grains & particles module for mountainsmap - digital surf - surface imaging, analysis ... ·...

Multiple complementary detection and analysis methods

Binary thresholding & binary segmentation

Volumetric detection & analysis with respect to threshold height

3D motifs (texture cell) detection and analysis including ISO 25178 features parameters

Morphological (shape) parameters and statistics

Surface texture isotropy and directionality, furrows analysis

Easy integration into lab environments

Grains, particles, islands & motifs detection & analysis

Grains & Particles Module for MountainsMap+

Grains & Particles Module for MountainsMap+

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The Grains & Particles module for MountainsMap provides a broad set of complementary tools forvisualizing and analyzing the size, distribution and morphological properties of grains, particles, islands, pores,texture cells and other structures on surfaces. It includes studies of texture isotropy and directionality and offurrows networks that also impact surface functionality.

Numerous applications. Applications of the module go all the way from controlling the quality of alloys,microlens arrays and other structured materials to evaluating techniques for nanostructure assembly andassessing the environmental impact of nanoparticles.

Grain & particles detection and analysis using binarizationData on individual grains, statistics on sets and subsets

Binarization separates a surface into grains (particles, pores, other structures) and a background. The Grains & Particlesmodule includes two binarization techniques: binary thresholding and binary segmentation.

Binary thresholding detects grains on ahorizontal plane that cuts a surface at a userselected threshold level.

It can be used to detect bumps above thethreshold or holes below the threshold.

Binary thresholding of a surface impacted bynanoparticles produced during the combustion ofnanocharged polymers.

Grains (light blue) are selected above a user-definedthreshold (in this case 4.73 nm above the meanplane).

Images courtesy of LNE.

Detection by binary thresholding

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Binary segmentation partitions a surface intozones (motifs) that are:

• Hills (on a surface with concave features),

• Dales (on a surface with convex features) or

• Shapes (on a surface with mixed features).

Partitioning can be fiine-tuned by Wolf pruningwith respect to:

• Minimum zone (motif) height as a % of Sz(maximum height).

• Minimum zone area as a % of the area ofthe measured surface.

Binary segmentation of a steel surface.

“Hill” zones (blue) corresponding to grains are detected with respect to user-definable minimum zone height and area settings.

Detection by binary segmentation

Grains & Particles Module for MountainsMap


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Morphological correction operator - remove edge grains and merge/separate grains

Statistics on sorted grain populations

After binarization a morpho-logical correction operator isused to

• Remove edge grains, and

• Merge grains by dilatingthem or separate grains byeroding them.

Morphological correction

Morphological parameters

A full set of morphological parameters are calculated for each binarized grain:• Area• Perimeter• Equivalent/mean/min/max

diameter• Min/max diameter angle• Form factor• Aspect ratio• Roundness• Compactness• Orientation

Statistics

Statistics are calculated for • All grains or • Subsets of grains selected with

respect to any parameter value.

Statistics on two subsets of nanoparticles, selected with respect to their perimeter.The larger particles have a perimeter greater than 375 nm.The smaller particles have a perimeter less than 375 nm.(The subsets could also have been specified with respect to area or any othermorphological parameter.)

Dilation of nanoparticles. Erosion of steel grains following removal of edge grains.



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Statistics for all steel grains. Histogram for the area parameter.

Data for an individual steel grain.

Grain topography can be visualized by overlaying the 3D surface topography on the binarized grains using binary masking.

Visualize grain topography in 3D

Using the Apply mask operator, a source surface (topleft) is masked by larger grains (top right) alreadyidentified during a grain sort to obtain a result surface(bottom left).

The resulting masked surface can be visualized in 3D.



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Detection of islands

Islands (grains, particles, bumps) are detected above athreshold height selected on a surface. Pores (holes) can bedetected after flipping the surface. The threshold is selectedinteractively by the user in real time.

3D islands detection and analysisStatistics and data on individual islands/grains/particles including 3D parameters

Morphological parameters

The following parameters are calculated for each island inaddition to the parameters (area, perimeter, diameter, etc.)listed in the preceding section:• Volume• Max height• Height/surface ratio

Statistics

Statistics are generated for all islands.

