunday morning, comingdownstairs from the roof, where she had been sitting in the sun, Emily hadseen someone come out of her room and go down the stairs, and hadrecognized the visitor. Tonight, she felt, she knew just what to do. She tookoff her coat and hat, put her packages down, and, while a can of tamaleswas heating on her electric plate, she went over what she intended to say.

After her dinner, she closed and locked her door and went downstairs. Shetapped softly on the door of the room directly below her own, and when shethought she heard someone say “Come in,” she said, “Mrs. Archer?,” thenopened the door carefully and stepped inside.

The room, Emily noticed immediately, was almost like her own—the samenarrow bed with the tan cover, the same maple dresser and armchair; thecloset was on the opposite side of the room, but the window was in the samerelative position. Mrs. Archer was sitting in the armchair. She was aboutsixty. More than twice as old as I am, Emily thought, while she stood in thedoorway, and a lady still. She hesitated for a few seconds, looking at Mrs.Archer’s clean white hair and her neat, dark-blue house coat, beforespeaking. “Mrs. Archer,” she said, “I’m Emily Johnson.”

1five-and-ten—a store offering a wide assortment of inexpensive items, formerly costing fiveor ten cents, for personal and household use

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Mrs. Archer put down the Woman’s Home Companion she had been readingand stood up slowly. “I’m very happy to meet you,” she said graciously. “I’veseen you, of course, several times, and thought how pleasant you looked. It’sso seldom one meets anyone really”—Mrs. Archer hesitated—“really nice,”she went on, “in a place like this.”

“I’ve wanted to meet you, too,” Emily said.

Mrs. Archer indicated the chair she had been sitting in. “Won’t you sit down?”

“Thank you,” Emily said. “You stay there. I’ll sit on the bed.” She smiled. “Ifeel as if I know the furniture so well. Mine’s just the same.”

“It’s a shame,” Mrs. Archer said, sitting down in her chair again. “I’ve told thelandlady over and over, you can’t make people feel at home if you put all thesame furniture in the rooms. But she maintains that this maple furniture isclean-looking and cheap.”

“It’s better than most,” Emily said. “You’ve made yours look much nicer thanmine.”

“I’ve been here for three years,” Mrs. Archer said. “You’ve only been here amonth or so, haven’t you?”

“Six weeks,” Emily said.

“The landlady’s told me about you. Your husband’s in the Army.”

“Yes. I have a job here in New York.”

“My husband was in the Army,” Mrs. Archer said. She gestured at a group ofpictures on her maple dresser. “That was a long time ago, of course. He’sbeen dead for nearly five years.” Emily got up and went over to the pictures.One of them was of a tall, dignified-looking man in Army uniform. Severalwere of children.

“He was a very distinguished-looking man,” Emily said. “Are those yourchildren?”

“I had no children, to my sorrow,” the old lady said. “Those are nephews andnieces of my husband’s.”

Emily stood in front of the dresser, looking around the room. “I see you haveflowers, too,” she said. She walked to the window and looked at the row ofpotted plants. “I love flowers,” she said. “I bought myself a big bunch ofasters tonight to brighten up my room. But they fade so quickly.”

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“I prefer plants just for that reason,” Mrs. Archer said. “But why don’t youput an aspirin in the water with your flowers? They’ll last much longer.”

“I’m afraid I don’t know much about flowers,” Emily said. “I didn’t knowabout putting an aspirin in the water, for instance.”

“I always do, with cut flowers,” Mrs. Archer said. “I think flowers make aroom look so friendly.”

Emily stood by the window for a minute, looking out on Mrs. Archer’s dailyview: the fire escape opposite, an oblique slice of the street below. Then shetook a deep breath and turned around. “Actually, Mrs. Archer,” she said, “Ihad a reason for dropping in.”

“Other than to make my acquaintance?” Mrs. Archer said, smiling.

“I don’t know quite what to do,” Emily said. “I don’t like to say anything tothe landlady.”

“The landlady isn’t much help in an emergency,” Mrs. Archer said.

Emily came back and sat on the bed, looking earnestly at Mrs. Archer, seeinga nice old lady. “It’s so slight,” she said, “but someone has been coming intomy room.”

Mrs. Archer looked up.

“I’ve been missing things,” Emily went on, “like handkerchiefs and littleinexpensive jewelry. Nothing important. But someone’s been coming into myroom and helping themselves.”

“I’m sorry to hear it,” Mrs. Archer said.

“You see, I don’t like to make trouble,” Emily said. “It’s just that someone’scoming into my room. I haven’t missed anything of value.”

“I see,” Mrs. Archer said.

“I just noticed it a few days ago. And then last Sunday I was coming downfrom the roof and I saw someone coming out of my room.”

“Do you have any idea who it was?” Mrs. Archer asked.

“I believe I do,” Emily said.

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Mrs. Archer was quiet for a minute. “I can see where you wouldn’t like tospeak to the landlady,” she said finally.

“Of course not,” Emily said. “I just want it to stop.”

“I don’t blame you,” Mrs. Archer said.

“You see, it means someone has a key to my door,” Emily said pleadingly.

“All the keys in this house open all the doors,” Mrs. Archer said. “They’re allold-fashioned locks.”

“It has to stop,” Emily said. “If it doesn’t, I’ll have to do something about it.”

“I can see that,” Mrs. Archer said. “The whole thing is very unfortunate.” Sherose. “You’ll have to excuse me,” she went on. “I tire very easily and I mustbe in bed early. I’m so happy you came down to see me.”

“I’m so glad to have met you at last,” Emily said. She went to the door. “Ihope I won’t be bothered again,” she said. “Good night.”

“Good night,” Mrs. Archer said.

From “Trial by Combat” by Shirley Jackson from THE NEW YORKER, December 16, 1944. Copyright © 1944 Condé NastPublications.

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1. Part A

In paragraph 1, what does the word trivial mean?

Part B

What evidence from paragraph 1 best supports the answer to Part A?

A

B

C

D

reasonable

frustrating

personal

insignificant

A

B

C

D

“. . . three of her best handkerchiefs . . .”

