grade 8- unitl.1 gas exchange - science curriculum office · pdf file ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 1-
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 2-
Curriculum Standards
8.7.1- Know the basic structure of the lungs and
their role in gas exchange (breathing).
(ازلف)٣ؼؽف ازؽ٤ت األقبق٢ ؽئز٤ ظؼب ك٢ رجبظ اـبؾاد
8.7.2-Know that inhaled air has more oxygen than
exhaled air, and that exhaled air has more carbon
dioxide than inhaled air.
٣ؼؽف أ اء اش٤ن ٣سز١ ػ٠ ٤خ األكد٤ رؿ٣ع ػ ٤ز ك٢.
اء اؿك٤ؽ، أ اء اؿك٤ؽ ٣سز١ ػ٠ ٤خ أجؽ ثب٢ أك٤ع اؽث
ثبوبؼخ غ اء اش٤ن
8.7.3 - Know that oxygen and carbon dioxide are
carried round the body to and from cells in
vessels. ا٠ اطال٣ب ٣ؼؽف أ األكد٤ ثب٢ أك٤ع اؽث ٣زوال ز ادك
.ثاقطخ األػ٤خ اع٣خ
8.7.4 Know that smoking damages the lungs and
reduces the efficiency of gas exchange.
٣ؼؽف أ ازعض٤ ٣ؤغ١ اؽئز٤ ٣طلغ كؼب٤خ رجبظ اـبؾاد
8.7.5 Compare and contrast the similarities and
differences between red and white blood cells and
their functions. .٣وبؼ ٣ؼؽف طلبد ضال٣ب اع اسؽاء ضال٣ب اع اج٤ؼبء االضزالف ث٤
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 3-
Objectives:
1-Know the basic structure of the lungs and their role in gas
exchange {breathing}.
2-Know that inhaled air has more oxygen than exhaled air, and
exhaled air has more carbon dioxide than the inhaled air.
3-Know that oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried around the body
to and from cells in the blood vessels.
4-Know that smoking damages the lungs and reduce the efficiency of
gas exchange.
Key Words Gas exchange التبادل الغازي
Trachea قصبة هوائة
Bronchi لهوائتانا شعبتانال
Bronchioles الهوائة تالشعبا
Alveoli الحوصالت أو األكاس الهوائة
Diaphragm الحجاب الحاجز
Oxygenated نالمحمل باألكسج
Deoxygenated نالغر محمل باألكسج
Hemoglobin (صبغة الدم)الهموجلوبن
Antibody األجسام المضادة
Plasma مصل الدم
Platelets الصفائح الدموة
Capillaries الشعرات الدموة
Wind pipe قصبة هوائة
Inhale اش٤ن
Exhale ؾك٤ؽ
Ribs األػالع
Respiration=breathing ازلف
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 4-
What is the respiratory system?
ما هو الجهاز التنفس؟
The respiratory system is made up of the organs in your body
that help you to breathe. Remember, that respiration =
breathing. The goal of breathing is to deliver oxygen to the body
and to take away carbon dioxide.
.داخل جسمك الت تساعدك على التنفس ءس من مجموعة األعضاتكون الجهاز التنف
.و تخلصه من ثان أكسد الكربون نالهدف من التنفس هو تزود الجسم باألكسج
Parts of the Respiratory System
أخؿاء ادبؾ ازلك٢The human respiratory system is made up of the lungs , the tubes
and passage ways through which air move.
.٣ز ادبؾ ازلك٢ ك٢ اإلكب اؽئز٤ دػخ األبث٤ت اؽاد از٢ ٣ؽ ااء ضالب
LLLuuunnngggsss:::---
Spongy cone-shaped organs, which are the main organs in the respiratory system.
الرئتن تمثال العضون الرئسن ف .يشكل قمع إسفنج اذو ونعض: الرئتن .الجهاز التنفس
Explore Activity How do your ribs move when you breathe?
٤ق رزسؽى أػالع اولض اظعؼ١ ػعب رزلف؟Procedure:
1- Place your hands on your ribs
2- Breathe in and out several times, focusing on what happens
when you inhale and exhale.
3- Record your observation
What do you think?
:اططاد
ػغ ٣عى ػ٠ ػػي -1
ه ثؤضػ لف إ٠ اعاض ا٠ اطبؼج ؼعح ؽاد، ؼؿ ػ٠ ب ٣سعس ػع اش٤ن اؿك٤ؽ -2
ه ثزكد٤ الزظبري -3
What movement did you observe?
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 5-
Position of the Lungs موقع الرئتن
Each human has two lungs that are separated from each
other. .ن عن بعضهم البعضمتلك كل انسان رئتن منفصلت
The lungs are located in the chest, and they are so large that
they take up most of the space in there. .توجد الرئتن ف المنطقة الصدرة ، و هما كبرتان بحث تحتالن معظم التجوف ف هذه المنطقة
Left side lung is smaller than the lung on the right because the
left one is near to the heart. الرئة السرى عادة اصغر قلال من الرئة المنى القتراب الرئة السرى
. من القلب
Structure of the Lungs: تركب الرئتن
Lungs are composed of units called lobes.
