GRAMMAR1 to 5

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Latest Print - 2019

(Key Book)TEACHERS’ HAND BOOK

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INDEX

Book Pages

Grammar - 1 3 - 9

Grammar - 2 10 - 19

Grammar - 3 20 - 29

Grammar - 4 30 - 42

Grammar - 5 43 - 56

1. TIME TO RHYME II. jump - bump, wiggle - jiggle, hop - plop, slide - glide, creep - leap,

bounce - pounce, stalk - walk. III. town, brown, chair, ground, shirt, nose, found, way.

2. FUN WITH PHONICS I. cloud, mouse II. cow, bow. III. oil, poison, toy IV. toys, boy, oyster V. teeth, bee VI. pear, ear, seat. VIII. 2) bat 3) jam 4) cap 5) map 6) fan. IX. 1) ship 2) shoes 3) chair 4) chain 5) sheep 6) cheese 7) chips. X. 1) ch 2) wh 3) th 4) sh 5) ch 6) wh 7) th 8) sh 9) ch 10) wh.

3. HELLO, GRAMMAR! - I II. 1) Sonia can sing a song. 2) Sonia can eat an ice cream. 3) Sonia cannot

catch fish. 4) Sonia cannot fly an aeroplane. 5) Sameer can drink coffee. 6) Sameer can catch a ball. 7) Sameer cannot eat fish. 8) Sameer cannot sing a song. 9) My friends can drink coffee. 10) My friends cannot catch fish.

III. a) 5 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 1 IV. 2) o 3) s 4) e 5) a 6) k 7) b 8) u. V. 1) o,e, 2) o,i 3) o,u,i,e 4) e,a,e 5) o. VI. 1) l, n 2) d,r,g,n 3) f, s, h 4) y, l, l, w 5) c,h, c, l, t. VII. 1) a 2) e 3) O 4) M 5) D 6) Z. VIII. 1) 1) Chess 2) Ludo 2) 1) Cricket 2) Volleyball 3) 1) Mango 2) Strawberry. IX. A best friend is someone special with whom we can share all our feelings.

Everyone has a best friend. My best friend is Tithi. She reads in class 1 in my school and in my section. Tithi is well mannered girl. She is tall, fair good looking and smart. She is very good in her studies and always does her work attentively in the class. Entire teacher loves her very much. We too are very good friends. We sit in the class on the same bench side by side. We share many things with each other. She respects to my feelings. We have many good habits and manners very common within us. She is my best friend, because we have a number of similarities. We love to read fairy tales. We are fond of hearing music, watching cartoon like Tom and Jerry. Our favourite colour is red, favourite food is ice cream and favourite subject is computer. Whenever I need any help in my study or anywhere she remains always ready to help me. We love each other very much. Thank god for giving me such a nice friend. I wish her to be my best friend always in my life.

GRAMMAR - 1

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4. NOUNS I. Person : teacher, nurse, dad Thing : clock, camera, seed, frog. Place : castle, store, barn. II. Person : baby, baker, firefighter, sister, cowboy, mother, farmer. Place : store, farm, nest, church, school, zoo, beach. Thing : ring, doll, pencil, apple, bug, car, bike. III. 1) mother 2) brother 3) uncle 4) cock 5) priestess 6) queen. IV. 1) boar (M), sow (F), 2) cock (M), hen (F), 3) stud (M), mare (F), 4) tiger (M), tigress (F), 5) lion (M), lioness (F), 6) boar (M), sow (F). V. 1) chair, 2) toy, 3) pen, 4) bed, 5) shirt, 6) bag. VI. 1) beds, 2) boy, 3) books, 4) shirt, 5) dogs, 6) chairs. VII. 1) bags, 2) girls, 3) stars, 4) keys, 5) flowers, 6) bears, 7) fruits, 8) frogs,

9) cats, 10) rings.5. PRONOUNS

I. 1) he 2) she 3) they 4) they 5) he 6) she 7) she 8) it 9) he. II. 1) 3rd picture 2) 1st picture 3) 2nd picture 4) 2nd picture. III. 1) He 2) She 3) His 4) We 5) His 6) She 7) Her 8) He 9) They 10) It. IV. 1) He 2) She 3) him 4) her 5) hers 6) ours 7) me 8) their 9) you

10) us 11) her 12) his. V. 1) That 2) Those 3) These 4) That 5) This 6) This.

6. ADJECTIVES I. 1) hot 2) sharp 3) soft 4) brave 5) spicy 6) tall 7) shady 8) strong. II. best, vast, cool, tidy, bright, loud, noisy, nice, slow, out, poor. III. 1) little 2) curly 3) red 4) colourful 5) big 6) red 7) black 8) small 9) green

10) sad 11) cold 12) beautiful. V. 1) heavy 2) red 3) wild 4) light 5) black 6) white 7) soft 8) pretty 9) sweet

10) yellow 11) comfortable 12) fast. VI. 1) faithful dog 2) white cat 3) lazy donkey 4) fat pig 5) small pig 6) gentle cow 7) white duck 8) brown cock 9) little hens 10) spotted cow. VII. a. 6 b. 10 c. 3 d. 7 e. 1 f. 4 g. 5 h. 9 i. 2 j. 8.

7. VERBS I. 1) wait 2) baked 3) see 4) hit 5) bit 6) gave 7) drawing 8) play 9) sing

10) dancing 11) swim 12) buying 13) like 14) wrote II. a. 1 b. 6 c. 7 d. 10 e. 8 f. 9 g. 4 h. 3 i. 2 j. 5. III. 1) Riding 2) Reading 3) Exercising 4) Playing 5) Standing 6) Running

7) Fishing 8) Sitting 9) Swimming 10) Jogging.

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8. ADVERBS I. 1) ferociously 2) softly. II. 1) nicely 2) happily 3) smartly 4) greatly 5) firmly 6) angrily 7) steadily

8) slowly 9) quickly. III. 1) softly 2) good 3) quickly 4) gently 5) cheerfully 6) happily 7) playfully

8) brightly 9) loudly 10) easily 11) beautifully 12) silently. IV. 1) bitterly 2) patiently 3) loudly 4) hurriedly 5) suddenly 6) bravely

7) magically 8) continuously 9) politely 10) beautifully. 9. PUNCTUATION

I. 1) Where do you live? 2) What a beautiful flower! 3) Who is our President? 4) We live in India. 5) Aman studies in first standard. 6) Who is your brother? 7) Her name is Tina Malhotra. 8) Orange, blue, purple and green are my favourite colours. 9) Kishan asked me, “Where is your dog?’’ 10) We are going for a school picnic.

