grafik komputer : pendahuluan - gunadarma...

TOT Dosen D3-MI Universitas Gunadarma 2012 (21Sep2012)

Grafik Komputer :Pendahuluan

Dr. Mohammad Iqbal

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Introduction

“One picture is worth more than ten thousand words”

Anonymous

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Buku Referensi

1. [DON96] Donald H and M. Pauline Baker, Computer Graphics Principle and Practice in C, 2nd Edition, Addison Wesley, 1996

2. [SAM03] Samuel R.Buss, 3-D Computer Graphics A Mathematical Introduction with OpenGL, Cambridge University Press, 2003

3. [GON02] Rafael C. Gonzales and Richard E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2002

4. [PRAT01] William K. Pratt, Digital Image Processing, 3rd Edition, Addison Wesley, 2001

5. [ACH05] Acharya Tinku, K. Ray Ajoy, Image Processing: Principles and Application, John Wiley & Son, 2005

6. [ION93]Pitas, Ioannis. 1993. Digital Image Processing Algorithms. Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd

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Konten Hari ini

Akan membahas:– Apakah Grafik Komputer ?– Tipe Citra Dalam Grafik Komputer– Apa yang Mendorong Grafik Komputer ?– Area Fokus Komputer Grafik– Utilitas Grafik Komputer

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What is Computer Graphics?

• Creation, Manipulation, and Storage of geometric objects (modeling) and their images (rendering)

• Display those images on screens or hardcopy devices

• Image processing• Others: GUI, Haptics, Displays (VR)...

Apakah Grafik Komputer ?

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1. 2D computer graphics• Pixel art (raster graphics)• Vector graphics

2. 3D computer graphics3. Computer animation

Raster graphic sprites(left) and masks (right)

2D computer graphics2D computer graphics are the computer-based generation of digital images—mostly from two-dimensional models, such as 2D geometric models, text, and digital images, and by techniques specific to them. The word may stand for the branch of computer science that comprises such techniques, or for the models themselves.

Examples of presentation graphicsTipe Citra dalam Komputer Grafik

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• 2D computer graphics are mainly used in applications that were originally developed upon traditional printingand drawing technologies, such as typography, cartography, technical drawing, advertising, etc..

Pixel art (raster graphics )Pixel art is a form of digital art, created through the use of raster graphics software, where images are edited on the pixel level. Graphics in most old (or relatively limited) computer and video games, graphing calculatorgames, and many mobile phone games are mostly pixel art.


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Vector graphics

Example showing effect of vector graphics

versus raster (bitmap) graphics.

Vector graphicsVector graphics formats are complementary to raster graphics, which is the representation of images as an array of pixels, as it is typically used for the representation of photographic images. An understanding of the advantages and limitations of each technology and the relationship between them is most likely to result in efficient and effective use of tools.


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Vector graphicsExamples of presentation graphicsTipe Citra dalam Komputer Grafik

Raster graphics, also known as bitmaps, use a grid of pixels to form the image. As such, these bitmaps are static, or resolution dependent. Here lies the main difference between raster and vector; raster images work great at their native resolution, but if you were to zoom in on a section of the image, you'll begin to notice the pixelation or "boxiness" of the shapes. The image begins to look fuzzy since the individual pixels are now enlarged and cover multiple pixels.

Vector graphics, on the other hand, do not rely on pixel grids but instead use geometrical primitives, such as points, lines and curves to create the image through the use of mathematical equations. So, instead of modifying the image's pixels themselves when resizing, a vector simply modifies the formula used to calculate the location and size of the shapes in the image. This allows vector images to be resolution independent. The image can be resized to fit any device's specifications without a loss of quality.

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For Graphics Images

For photorealistics Image

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3D computer graphics3D computer graphics are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images. Such images may be for later display or for real-time viewing.3D computer graphics rely on many of the same algorithms as : 1. 2D computer vector graphics in the wire frame model2. 2D computer raster graphics in the final rendered display

3D computer graphics reffered to as 3D modelsA 3D model is the mathematical representation of any three-dimensional object. A model is not technically a graphic until it is visually displayed. Due to 3D printing, 3D models are not confined to virtual space. A model can be displayed visually as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering, or used in non-graphical computer simulations and calculations

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Computer animationComputer animation is the art of creating moving images via the use of computers. It is a subfield of computer graphics and animation. Increasingly it is created by means of 3D computer graphics, though 2D computer graphics are still widely used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster real-time rendering needs.