The right lung has three lobes and the left
lung has only two lobes.
فصوص ف 3هناك . تتكون الرئتن من وحدات تعرف بالفصوص
.الرئة المنى و اثنن فقط ف الرئة السرى
Each lung is surrounded by a membrane. This membrane protects
the lung and separates it from the chest cavity. .رسبؽ ؼئخ ثـشبء ضبص سب٣زب كظب ػ ازد٣ق اظعؼ١
Taking oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide and
water is the main function of the respiratory system. How does
oxygen from the air get into the lungs? Air passes through many
tubes and passage ways before it reaches the lungs. .اػ٤لخ االقبق٤خ دبؾ ازلك٢ ٢ أضػ االكد٤ ازطض ثب٢ اك٤ع اؽث
You can trace the route air takes on its journey through the
respiratory system in Figure 1b. As you trace the pathway, keep
in mind that the entire trip takes only few seconds.
رػؽ ا ػ اؽزخ ركزـؽم . ٣Figure 1bب رجغ ؼزخ ااء ظاض ادبؾ ازلك٢ ك٢ اش
.كوؾ ثا٢ ه٤خ
Figure (1a)
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 6-
Figure (1b): Parts of the Respiratory System
The Nose and Mouth االق ال
In most cases, air enters the respiratory system
through the nose. The nose has two openings
called nostrils. The nostrils are lined with short
hairs. These hairs filter particles of dirt and
dust from the air before the air enters the
nasal cavity. The nasal cavity is a hollow opening
between the nose and throat. ٣خع الق كزسز٤ ـبؽز٤ ثشؼؽ .ك٢ ؼظ اسبالد ٣عض ااء ا٠ ادبؾ ازلك٢ ػ ؽؽ٣ن االق
ازد٣ق .هظ٤ؽ اعاض ٤و ثزظل٤خ ااء االقبش االرؽثخ هجب ظض ا٠ ازد٣ق االل٢
.االل٢ رد٣ق كبؼؽ ٣وغ ث٤ االق اسدؽح Air moving through the nasal cavity is filtered and moistened.
.ااء اػ١ ٣ؽ ضال ازد٣ق االل٢ ٣ ظل٠ ؼؽت Table 1
Picture Definition and Function وظفةالتعرف و ال
1) Air that has passed through the nose or mouth
enters the pharynx or throat. The pharynx is a
pathway for both food and air.
الحنجرة ه ممر .دخل الهواء الذي مر من خالل االنف و الفم الى الحنجرة .ا.و الغذاء معاللهواء
Figure (2)
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 7-
2) Trachea:- القصبة الهوائة
The passage connecting mouth and nose to the
lungs is your trachea, or windpipe.
The trachea is a tube about 13 cm long. It is
located in front of the esophagus. The trachea is
divided into two branches. القصبة .القصبة الهوائة ه الممر الذي صل بن الفم ، االنف و الرئتن
توجد القصبة الهوائة أمام . سم 13الهوائة ه انبوب بلغ طوله
.تنقسم القصبة الهوائة ف نهاتها الى تفرعن.المرئ
3) Bronchus:- الشعبة الهوائة
The lower end of the trachea divides into two
smaller tubes called bronchi. Like the trachea,
the walls of the bronchi contain rings of cartilage
and smooth muscle. Each bronchus extends into a
lung. ٣وك اطؽف االض٤ؽ اوظجخ اائ٤خ ا٠ اجث٤ طـ٤ؽ٣ ٣ؼؽكب
رسز١ خعؼا اوظجخ اائ٤خ اشؼت اائ٤خ ػ٠ . ثبشؼجزب اائ٤برب
اائ٤خ زز٠ رعض رع اشؼت . اؼؼالد اكبء زوبد اـؼبؼ٣ق
.ظاض اؽئز٤
3) Bronchioles:- الشعبات الهوائة
Within the lung, the bronchus branches into many
smaller tubes called bronchioles.
Unlike the bronchi and trachea, the bronchiole
walls don't contain cartilage.
Their walls are made only of smooth muscles. داخل الرئتن تتفرع الشعب الهوائة الى انابب اصغر تعرف بالشعبات
على عكس القصبة و الشعب الهوائة، ال تحتوي جدران الشعبات .الهوائة. تتكون جدران الشعبات فقط من العضالت الملساء. الهوائة على غضارف
4) Alveoli:- الحوصالت او االكاس الهوائة
Bronchiole end in structures called air sacs, or
alveoli. Alveoli look like a bunch of grapes. Each
lung contains millions of alveoli.
A network of capillaries surrounds the alveoli.