II. 1) Ravi is a clever boy. 2) Dog is a faithful animal. 3) Peacock is our National bird. III. 1) What is your father’s name? 2) Where is your house? 3) Why are you

standing outside? IV. 1) What a beautiful painting it is! 2) Oh, I did not see you come in! 3) Wow, that

is a wonderful picture! V. 1) It was a long, black and poisonous snake. 2) We ate chocolate, vanilla and butterscotch flavours of ice cream. 3) We decorated our house with red, blue, green, yellow and pink balloons on

my birthday. VI. 1) She is my mother’s sister. 2) My father’s name is Mohan. 3) We went to

our grandmother’s house.10. COMPREHENSION

A. I. 1) A hunter 2) To feel powerful 3) The donkey started to scare all the animals he met on his way. 4) Because the donkey felt like a real king and overjoyed, and started braying unknowingly. 5) Because the fox came to know that he was a donkey in the lion’s skin.

II. 1) scared 2) overjoyed 3) approached 4) character 5) silly. III. 1) I found a coin in my pocket. 2) Ashoka was a powerful ruler. 3) We should

not feel proud ourselves. 4) We had a great laugh on a comedy show. 5) Honouring a fool is as foolish as tying a stone to a sling shot. 6) Do not get anger on silly things.

IV. 1) 5 2) 3 3) 5 4) 5 5) 3. B. I. 1) Shadow 2) Horns 3) Legs 4) A lion 5) The stag’s horns got entangled in

the branches of the trees and he was captured by the lion. II. 1) a mirror image or reflection ; The shadow made her long legs look short.

2) make unhappy or worried ; Akhil was upset by his results.

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3) sad or displeased ; The students were disappointed by the postponement of holidays. 4) Unluckily, causing misfortune ; we planned a 10 days tour, unfortunately we missed the train. 5) a thing that is of great worth ; while travelling, we should take care of our valuable things. 6) caught in ; The fish was entangled in the mesh and died.

III. Plants Deer Lion. C. I. 1) Due to long hours of work 2) A fly 3) The fly started buzzing around his

bald head. 4) He hurt himself by hitting his head with his hand. 5) We will only injure ourselves if we take notice of every small enemy.

II. 1) Bald 2) Long 3) Came 4) Enemy 5) Small. III. 1) 5 2) 3 3) 3 4) 5 5) 5.

11. LETTER WRITING 1) Date : __________ Bengaluru. To The Principal, Ravi Public School, Bengaluru. Respected Sir, Sub : Request for two days leave. I would like to state that I am not able to attend school on

to as I was down with viral fever. My medical certificate is attached with this letter. I request that you kindly accept and grant me leave for two days.

Thanking you in anticipation. Yours obediently, Chaitanya - Class I A.2) Date : __________ Hyderabad. To M. Rama Krishna, 12-13-86, BRP Road, Bellary. Dear Grandpa, Greetings of the day! I won the 1st prize in school quiz competition

yesterday. So I want to share my happiness with you Grandpa. Please do come to visit us soon. All of us miss you a lot. Looking forward to see you soon.

Yours lovingly, Rohit

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3) Date : __________ Visakhapatnam. To Akhil S/o A . Krishna Mohan, D. No. 137/B, Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad. Dear Akhil, I am safe here and hope the same with you. I am doing well. I am

enjoying my vacation with my dad’s gift, a new video game. He gifted me as I stood first in my class. He also warned me that not to use video game for longer period. Give a reply to me that how do you enjoy your vacation.

Convey my regards to your parents and my wishes to your brother Chaitanya.

Yours lovingly, Kishore 4) Date : __________ Bengaluru. To M. Anitha, 64/B, Indira Hostel, Chennai. Dear Sister, Greetings of the day! Thank you so much for sending gift on my birthday.

I celebrated the birthday among Mom, Dad and friends cheerfully. But we miss you a lot. Looking forward to see you soon. Take care of yourself.

Yours lovingly, Rupesh 5) Date : __________ Vijayawada. To The Class Teacher, Ravi Public School, Vijayawada. Respected Madam, Sub: Giving reason for unable to come for the class picnic.

I would not be able to come for the class picnic as I met with a minor accident last night. My foot had injured so that I could not walk properly. Doctor advised me to take rest. Hope you understand my problem.

Thanking you, Yours obediently, Manish - Class I A

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12. ESSAY WRITING K 1) MY FAVOURITE TEACHER In our school there are many teachers. Each one teaches us different subjects. Although all of them are fairly good, there is one teacher whom I love and admire the most. Her name is ......... She has the most pleasing personality that I have ever come across. She is an ideal teacher. She has all those qualities which a good teacher is expected to have. ............ She loves the subject that she teaches and has an in-depth knowledge of it too. She encourages us to ask questions so that we may be able to understand the subject well. She never loses patience with those students who take long to grasp the subject. She gives personal attention to all the students. She is an ideal teacher and provides the students with a good role model. I love her the most and hope to be like her one day. 2) MY FAVOURITE TV SERIAL / SHOW My favourite TV show is Tom and Jerry on Cartoon Network. I watch it everyday without missing. It is very interesting. I like it and enjoy it a lot. There are two main characters - Tom and Jerry. Tom is a cat and Jerry is a rat. There is a lot of action in the cartoon. The Tom always tries to catch Jerry, but he fails every time. My favourite character is Tom and I felt very sorry for him when he got in stupid situations. Of course, the Jerry is always sly and cleverer than cat. This cartoon does not have a lot of audio but is still very funny. 3) MY FAVOURITE INDOOR GAME I play chess in my free time because it is my hobby and passion. It not only keeps me busy but also gives entertainment, provides a welcome change and creative satisfaction. Chess has a history, has a rule, and has needs of skill. So one needs so much focus, speed, flexibility, attention and a good memory to play this oldest skill game of the world successfully. Chess has some rules. It is played between the two opponents in such a manner that each of them must start the game with a white piece. Each player starts the game with 16 pieces; 8 paws, 2 rooks, 2 knights, 2 bishops, a queen and a king. Each player must move one piece at a time. So, in fact, the game is played by a strategy of moves. Player who left with the king is declared as the winner. 4) MY GARDEN We have a small lawn in front of our house. I have laid my flower garden. I have grown seasonal flowers having varieties of beautiful bright colours and sweet smell. When I move in my garden I think that I am in a fairy land. When the flowers toss in the air I think they are calling me to play with them. It is a great joy to me to take care

