Real conditional

Main clause: future tense (will + inf)/can + inf/ may+ inf/ must + inf/Subordinate clause: present simple

If -AkoIf the weather is fine, we can all go fishing.If the roads are icy, there may be more accidents.If the teacher insists, we must finish the exercise.If she comes earlier, she will join us to dinner

Zero conditional:

If you heat water, it boils.If you heat ice, it melts.If she has enough time, she usually walks to work.

Conditionals – type 2 – Potential conditional

Subordinate clause: past simpleMain clause: would + inf. (future in the past)

Could + inf Might + inf Should + inf

If – kad bi, ako bi…

If I had more time, I would certainly spend it with my familyIf he did his best in the exam, he should succeed.If I had a Ferrari, I could take you for a drive.If you told the truth, she might forgive you.If I were you, I would take that job.If the weather were nice, we would go on a trip.

Unreal conditional – Type 3

Subordinate clause: the past perfect tenseMain clause: would + inf. have + past participle

If you had come on time, the boss wouldn’t have got angry.If he had tried harder, he should have succeeded.If she had tried once more, she could have persuaded him to join us.If I had been careful, I might not have fallen.

Indirect Spreech - Reported Speech

1. The Present Simple Tense – The Past Simple TenseJohnm said (that) they lived on ther fifth floor.

2. The Present Continuous Tense – The Past Continuous TenseWe are working on the project at the moment. Shilla said (that) they were working on the project at that moment.

3. The Present Perfect Tense – The Past Perfect TenseJohn has just taken a loan from the bank.Paul said (that) John had just taken a lona from the bank.

4. Future Tense – Future in the PastWe will have a written test in December.The teacher said (that) we would have a writtien test in D...

5. The Past Simple Tense – The PAst Perfect TenseOur department ordered 50 copies of the book for all the students. My colleague said that our department had ordered 50 copies....

6. The PAst Continuous Tense – The Past Perfect Continuous TenseHe was reading the text all the morning.Ann said (that) he had been reading the text all the morning.

this – thatthese – thosetoday – that daytomorrow – the next day, the following dayyesterday – the day beforehere – therenow – then

Prepositions of Time

at, on , in, byAt – is used before an exact time, meal times, holidays, to words time, night, age

We’ll see you at lunch.Will you be home at Christmas?He was abroad at that time.Children in Serbia start school at the age of six or seven.

On – is used before days of the week, a pasticular day of the month, holidays, anniversaries:They are coming to see us on Sunday.They are coming on Sunday afternoon.I was born on March 26th , 1979.(I was born in March)

There will be a concert on TV on New Year’s DayIn – is used before the name of the month, seasons, periods of time, a year when given alone:

We’ll see you in the morning.Classes begin in October.In 1980 we moved to ....Days are shorter in winter.I can walk from my place to the center in ten minutes.

By – meaning: not later than, -it is used before an exact time, month, year:I’ll be home by six o’clock.We’ll finish the project by June.

Exercises: at, in, on, by1. Can you finish this ___ a week? /in/2. You cn telephone some time ____ the /in/ morning or ____ noon./ at/3. There have been floods ____ the spring./in/4. The performance will start ____ few minutes./in/5. I’ll see you ___ ten days’ time./in/6. Do you dream ___ night? /at/Do you remember your dreams ____ the morning?/in/7. Columbus discovered America ____ 1492./in/8. The shops close early ____ the evening./in/9. The baby was born ____ the tenth of May /on/ ____ /at/ three o’clock ____/in/ the morning.10. ____ /At, by/ the age of 13 I realized I would be a doctor.

Relative Clauses

Who, whom, whose, which, that, where, when

My friend who lives in London is an architect.My friend lives in London. My friend is an architect.

This is the car that/which my father bought.People Things

Subject Who (that) That (which)Object (that) (that)Preposition (that)…preposition (that)…prepositionPossessive whose Of which (whose)

1. The man____ you want has just left. / who, that, X /2. The lady ____ was here yesterday has gone to Chicago. / who, that/3. The book ____ you lent me is very interesting./which, that,X/4. Women ____ work in hospitals are to be admired./who, that/5. The girl ____ lives opposite my house is very pretty./wh, that/6. The street ____ leads to the school is very wide. /that, which/

I know the company. Jack works for it.I know that company that / which/ X/ Jack works for.Joan reads a lot of books. They tell you how to be a success in business.Joan reads a lot of books which tell you …….Look! There’s the new coleague. I told you about her.Look! There’s the new coleague I told you about.

Dear Carol,

I’m having a great time here in Canada. It really is a beautiful country. I’ve got a room with a family. I’m enclosing a photo of them which I took last week.The girl who is holding the dog is the daughter, Tina. The mother is called Sarah. She’s the one who is sitting on the left. Her husband, Roy, is the man in the dark jacket. The boy who is sitting on the right is their 13-year-old son, Dominic. Their other son, Richard, is standing between Tina and Roy. The dog is called Rufus. Have you ever met a dog that liked ice-cream? This one does. The park where I took the photo is quite near their house. It’s beautiful round there!See you soonBest wishes,. Sue

1. The girl ____ mother I was talking to has left the room. / whose/ 2. All the people ____ I have ever met have disliked him / that , which, X / 3. Any paper ____ you read will give the same story.

/ that, which, X / 4. Any man ____ listens to you is a fool. / who, that / 5. The paint on the seat ____ you are sitting on is still wet. / that, which, X/6. The boy ____ book you have borrowed has asked you to return it. / whose / 7. The place in the house____ we wash our clothes is know as laundry /where/.

Passive Voice

To be + past participle = passive voice

active passive:BE + past participle of the main verb

infinitive to make to be madethe present simple tense John makes it. It is made.the present Continuous Tense John is making it. It is being made.the past simple tense John made it. It was made.the past continuous tense John was making

it.It was being made.

the present perfect tense John has made it. It has been made.the past perfect tense John had made it. It had been made.the future tense John will make it. It will be made.modals in the passive John could make

it.It could be made.

1. Somebody cleans these offices every day. The offices are cleaned every day.2. They cancelled all the flights because of the fog. All the flights were cancelled because of the fog.3. People don’t use this road much. This road is not used much.4. Somebody accused John of stealing money. John was accused of stealing money.5. How do people learn languages? How are languages learnt?6. Somebody warned the tourists not to get a guide. The tourists were warned not