graded recitation. describe the condition of roman republic in 70s bc? page 322 it was in disorder....
DESCRIPTION
Who was Cicero? Page 322 Cicero was a philosopher and gifted public speaker who called on the upperclass Romans to work together to make Rome a better place.TRANSCRIPT
Graded recitation
Describe the condition of Roman Republic in 70s BC?
Page 322
It was in disorder. (Politicians vs generals; politically inspired riots; more people flooded into the city adding to the confusion).
Who was Cicero?
Page 322
Cicero was a philosopher and gifted public speaker who called on the
upperclass Romans to work together to make Rome a better place.
To make Rome a better place, Cicero wanted to limit the power of ____________.
Page 322
generals
Did Cicero oppose the Senate?
NO, he wanted to give more support to them.
Cicero also wanted to restore ___________ and _________ on the government.
Page 322
Checks and balances
Did most Romans agree with Cicero, especially the generals?
No. The generals were working to take over the government.
Who was the most powerful of these general who wanted to take over the government?
Page 323
Julius Caesar
How did Romans treat Julius Caesar?
Romans respected and admired him for his bravery and skill in battle.
Tell us about Julius Caesar’s accomplishment between 58 BC and 50 BC.
Page 323
He conquered nearly all of Gaul (an area that is today France).
Give two reasons that made Caesar a key figure in Roman politics?
Page 323
His military successes (such conquest of Gaul); an excellent speaker that won
many supporters with his speeches.
Who were Caesar’s two powerful friends for 10 years?
Page 323
Pompey and Crassus
How was the friendship of Caesar and Pompey affected in 50 BC?
Pompey’s allies in the Senate ordered Caesar, who was so popular, to give up
command of his armies and wanted Pompey, who was becoming jealous of
Caesar’s popularity, to control Rome alone.
Did Caesar give up to the Senate for the sake of his friendship with Pompey?
Page 323-324
No, he led the troops back toward Rome for a confrontation; crossed Rubicorn River,
boundary between Gaul and Italy with no turning back.
Why was war certain when Caesar and his men crossed the Rubicorn River?Roman law said no general could enter Italy
with his army.
Tell us about Caesar and Pompey’s war.
Page 323-324
For a year Ceasar chased Pompey’s forces, who fled to Italy and were finally defeated
in Greece in 48 BC. Pompey was killed by an Egyptian king.
With Caesar’s victory over Pompey and upon his return to Rome in 45 BC, what did he become?
Page 324
Made himself a dictator.Did his popularity increase among all people? If Yes, why? If no, why not?
No. There were people who resented the way he gained power and were concerned
that he wanted to be the king of Rome.
Why were the Senators angry with Caesar? Were they threatened of Caesar’s leadership?
Page 324
He reduced their powers. Were the Senate threatened of Caesar’s leadership?
Yes, they feared of his growing strength.
Tell us about the Ides of March.
Page 324
That marks the Caesar’s assassination date, 15th of March, 44 BC, when a group of
Senators attacked Caesar in the Senate and stabbed him to death.
Page 324
Who were the two great leaders who emerged after the assassination of Julius Caesar?
Marc Antony – Caesar’s former assistant;Octavian – Caesar’s adopted son.
How did these two leaders and the Roman people respond to the assassination of Caesar?
Marc Antony and Octavian prioritized punishing the killers of Caesar. Romans were shocked and riots broke out after
Caesar’s death.
Page 324
How did Antony turn more Romans against Caesar’s killers?
At Caesar’s funeral, he delivered a famous speech.
Tell us about the Battle at Philippi.The army of Marc Antony and Octavian caught up to the killers near Philippi in Northern Greece. In 43BC both leaders defeated their opponents. The last of
Caesar’s murderers committed suicide.
Page 324
Tell us about what Antony did that led to civil war in Rome in 31 BC.
Antony divorced Octavian’s sister (Octavia) eight years after their wedding, to marry
the Egyptian queen Cleopatra. Octavian saw this as an insult to his sister and to himself.
Page 324
How was Antony’s fight in the civil war in 31BC?
Antony escaped back to Egypt with Cleopatra after his fleet was defeated, and
the couple committed suicide so they would not be taken as prisoner by Octavian.
Page 324
Tell us about the two titles that Octavian had after he became the sole ruler.
First he took the title “pinceps” or first citizen.
Second, the Senate gave him a new name – Augustus, which means revered one.
Page 324
Did Octavian give all his power to the Senate?
No, he just announced that he will give all his power to the Senate but in reality, he
kept all his power.
What marked the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire?
The naming of Augustus.
Page 325
Looking at the map on page 325, why do you think the Romans called the Mediterranean “Our Sea”?
Because it was surrounded by Roman territory.
What did Roman conquests promote?
Trade. (imported raw materials, exotics goods like spices and silk from Asia, animals
from Africa; exported goods made by artisans – like jewelry, glass and clothing.
Page 326
What did Romans use to pay for their trade goods?
Currency or Money like coins made of gold or silver. Nearly everyone accepted Roman coins that helped trade grow even more.
What do you call the peaceful period in the first 200 years of the Roman Empire?
Pax Romana or Roman peace.
Page 327
Romans built _______________ raised channels used to carry water from mountains into cities.
aqueducts
They built roads in ______________to make these highly durable.
layers
Page 327
Because of its round shape, Romans used an ______________ that can support much more weight than other shapes can.
arch
Romans combined arches to create ________ which are sets of arches that support the roof of a building.
vaults
Page 327
______________ in Rome was a huge building constructed for gladiator fights.
Colosseum
Most Roman paintings were ___________, type of painting done on plaster.
frescoes
Page 328
__________was the language of Roman government and law.
Latin
Latin later developed into many different languages called as ____________ languages that include Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian.