Both the alveoli and the capillaries have walls
that are only one cell thick. These thin walls
allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass easily
between the alveoli and the capillaries. رسز١ ؼئخ ػ٠ .رز٢ اشؼ٤جبد اائ٤خ ثؤ٤بـ ااء ا اس٣ظالد
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 8-
رسبؽ اس٣ظالد . س٣ظالد از٢ رظؽ ػ٠ ش ػبه٤ع اؼتال٤٣ ا
رز خعؼ اشؼ٤ؽاد اع٣خ اس٣ظالد . ثشجخ اشؼ٤ؽاد اع٣خ
ال٣ب ثكي ض٤خ ازعح كوؾ زكر الكد٤ ثب٢ اك٤ع شاائ٤خ
.اؽث ثبالزوب ثكخ ث٤ اس٣ظالد اشؼ٤ؽاد اع٣خ
5) Ribs:- االضالع
The ribs are the skeletal protection for the lungs
and the chest cavity. تمثل االضالع الجزء من الهكل العضم المسؤول عن حماة الرئتن و
. التجوف الصدري
6) Diaphragm:- الحجاب الحاجز
A muscular membranous is a dome-shaped bowl,
separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities (rib cage) and functioning in respiration.
. الحجاب الحاجز هو عبارة عن غشاء عضل ذو شكل شبه القبة المجوفةو البطن، (القفص الصدري)صدريفصل الحجلب الحاجز بن التجوف ال
. لساعد الجسم ف عملة التنفس
Functions of the Lungs:- وظفة الرئتن
The main function of the lungs is breathing, but it is not the only one.
The lungs performed many functions, such as: :الوظفة االساسة للرئتن ه التنفس ، ولكن هذه الوظفة لست الوحدة فالرئتان تقومان بوظائف اخرى ه
1. Respiration or breathing is taking in of oxygen and giving out of carbon dioxide.
.ي اكسد الكربونالتنفس هو عملة ادخال االكسجن والتخلص من ثان
2. Protecting the body from harmful substances.
.حماة الجسم من المواد الضارة
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 9-
Key Questions:
1. What are the main organs of the respiratory system?
ب ٢ االػؼبء اؽئ٤ك٤خ دبؾ ازلك٢؟
________________________________________
2. Label the following diagram showing the structure of the
respiratory system. The words are given in the word bank below (Be
sure to check your spelling).
.ربع االالء اظس٤ر بد.ازت اج٤ببد ػ٠ اؽق ازب٢ ثبالقزؼبخ ثببد ك٢ اظعم
Nose
Pharynx Trachea Bronchioles Bronchus
Diaphragm Alveoli Lung Larynx
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 10-
2. Follow the path of air in the respiratory system from entering the
body until reaching the alveoli. . رزجغ ؽؽ٣ن ااء ظاض ادبؾ ازلك٢ سظخ ظض ا٠ ا ٣ظ ا٠ اس٣ظالد اائ٤خ
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................ 3. Put true or false and write the correct answers:-
ضع صح او خطأ، وقم بتصحح الخطأ
1) Bronchi are tubes from trachea.
تفرعان من القصبة الهوائة الشعبتان هما االنبوبان اللذان
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
( )
2) The lungs are covered by a membrane called ribs.
عرف باالضالع تغط الرئتن غشاء
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
( )
3) The lungs are spongy and cone-shaped organs.
الرئتن هما عضون ذو شكل قمع اسفنج
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
( )
4) Right side lung composed of two lobes.
تتكون الرئة المنى من جزئن
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
( )
5) The left side lung is smaller the right one.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
( )
6) The lungs protect the body from harmful substance
تحم الرئتن الجسم من المواد الضارة
( )
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 11-
Try putting your hand on our chest. Breathe gently in and out.
Can you feel your ribs rising and falling? رشؼؽ ثؤػالع رؽرلغ رطلغ؟.رلف ثعء عاض ا طبؼج.طعؼى ه ثزدؽثخ ػغ ٣عى ػ٠
All living things breathe in and out by two processes called
inhalation and exhalation. .خ٤غ ابئبد اس٤خ رزلف ا٠ اعاض اطبؼج ثبقزطعا ػ٤ز٤ رؼؽكب ثبش٤ن اؿك٤ؽ
1. Inhalation شهق ال
Breathing-in-oxygen.
Ribs rise upwards and
outwards.
Diaphragm contracts and
moves downwards, causing less
pressure in the lungs.
Air is inhaled into the lungs.
Lungs are increased in size.
تنفس االكسجن الى الداخل
الخارج الىترتفع الى االعلى و: ضالعاال .
نقبض و تحرك الى االسفل مسببا ضغط اقل على الرئتن: الحجاب الحاجز .
دخل الهواء الى الرئتن اثناء الشهق .
زداد حجم الرئتن .
Figure (2)
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 12-
2. Exhalation الزفر
Breathing-out-carbon dioxide.
Ribs lower downwards and inwards.
Diaphragm relaxes and goes
upwards, causing more pressure in the
lungs.
Air is forced out of the lungs.