3D topography of nanodots (courtesy ICMAB-CSIC) . Nanodots above a user-selected threshold of 7.50 nm.

Parameters for nanodot islands/grains #1 to #3Parameters for other grains are displayed by scrolling to the right.

Statistics on all nanodot islands.



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Motifs (texture cells) analysis and ISO 25178 areal feature parameters

Local characterization of particles, pores and lens

The Grains & Particles module includes motifs analysisand the calculation of new areal feature parameters inaccordance with ISO 25178.

New ISO 25178 segmentation method

The ISO 25178 standard introduces a new segmentationmethod for identifying and localizing texture cells or“motifs” on a surface. Segmentation is carried out byapplying a watersheds algorithm coupled with aninnovative “Wolf pruning” algorithm that eliminatesinsignificant motifs by merging them into larger ones.

Advantages of the new method

The new method has a number significant advantages forthe characterization of isolated surface features, forexample contact zones on components, lubricationpockets in cylinder bores and individual lens in microlensarrays. It is of great interest for tribological and otherapplications.

• Particles and pores are characterized locally bymorphological parameters.

• The ability to calculate the curvature of significantpeaks facilitates the characterization of contact zones.

• Connectivity between texture cells could facilitateunderstanding of how a fluid will flow from one pocketto another when pressure is applied to a surface.

• The spherical radius of individual lens in a microlensarray is calculated automatically.

Recommended reading: for a detailed description of thenew segmentation method and the ISO 25178 featuresparameters, see F. Blateyron “The Areal FeatureParameters” in R. Leach (ed.) Characterisation of ArealSurface Texture, Springer-Verlag 2013.

Partitioning a surface into motifs

Motifs analysis partitions a surface into motifs (texturecells).

• Hill motifs (bumps) bounded by course lines arelocalized on concave surfaces.

• Dale motifs (holes) bounded by ridge lines aredetected on convex surfaces.

• Shapes are detected on irregular surfaces.

19 motifs

Min motif height:10% of Sz

38 motifs

Min motif height:5% of Sz

Motifs analysis ribbon



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Fine tuning the partitioning

Motifs can be merged or divided by fine tuning twosettings:

• Minimum height/depth of motifs as a percentageof Sz (max height) and

• Minimum area of motifs as a percentage ofsurface area.

A smoothing filter can be applied to remove noise.

Sphere fitting and spherical caps

Spheres can be fitted to motifs and spherical caps canbe displayed, for example in studies of microlensarrays.

Morphological parameters and statistics

Each motif is assigned a number.

• Mean morphological parameters can be displayedfor all/closed/open motifs.

• Individual morphological parameters can bedisplayed for all individual motifs or for a singlemotif that is selected by entering its number.

Morphological parameters include:• Motif type (open or closed)• Height• Area• Volume• X, Y and Z extremum• Number of neighbors• Pitch, max pitch, min pitch• Coflatness• Perimeter• Equivalent, mean, min and max diameter• Min/max diameter angle• Form factor• Aspect ratio• Roundness• Compactness• Orientation,• X, Y and Z sphere center• Sphere radius.

Microlens array

Statistics on selected parameters for closed motifs

Parameter values for individual lens in the array (the table can be scrolled to the right).



The Grains & Particles module includes all of the new ISO25178 feature parameters:

• Density of peaks, Spd

• Arithmetic peak curvature, Spc

• Ten point height, S10z

• Five point height, S5z

• Mean dale area, Sda

• Mean hill area, Sha

• Mean dale volume, Sdv

• Mean hill volume, Shv

ISO 25178 feature parameters for a stone sample.

ISO 25178 feature parameters for an ink sample.

ISO 25178 feature parametersAchieve greater robustness

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Default Wolf pruning (minimum height/depth of motifs as apercentage of Sz) of 5% is applied to each parameter. Wolfpruning for individual features parameters can be changed inthe parameter configuration dialog.

Discrimination and retention of significant peaks

The new ISO 25178 methods make it possible to calculatethe density and curvature of significant peaks moreaccurately than in the past. Therefore new ISO 25178features parameters such as Spd (density of peaks) and Spc(arithmetic mean peak curvature) are much more accuratethan their ancestors Sds (density of summits) and Ssc(arithmetic mean summit curvature) defined in earlierEuropean reports.