“. . . small things occasionally.”

“. . . hesitated about complaining . . .”

“. . . she would know how to deal with the situation. . . .”

2. Part A

What does the conversation between paragraph 6 and paragraph 20reveal about the characters?

Part B

What other part of the passage contributes to the conclusion found inPart A?

A

B

C

D

Emily is intimidated by Mrs. Archer.

Emily and Mrs. Archer have a lot in common.

Mrs. Archer already knows why Emily is visiting.

Emily and Mrs. Archer will likely become friends.

A

B

C

D

the description of the missing items in paragraph 1

the introduction of Mrs. Archer in paragraph 3

the description of the apartment in paragraph 3

the reaction of Mrs. Archer in paragraph 4

3. Part A

Why did Emily decide to approach Mrs. Archer?

Part B

Select three details from the passage that best support the answer toPart A.

A

B

C

D

She hoped Mrs. Archer could identify the thief.

She suspected Mrs. Archer of taking her things.

She needed Mrs. Archer’s help to speak to the landlady.

She was concerned Mrs. Archer’s belongings were also missing.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

“. . . then, one Sunday morning, coming downstairs from the roof,where she had been sitting in the sun, Emily had seen someonecome out of her room and go down the stairs, and had recognizedthe visitor.” (paragraph 1)“She was about sixty. More than twice as old as I am, Emily thought,while she stood in the doorway, and a lady still.” (paragraph 3)

“‘I’ve told the landlady over and over, you can’t make people feel athome if you put all the same furniture in the rooms.’” (paragraph 8)

“‘I don’t know quite what to do,’ Emily said.” (paragraph 23)

“Mrs. Archer was quiet for a minute. ‘I can see where you wouldn’tlike to speak to the landlady,’ she said finally.” (paragraph 34)

“‘It has to stop,’ Emily said. ‘If it doesn’t, I’ll have to do somethingabout it.’” (paragraph 39)

“‘I hope I won’t be bothered again,’ she said. ‘Good night.’”(paragraph 41)

Read the passage from Summer Ball. Then answer questions 4 and 5.

from Summer Ballby Mike Lupica

It was Gampel’s night to use the phone, which meant it was Danny’s firstchance to talk to his dad about everything that had—and hadn’t—happenedin the last day or so.

As soon as Richie Walker got on the line, he wanted to know everythingabout the knee, whether the swelling was on the inside or the outside, if thedoctor was sure it was just a sprain and not ligaments, if the doctor was surethere was nothing floating around in there. His dad still considered himself amedical expert, not just on knees, but everything else after all the brokenparts he’d had fixed in his life.

“Dad,” Danny said, “I’m fine.”

“Well, you’re not fine if they still want to do an MRI,” his dad said. “Thatdoesn’t sound fine to me.”

Danny was in the phone booth with the door open, because it was a hot,muggy night in Cedarville. Zach was waiting to use the phone next. Dannyclosed the door now, even if Zach knew most of the story about the fakeknee injury. It was more Danny being so embarrassed about what he wasgoing to say next that he didn’t even want himself to hear.

Like he was telling somebody he was afraid of the dark.

“When I say fine, Dad, it means I was never really hurt,” he said. “I wantedan excuse to get out of here.”

Out with it, just like that. He felt bad enough about having lied to the doctorand his mom and maybe himself. He was done with that, for good. He wasn’tgoing to lie to his dad. Before he’d even considered doing something thislame, he should have thought about what his dad looked like in the hospitalafter his last accident. He should have remembered how his dad’s basketballlife—and nearly his whole life—ended in that first car accident his rookie year.

He could hear Tarik’s voice inside his head now.

True that.

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On the other end of the phone line, Richie Walker didn’t say anything at first.It was one of those killer silences parents gave you sometimes, in person orover the phone, when they were trying to make you keep talking.

Or maybe his dad couldn’t believe what he’d just heard.

“I’m not sure I heard you right,” Richie Walker said.

Danny said, “You heard right.”

Finally, Richie said, “That’s not you.” There was another pause and then hesaid, “Man, that’s never been you.”

“Dad,” Danny said, “I know that now. I would have figured it out on my own.But Tess—she’s here—got in my face the other night and made me see howdumb I’d been.” He paused before he said, “Dad, believe me, there’s nothingyou could say that would make me feel worse than I already do.”

“I don’t care how much this coach got to you,” Richie said. “You never fakean injury in sports. Never.” He spit out the last word. “You quit before you dothat.”

“I know that now,” Danny said.

“Do you?”

“Dad, I made a mistake, and I’m owning up to it. Isn’t that what you alwaystell me to do?”

“You want a trophy for that?”

There was a lot more Danny wanted to tell his dad, to make him understand,wanted to tell him about Coach Powers saying he should switch sports, thatmaybe soccer would be better for him. But he was afraid it would come outsounding like one more lame excuse for faking the injury.

So he kept what had happened at Coach Powers’s cabin to himself, through asilence from his dad that felt longer than eighth grade.

“You want to come home, come home,” Richie said. “You want to stay, thenshow this coach he was wrong about you. Other than that, I’ve got nothin’right now. Talk to you soon.”

Didn’t say he loved him. Didn’t wait for Danny to say that to him.

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Just hung up.

Danny stood there, the receiver still to his ear, listening to the dial tone.

Then he took a deep breath, leaned out and asked Zach if he could make onemore quick call. He pumped some change into the phone, called the numberat Tess’s uncle’s house. He was going to tell her about the conversation withhis dad, but when she came on, telling him in this happy excited voice abouta fish she’d caught that afternoon, he decided against it. He would haveskipped talking about the game, too, but she asked him about it once shewas finished with her fish tale.

“Aren’t you the one who always says there’s a lot more that goes into a gamethan the last play?” Tess said.

“Yeah, but—”

Tess cut him off. “Forget the ending and think about the good stuff as abeginning.”

“Okay,” Danny said.

“Promise?”

Excerpt from SUMMER BALL by Mike Lupica, copyright © 2007 by Mike Lupica. Used by permission of Philomel, an imprintof Penguin Young Readers Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC. All rights reserved.