Lungs are decreased in size.
ثب٢ اك٤ع اؽث ا٠ اطبؼج(رلف )٣ؿكؽ .
رزسؽى االػالع ا٠ االقل ا٠ اعاض .
اسدبة اسبخؿ ٣كزؽض٢ ٣زسؽى ا٠ االػ٠ كججب ػـؾ اثؽ ػ٠ اؽئز٤ .
٣عكغ ااء ثوح ضبؼج اؽئز٤ .
٣و زد اؽئز٤ .
How long can you hold your breath for?
After about a minute it becomes too difficult! You have to breathe
in.
But why is breathing so important to you? ركزط٤غ اجوبء ك٤ب ثع رلف؟ ب ٢ اعح از٢
بغا ازلف شع٣ع اال٤خ الخكبب؟. ثسبخخ زلف ثب٤ب ثؼع زا٢ ظه٤وخ قز
If you look at the pie-chart, they will give you a clue.
They show the properties of the gases that we breathe.
What do they tell you about the amounts of oxygen that you breathe in
and out? بغا ٣طجؽى ػ ٤خ االكد٤ اػ١ .٣ظؽ اش اـبؾاد از٢ زلكب.اش ازػ٤س٢ ٣كبػعى ػ٠ ال
.رزلكب ا٠ ظاض ادك ا٠ اطبؼج
We use up oxygen in our bodies and produce carbon dioxide. Why? بغا؟.ركزطع اخكبب االكد٤ رزح ثب٢ اك٤ع اؽث
Figure (3)
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 13-
ACTIVITIES شبؽ
Activity 1:- Less Oxygen اكد٤ اه
Materials:
Procedure:
Does the candle light in the jar of exhaled air, what does the
exhaled air contain? ………………………………………………………………............ رشزؼ اشؼخ ك٢ االجة اسز١ ػ٠ اء اؿك٤ؽ؟ ب اء اؿك٤ؽ؟
Does the amount of oxygen in fresh air and exhaled air equal?
... ................................................ رزكب ٤خ االكد٤ ك٢ ااء او٢ اء اؿك٤ؽ؟
Breathed-in-air Breathed-out-air
Figure (4)
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 14-
Activity 2:- More Carbon Dioxide ثب٢ اك٤ع اؽث اثؽ
Materials:
- Tube or plastic bottle. اجة اجالقز٤ي
- Straw هشخ ػظ٤ؽ
- Lime water بء اد٤ؽ
Procedure: اطؽ٣وخ
- Fill the bottle with lime water.
- Make a hole in the plastic cap insert the straw inside it and close the
bottle.
- Blow in the straw. . ه ثال االجة ثبء اد٤ؽ
. ه ثظغ ثوت ك٢ ؿطبء االجة، اظض اوشخ اثوت اؿن االجة
. ه ثبلص ظاض اوشخ Conclusion ربجاالقز
What happen after awhile to the color of the lime
water?................................................................ ؟ بغا ٣سعس ثؼع كزؽح ث بء اد٤ؽ
Which gas causes the change of the color in the bottle?
......................................................... ب اـبؾ اػ١ ٣كجت رـ٤ؽ ا ك٢ االجة؟
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 15-
Exercise 3:- More Heat زؽاؼح اثؽ
If you are cold, blow in your hands what do you
feel?..... ...................................................................
بغا رشؼؽ؟ . اغا ذ رشؼؽ ثبجؽظ،ه ثبلص ظاض ٣عى
Exercise 4:- More Water Vapor ثطبؼ بء اثؽ
Blow in a mirror or any glass, what do you notice?
................................................................. ؾخبج، بغا رالزع؟ ه ثبلص ػ٠ ؽآح أ
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 16-
MECHANISM OF BREATHING زعس ازلف (٤ب٤٤خ) ؽؽ٣وخ
EEExxxhhhaaalllaaatttiiiooonnn
IIInnnhhhaaalllaaatttiiiooonnn
When the RBCs carry CO2
and waste to the lungs.