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of my plants myself. In my leisure I sit in my garden and watch the flowers. They refresh my mind, soothe my eyes and I feel glad and happy. My house looks very beautiful with my small garden. It gives me such a good feeling that I suggest everybody to have a garden at his or her house. 5) INDIA India is the seventh largest country and the second most populated country in the world. India is called by names Bharat and Hindustan. India is a country with many entities like many languages, castes, religions, cultures and local histories but it is rich in unity in diversity, which makes it a single democratic nation. India is known as land of spirituality and philosophy. India is a land of agriculture. It has a rich source of minerals also. Today India has developed in many different fields, and made a giant leap in the areas of science and technology.

13. HELLO, GRAMMAR! - II

I. 1) an elephant 2) an umbrella 3) a brinjal 4) a lamp 5) a table 6) an ear 7) a bird / parrot 8) a boy.

II. a. 3, b. 4, c. 1, d. 5, e. 10, f. 8, g.12, h. 9, i. 7, j. 14, k. 6, l. 13, m. 11, n. 2 ; 1) small 2) beautiful 3) weak 4) short 5) fast 6) empty 7) light 8) heavy 9) full 10) slow 11) strong 12) ugly 13) tall 14) big. III. a, e, i, o, u. IV. Singular (one) : 1) tooth 2) woman 3) knife 4) mouse 5) person 6) leaf. Plural (many): 1) teeth 2) women 3) knives 4) mice 5) people 6) leaves. V. Feminine : 1) heiress 2) niece 3) bride 4) daughter 5) queen 6) empress

7) wife 8) waitress 9) lady 10) mother. Masculine : 1) prince 2) actor 3) king 4) man 5) hero 6) lad 7) husband

8) groom 9) boy 10) lion. VI. Person :- doctor, waiter, farmer, friend, mother, baby. Place :- shopping mall, shop, drugstore, school, office, circus Thing :- table, tractor, ice cream, swing, spoon, shirt Animal :- hamster, cow, cat, lizard, peacock, lion VII. 1) he 2) she 3) they 4) they 5) he 6) she 7) she 8) it 9) he. VIII. 1) next 2) quickly 3) slowly 4) silently 5) soon 6) safely 7) gently 8) nearby

9) later 10) neatly.

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1. FUN WITH VOWELS I. 1) A, 2) A, E, 3) A, 4) I, E, 5) O, A, O, 6) E, E, A, 7) A, E, 8) E, I, 9) U, E,

10) O, 11) I, 12) O, 13) A, U, 14) U, E, A, 15) O, E, A. II. 1) CAT, 2) RAT, 3) TOP, 4) NET, 5) RUN, 6) FAT, 7) POT, 8) FISH, 9) CAKE,

10) ROME, 11) RING, 12) FIGHT, 13) JUMP, 14) JAW, 15) JOB, 16) WISH, 17) MAN, 18) WOMAN, 19) WHITE, 20) NOTE.

III. 1) saw, 2) pets, 3) health, 4) live, 5) car, 6) many. IV. 1) bell 2) cot 3) pin 4) bun 5) tap.

2. JUMBLED WORDS I. 1) carrots, 2) tomatoes, 3) brinjals, 4) capsicum, 5) peas. II. 1) kiwi, 2) oranges, 3) plums, 4) mango, 5) grapes, 6) strawberry. III. 1) tiger, 2) zebra, 3) elephant, 4) wolf, 5) rabbit, 6) horse, 7) sheep.

3. SENTENCES 1. The aeroplane landed in a field. 6. Please, read a story for me. 2. I have a red car. 7. The Earth is a planet. 3. The black shoes fit me. 8. I love to eat ice cream. 4. The toy was broken. 9. Meera is my best friend. 5. Did you turn the computer on? 10. Have you seen my book?

4. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE I. 1) Kunal 2) The children 3) The ice cream 4) My father 5) Anushka. II. 1 - c, 2 - f, 3 - a, 4 - i, 5 - g, 6 - e, 7 - h, 8 - d, 9 - j, 10 - b.

5. COMPREHENSION I. 1) 3 colours 2) Red, green and blue 3) Apples and grapes. IV. 1) A basket of apples is placed at the corner of the room. 2) The big red truck

is passing through the tunnel. 3) The blue dress worn by the child looks very pretty. 4) The monitor of the class maintains the classroom. 5) A clock on the wall shows time. 6) The computer works on electricity.

6. ARTICLES I. 1. a, 2. an, 3. the, 4. an, 5. The, 6. a, 7. a, 8. an, 9. a, 10. a, 11. an,

12. a, 13. an, 14. a, 15. an. II. 1. a, 2. an, the, 3. The, 4. a, 5. an, a, the, 6. a, 7. a, 8. the, 9. an, 10. a.

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GRAMMAR - 2

7. OPPOSITES 1 - d, 2 - e, 3 - h, 4 - c, 5 - j, 6 - a, 7 - i, 8 - g, 9 - f, 10 - b, 11 - o,

12 - n, 13 - k, 14 - q, 15 - p, 16 - r, 17 - m, 18 - s, 19 - t, 20 - l.8. SINGULAR AND PLURAL

I. 1) babies 2) fishes 3) apples 4) balls 5) pencils 6) carrots. III. 1. Ears 2. Eyes 3. Sons 4. Boys 5. Birds 6. Plates 7. Eggs

8. Books 9. Pens 10. Chairs. IV. 1. Doll 2. Letter 3. Wall 4. Rose 5. Girl 6. Door 7. Leaf 8. Man

9. Woman 10. Daughter.9. NOUNS

A. I. 1) Ruchika, orange 2) Tom, Church 3) Mr. Sharma, car 4) Australia, country 5) Mary, cat 6) Rose, flower 7) Punita, book, space 8) vase 9) Sachi, picture 10) son, basketball 11) badminton 12) girls 13) winter, gloves 14) Donna, food, fish, school 15) Margie, cupcakes 16) Jack, book 17) minutes 18) ant, food, winter 19) Samantha, fish, aquarium 20) flag.