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4. Part A

Read paragraphs 20–21 of the passage from Summer Ball.

How does the dialogue in these paragraphs affect Danny’s behavior?

“Dad, I made a mistake, and I’m owning up to it. Isn’t that what youalways tell me to do?”

“You want a trophy for that?”

Part B

Which evidence from the passage best supports the answer to Part B?

A

B

C

D

It convinces Danny to try harder to prove himself to his coach.

It makes Danny less willing to communicate openly with his father.

It forces Danny to think more deeply about the error of his ways.

It persuades Danny that he should no longer seek his father’sapproval.

A

B

C

D

“. . . he was afraid it would come out sounding like one more lameexcuse. . . .” (paragraph 22)

“‘You want to stay, then show this coach he was wrong aboutyou. . . .’” (paragraph 24)

“Didn’t say he loved him. Didn’t wait for Danny to say that to him.”(paragraph 25)

“Danny stood there, the receiver still to his ear, listening to the dialtone.” (paragraph 27)

5. Part A

What is a central idea of Summer Ball?

Part B

What piece of evidence from Summer Ball supports the answer to Part A?

A

B

C

D

There is no excuse for lying.

There are two sides to every story.

There are never times when one should quit.

There is reward for admitting one’s mistakes.

A

B

C

D

“It was Gampel’s night to use the phone, which meant it wasDanny’s first chance to talk to his dad about everything that had—and hadn’t—happened. . . .” (paragraph 1)

“It was more Danny being so embarrassed about what he was goingto say next that he didn’t even want himself to hear.” (paragraph 5)

“There was another pause and then he said, ‘Man, that’s never beenyou.’” (paragraph 15)

“‘Aren’t you the one who always says there’s a lot more that goesinto a game than the last play?’” (paragraph 29)

Refer to the passages from “Trial by Combat” and Summer Ball. Then answerquestion 6.

6. In “Trial by Combat” and Summer Ball, the characters haveconversations where a lot goes unsaid. Analyze how these unspokenviewpoints influence the tension within the conversations that are heldthroughout the passages.

Read the passage “Log of the ‘Demeter’” from Dracula. Then answerquestions 7 through 12.

Log of the “Demeter”by Bram Stoker

LOG OF THE “DEMETER” Varna to Whitby

Written 18 July, things so strange happening, that I shall keep accurate notehenceforth till we land.

On 6 July we finished taking in cargo, silver sand and boxes of earth. At noonset sail. East wind, fresh. Crew, five hands . . . two mates, cook, and myself,(captain).

On 11 July at dawn entered Bosphorus. Boarded by Turkish Customs officers.Backsheesh. All correct. Under way at 4 p.m.

On 12 July through Dardanelles. More Customs officers and flagboat ofguarding squadron. Backsheesh again. Work of officers thorough, but quick.Want us off soon. At dark passed into Archipelago.

On 13 July passed Cape Matapan. Crew dissatisfied about something.

Seemed scared, but would not speak out.

On 14 July was somewhat anxious about crew. Men all steady fellows, whosailed with me before. Mate could not make out what was wrong. They onlytold him there was SOME- THING, and crossed themselves. Mate lost temperwith one of them that day and struck him. Expected fierce quarrel, but allwas quiet.

On 16 July mate reported in the morning that one of the crew, Petrofsky, wasmissing. Could not account for it. Took larboard watch eight bells last night,was relieved by Amramoff, but did not go to bunk. Men more downcast thanever. All said they expected something of the kind, but would not say morethan there was SOMETHING aboard. Mate getting very impatient with them.Feared some trouble ahead.

On 17 July, yesterday, one of the men, Olgaren, came to my cabin, and in anawestruck way confided to me that he thought there was a strange manaboard the ship. He said that in his watch he had been sheltering behind thedeckhouse, as there was a rain storm, when he saw a tall, thin man, who

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was not like any of the crew, come up the companionway, and go along thedeck forward and disappear. He followed cautiously, but when he got to bowsfound no one, and the hatchways were all closed. He was in a panic ofsuperstitious fear, and I am afraid the panic may spread. To allay it, I shalltoday search the entire ship carefully from stem to stern.

Later in the day I got together the whole crew, and told them, as theyevidently thought there was some one in the ship, we would search fromstem to stern. First mate angry, said it was folly, and to yield to such foolishideas would demoralise the men, said he would engage to keep them out oftrouble with the handspike. I let him take the helm, while the rest began athorough search, all keeping abreast, with lanterns. We left no cornerunsearched. As there were only the big wooden boxes, there were no oddcorners where a man could hide. Men much relieved when search over, andwent back to work cheerfully. First mate scowled, but said nothing.

22 July.—Rough weather last three days, and all hands busy with sails, notime to be frightened. Men seem to have forgotten their dread. Mate cheerfulagain, and all on good terms. Praised men for work in bad weather. PassedGibraltar and out through Straits. All well.

24 July.—There seems some doom over this ship. Already a hand short, andentering the Bay of Biscay with wild weather ahead, and yet last nightanother man lost, disappeared. Like the first, he came off his watch and wasnot seen again. Men all in a panic of fear, sent a round robin, asking to havedouble watch, as they fear to be alone. Mate angry. Fear there will be sometrouble, as either he or the men will do some violence.

28 July.—Four days in hell, knocking about in a sort of maelstrom, and thewind a tempest. No sleep for any one. Men all worn out. Hardly know how toset a watch, since no one fit to go on. Second mate volunteered to steer andwatch, and let men snatch a few hours sleep. Wind abating, seas still terrific,but feel them less, as ship is steadier.

29 July.—Another tragedy. Had single watch tonight, as crew too tired todouble. When morning watch came on deck could find no one exceptsteersman. Raised outcry, and all came on deck. Thorough search, but noone found. Are now without second mate, and crew in a panic. Mate and Iagreed to go armed henceforth and wait for any sign of cause.