عندما تنقل كرات الدم الحمراء ثان
. اكسد الكربون و الفضالت الى الرئتن
When O2 enter the
body through nose or
mouth. االكسجن الجسم من االنف دخل
او الفم
Start البداة
Relax تسترخ
Contract تنقبض
Lung Muscle عضالت الرئتن
Decrease قل
Increase زد
Chest Volume
Carbon dioxide leaves the
lungs through nose or
mouth. خرج ثان اكسد الكربون من الرئتن
. االنف أو الفم من خالل
Oxygen enters the
lungs from nose or
mouth. الى الرئتن عن دخل االكسجن
.طرق االنف أو الفم
Gas Type نوع الغاز
RBCs carry carbon dioxide
and wastes from different
body’s tissues. تحمل كرات الدم الحمراء ثان أكسد
من انسجة الجسم الكربون و الفضالت . المختلفة
Enter the capillaries. دخل ثان أكسد الكربون و الفضالت
الشعرات الدموة
Hemoglobin in RBCs
release carbon dioxide and
Oxygen enters the
body through nose or
mouth. دخل االكسجن الى الجسم عن
. طرق االنف أو الفم
Passes to Trachea . مر الهواء الى القصبة الهوائة
To Bronchi and
Bronchioles
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 17-
wastes. طلق الهموجلوبن ف كرات الدم
. الحمراء ثان أكسد الكربون و الفضالت
CO2 and wastes enter the
alveoli. دخل ثان أكسد الكربون و الفضالت الى
. الحوصالت الهوائة
Pass to the Bronchioles
then to the Bronchi مر الهواء الى الشعبات و الشعب
الهوائة
Reach the Trachea. .صل الهواء الى القصبة الهوائة
CO2 leaves the body
through nose or mouth. غادر ثان أكسد الكربون الجسم من
. خالل األنف أو الفم
و شعبمر الهواء الى ال. الشعبات الهوائة
Reach the alveoli. صل الهواء الى الحوصالت
الهوائة
Enter the capillaries. .دخل الهواء الشعرات الدموة
Attach to the
hemoglobin in RBCs رتبط االكسجن بالهموجلوبن
داخل حالا الدم الحمراء
RBCs carry the O2 to
the heart and
different body’s
tissue. تنقل الكرات الحمراء االكسجن
الى القلب و انسجة الجسم . المختلفة
Mechanism
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 18-
Key Questions:
1. How do we breathe? Fill the blanks.
أكمل الفراغات لتوضح كف نتنفس؟
Figure A Figure B
The diaphragm is a muscle below your
lungs that ……………. when you
………….. and moves down to help move
gases into your lungs.
When you breath in, you inhale and
the amount of ……..is more.
And the amount of ……………….is more.
The diaphragm ……………… when you
………….. and moves up to help move
gases out of your lungs.
And the amount of …………………is more.
When you breath out, you exhale and
the amount of ………is more.
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 19-
Compare between inhalation and exhalation according to:
:قارن بن الشهق و الزفر بناء على النقاط التالة
Inhalation الشهق Exhalation الزفر
Diaphragm
movement
حركة الحجاب الحاجز
Chest movement
الصدرةحركة المنطة
Chest volume
حجم المنطقة الصدرة
The direction of
the air
اتجاه حركة الهواء
Study the following pie chart then answer the following questions: :اظؼـ اش اج٤ب٢ ازب٢ ث أخت ػ األقئخ ازب٤خ
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 20-
a. Which one of the above pie charts resembles inhaled air? Why?
أي األشكال البانة مثل مكونات هواء الشهق؟ لماذا؟
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
b. Why does the percentage of carbon dioxide increase in exhaled
air?
لماذا تزد نسبة غاز ثان أكسد الكربون ف هواء الزفر؟
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
In the table below, determine which is exhaled air and which is
inhaled air. .ك٢ ادع ازب٢ ، ػر ا١ ٤بد رث اء اش٤ن أ١ ب اء اؿك٤ؽ
% Oxygen % Carbon
dioxide
% Nitrogen % others
………… air 21% 0.004% 78% 0.96%
…………. air 17% 4% 78% 0.96%
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 21-
Complete the following:- :أكمل التال
EEExxxhhhaaalllaaatttiiiooonnn
IIInnnhhhaaalllaaatttiiiooonnn
When the RBCs carry _ _ _
_ and waste to the lungs.
When _ _ _ _ _ _ _ enter
the body through nose or
mouth.
Start البداة
Relax
-----------------------
-
Lung
Muscle
عضالت الرئتن
-----------------------
-
-----------------------
-
Chest
Volume تجوف الصدر
Carbon dioxide leaves the
lungs through nose or mouth.
Oxygen enters the lungs
from nose or mouth.
Gas Type نوع الغاز
---------- carry carbon
dioxide and wastes from
different body’s tissues.
Enter the ---------------
--
----------------- in
RBCs release carbon dioxide
and wastes.
CO2 and wastes enter the
Oxygen enters the body
through nose or mouth.
Pass to -----------------
To -----------------and
Bronchioles
Reach the --------------
---
Mechanism المكانكة
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 22-
alveoli.
Pass to the Bronchioles then
to the Bronchi.
Reach the Trachea.
CO2 leaves the body ------
-----------------------
--------.
Enter the capillaries.
Attach to the -----------
---- in RBCs
RBCs carry the O2 to the
heart and different body’s
tissue.
Gas Exchange in the Alveoli اؾ١ ظاض اس٣ظالد اائ٤خ ازجبظ اؾ
The most important part of the respiratory process is the exchange
of the gases oxygen (02) and carbon dioxide (C02).