Romance
Page 328
__________ law is a legal system based on written code of laws, like the one created by Romans.
civil
In 300s, Emperor Constantine removed the ban on ______________ and ended remaining persecution of it; while about 42 years after, Emperor Theodosius declared it as the official religion.
Christianity
Page 327
__________ law is a legal system based on written code of laws, like the one created by Romans.
civil
In 300s, Emperor Constantine removed the ban on ______________ and ended remaining persecution of it; while about 42 years after, Emperor Theodosius declared it as the official religion.
Christianity
Page 332-333
Did Romans generally allow the people they conquered to keep their religious beliefs?
Yes
Before Christianity became an official religion, what was the dominant belief in Roman Empire?
Polytheism
Page 332-333
What influenced Rome to believe in many gods?
Greek mythology; adopted also gods from Egypt, Gaul and Persia.
What was the first monotheistic faith that was recognized as a legal religion in Rome?
Judaism – monotheistic faith – believes in one God.
Under Julius Caesar, Judaism was officially recognized as a legal religion,
a policy followed by the first Roman emperor, Augustus.
Herod the Great was designated ‘King of the Jews’ by the Roman Senate in c. 40 BC, the Roman province of Egypt was established in 30 BC, and Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea (biblical Edom) were converted to the Roman province of Iudaea in 6 AD.
Herod also known as Herod the Great and Herod I, was a Roman client king of Judea, referred to as the Herodian kingdom. He has been described as "a madman who murdered his own family and a great many rabbis","the evil genius of the Judean nation", "prepared to commit any crime in order to gratify his unbounded ambition", and "the greatest builder in Jewish history".He is known for his colossal building projects throughout Judea, including his expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem (Herod's Temple), the construction of the port at Caesarea Maritima, the fortress at Masada and Herodium
Herod also appears in the Christian New Testament as the ruler of Judea at the time of the birth of Jesus, who orders the Massacre of the Innocents
Matthew 2:16-18Herod Kills the Children16 Then Herod, when he saw that he had been tricked by the wise men, became furious, and he sent and killed all the male children in Bethlehem and in all that region who were two years old or under, according to the time that he had ascertained from the wise men. 17 Then was fulfilled what was spoken by the prophet Jeremiah:18 “A voice was heard in Ramah, weeping and loud lamentation,Rachel weeping for her children; she refused to be comforted, because they are no more.”
Upon Herod's death, the Romans divided his kingdom among three of his sons and his sister—
1. Archelaus became ethnarch of the tetrarchy of Judea, 2. Herod Antipas became tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea, 3. Philip became tetrarch of territories east of the
Jordan, and Salome I was given a toparchy including the cities of Jabneh, Ashdod, Phasaelis.
Herod Antipater (born before 20 BC – died after 39 AD), known by the nickname Antipas, was a 1st-century ruler of Galilee and Perea, who bore the title of tetrarch ("ruler of a quarter").
He is best known today for accounts in the New Testament of his role in events that led to the executions of John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth.
Jesus faces Pontius Pilate & Herod Antipas
Who: Jesus, a Galilean teacher and miracle-worker; Pontius Pilate the Roman governor; Herod Antipas, Roman-appointed ruler of Galilee
Where: The Roman praetorium in Jerusalem
What happened: Only the Roman governor could condemn a man to death, but Pontius Pilate was reluctant to pass sentence on Jesus and sent him to Herod Antipas, who ruled Galilee, Jesus' home territory. But Jesus would hardly speak to Herod, so in exasperation Herod sent Jesus back to Pilate.
Page 333
Why did Romans consider Judaism a threat?
Jews continued to rebel and demand independence since 63 BC when Judea, the territory in which most Jews lived, had been
conquered by Rome.
Jews rebelled against Romans in 66-70AD.
Page 334
Tell us about Emperor Hadrian’s action on rebellions of Jews.
Banned Jewish rituals that did not end Jewish desire for independence and so
ordered for the crush of the Jewish revolt and destroyed Jerusalem and forced the
Jews to leave the city (Diaspora).
Jewish-Roman tensions resulted in several Jewish–Roman wars, 66-135 AD, which resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple and institution of the Jewish Tax in 70 and Hadrian's attempt to create a new Roman colony named Aelia Capitolina c. 130.
Page 334
Tell us about Jesus’ Resurrection.
The resurrection of Jesus is the Christian religious belief that, after being put to
death, Jesus rose again from the dead. It is the central tenet of Christian theology and part of the Nicene Creed: "On the third day
he rose again in accordance with the Scriptures"
The resurrection of the body is an essential Christian doctrine, as the apostle Paul declares: "[I]f the dead are not raised, then Christ has not been raised. If Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile and you are still in your sins. Then those also who have fallen asleep in Christ have perished" (1 Cor. 15:13–18).
Page 337
Tell us about the role of the Apostles in the spread of Christianity, after Jesus resurrection.
The Apostles were 12 disciples whom Jesus chose to receive special training. After the resurrection they travelled widely telling
about Jesus and his teachings.Some of Jesus’ disciples wrote account of Jesus’ life and teachings in four Gospels –
Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.
Page 337
Tell us about the most important figure in the spread of Christianity in Roman Empire after Jesus’ resurrection.
He was Paul the Apostle who was then known as Saul of Tarsus, who was
persecuting Christians. He was known for consented the stoning of Stephen. Jesus struck down Saul on the Damascus Road,
converting him into the Apostle Paul, one of the greatest missionaries in the history of
the church.