30 July.—Last night. Rejoiced we are nearing England. Weather fine, all sailsset. Retired worn out, slept soundly, awakened by mate telling me that bothman of watch and steersman missing. Only self and mate and two hands leftto work ship.

From DRACULA by Bram Stoker—Public Domain

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7. Part A

What is the meaning of allay as it is used in paragraph 9 of “Log of the‘Demeter’” from Dracula?

Part B

Which two details from the passage best illustrate how the captain triesto allay the crew’s fears?

A

B

C

D

examine

explain

lessen

foretell

A

B

C

D

E

F

“. . . when he got to bows found no one, and the hatchways were allclosed.” (paragraph 9)

“. . . I am afraid the panic may spread.” (paragraph 9)

“. . . I shall today search the entire ship carefully . . . .” (paragraph 9)

“Later in the day I got together the whole crew, and told them . . . .”(paragraph 10)

“. . . they evidently thought there was some one in the ship . . . .”(paragraph 10)

“. . . to yield to such foolish ideas would demoralise the men . . . .”(paragraph 10)

8. Part A

In paragraph 10, the captain organizes a search of the entire ship,despite the first mate’s opposition. Read the captain’s comments.

Which aspect of the captain’s character does this information reveal?

First mate angry, said it was folly, and to yield to such foolish ideaswould demoralise the men, said he would engage to keep them out oftrouble with the handspike. I let him take the helm, while the restbegan a thorough search, all keeping abreast, with lanterns. We leftno corner unsearched.

Part B

Which detail illustrates the result of the captain’s decision?

A

B

C

D

He is uncertain about his role.

He is trusting of his crew.

He is difficult to please.

He is easily alarmed.

A

B

C

D

“As there were only the big wooden boxes, there were no oddcorners where a man could hide.” (paragraph 10)

“Rough weather last three days, and all hands busy with sails, notime to be frightened.” (paragraph 11)

“Men seem to have forgotten their dread. Mate cheerful again, andall on good terms.” (paragraph 11)

“When morning watch came on deck could find no one exceptsteersman. Raised outcry, and all came on deck.” (paragraph 14)

9. Write one letter in each empty box in the correct sequence to create asummary of six key events in “Log of the ‘Demeter’” from Dracula. Twosentences have already been entered. Not all sentences will be used.

A. Olgaren tells the captain that he saw a strange man aboard the ship.

Stormy weather keeps the crew busy for three days.B.

More crew members disappear, leaving only the captain, mate, and two other crew members on board.C.

A crew member tells the first mate that there is something aboard the “Demeter.”

D.

The captain and crew search the ship from stem to stern but find nothing.

E.

Customs officers board the ship to inspect the cargo.F.

1.

3.

4.

2.One of the crew, Petrofsky, goes missing.

6.

5.A second crew member goes missing.

10. Part A

What is a central idea of “Log of the ‘Demeter’” from Dracula?

Part B

Which detail develops the central idea in Part A?

A

B

C

D

The captain understands his ship’s fate.

There are consequences for keeping secrets.

Someone is seeking revenge.

Something evil is lurking on board.

A

B

C

D

“Written 18 July, things so strange happening that I shall keepaccurate note henceforth till we land.” (paragraph 1)

“Like the first, he came off his watch and was not seen again.”(paragraph 12)

“Fear there will be some trouble, as either he or the men will dosome violence.” (paragraph 12)

“Four days in hell, knocking about in a sort of malestrom, and thewind a tempest.” (paragraph 13)

11. Using the incidents stated in the log beginning with the entry 14 July,write one letter in each box to identify three key incidents and thedecision that results from each. Some incidents will not be used.

“Mate lost temper with one of them that day and struck him. Expected fierce quarrel, but all was quiet.”(paragraph 7)

A.

“Took larboard watch eight bells last night, was relieved by Amramoff, but did not go to bunk. Men more downcast than ever.” (paragraph 8)

B.

“On 17 July, yesterday, one of the men, Olgaren, came to my cabin, and in an awestruck way confided to me that he thought there was a strange man aboard the ship.” (paragraph 9)

C.

“First mate angry, said it was folly, and to yield to suchfoolish ideas would demoralise the men. . . .” (paragraph 10)

D.

“Already a hand short, and entering the Bay of Biscay with wild weather ahead, and yet last night another man lost, disappeared. Like the first, he came off his watch and was not seen again.” (paragraph 12)

E.

“Second mate volunteered to steer and watch, and let men snatch a few hours sleep.” (paragraph 13)F.

“Thorough search, but no one found. Are now without second mate, and crew in a panic.” (paragraph 14)G.

Decision: The captain decides to keep a log of the “Demeter.”

Decision: The captain decides to put the crew on double watch.

Decision: The captain and a mate decide to arm themselves.

This is the end of Item Set 1.

12. Part A

What does the captain’s log show that builds suspense and his sense ofthe crew’s feelings?

Part B

Select two details from the passage that best support the answer toPart A.

A

B

C

D

The captain felt that the crew was almost rebellious about having tocomplete a search of the ship.

The captain thought it was ironic that the stormy weather actuallylifted the crew’s spirit.

The captain noticed that the crew was unusually curious about theloaded cargo.

The captain was very aware of the crew’s unspoken apprehension.

A

B

C

D

E

F

“On 6 July we finished taking in cargo, silver sand and boxes ofearth. At noon set sail. East wind, fresh. Crew, five hands . . . twomates, cook, and myself, (captain).” (paragraph 2)

“On 16 July mate reported in the morning that one of the crew,Petrofsky, was missing.” (paragraph 8)

“Feared some trouble ahead.” (paragraph 8)

“First mate angry, said it was folly, and to yield to such foolish ideaswould demoralise the men. . . .” (paragraph 10)

“First mate scowled, but said nothing.” (paragraph 10)

“Praised men for work in bad weather. Passed Gibraltar and outthrough Straits. All well.” (paragraph 11)

ITEM SET 2

Today you will research the topic of sound and the invention of thephonograph. You will read the article “The Incredible TalkingMachine.” Then you will read a passage from the article “History ofthe Cylinder Phonograph” and the article “Psst . . . Hey, You.” As youreview these sources, you will gather information and answerquestions about sound and the invention of the phonograph so youcan write an essay.