Within the lungs, these gases are exchanged between the alveoli and
the bloodstream. Oxygen moves into the bloodstream. At the same
time, carbon dioxide moves into the alveoli. .رؼزجؽ ػ٤خ رجبظ ؿبؾ األكد٤ ثب٢ أك٤ع اؽث أ خؿء ك٢ ػ٤خ ازلف
.رجبظ ػ اـبؾاد ظاض اؽئز٤ ث٤ اس٣ظالد اائ٤خ دؽ اع
اس٣ظالد ر٢ ٣عض ك٤ب األكد٤ ا٠ دؽ اع ، ٣عكغ ثب٢ أك٤ع اؽث ضبؼج ك٢ لف اسظخ ا
.اائ٤خ
How does this exchange of gases take place? ٤ق رز ػ٤خ ازجبظ اـبؾ١؟
Air entering the alveoli has a high level of oxygen and a low level of
carbon dioxide. Blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli is low in
oxygen. This blood has high level of carbon dioxide. ٣سز١ ااء اعاض ا٠ اس٣ظالد اائ٤خ ػ٠ كز ػب٢ األكد٤ طلغ ثب٢ أك٤ع
٣ظالد ػ٠ كز ػب٢ ثب٢ أك٤ع ث٤ب ٣سز١ اع ك٢ اشؼ٤ؽاد اع٣خ اس٤طخ ثبر.اؽث
.اؽث طلغ االكد٤
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 23-
When air enters your lungs, the oxygen from the air dissolves in the
mucus within the alveoli. The dissolve oxygen then diffuses out of the
alveoli and into the capillaries. ء ا٠ اؽئز٤، ٣ػة االكد٤ ك٢ ابظح اطبؽ٤خ ظاض اس٣ظالد، ث ٣زشؽ ا٠ ضبؼج ػعب ٣عض اا
.اس٣ظالد ا٠ اع
At the same time, carbon dioxide in the capillaries diffuses into the
alveoli. The cycle below shows exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the alveoli and the capillaries. رظؽ اعؼح ك٢ االقل رجبظ األكد٤ . ٣زشؽ ثب٢ أك٤ع اؽث ظاض اس٣ظالدك٢ لف اهذ،
.ثب٢ أك٤ع اؽث ث٤ اس٣ظالد اشـ٤ؽاد اع٣خ
Gas Exchange Cycle:
O2
O2
O2
O2 CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 24-
The figure below shows the gas exchange inside an alveolus. الغازات داخل الحوصالت ظهر الشكل ف االسفل تبادل
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 25-
Key Questions:
1. Where does gas exchange happen? ا٣ ٣ز رجبظ اـبؾاد؟
-----------------------------------------
Q2: What does breathing bring into the body?
ثبغا رؿظ ػ٤خ ازلف اخكبب؟
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Q3: Why does gas exchange happen in the alveoli? بغا رز ػ٤خ رجبظ اـبؾاد ك٢ اس٣ظالد اائ٤خ؟
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Q4: What would happen to your cells if there is no enough oxygen? ٣ بى ٤خ بك٤خ االكد٤؟ ٣سظ طال٣ب خكي اغابغا
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 26-
Q5: Explain the process of gas exchange by studying the diagram
given below. . ظ اـبؾاده ثعؼاقخ اش ازب٢ ، ث ككؽ ٤ق رز ػ٤خ رجب
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 27-
Blood mostly composed of water, there are four blood
components:
red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), platelets and
plasma. ؽ٣بد اع اسؽاء اج٤ؼبء : ب أ بى اؼثغ بد أقبق٤خ ع. ٣ز ؼظ اع ابء
.اظلبئر اع٣خ اجالؾب أ قبئ اع
1. Red Blood Cell (RBC)
It has a biconcave shape, small size, no nucleus, contains hemoglobin,
it is a protein, which gives the RBC the red color and carries oxygen
or carbon dioxide to the body. It also identifies the blood group of
the each person (A, B, AB and O) خث٤ رسز١ ػ اطال٣ب ػ٠ ا٤. ب ش وؼؽ ، طـ٤ؽح اسد ثع اح : ؽ٣بد اع اسؽاء
اجؽر٤ اػ١ ٣ؼط٢ ؽ٣بد اع ب االزؽ ٣و ثس االكد٤ ثب٢ اك٤ع اؽث ا٠ اؼخذء
ب ٣سعظ كظ٤خ اع شطض.ادك
2. White Blood Cell (WBC)
It has no definite shape double size that of RBC, contain nucleus, no
hemoglobin that why its color is white. These cells defend our body
from diseases.
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 28-
رسز١ ػ اطال٣ب . ٢ ضال٣ب ثع ش سعظ ثسد ػؼق زد ؽ٣بد اع اسؽاء: ؽ٣بد اع اج٤ؼبء
.ؽاعرو ػ اطال٣ب ثبعكبع ػ اخكبب اال. ػ٠ ااح ال رسز١ ػ٠ ا٤ضث٤ ػا ب اث٤غ
3. Platelets
They are very small and round in shape. They help in healing (cure)
injuries. .٢ طـ٤ؽح خعا ظائؽ٣خ اش ركبػع ك٢ ازآ ادؽذ: اظلبئر اع٣خ
4. Plasma
It is the liquid component of blood mostly made up of water, in which
the blood cells are suspended. The color of plasma is yellow.