II. 1. wall 2. cats 3. house 4. Rohan 5. picture 6. Radhika 7. Charan 8. bag 9. Cricket 10. coin 11. pet 12. hurdle 13. books 14. father 15. temple

16. brother 17. money 18. pen 19. puppy 20. tree. III. Feminine Gender :- 1. cow, 2. actress, 3. mother, 4. lady, 5. goddess. Masculine Gender :- 1. dog, 2. father, 3. bull, 4. farmer, 5. policeman. B. I. Common Nouns :- 1. cousin 2. books 3. brother 4. baby, park 5. capital 6. cities 7. classmate 8. zoo 9. dress 10. daughter 11. dog 12. chocolates 13. city 15. strawberry ice cream. Proper Nouns :- 1. Humaira 2. Oxford book store 3. Tina 4. Mrs. Gaur 5. New Delhi, India 6. Chandigarh, India 7. Nepal 8. Kolkata 9. Megha 10. Parker pen 11. Buddy 12. Ritu, Germany 13. Anisha 14. Karan, City

Square Mall 15. Gina. II. 1. Tea 2. Bananas 3. Oil 4. Eggs 5. Apples 6. Cheese 7. Bread 8. Tomatoes 9. Melon 10. Pear 11. Beetroot 12. Butter 13. Potatoes 14. Carrots 15. Chicken 16. Cake 17. Peach. III. Concrete Nouns : Tony, mixer, man, music, dog, road, rock, bucket, New York,

man, sweetness, building, street, air, muscle, cement, shovel, beauty. Abstract Nouns : disgrace, victory, commitment, love, hate, pride, argument,

trust, fear, excitement, talent.

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IV. 1. a swarm of bees. 7. a herd of cows. 2. a band of musicians. 8. a litter of dogs. 3. a school of fish. 9. a bundle of books. 4. a pack of cards. 10. a bouquet of flowers. 5. an army of soldiers. 11. a flock of sheep. 6. a bunch of grapes. 12. a gang of robbers.

10. PRONOUNS I. 1) Nikita - her; uncle - him 2) he 3) us 4) They 5) his 6) her 7) He 8) hers. II. 1) our 2) ours 3) our 4) we 5) We 6) she 7) she 8) Her 9) She 10) I

11) me 12) its 13) it’s 14) its 15) my 16) I 17) me 18) My 19) us 20) her.11. ADJECTIVES

I. small, sad, soft, big, wet, tiny, tall, heavy, dirty, little, happy, huge. II. 1) able 2) big 3) clever 4) dirty 5) easy 6) fast 7) good 8) high 9) intelligent

10) jovial 11) kind 12) low 13) major 14) neat 15) obedient 16) poor 17) quick 18) respectful 19) small 20) tall 21) ugly 22) vertical 23) warm 24) xanthic 25) young 26) zonal.

III. 1) long 2) sour 3) naughty 4) sweet 5) cute. IV. 1) beautiful, talkative, kind 6) lovely, smelly, small 2) clever, tall, friendly 7) strong, heavy, comfortable 3) faithful, cute, energetic 8) creative, adventurous, thrilling 4) silky, costly, fancy 9) pretty, noisy, playful 5) colourful, beautiful, attractive 10) helpful, honest, good.

12. VERBS I. 1) brays 2) barks 3) hoots 4) quacks 5) hisses 6) squeaks 7) trumpets 8) buzzes 9) howls 10) crows 11) neighs 12) croaks 13) roars 14) bellows. II. a - 12, b - 5, c - 4, d - 8, e - 9, f - 2, g - 6, h - 1, i - 3, j - 7, k - 10, l - 11. III. 1) am 2) is 3) is 4) is 5) is 6) was 7) was 8) was 9) were 10) were 11) are 12) are. IV. 2) A boy is shouting with excitement. 3) A boy is hidden in the tree branches. 4) A boy is pushing out his hand. 5) A boy is hanging from a branch. 6) A boy is climbing the tree. 7) A boy is sleeping on the tree branch. 8) A boy is swinging from a tree branch. 9) A boy is holding the ladder above.

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10) A boy is climbing the ladder. 11) A boy is hidden inside the tree trunk. 12) A boy is fell down from the tree. 13) A boy is sitting under the tree and he is sleeping. 14) A boy is holding the ladder below. 15) A boy is watching all this.

13. SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT 1) are, 2) is, 3) walk, 4) pose, 5) is, 6) stops, 7) visit, 8) wants, 9) is, 10) was,

11) were, 12) plays, 13) am, 14) were, 15) am, 16) work, 17) do, 18) does, 19) protect, 20) loves, 21) writes, 22) use, 23) were, 24) need, 25) taste.

14. ADVERBS I. 1) slowly, 2) fast, 3) late, 4) loudly, 5) carefully, 6) brightly, 7) correctly, 8) slowly, 9) closely, 10) urgently, 11) outside, 12) hurriedly. II. 1) brightly 2) softly 3) late 4) greedily 5) cleverly 6) quickly 7) softly 8) easily 9) today 10) happily.

15. GENDER I. 1) Boar (Masculine), Sow (Feminine), 2) Tom (M), Pussy (F), 3) Bull (M), Cow (F), 4) Cock (M), Hen (F), 5) Stag (M), Hind (F), 6) Jack (M), Jenny (F), 7) Drake (M), Duck (F), 8) Tod (M), Vixen (F), 9) Ram (M), Ewe (F), 10) Cob (M), Pen (F), 11) Tiger (M), Tigress (F). II. 1) lioness, 2) brother, 3) actor, 4) aunt, 5) mare, 6) bull, 7) drake, 8) stepfather,

9) nanny goat, 10) ram, 11) goose, 12) hen, 13) bachelor, 14) shepherd, 15) poetess, 16) murderess, 17) witch.