Read the article “The Incredible Talking Machine.” Then answer questions 1 through 3.

“The Incredible Talking Machine”by Randall Stross

The invention of the phonograph made Edison world-famous—but it took himyears to understand what it did best.

In the end, they named it the phonograph. But it might have been called theomphlegraph, meaning “voice writer.” Or the antiphone (back talker). Or thedidaskophone (portable teacher). These are some of the names someonewrote in a logbook in Thomas Edison’s laboratory in 1877, after Edison andhis assistants invented the first rudimentary machine for recording andplaying back sounds. From the first, they thought it would be used toreproduce the human voice, but they had no clear idea of its exact purpose.

Edison once said, “Anything that won’t sell, I don’t want to invent.” But all hislife, he was a better inventor than salesman. The phonograph, his firstinvention to make him world-famous, is a perfect example. It was theproduct of a well-prepared but wandering mind.

It was also the outcome of an amazing burst of inventiveness. One eveningin July 1877, while relaxing with his assistants after their regular midnightdinner, Edison had an idea. They were working with ways to use paper stripsto make a record of telegraph messages. Why not adapt those to record thevibrations of the diaphragm1 in a telephone mouthpiece? Thinking out loud,Edison suggested attaching a needle to the back of the diaphragm andmounting it above rollers for the paper strips. Speaking into the mouthpiecewould cause the diaphragm to move, which in turn would cause the needle to

1diaphragm—a thin disc within a receiver whose vibrations convert signals into sound wavesor vice versa

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inscribe squiggled indentations into the strips. If the paper were then pulledthrough the rollers again with the needle resting in the groove, theindentations would move the attached diaphragm, which should reproducethe original sound.

Edison’s assistants set to work. Within the hour, they had a working devicethey tried out by reciting “Mary had a little lamb” into the telephone. In thefirst trial, all that could be heard from the playback was “ary ad ell am.” Butthat was encouraging. The staff went on working through the night, fiddlingwith the gizmo2--and thus occurred the first midnight recording session.

Edison and his crew later replaced the paper and rollers with tinfoil, whichwas wrapped around a cylinder attached to a crank. But Edison did notregard the machine as commercially promising. At best, he thought, it mightbe an office machine allowing businessmen to dictate3 letters.

When word of the invention spread, however, the outside world saw greaterpossibilities. The dead could speak to us, eternally! Collectors could keepwhat the New York Times called a “well-stocked oratorical4 cellar.” But theprimitive phonograph that Edison demonstrated for the editors of ScientificAmerican that December remained exceedingly limited. It could clearlyintroduce itself--“How do you do? How do you like the phonograph?”--butthat exhausted its recording capacity.

Still, the editors were excited enough to publish an admiring bulletin aboutthe device--a first shot that set off an avalanche of publicity. A reporter wrotehim, “I want to know you right bad,” and everyone else did too. Investorsenlisted him in a new venture, the Edison Speaking Phonograph Co. But hesoon lost interest in making the phonograph a salable product. The companyintroduced a toy model that functioned badly and a second, more expensiveone that was used by show-business entrepreneurs5 who rented concert hallsto demonstrate the wondrous machine to paying audiences. It broke downfrequently and required a trained technician’s constant attention.

4oratorical—relating to public speaking5entrepreneurs—people who organize, manage, and assume the risks of a business

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2gizmo—a slang word meaning an object3dictate—to speak or read for a person or for a machine to record

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10

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Ten years elapsed before Edison returned to the phonograph, only after acompetitor developed a wax-coated cylinder that could be removed withoutruining the recording, something impossible to do with Edison’s delicatetinfoil. To him, the idea that his most cherished invention faced competitionwas unendurable. He set to work on what he would call the PerfectedPhonograph. When he introduced it to the market, however, in 1889, it wasanything but perfect as the dictation device he still thought it to be. But itplayed music beautifully. Edison’s backers tried to persuade him that thephonograph could be marketed for entertainment purposes, but he could notlet go of his conviction that it was destined for the office.

Competitors leaped further ahead, developing a new recording medium, thedisc, and rushing to sign musical artists to recording contracts. Eventually,Edison capitulated and entered the recorded-music business too--a businesshe was poorly suited to as a man who disapproved of most genres of popularmusic. He dismissed “miserable dance and ragtime selections” and describedjazz as something for “the nuts.” Another competitor soon emerged, theVictor Talking Machine Co. and its Victrola. And while Victor built a stable ofnotable musical artists, Edison remained unwilling to pay royalty advancesnecessary to recruit stars.

In the 1920s, Edison’s phonograph faced a new challenge, commercial radio.The other phonograph companies introduced radios but Edison refused,wanting nothing to do with the medium’s inferior sound quality. Prodded byhis sons, he grudgingly relented, but the move came too late--in the midst ofthe stock-market crash of 1929. Within a year, his radio company ceasedproduction. Edison died a year later. The music industry he had set in motionlived on, evolving into stereo, iPods and streaming music. He had made it allpossible, without ever quite grasping how to make the most of it for himself.

© 2010 Time Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted/translated from TIME and published with permissions of Time Inc.Reproduction in any manner in any language in whole or in part without the written permission is prohibited.

1. Part A

Read the sentence from paragraph 2.

What is the meaning of the word rudimentary as it is used in thesentence?

These are some of the names someone wrote in a logbook in ThomasEdison’s laboratory in 1877, after Edison and his assistants inventedthe first rudimentary machine for recording and playing back sounds.

Part B

Which sentence from the article supports the answer to Part A?

A

B

C

D

basic

mobile

practical

original

A

B

C

D

“The phonograph, his first invention to make him world-famous, is aperfect example.” (paragraph 3)

“It was also the outcome of an amazing burst of inventiveness.”(paragraph 4)

“But the primitive phonograph that Edison demonstrated for theeditors of Scientific American that December remained exceedinglylimited.” (paragraph 7)

“When word of the invention spread, however, the outside world sawgreater possibilities.” (paragraph 7)

2. Part A

Which statement describes the central idea of “The Incredible TalkingMachine”?