. ٢ ادؿء اكبئ اع، ٣ز ك٢ اـبت ابءاػ١ ركجر ك٢ ظاض ضال٣ب اع اطزلخ: ؾباجال
. ثالؾب اع اطلؽ
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 29-
Table 1: Comparing Red Blood Cells (RBC) to White Blood Cells .٣وبؼ ادع ث٤ ضال٣ب اع اسؽاء اج٤ؼبء
White Blood Cells (WBCs):-
Red Blood Cells (RBCs):-
No specific shape .لس لها شكل محدد
Biconcave مقعر Shape الشكل
Big (double RBC size) .كبر ضعف حجم كرات الدم الحمراء
Small صغر Size الحجم
White أبض Red أحمر Color اللون
No hemoglobin ال تحتوي على الهموجلوبن
Contains hemoglobin تحتوي على الهموجلوبن
Hemoglobin الهموجلوبن
Contains nucleus
تحتوي على النواة
No nucleus ال تحتوي على النواة
Nucleus النواة
Defend the body from
diseases either by
engulfing or producing
antibodies against them.
تدافع عن الجسم من االمراض بالتهامها
للجراثم أو انتاج أجسام مضادة لهذه
.الجراثم
Carry oxygen or carbon
dioxide to the body
تحمل االكسجن أو ثان أكسد الكربون
.الى الجسم
Function
الوظفة
Few days to a few weeks .عدة اام الى عدة اسابع
120 days
.وم 120
Life span فترة الحاة
4,000 – 11,000 4.5 – 5.5 million
Number in 1
mm3 تر العدد ف الملم
الواحد
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 30-
1. Write down the name of these blood cells. أزت اق ضال٣ب اع ازب٤خ
_____________________
_______________________
2- According to the following picture, conclude the function of the
white blood cells: .ثبءا ػ٠ اظؼ ازب٤خ، اقززح ظ٤لخ ضال٣ب اع اج٤ؼبء
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
3- Compare between the red blood cells and the white blood cells
below. .هبؼ ث٤ ضال٣ب اع اج٤ؼبء اسؽاء
Red blood
cells
White blood
cells
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 31-
Q4: Why do you think red blood cells have biconcave shape? اكجت ك٢ اػزوبظى ا ضال٣ب اع اسؽاء شب وؼؽ؟ب
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Q5: Why do you think red blood cells have no nucleus? ب اكجت ك٢ اػزوبظى ا ضال٣ب اع اسؽاء ٤ف ع٣ب اح؟
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Q6: Why do you think red blood cells have hemoglobin? ا ضال٣ب اع اسؽاء رسز١ ػ٠ ا٤خث٤؟ ب اكجت ك٢ اػزوبظى
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Function اظ٤لخ
Nucleus ااح
Shape اش
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 32-
Cigarette Smoke رعض٤ اكدبئؽ
Cigarette smoke contains many harmful substances. The most
important ones are nicotine, tar, and the gases carbon dioxide and
carbon monoxide. All of these substances can harm the organs and
cause disease.
أ ػ ااظ اؼبؼح ٢ ا٤ر٤، اوطؽا، اـبؾاد ثب٢ .رسز١ اكدبئؽ ػ٠ اث٤ؽ ااظ اؼبؼح
.ركجت ػ ااظ االغ االؽاع ألػؼبء ادك . أ أك٤ع اؽث
Cigarette components: مكونات السجائر
Cigarettes contain a lot of chemical materials; it is composed of a plant
called tobacco, which contains tar and nicotine. رسز١ اكدبئؽ ػ٠ اث٤ؽ ااظ ا٤٤بئ٤خ ، ٢ رز أطال جزخ رؼؽف ثبزجؾ از٢ رسز١ ثعؼب
.٤ر٤ اوطؽاػ٠ ا
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 33-
Dried Tobacco plant Tobacco plant
Cigarettes contain the most harmful thing to the health, which is carbon
monoxide (CO). .رسز١ اكدبئؽ ػ٠ بظح ػبؼح خعا ػ٠ اظسخ ٢ أ أك٤ع اؽث
Tar in cigarette smoke can cause cancer.
This is most likely to happen in the lungs
or in the tubes leading to the lungs.