16. PUNCTUATION I. 1) When is she getting her new car? 2) Ouch! I hurt my finger. 3) “I am going home now,” she said. 4) She went to the shop and bought bread, butter and milk. 5) I visited my mother - in - law last week. 6) Stop, you can’t go there. 7) When do you have your examination? 8) Rahul’s car has broken down. 9) My little sister goes to bed at 8 o’clock. 10) Would you like to have a cup of tea?

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II. A man hired a donkey from another man. He paid him two shillings to lend him the donkey for a day. It was a very hot day and both men wanted to sit in the donkey’s shadow to take some rest.

But there was room for only one of them. “Go away,” said the man who had hired the donkey. He added, “It is my shadow today. I have hired the donkey.”

“You hired the ass,” said the owner, ‘‘but you did not hire his shadow. It is my shadow.’’ They started fighting and then one of them happened to hit the donkey. The donkey ran away and took its shadow with it.

17. LETTER WRITING 1. Date : Chennai. To The Principal, Ravi Public School, Chennai. Respected Sir, Sub : Request for three days leave. I would like to state that I was not able to attend school from to

as I have to attend my cousin’s wedding in Hyderabad along with my family. So I request you to kindly grant me leave for three days. Thanking you in anticipation. Yours obediently, Madhav, Class II A

2. Date : Hyderabad. To Mr. Murali Krishna, 47/B, Brundavan Colony, Bengaluru. Dear Uncle, Greetings of the day! Thank you so much for the dress you sent me. Green is my favourite colour and I wore it on my birthday. Everybody appreciated it a lot. Please do come to visit us soon. Convey my regards to aunt and wishes to Akhil and Rohan. Yours affectionately, Aparna

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3. Date : Visakhapatnam. To Mrs. Lakshmi, 147/A, Quarters Road, Hyderabad. Dear Granny, Greetings of the day! My exams are over and we have holidays for one month. This year we are planning a tour to visit South Indian Temples and we wish that you will also come with us. Yours affectionately, Sudheer

4. Date : Vijayawada. To V. Krishna Manohar, D. No. 12-13-87, Ashok Nagar, Miryalaguda. Dear Abhi, Greetings of the day! I am safe here and I hope the same with you. I would like to share the happy moments of our school picnic in the last week. We went to the famous historical place Amaravati in Guntur district. There we saw the Archaeological Museum where Buddhist Stupas were kept, and Amareswara temple. We had a great time there. You must also visit this place. Yours affectionately, Lasya Sri

18. ESSAY WRITING 1) My favourite hobby is playing drums. I spend a lot of my free time playing

drums. I started learning to play drums when I was 4 years old. I played in my school’s band. When I was 5, I got a private drum teacher and started to really enjoy playing.

My parents bought me a drum set and I started practising everyday after school. It was very loud, but my mother never complained. I improved a lot and playing drums has been my favourite hobby ever since.

Now, I play drums in a band with my friend Dan, who plays guitar. We write songs, perform and practice twice a week. It’s still as fun as it was when I first started playing!

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2) Last month, we went to the historical place called Amaravati. It is situated on the bank of river Krishna in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh. It is the place of Amareswara temple. The temple is of Lord Shiva. We first went to the temple and worshipped the God. History says that this temple was built during Satavahana period.

After lunch, we visited the Archaeological Museum where we had seen the relics of Buddhism and statues of Buddha. We played for sometime in the museum park.

In the evening, we went to river Krishna and sailed on the boat. It was an amazing feeling sailing on water. We returned to our homes at night.

3) I have two best friends. They are Pavan and Pallavi. Both are my classmates. Both study well. Pavan is a good cricket player. Pallavi is a good dancer. On every friendship day. We all tie friendship bands to each other.

At school, during lunch, we three eat together. In the evening, we play together. We come and go to the school also together. On Sundays, we three meet in the playground and play.

We almost never quarrel. If anything goes wrong, we immediately realize the mistake and soon became friends. That’s why, we say ourselves as best friends. All other students call us “Trimurthees”.

4) My home city is Bengaluru. It is one of the most beautiful cities of the world. Here we come across people of different religions and languages. They all live in harmony. The climate is always cool like the inhabitants of the city. It is known as the Garden city of India. The Cubbon Park and the Lal Bagh are the places most frequently visited by the tourists. The magnificent buildings of British days even today add beauty to the city.

Everyone speaks more than two languages. An outsider will not feel that he is in a different country because people are so helpful and friendly. There are plenty of amusing parks. If you drive twenty kilometres from the city, you will be at Bannerghatta forest area. I love my city.

5) Good manners are the ornaments of a gentleman and a real gentleman never hurts the feelings of others. He cares for the convenience, comfort and happiness of others more than for his own. He never tries to be disrespectful to anyone. His behaviour towards others is what he expects from them for himself.

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We should be kind and soft in tone while talking to others. In no case, we should lose our temper because anger is a momentary madness. We should be polite even while refusing the unfair requests of others. Talk less and listen more is always praiseworthy as it saves us from many problems. This quality adds extra to the life.

We can learn good manners by studying the lives of great men and can mould our character. Our success depends on good manners to a great extent. Let’s be men of good manners to achieve the very essence of humanity.

19. HELLO, GRAMMAR! I. 1) CEX 2) FIT 3) DHS 4) JRW 5) ACY 6) FGL 7) DMZ 8) ACF. II.a. A father and his son went to a zoo. There they saw a giraffe. The son might be

asking his father about the giraffe like its name, how tall will it grow, what does it eat etc. The father may be replied that it is giraffe, it grows up to 6 metres and it eats leaves.

b. In this picture, a family went to the zoo. There they saw an elephant and a monkey. The little boy is taking something from his bag to give the elephant to eat. The monkey is looking that they might give me something or not. The mother is telling the child how to give the eatable to the elephant.

c. In this picture, a mother and her baby went to the zoo. There they saw a giraffe and an elephant.The baby stood on a stool to feed the giraffe. But, still she is short of giraffe. The elephant are also looking eagerly whether they will get anything to eat or not.

d. Here, the baby went near the cage of the lion. She is talking with the lion. The lion is sadly saying that please set me free, I want to go to the forest and live happily along with my friends. The girl might say that if I set you free, you will caught me and kill me. So, I do not let you free.