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What drives computer graphics?

• Movie Industry– Leaders in quality and artistry– Not slaves to conceptual purity– Big budgets and tight schedules– Reminder that there is more to

CG than technology– Hey, How'd they do that?– Defines our expectations

Slide information from Leonard McMillian's slides http://www.cs.unc.edu/~mcmillan/comp136/Lecture1/compgraf.html

What is Computer Graphics?Apa yang Mendorong Grafik Komputer ?

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• Game Industry– The newest driving force in CG

• Why? Volume and Profit• This is why we have commodity GPUs

– Focus on interactivity– Cost effective solutions– Avoiding computating and other tricks– Games drive the baseline

Slide information from Leonard McMillian's slides http://www.cs.unc.edu/~mcmillan/comp136/Lecture1/compgraf.html


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• Medical Imaging and Scientific Visualization– Tools for teaching and diagnosis

• No cheating or tricks allowed

– New data representations and modalities– Drive issues of precision and correctness– Focus on presentation and interpretation of data– Construction of models from acquired data

Nanomanipulator, UNCJoe Kniss, Utah Gordon Kindelman, Utah

Apa yang Mendorong Grafik Komputer ?

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• Computer Aided Design– Mechanical, Electronic, Architecture,...– Drives the high end of the hardware market– Integration of computing and display

resources– Reduced design cyles == faster systems, sooner

ProEngineer, www.ptc.com


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• Teknologi Graphic User Interfaces (GUI)

– Major component – Window manager (multiple-window areas)

– To make a particular window active, click in that window (using an interactive pointing device)

– Interfaces display – menus & icons – Icons – graphical symbol designed

to look like the processing option it represents

– Advantages of icons – less screen space, easily understood

– Menus contain lists of textual descriptions & icons


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What is Computer Graphics?

• Look at 5 areas– Hardware– Rendering– Interaction– Modeling– Scientific Visualization

Slide information from Richard Riesenfeld

What is Computer Graphics?Area Fokus Komputer Grafik

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Hardware: Amazing Changes• Fundamental architecture shift

– Dual computing engines:• CPU and GPU• More in GPU than CPU

• Fast, cheap GPUs– ~$300

• Cheap memory• Displays at low cost

– How many monitors do you have/use?

• Wired -> Unwired• World of Access

What is Computer Graphics?Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Hardware – Amazing Change

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Hardware: Amazing Changes

The graphics Process1. The graphics app (e.g Game) launched

2. The data loads into RAM


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The graphics Process3. The CPU Processes the data

4. The Graphics Driver Translates the Data


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The graphics Process5. The Graphics Port Transfers the Data

6. The VRAM Stores the Data


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The graphics Process7. The GPU Core Processes the Data


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Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Hardware – The Graphics Pipeline

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Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Hardware – Transformation

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Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Hardware 1- Translation

Translation Matrix

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Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Hardware 1- Translation

Example

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Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Hardware 2- Scaling & Reflection

Scaling & Reflection Matrix

• If Sx=Sy=Sz Uniform Scaling (>1: Expansion, <1 : Compression)

• If they’re not equal Non-Uniform Scaling• If Sx or Sy or Sz have negative values Reflection

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Example 1: Scaling

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Example 2: Reflection

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Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Hardware 3- Shear

Shear Matrix

• The resulting coordinates depend Linearly on the original ones.