It can cause the yellow color to the nails,
teeth and lung. Also affect the air sacs
(alveoli). :اوطؽا
ومن الممكن ان تسبب اللون . وجد ف دخان السجائر ، وسبب السرطان للرئتن أو االنابب الموصلة الى الرئتن.وقد تضر الحوصالت الهوائة. االصفر لالظافر واالسنان و الرئتن
Nicotine is a drug that affects the brain. It makes people feel more
relaxed. Nicotine is an addictive drug. This means that people who
regularly smoke cannot easily give up smoking, because their bodies
demand more nicotine. Nicotine also affects the blood system. This
increases the rate at which the heart beats, and increases blood
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 34-
pressure. This can put strain on the heart. People who smoke are
more likely to suffer from heart disease than people who do not. :ا٤ر٤
٣ؼزجؽ ااظ اكججخ الظب أ . ؽت ٣ؤثؽ ػ٠ اعبؽ ٣ؼط٢ االزكبـ الشسبص ثبالقزؽضبء
ب ٣ؤثؽ ػ٠ ادبؾ اعؼ١ كججب اؾظ٣بظ ػؽثبد اوت ػـؾ اع . رؼن االشطبص اعض ثبكدبئؽ
.شطبص اعض٤ أثؽ ػؽطخ الطبثخ ثبؽاع اوت ؿ٤ؽ اعض٤ب ٣دؼ اال
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
A poisonous odorless gas, that enters and stays in the lungs and blood.
Carbon monoxide (CO) sticks to the red blood cell (RBC) and instead of
the RBC carrying oxygen(O2) it will carry carbon monoxide (CO) which
decrease the oxygen in the blood. تعلق هذا الغاز بكرات الدم . دخل وتجمع داخل الرئتن و الدم وهو غاز سام عدم الرائحة، :أول اكسد الكربون
.الحمراء بدال من االكسجن مسببا نقصان كمة االكسجن ف الدم
Emphysema is an illness that slowly rots your lungs. People with
emphysema often get bronchitis again and again, and suffer lung and
heart failure.
متكرر اللتهابات الشعبات الهىائة و قد تؤدي الى االمفزما ه مرض ؤثر ببطء على الرئتن مسببا حدوث
.فشل القلب و الرئتن
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 35-
Effects of Smoking ربث٤ؽاد ازعض٤
1. Coughing اكؼب
2. Damage the alveoli.
٣زق اس٣ظالد اائ٤خ
3. Reduce the efficiency of gas
exchange in the lungs. .٣و لبءح ازجبظ اـبؾ١ ك٢ اؽئز٤
4. Reduce lung growth.
.قلل من نمى الرئتن
5. Reduce percentage of oxygen in
blood .٣و كجخ االكد٤ ك٢ اع
6. Smokers have more red blood
cells (RBCs) than non-smokers. .٣كجت اؾظ٣بظ ؽ٣بد اع اسؽاء
7. Shortness of breath. .٣كجت هظؼ ك٢ ازلف
8. Shrinking the air pipes and blood
vessels.(bronchitis). .٣كجت روض ك٢ ابث٤ت ااء االػ٤خ اع٣خ
9. High blood pressure and pulse .ظ ػؽثبد اوتاؾظ٣بظ ػـؾ ا
10. Main cause of lung cancer
and heart diseases. .اكجت اؽئ٤ك٢ كؽؽب اؽئز٤ اؽاع اوت
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 36-
Mini-Lab Smoking Machine:
Materials: a 20 ml syringe, a short length of wide glass tubing,
bung, plastic tubing (to act as a cigarette holder), a small ball of
absorbent cotton wool.
Procedure:
Build up the smoking machine as shown in the figure below.
Demonstrate using a smoking machine to collect the residues
produced by a burning cigarette.
How to keep our lungs healthy
- Don’t smoke!
- Have a regular exercise routine
- Breathe clean air كف تحافظ على صحة رئتك؟
.ال رعض
.بؼـ اؽ٣بػخ ثش كزؽ
.رلف اث٤ؽ ااء او٢
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 37-
Use the cigarette box to answer the following questions:
:اقزطع اك ازب٢ الخبثخ ػ االقئخ
1. What are the components of the cigarette?
ب ٢ بد اكدبئؽ؟
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
2. What does the healthy warning on the cigarette box say?
ازسػ٣ؽ اظس٢ اخظ ػ٠ ػت اكدبئؽ؟ب سز
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
3. What are the diseases caused by smoking cigarettes?
ب ٢ االؽاع ابردخ ػ رعض٤ اكدبئؽ؟
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 38-
What is the effect of these contents on the human health?
:ما هو تاثر المكونات التالة على صحة االنسان
1. Nicotine النكوتن
a. ______________________________________
b. ______________________________________
c. ______________________________________
d.______________________________________
Tar ا اوطؽ
2. Tar
a. _________________________________________
b. __________________________________________
c. __________________________________________
d. __________________________________________
3. Carbon monoxide (CO): أ اك٤ع اؽث
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 39-
Smoking can cause the following diseases and side effects:
:التدحن قد سبب هذه االمراض و االعراض الجانبة
Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange
- 40-
Complete the following concept map using the words from the following
box below: ا اش ازطط٤ط٢ ازب٢ ثبقزطعا ابد اظعم
bad breath – lung cancer – emphysema – carbon monoxide – tar – chronic bronchitis - yellow teeth – affect the brain – raises the blood pressure – decrease the body capacity of oxygen-