III. 1) c, 2) a, 3) b, 4) a, 5) b, 6) d, 7) b, 8) d, 9) c, 10) b, 11) b, 12) d. IV. 1) I 2) My friend 3) The sun 4) Meenakshi 5) The farmers 6) Saina Nehwal

7) The storm clouds 8) Dogs 9) The car 10) The bees. V. 1) a 2) an 3) a 4) a 5) a 6) a 7) an 8) a 9) an 10) an 11) a 12) an 13) a

14) a 15) an 16) a. VI. 1) a 2) a 3) a 4) a 5) an 6) an 7) a 8) an 9) an 10) a 11) an 12) an 13) a 14) an. VII. 1) Girl 2) Aunt 3) Daughter 4) Mother 5) Woman 6) Mistress 7) Lady 8) Countess 9) Wife 10) Queen 11) Sister 12) Spinster 13) Nun 14) Madam

15) Niece 16) Witch 17) Hostess 18) Heiress 19) Princess 20) Bride.Gra - 2 17

VIII. 1) apples, 2) houses, 3) children, 4) knives, 5) friends, 6) fishes, 7) men, 8) families, 9) burgers, 10) vegetables, 11) sweets, 12) mice, 13) hands, 14) wives, 15) buses, 16) teeth, 17) sheep, 18) feet, 19) babies,

20) boxes, 21) dictionaries, 22) monkeys. IX. 1) There are children standing behind the trees. 2) We are your best friends. 3) There are insects in our cups. 4) He has got apples in his hands. 5) My teacher has notebooks in her hands. 6) My neighbours are good men. 7) I liked those movies. 8) Those are the best cakes I have ever eaten. 9) The flowers were very beautiful to look at. 10) We have dogs. 11) The man had red cars. 12) The girls were wearing their new watches. X. 1) movie 2) doctors, cabins 3) blackboard, classroom 4) dog, bed 5) cousins,

Australia 6) vegetables 7) animals, zoo 8) Rahul, boy, class 9) mother, Allahabad 10) father, banker 11) house, park 12) lake, friends 13) Sona, prize, painting 14) uncle, London, month 15) Lizards, Raghu, spiders.

XI. 1) he 2) it 3) they 4) it 5) she 6) they 7) it 8) they 9) he 10) it 11) it.

XII. 1) This car is new. 2) Tina is an intelligent girl.

3) John is tall and Jane is short. 4) Your cupboard is very clean.

5) Your notebook is very dirty . 6) You have a spacious house.

7) The fast rabbit ran a race with the slow tortoise.

XIII. 1 - g, 2 - d, 3 - b, 4 - j, 5 - e, 6 - l, 7 - h, 8 - i, 9 - k, 10 - f, 11 - c, 12 - a. XIV.1.1) I run in the park. 2) I eat fruits. 3) I write a poem. 4) I walk to my house.

5) I go to school. 6) I play with my sister. 7) You run in the park. 8) You eat fruits. 9) You write a poem. 10) You walk to my house. 11) You go to school. 12) You play with my sister. 13) We run in the park. 14) We eat fruits. 15) We write a poem. 16) We go to school. 17) They run in the park. 18) They eat fruits. 19) They write a poem. 20) They go to school.

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2. 1) He runs in the park. 9) She writes a poem. 2) He eats green vegetables. 10) She walks to my house. 3) He writes a poem. 11) She goes to school. 4) He walks to my house. 12) She plays with my friend. 5) He goes to school. 13) It runs in the park. 6) He plays with my friend. 14) It eats green vegetables. 7) She runs in the park. 15) It walks to my house. 8) She eats green vegetables. 16) It plays with my friend.

XV. PERSON : doctor, waiter, farmer, friend, mother, baby. PLACE : shopping mall, shop, drugstore, mall. THING : table, tractor, ice cream, swing, spoon, shirt, marker. ANIMAL : hamster, cow, cat, lizard, peacock.

XVI. 1) go 2) eats, coming 3) play 4) hit 5) finish 6) eats 7) fly 8) works 9) is 10) lives 11) play 12) hide.

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GRAMMAR - 31. THE SENTENCE

I. 1) He is knocking at the door. 2) She is my best friend. 3) He is hanging a picture on the wall. 4) Mary had a little lamb. 5) The students were not in the class. 6) Stars shine at night. 7) The box is too heavy for you to carry.

8) We put on new clothes during festivals. 9) Which is your favourite animal at the zoo? 10) Did you enjoy your swim in the pool?

II. 1) Imperative 2) Interrogative 3) Assertive 4) Imperative 5) Assertive 6) Interrogative 7) Exclamatory 8) Imperative 9) Imperative 10) Exclamatory.

2. PARTS OF THE SENTENCE I. 1) The table 2) A strong wind 3) The women 4) My sister 5) The boys 6) My mother 7) I 8) The teacher 9) The horse 10) She. II. 1) is a well - known actress. 2) passed in all subjects. 3) are beautiful insects.

4) attracts honeybees. 5) is a faithful animal. 6) gives us light and heat. 7) drink milk. 8) protects us from rain. 9) is a clever seller. 10) plays cricket well.

3. NOUNS AND THEIR KINDS I. 1) apple 2) toy 3) parents 4) strangers 5) clown 6) car 7) sweets 8) chocolates 9) gift 10) cooker. II. 1) New Delhi, India 2) Jawaharlal Nehru 3) Ganga 4) Raman 5) Taj Mahal, Agra 6) William Shakespeare 7) Sharmila, Oxygen 8) London, England 9) Pandit Jasraj 10) Amitabh Bachchan. III. 1) bunch 2) bouquet 3) army 4) choir 5) pack 6) fleet 7) flock 8) swarm 9) crowd 10) flight. IV. 1) glass 2) diamonds, silver, gold 3) cement, bricks 4) wool 5) iron 6) rubber

7) sugar, milk 8) china clay 9) wood 10) rubber. V. Common Nouns : glove, table, frog, dog, lemon, apple, mat. Abstract Nouns : honesty, beauty, hate, sadness, joy, silence, love, relaxation. VI. 1) d 2) b 3) c 4) b 5) d 6) a 7) a 8) c.