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Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Hardware 3- Shear

Example

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Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Hardware 4- Rotation

Rotation Matrices

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Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Hardware 4- Rotation

Example

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Rendering

• Many think/thought graphics synonymous with rendering

• Well researched– Working on second and third order effects– Fundamentals largely in place

• Major areas:– Ealiest: PhotoRealism– Recent: Non-Photorealistic Graphics (NPR)– Recent: Image-based Rendering (IBR)

What is Computer Graphics?Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Rendering

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Rendering

• Ray Tracing has become practical– Extremely high quality images– Photorealism, animation, special effects

• Accurate rendering, not just pretty

What is Computer Graphics?Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Rendering

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Rendering Realism

Morning Evening

a preetham, e

What is Computer Graphics?Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Rendering Realism

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Rendering Realism

Cornel Measurement Lab


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Rendering Realism

Real Synthetic

Shirley, et. al., cornell


Terrain Modeling: Snow and Trees Added Is this Real ?

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Growth Models

o deusson,


Growth Models

Modeling Hair

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Humans

Final Fantasy (Sony) Jensen et al.


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Is Photorealism Everything?What is Computer Graphics?Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Rendering Realism

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Non-Photorealistic Rendering

b gooch, et.al., utah

What is Computer Graphics?Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Non-Photorealistic Rendering

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a gooch, et. al., utah

What is Computer Graphics?Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Non-Photorealistic Rendering

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NonPhotorealistic RenderingWhat is Computer Graphics?Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Non-Photorealistic Rendering

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Image Based Rendering

• Model light field• Do not have to model geometry• Good for complex 3D scenes• Can leave holes where no data is available

What is Computer Graphics?Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Image Based Rendering

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Fuchs et.al., UNC UNC and UVA


3D Scene Capture

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3D Scene Recreation

Faugeras et. al


3D Scene Recreation

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360o Scan

p willemsen, et. al., utah


360o Scan

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Interaction

• Way behind rest of graphic's spectacular advances

• Still doing WIMP:– Windows, icons, menus, pull-downs/pointing

• Once viewed as “soft” research– Turns out to be one of hardest problems

What is Computer Graphics?Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Interaction

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Interaction still needs...

Interaction still needs : • Better input devices• Better output devices• Better interaction paradigms• Better understanding of HCI

– Bring in psychologists

What is Computer Graphics?Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Interaction

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Haptics Screen

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Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Interaction

• I/O system : Input methodHaptics System (Touch Technology)

The Omni®, the entry-level device in the PHANTOM line from

SensAble Technologies

Keyboards : allow users to type in words joysticks : steering wheels can vibrateHaptics : User can touch what's inside the virtual world

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exoskeleton

Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Interaction

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Modeling• The model describes the process of forming the

shape of an object. The two most common sources of 3D models are those originated on the computer by an artist or engineer using some kind of 3D modeling tool, and those scanned into a computer from real-world objects. Models can also be produced procedurally or via physical simulation.

• Many model reps– Bezier, B-spline, box splines, simplex splines,

polyhedral splines, quadrics, super-quadrics, implicit, parametric, subdivision, fractal, level sets, etc (not to mention polygonal)

What is Computer Graphics?Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Modelling

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Modeling

• Physically based– Newton– Behavior as well as geometry

• Materials– Metal, cloth, organic forms, fluids, etc

• Procedural (growth) models


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Modeling... is hard

Modelling is Hard…• Complexity• Shape• Specifying• Realistic constraints• Detail vs concept• Tedious, slow

s drake, et. al., utah


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Modeling is hard

Modelling is Hard…• Mathematical challenge• Computational challenge• Interaction challenge• Display challenge (want 3D)• Domain knowledge, constraints


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Growth Models

o deusson,


Growth Models

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Model Capture

marc levoy, et. al., stanford


Model Capture

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Models

D Johnson and

J D St Germain, Utah

Russ Fish et al., Utah


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Scientific Visualization

Johnson et al., UtahNational Library of Medicine

Visual Human

What is Computer Graphics?Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Scientific Vizualization

Producing graphical representations for scientific, engineering, and medical data sets

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Scientific Visualization

Johnson et al., Utah

What is Computer Graphics?Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Scientific Vizualization

Business Visualization is used in connection with data sets related to commerce, industry and other non-scientific areasTechniques used- color coding, contour plots, graphs, charts, surface renderings & visualizations of volume interiors.Image processing techniques are combined with computer graphics to produce many of the data visualizations

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Area Fokus Komputer Grafik : Scientific Vizualization

Presentation graphics• Used to produce illustrations for reports or

generate slides for use with projectors• Commonly used to summarize financial,

statistical, mathematical, scientific, economic data for research reports, managerial reports & customer information bulletins

• Examples : Bar charts, line graphs, pie charts, surface graphs, time chart

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Examples of presentation graphics

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Examples of presentation graphicsArea Fokus Komputer Grafik : Scientific Vizualization

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Utilitas Grafik Komputer

Pendekatan Software• 3D computer graphics are typically separated into three

phases: modelling; layout and animation; and rendering.