Furrows analysisVisualize furrows and calculate parameters

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All furrows Furrows below a user-defined threshold

The Furrows study detects and displays

• All furrows

• Furrows below a specified threshold height or

• Furrows above a threshold height.

The following parameters are calculated:

• Maximum furrow depth.

• Mean furrow depth.

• Mean density of furrows.

3D topography of a skin sample

AFM 3D topography of a polymer Furrows above a specified threshold.



Plastic surface with relatively high isotropy (77%) and many texture directions.

Wafer surface with very low isotropy (2%) and a predominant texture direction.

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Surface texture isotropy and directionality

The Texture Direction study analyzes the surface using the Fourier transform and shows dominant surface directions on apolar or Cartesian plot. It calculates the following parameters:

• Isotropy (the higher the percentage value the more the surface resembles itself in every direction).

• The three most dominant lay directions of a surface (in degree units).

Note: shorter wavelengths (microroughness) and longer wavelengths can be excluded by percentage thresholding.



Selected features

Grains & Particles Module for MountainsMap®

Binary grain detection • Detect grains (particles, pores, bumps, holes) by binarization (with respect to a height

threshold) or binary segmentation of motifs.

• Remove edge grains and merge or separate grains using morphological operations.

Binary grain analysis • Morphological parameters for individual grains: area, perimeter, mean/min/max diameter,

min/max diameter angle, form factor, aspect ratio, roundness, compactness, orientation.

• Partition grains into sub-sets with respect to a threshold value defined for any parameter.

• Generate statistics on all grains or grain sub-sets including number of grains, total area

occupied by grains, grains density, morphological parameters with standard deviation.

3D grain topography • View 3D grain topography by using binary masking to overlay grains only on surface

topography.

Island detection • Detect islands (grains, particles, bumps) above a threshold height. .• Detect pores on flipped surfaces.

Island analysis • Morphological parameters for individual islands: area, perimeter, mean/min/max diameter,

min/max diameter angle, form factor, aspect ratio, roundness, compactness, orientation,

volume, max height, height/surface area

• Generate statistics on all islands: mean value of each parameter.

Motifs (texture cells)

detection

• Detect motifs (texture cells, particles, pores) by segmentation by watersheds: partition the

surface into hills on concave surfaces, dales on convex surfaces, shapes on irregular

surfaces.

• Fine tune partitioning (merge/divide motifs) with respect to height/depth of motifs as a

percentage of Sz, percentage of surface area occupied by a motif.

Motifs visualization • Visualize course lines between hills and ridge lines between dales.• Visualize peaks of hills and pits of dales.

• Display all, closed or open motifs.

• Fit spheres to motifs (e.g. lens motifs) and display spherical caps.

Motifs analysis • Calculate individual motif parameters: type of motif (open or closed), height, area, volume,

X extremum, Y extremum, Z extremum, number of neighbors, pitch, max pitch, min pitch,

coflatness, perimeter, equivalent diameter, mean diameter, min/max diameter, min/max

diameter angle, form factor, aspect ratio, roundness, compactness, orientation, X sphere

center, Y sphere center, Z sphere center, sphere radius.

• Generate statistics on all motifs: number of motifs and mean parameters.

ISO 25178 features

parameters

• Calculate ISO 25178 features parameters: Spd, Spc, S10z, S5z, Sda, Sha, Sdv, Shv.

Furrows analysis • Detect all furrows, furrows above a threshold height, furrows below a threshold height.• Calculate max depth, mean depth and mean density of furrows.

Texture isotropy &

directions

• Calculate surface isotropy.• Calculate the three dominant lay directions and display them on a direction rose.

© 1996-2016 Digital Surf. All rights reserved. Specifications subject to change without prior notice.

Digital Surf Head Office & R&D CenterDigital Surf, 16 rue Lavoisier,

25000 Besançon, FranceTel +33 3 81 50 48 00 [email protected] www.digitalsurf.com

Doc Revision: 20160627

+ Grains & Particles Module for MountainsMap

grains & particles module for mountainsmap - digital surf - surface imaging, analysis ... ·...

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