4. PRONOUNS I. she, he, they ; they, he, she ; he, it, they. II. 1) it, 2) they, 3) it, 4) she, 5) it, 6) it, 7) it, 8) he, 9) it. III. 1) It 2) It 3) He 4) She 5) It.

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IV. 1) This is a rainbow. 2) This is a dog. 3) These are flowers. 4) This is my pet. 5) This is a well. V. 1) myself, I 2) herself, she 3) ourselves, we 4) yourself, you 5) herself, she. VI. 1) Which 2) Who 3) What 4) Whom 5) What. VII. 1) her 2) their 3) mine 4) they 5) your.

5. VERBS I. 1) A boy is standing. 2) Two girls are playing see-saw. 3) A boy and a girl are

swinging. 4) A boy and a girl are sliding. 5) A man and a woman are sitting. 6) A man and a woman are talking. 7) Some people are looking at the fountain. 8) An old man is reading a newspaper.

II. 2) He is running. 3) He is dancing. 4) He is walking. 5) He is standing. III. 1) fight (T) 2) saw (T) 3) spoke (T) 4) spoke (T) 5) Boil (T) 6) stopped (T)

7) kicked (T) 8) shines (I) 9) blew (T) 10) grow (I) 11) laughed (I) 12) baked (T) 13) fell (I) 14) moved (T) 15) galloped (I).

6. ADJECTIVES I. 1) active, 2) rich, 3) fat, 4) young, 5) slow, 6) strong, 7) happy, 8) light, 9) big, 10) cold, 11) tall, 12) clean. II. 1) precious - Adjective of quality 2) big - Adjective of quality 3) ripe - Adjective of quality 4) famous - Adjective of quality 5) five - Adjective of number 6) some - Adjective of quantity 7) lazy - Adjective of quality 8) intelligent - Adjective of quality 9) that - Demonstrative adjective 10) which - Interrogative adjective. first - Adjective of number.

7. ADVERBS 1) outside - Adverb of place 2) loudly - Adverb of manner 3) carefully - Adverb

of manner 4) where - Interrogative adverb 5) why - Interrogative adverb, late - Adverb of time 6) carelessly - Adverb of manner 7) inside - Adverb of place

8) soon - Adverb of time 9) late - Adverb of time 10) never - Adverb of frequency.8. PREPOSITIONS

I. 1) between 2) beside 3) on 4) behind 5) in front of 6) under 7) near 8) on. II. 1) to 2) in front of, in 3) under 4) over 5) to 6) at, for 7) into 8) to 9) in 10) to 11) in 12) on 13) around, in 14) on 15) with, in.

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III. 1) along 2) on 3) to 4) on 5) into 6) before 7) in 8) by 9) for 10) at. IV. 1) on 2) in, near 3) in front of 4) in, behind 5) on 6) in 7) between 8) behind, on 9) in front of 10) beside.

9. INTERJECTIONS I. 1) Good Heavens! 2) Oh, 3) Oops! 4) Alas! 5) Ahh! 6) Hey! 7) Wow! 8) Well, 9) Huh! 10) Aww! II. 1) Alas! My homework is on fire! 2) Oh! I am late for the school. 3) Oops! I left the tap running. 4) Wow! This juice tastes awful. 5) Aww! That is a surprise! III. 1) Achoo 2) Oh 3) Congratulations 4) Shh 5) Ugh.

10. CONJUNCTIONS I. 1) and 2) or 3) and 4) but 5) so. II. 1) a 2) d 3) c 4) b 5) d. III. 1) and 2) because 3) but 4) so 5) and.

11. HELLO, GRAMMAR! - I I. 1) b 2) a 3) a 4) d 5) c 6) a 7) b 8) b 9) d 10) c 11) b 12) c 13) c 14) c 15) c 16) c 17) a 18) c 19) c 20) b 21) c 22) c 23) a 24) d 25) b 26) b 27) b 28) b 29) d 30) a.

II. 1) prize 2) courage 3) stroll 4) save 5) cheerful 6) big 7) pieces 8) ill 9) afraid 10) shut 11) chilly 12) quiet 13) start 14) damp.

III. 1) big 2) short 3) sad 4) cry 5) light 6) small 7) little 8) unhealthy 9) close 10) cold 11) end 12) dry 13) bad 14) bottom.

IV. 1) duck - a water bird with a broad bill, short legs and webbed feet a cricket batsman’s score of nought 2) lead - cause a person or animal to go with you a heavy bluish - grey metallic element 3) wind - a natural movement of the air move in or take a twisting or spiral course 4) fly - move through the air an insect 5) can - be able to a cylindrical metal container 6) bat - a flying mammal an implement for hitting the ball

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V. 1) a. We have two eyes. b. We too come with you. 2) a. There is a hole in the wall. b. The whole family went to the cinema. 3) a. Kirtana went to America by an aeroplane. b. Kamala went to market to buy vegetables.

12. NUMBER I. 1) cats 2) lunches 3) foxes 4) classes 5) taxes 6) boots 7) bunches

8) brushes 9) socks 10) fans. II. 1) parties 2) cherries 3) pennies 4) candies 5) berries 6) families 7) ladies

8) cities 9) armies 10) ferries. III. 1) There are kittens in front of the trees. 2) The women were keeping money in their purses. 3) There are pens under the tables. 4) He has got candies in his hands. 5) She has got white parrots at her home. IV. 1) dishes 2) desks 3) books 4) trucks 5) puppies 6) elephants 7) flies 8) wolves 9) dresses 10) clothes 11) cars 12) matches 13) boxes 14) stars

15) cups 16) beds 17) knives 18) shelves 19) bushes 20) oranges 21) apples 22) houses 23) children 24) wives 25) friends 26) fishes 27) men 28) women 29) hamburgers 30) vegetables 31) sheep 32) mice

33) hands 34) lives 35) buses 36) teeth 37) sweets 38) feet 39) babies 40) geese 41) dictionaries 42) monkeys 43) tigers 44) churches 45) persons 46) eyes 47) goats 48) cakes 49) pencils 50) eggs.