Part B

Select two sentences from the article that best support the answer toPart A.

A

B

C

D

Edison was dependent on his assistants and backers to besuccessful.

Edison was never able to comprehend the full potential of hisinvention.

Edison was more gifted at promoting his inventions than designingthem.

Edison was so impressed with his own invention that he ignoredconstructive criticism.

A

B

C

D

E

F

“From the first, they thought it would be used to reproduce thehuman voice, but they had no clear idea of its exact purpose.”(paragraph 2)

“The staff went on working through the night, fiddling with thegizmo--and thus occurred the first midnight recording session.”(paragraph 5)

“At best, he thought, it might be an office machine allowingbusinessmen to dictate letters.” (paragraph 6)

“Still, the editors were excited enough to publish an admiring bulletinabout the device--a first shot that set off an avalanche of publicity.”(paragraph 8)

“To him, the idea that his most cherished invention facedcompetition was unendurable.” (paragraph 9)

“He dismissed ‘miserable dance and ragtime selections’ anddescribed jazz as something for ‘the nuts.’” (paragraph 10)

3. Part A

How does the author of “The Incredible Talking Machine” mainly presentinformation throughout the article?

Part B

Which sentence from the article best supports the answer to Part A?

A

B

C

D

by presenting a cause and its effects

by describing events in sequential order

by explaining a problem and its solution

by comparing and contrasting events

A

B

C

D

“If the paper were then pulled through the rollers again with theneedle resting in the groove, the indentations would move theattached diaphragm . . . .” (paragraph 4)

“It broke down frequently and required a trained technician’sconstant attention.” (paragraph 8)

“Ten years elapsed before Edison returned to the phonograph, onlyafter a competitor developed a wax-coated cylinder that could beremoved without ruining the recording . . . .” (paragraph 9)

“The other phonograph companies introduced radios but Edisonrefused, wanting nothing to do with the medium’s inferior soundquality.” (paragraph 11)

Read the passage from “History of the Cylinder Phonograph.” Then answerquestions 4 through 6.

from “History of the Cylinder Phonograph”The phonograph was developed as a result of Thomas Edison’s work on twoother inventions, the telegraph and the telephone. In 1877, Edison wasworking on a machine that would transcribe1 telegraphic messages throughindentations on paper tape, which could later be sent over the telegraphrepeatedly. This development led Edison to speculate that a telephonemessage could also be recorded in a similar fashion. He experimented with adiaphragm2 which had an embossing3 point and was held against rapidly-moving paraffin paper. The speaking vibrations made indentations inthe paper. Edison later changed the paper to a metal cylinder with tin foilwrapped around it. The machine had two diaphragm-and-needle units, onefor recording, and one for playback. When one would speak into amouthpiece, the sound vibrations would be indented onto the cylinder by therecording needle in a vertical (or hill and dale) groove pattern. Edison gave asketch of the machine to his mechanic, John Kruesi, to build, which Kruesisupposedly did within 30 hours. Edison immediately tested the machine byspeaking the nursery rhyme into the mouthpiece, “Mary had a little lamb.” Tohis amazement, the machine played his words back to him.

Although it was later stated that the date for this event was on August 12,1877, some historians believe that it probably happened several monthslater, since Edison did not file for a patent until December 24, 1877. Also, thediary of one of Edison’s aides, Charles Batchelor, seems to confirm that thephonograph was not constructed until December 4, and finished two dayslater. The patent on the phonograph was issued on February 19, 1878. Theinvention was highly original. The only other recorded evidence of such aninvention was in a paper by French scientist Charles Cros, written on April18, 1877. There were some differences, however, between the two men’sideas, and Cros’s work remained only a theory, since he did not produce aworking model of it.

Edison took his new invention to the offices of Scientific American in NewYork City and showed it to staff there. As the December 22, 1877, issuereported, “Mr. Thomas A. Edison recently came into this office, placed a littlemachine on our desk, turned a crank, and the machine inquired as to ourhealth, asked how we liked the phonograph, informed us that it was very

1transcribe—to make a written copy of2diaphragm—a thin disc within a receiver whose vibrations convert signals to sound waves orvice versa3embossing—raising from the surface

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well, and bid us a cordial good night.” Interest was great, and the inventionwas reported in several New York newspapers, and later in other Americannewspapers and magazines.

The Edison Speaking Phonograph Company was established on January 24,1878, to exploit the new machine by exhibiting it. Edison received $10,000for the manufacturing and sales rights and 20% of the profits. As a novelty,the machine was an instant success, but was difficult to operate except byexperts, and the tin foil would last for only a few playings.

Ever practical and visionary, Edison offered the following possible future usesfor the phonograph in North American Review in June 1878:

1. Letter writing and all kinds of dictation without the aid of astenographer.

2. Phonographic books, which will speak to blind people without effort ontheir part.

3. The teaching of elocution4.

4. Reproduction of music.

5. The “Family Record”--a registry of sayings, reminiscences5, etc., bymembers of a family in their own voices, and of the last words of dyingpersons.

6. Music-boxes and toys.

7. Clocks that should announce in articulate6 speech the time for goinghome, going to meals, etc.

8. The preservation of languages by exact reproduction of the manner ofpronouncing.

9. Educational purposes; such as preserving the explanations made by ateacher, so that the pupil can refer to them at any moment, andspelling or other lessons placed upon the phonograph for conveniencein committing to memory.

10. Connection with the telephone, so as to make that instrument anauxiliary in the transmission of permanent and invaluable records,instead of being the recipient of momentary and fleetingcommunication.

4elocution—the art of effective speaking5reminiscences—remembering long ago experiences6articulate—expressing oneself clearly

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Eventually, the novelty of the invention wore off for the public, and Edisondid no further work on the phonograph for a while, concentrating instead oninventing the incandescent light bulb.

From “History of the Cylinder Phonograph”—Public Domain/The Library of Congress

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4. Part A

Which part of the invention process was most likely the key step forsecuring the patent?