• Modelling – The process of creating the shape of an object is known as modelling, this task is most commonly performed on a computer by an artist or an engineer depending on its purpose or by scanning real-world objects.

• Layout and Animation – Objects need to be placed in a scene prior to being rendered. Animation determines certain aspects of an object such as how the object moves and deforms over time.

• Rendering – 3D rendering refers to the process of converting a wireframe into a 2D image with a 3D style image.

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VECTOR Dan RASTER IMAGE

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Utilitas Grafik Komputer• OpenGL (Open Graphics Library) is a standard

specification defining a cross-language, multi-platformAPI for writing applications and simulating physics, that produce 2D and 3D computer graphics.

• The interface consists of over 250 different function calls which can be used to draw complex three-dimensional scenes from simple primitives.

http://www.opengl.org/

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Utilitas Grafik Komputer• OpenGL was developed by Silicon Graphics Inc. (SGI) in

1992 and is widely used in CAD, virtual reality, scientific visualization, information visualization, flight simulation, and video games. OpenGL is managed by the non-profittechnology consortium Khronos Group.

http://www.opengl.org/

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• One of the most comprehensive tools used in the 3D industry is Autodesk’s 3ds Max. 3ds Max is very widely used; it was one of the tools used in the creation of the film, Avatar.

• 3ds Max is suitable for every area of 3D computer graphics and is very easy to use

Autodesk3ds Max

Modeling, Animation, Lighting, Rendering, Video Game Creation, Visual 3D Effects, Post-Production Video Editing

$3,495

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Blender

Blender is a free program that features advanced components that rival commercial alternatives. Blender covers all aspects of 3D computer graphics creation.

Animation, Lighting, Modeling, Rendering, Video Game Creation, Visual 3D Effects, Sculpting, Basic Post-Production Video Editing

GPL Free

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Anim8or

Anim8or is a 3D modeling and character animation program

1. 3D Modeler - Create and modify 3D models. Built-in primitives such as spheres, cylinders, platonic solids, etc.; mesh-edit and subdivision; splines, extrusion, lathing, modifiers, bevel and warps, TrueType font support - 2D and 3D extruded text for any TrueType font.

2. OpenGL based real time operation, Import and modify .3DS (3D Studio), .LWO (Lightwave), and .OBJ (Wavefront) object files, Export .3DS files,

3. Built in 3D Object browser, Jointed character editor, Morph targets,

4. Anti-aliased software renderer for high quality, production quality images,

5. Create 3D scenes and animations and output .AVI movie files, .JPG and .BMP images,

6. Supports textures, bump maps, soft shadows, spotlights, fog, and much more, Texture support for .BMP, .GIF, and .JPG format files,

7. Print images of scenes and models. 8. OpenGL shaders for realistic previews. 9. Scripting language. 10. Plug-ins for parameteric shape and object export.

http://www.anim8or.com/main/index.html

GPL Free

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Google SketchUp

Google SketchUp is a 3D modelling

tool which has features built in for

Google Earth modelling. There is

both a free and paid version

available making it a popular tool.

Computer Aided Design

Free / $495

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Autodesk Maya

Autodesk Maya is the most commonly used 3D

application by 3D Gaming Artists due to its

unbelievable customizability. Maya

allows third party extensions which can

completely alter the look and feel of the package. Modeling, Animation, Lighting, Rendering,

Video Game Creation, Visual 3D Effects, Post-Production Video Editing

$3,495

grafik komputer : pendahuluan - gunadarma...

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