Part B

Which statement from the passage supports the answer to Part A?

A

B

C

D

testing the machine

improving the machine’s parts

constructing the original machine

demonstrating the machine to the public

A

B

C

D

“Edison later changed the paper to a metal cylinder with tin foilwrapped around it.” (paragraph 1)

“To his amazement, the machine played his words back to him.”(paragraph 1)

“. . . and Cros’s work remained only a theory, since he did notproduce a working model of it.” (paragraph 2)

“Interest was great, and the invention was reported in several New York newspapers . . . .” (paragraph 3)

5. Part A

In paragraph 4, what is the meaning of the word exploit?

Part B

What phrase from paragraph 4 supports the answer to Part A?

A

B

C

D

research

promote

improve

defend

A

B

C

D

“. . . machine was an instant success . . .”

“. . . difficult to operate . . .”

“. . . except by experts . . .”

“. . . last for only a few playings . . .”

6. Write an X to indicate whether each claim from the passage from“History of the Cylinder Phonograph” is a fact or a judgment. Write onlyone X in each row.

Fact JudgmentClaim

Edison did not file for a patent on the phonograph until December 24, 1877.A patent on the phonograph was issued on February 19, 1878.The invention of the phonograph was highly original.The list published in June 1878 shows Edison was both practical and visionary.

Read the article “Psst . . . Hey, You.” Then answer questions 7 and 8.

Psst . . . Hey, Youby Mark Fischetti

You are walking down a quiet grocery store aisle when suddenly a voice says:“Thirsty? Buy me.” You stop in front of the soda display, but no one is next toyou, and shoppers a few feet away do not seem to hear a thing.

At that moment, you are standing in a cylinder of sound. Whereas aloudspeaker broadcasts sound in all directions, the way a lightbulb radiateslight, a directional speaker shines a beam of waves akin to a spotlight. Thebeam consists of ultrasound waves, which humans cannot hear, but whichcan emit audible tones as they interact with air. By describing theseinteractions mathematically, engineers can coax a beam to exude1 voice,music or any other sound.

Military and sonar researchers tried to harness the phenomenon as far backas the 1960s but only managed to generate highly distorted audible signals.In 1998 Joseph Pompei, then at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,published algorithms2 that cut the distortion to only a few percent. He thendesigned an amplifier, electronics and speakers to produce ultrasound “that isclean enough to generate clean audio,” Pompei says. He trademarked thetechnology Audio Spotlight and started Holosonics, Inc., in Watertown, Mass.,in 1999. Rival inventor Woody Norris markets a competing product calledHyperSonic Sound from his American Technology Corporation in San Diego.

Pompei’s speakers are installed in company lobbies, and above exhibits atthe Boston Museum of Fine Arts and Walt Disney World’s Epcot Center,among other locations. Narrations inform visitors standing in front of artifactsor video screens without filling the rooms with noise. Department stores havetried the arrangement for retail displays, and automakers are experimentingwith them so passengers can hear only their own music or movies. A speakerabove a recliner in the living room would allow Dad to hear the televisionwhile other family members read on the couch in peace.

Detractors3 say that in certain situations headphones can provide similarbenefits, and note random problems, such as unwanted reflections off a carseat. But the primary obstacle to wider deployment is cost: systems can runfrom $600 to $1,000 or more. If the price drops, consumers are more likelyto consider buying the gear. . . or encounter it while shopping.

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1exude—to ooze out2algorithms—a procedure for solving a mathematical problem3detractors—people who speak or think poorly about others

DID YOU KNOW...

• BOUNCED: Ultrasound waves remain in a tight column where they reflectoff a hard, smooth surface. Police teams could bounce a beam off abuilding at the end of an alley or off a distant window inside a warehouseto flush out suspects, who would run away from the sound—and rightinto the officers’ waiting arms.

• BATS NOT DOGS: Certain animals can detect the ultrasound noise behindaudible directed sound. The ultrasound speakers emit4 frequencies from40,000 to 80,000 cycles a second, or hertz (Hz). Humans typically hearfrequencies between 20 and 20,000 Hz. Dogs can hear up to 40,000 Hzor so, mice up to 90,000, and bats, porpoises and beluga whales up to100,000 Hz or higher.

• BONUS: Middle ear bones limit human hearing to below 20,000 Hz. Butresearchers have applied ultrasound up to 200,000 Hz to the skulls ofvolunteers, some of whom report “hearing” sounds; the skull may bedistorting vibrations that reach the cochlea5.

“Psst . . . Hey, You,” by Mark Fischetti from SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, May 2007, Vol. 296, Issue 5. Copyright © 1998Scientific American Inc. Reproduced with permission.

4emit—throw or give off or out5cochlea—a hollow tube in the inner ear that is coiled and contains the sensory organ ofhearing

7. Part A

Which sentence states the central idea of “Psst . . . Hey, You”?

Part B

Select two sentences from the article that support the answer to Part A.

A

B

C

D

Sound technology continues to evolve.

Modern inventors must compete for recognition.

Directional speakers are useful in commercial businesses.

Advancements in technology are prohibitively expensive.

A

B

C

D

E

“Whereas a loudspeaker broadcasts sound in all directions, the way alightbulb radiates light, a directional speaker shines a beam of wavesakin to a spotlight.” (paragraph 2)

“Military and sonar researchers tried to harness the phenomenon asfar back as the 1960s but only managed to generate highly distortedaudible signals.” (paragraph 3)

“In 1998 Joseph Pompei, then at the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, published algorithms that cut the distortion to only a fewpercent.” (paragraph 3)

“Rival inventor Woody Norris markets a competing product calledHyperSonic Sound from his American Technology Corporation in SanDiego.” (paragraph 3)

“Detractors say that in certain situations headphones can providesimilar benefits, and note random problems, such as unwantedreflections off a car seat.” (paragraph 5)

8. Part A

In paragraph 2, how does the author help the reader understand howultrasound works?

Part B

Which sentence from paragraph 2 best supports the answer to Part A?

A

B

C

D

by describing the features of new technology

by using familiar concepts to explain new technology

by explaining how researchers discovered new technology

by providing additional resources about the new technology

A

B

C

D

“At that moment, you are standing in a cylinder of sound.”

“Whereas a loudspeaker broadcasts sound in all directions, the way alightbulb radiates light, a directional speaker shines a beam of wavesakin to a spotlight.”

“The beam consists of ultrasound waves, which humans cannot hear,but which can emit audible tones as they interact with air.”

“By describing these interactions mathematically, engineers can coaxa beam to exude voice, music or any other sound.”

Refer to the articles titled “The Incredible Talking Machine,” “History of theCylinder Phonograph,” and “Psst... Hey, You.” Then answer question 9.

9. You have now read two articles about the beginning of sound technologyand one article about modern technology. Write an essay explaining howthe process of refining and marketing the phonograph is similar to thedevelopment of the Audio Spotlight in “Psst . . . Hey, You.” Be sure touse details from all three articles to support your answer.

Read the passage from “Emerald Ash Borer.” Then answer questions 10 through 13.

from “Emerald Ash Borer”by Department of Energy and Environmental Protection

The emerald ash borer is a small, green beetle that belongs to a large familyof beetles known as the buprestids, or metallic wood boring beetles. Thedescription is apt, as many of the adult buprestids are indeed glossy,appearing as if their wing covers are made of polished metal. The emeraldash borer, with its green, iridescent wing covers, fits right in. Adult EABs arebetween 0.3 to 0.55 inches in length—small by most standards but largecompared to other buprestids—and relatively slender.

During its life cycle, EAB undergoes a complete metamorphosis. It starts asan egg, becomes a larva (alternatively called a grub), and then changes tobecome a pupa and then an adult. The life cycle of an EAB takes either 1 or 2 years to complete. Adults begin emerging from within ash treesaround the middle of June, with emergence continuing for about 5 weeks.The female starts laying her eggs on the bark of ash trees about 2 weeksafter emergence. After 7 to 10 days, the eggs hatch and the larvae move intothe bark, to begin feeding on the phloem (inner bark) and cambium of thetree. Throughout each of its successive instars (larval growth stages), thelarva continues to feed within this same part of the tree. The larval stagemay last for nearly two years. Before becoming an adult, the insectoverwinters as a pre-pupal larva. It then pupates in the spring and emergesas an adult during the summer.

EAB feeds strictly on ash trees. The larvae feed on the phloem and cambium, while the adults feed on leaves. In Connecticut, there are threespecies of ash trees—the white ash ( Fraxinus americana ), the green or redash ( F. pennsylvanica ) and the black ash ( F. nigra ). Despite its commonname, mountain ash ( Sorbus spp.) is not a true ash and does not attract the EAB.

Two other buprestids are well-known to those in Connecticut who areconcerned about trees. The bronze birch borer is a pest of ornamental birchtrees. The two-lined chestnut borer often attacks stressed oak trees,including oaks in the forest.

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Why is EAB a Problem?

EAB is an insect that is not native to North America. It was first found in2002 in the vicinity of Detroit, MI, and Windsor, ON. It had arrived sometimewithin the several years previous, presumably on woody packaging materials.It is now known to be found in 12 states. It is considered to be established inseveral of the upper Midwest states where it was first found. Movement ofash, in particular ash nursery stock and ash wood in the form of firewood,logs and wood packaging materials, has been cited as a likely means bywhich EAB has been assisted in its spread. More recently, strict regulationshave been initiated to prevent the movement of these materials frominfested areas.

from “Emerald Ash Borer” by Department of Energy and Environmental Protection—Public Domain

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10. Part A

How does the author organize the information about the emerald ashborer?

Part B

How does paragraph 3 contribute to the organizational pattern of thepassage?

A

B

C

D

by providing general facts followed by a statement of a problem

by defining the problem in scientific terms followed by an argumentfor proposed action

by presenting a problem followed by a suggested solution

by listing facts in order of importance followed by causes of aproblem

A

B

C

D

by showing why some facts about EABs are of greater significancethan others

by explaining what course of action should be taken to prevent borerinfestations

by providing the scientific names of various species of borer insects

by contrasting the food sources of the mature and immature EABs

11. Part A

What is one reason why the author includes the explanation about theEAB in paragraph 5?

Part B

Which detail from paragraph 5 best supports the answer to Part A?

A

B

C

D

to help the reader understand the types of damage the EAB causes

to help the reader understand why the EAB issue did not exist in theprevious century

to help the reader understand how the EAB exists in ash trees

to help the reader understand where the EAB will most likely travelnext

A

B

C

D

“. . . not native to North America.”

“. . . known to be found in 12 states.”

“. . . in particular ash nursery stock and ash wood . . .”

“. . . movement of these materials from infested areas.”

12. Part A

What is the meaning of established as it is used in paragraph 5 of thepassage?

Part B

Which phrase from paragraph 5 helps the reader understand themeaning of established?

A

B

C

D

in a strong position permitting growth

proven beyond a doubt

well known and respected

accepted as a rule or law

A

B

C

D

“. . . not native . . .”

“. . . first found . . .”

“. . . several years previous . . .”

“. . . found in 12 states.”

This is the end of Item Set 2.

13. Part A

Based on the information in the passage, what is one conclusion that canbe drawn about the emerald ash borer?

Part B

Which evidence from the passage supports the answer to Part A?

A

B

C

D

The habits of the emerald ash borer are harmful to ash trees.

The emerald ash borer is the most destructive of the buprestids inNorth America.

The buprestids, including the emerald ash borer, cause problems forConnecticut homeowners.

Additional laws are needed in North America to protect the ash treesfrom the emerald ash borer.

A

B

C

D

“The larvae feed on the phloem and cambium, while the adults feedon leaves.” (paragraph 3)

“Two other buprestids are well-known to those in Connecticut. . . .”(paragraph 4)

“The two-lined chestnut borer often attacks stressed oak trees. . . .”(paragraph 4)

“More recently, strict regulations have been initiated to prevent themovement of these materials from infested areas.” (paragraph 5)

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