13. GENDER I. 1) sow 2) hen 3) buck 4) ass 5) duck 6) ram 7) tiger 8) mother 9) uncle

10) priestess 11) queen 12) policeman 13) princess 14) woman 15) nephew 16) daughter 17) grandfather 18) empress 19) boy 20) wizard.

II. Masculine Feminine Common Neuter

brotherfatherboy uncle

momwomancousin sistergrandmother

friendwaiterchildrenhorse

restaurantballoontoy cargiftstudy tableshirtcake

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14. ARTICLES

I. 2) A chocolate 3) A banana 4) An ice cream 5) An egg 6) An orange 7) An apple 8) An elephant 9) A sandwich 10) A cat 11) A chicken.

II. 1) an 2) a 3) a 4) a 5) a 6) a 7) an 8) a 9) a 10) an 11) an 12) a 13) a 14) a 15) an.

III. 1) the, a 2) an, a 3) a, the 4) The 5) the 6) a 7) a, the 8) the 9) An 10) the.

15. TYPES OF PRONOUNS

I. 1) He 2) us 3) her 4) He 5) us. II. 1) My 2) hers 3) his 4) hers 5) Ours. III. 1) someone 2) Everybody 3) anybody 4) nobody 5) everyone. IV. 1) Which 2) whom 3) Who 4) That 5) Who. V. 1) that 2) whom 3) who 4) that 5) which. VI. 1) This 2) These 3) Those 4) That 5) These. VII. 1) That is a bone. 2) This is a plant. 3) These are my pets. 4) Those are clouds. 5) These are raindrops. VIII. 1) myself 2) himself 3) ourselves 4) yourself 5) herself.

16. TYPES OF VERBS

I. 1) was (Helping Verb (HV)), racing (Main Verb (MV)) 2) had (HV), joined (MV). 3) were (HV), using (MV). 4) are (HV), working (MV). 5) have (HV), visited (MV). II. 1) beings 2) being 3) been 4) be 5) been.

17. TENSES - PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

I. 1 - j, 2 - e, 3 - h, 4 - k, 5 - g, 6 - i, 7 - f, 8 - b, 9 - c, 10 - l, 11 - d, 12 - a. II. 1) c 2) c 3) b 4) b 5) b 6) c. III. 1) a 2) a 3) b 4) b 5) a 6) a 7) a 8) a. IV. 1) will teach 2) will guard 3) will paint 4) will bake 5) shall live 6) will marry

7) will travel 8) shall study 9) will come 10) will go.Gra - 3 24

18. ADJECTIVES - DEGREES OF COMPARISON 1) best - superlative 2) pretty - positive 3) better - comparative 4) cunning - positive 5) most beautiful - superlative 6) most serious - superlative

7) largest - superlative 8) better - comparative 9) more honest - comparative 10) most sincere - superlative.

19. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 1) faster - fastest 2) better - best 3) more carefully - most carefully 4) more often - most often.

20. PUNCTUATION Once there was a young mouse. He had never seen the world outside

his hole. So, he took his mother’s permission and came out of his hole. He loitered around for a while in the fields nearby and then returned to tell his mother of the wonderful creatures he saw.

“Dear Mother,” said the mouse, “I saw some curious animals. There was one beautiful animal with soft white fur and a long beautiful tail. She had a sweet purring sound. I wanted to go and talk to her for a while.”

Mother mouse was listening to the young mouse intently and asked, “Dear son, what else did you see?” “I saw another animal, a terrible looking monster,” said the mouse, “He had a strange crown and an ugly looking beard on his chin. He had thick wings with pale feathers and he was crowing in a shrill voice. I did not like the very sight of that horrible creature and ran away from there.”

Mother mouse smiled and said, “My dear, that horrible creature was a harmless bird known as the rooster ; but that beautiful animal that you saw was a mouse-eating cat. You are lucky, she did not have you for dinner.”

I. 1) India 2) mother’s, Mrs. 3) My 4) Ria 5) I. II. 1) movie 2) doctors, cabins 3) blackboard, classroom 4) dog, bed 5) cousins, Australia 6) vegetables 7) animals, zoo 8) Rahul, boy, class 9) mother, Allahabad 10) father, banker.

21. COMPREHENSION A. 1) The boys were playing around a pond. 2) The boys were throwing rocks at the frogs. They competed with each

other to see who could hit the most number of frogs.

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3) Because some frogs died with the hit of the rocks. 4) Yes. 5) It is truly said that what is fun for one, may be death and destruction for the

other. B. 1) 3 2) 5 3) 3 4) 3 5) 5 6) 3. C. 1) The peacock was unhappy with his ugly voice. 2) The peacock met a fox in the forest one day. 3) The wise fox consoled the peacock, “God has given each one of us a

special gift. But if it is in your nature to keep complaining always, even if you had a melodious voice, you would still complain about some other thing.”

4) Nightingale - Sweet voice, Owl - Eyes, Eagle - Strength. 5) It is important for us not to crib about what we do not have but to feel

blessed for what we have.

D. 1) The rooster was perched on a branch of a very high tree. 2) A fox happened to hear the crowing. 3) The fox said to the rooster, “Why are you afraid of me now? Have you not

heard of the recent treaty between the animals and the birds that we shall no longer attack each other and live together in peace and unity? Please come down, I want to give you a hug and discuss more about the treaty.”

4) The rooster stretched out his neck and pretended as if he were trying to look at something distant.

5) The rooster said that he could saw a pack of wild dogs coming towards that side and were looked ferocious. On hearing this, the fox ran away from the place.

6) a. hen b. vixen c. having a cunning and deceitful nature d. to quickly ran away.

E. 1) 3 2) 5 3) 3 4) 5 5) 5 6) 3.

23. ESSAY WRITING

1) A Visit to Zoo : One day I went to the zoo along with my friends. The zoo is at Purana Quila in Delhi. We reached there and went inside the zoo. We saw many beautiful birds and animals there. We also saw some wild and dangerous animals like lions, tigers and cheetahs.

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These animals were kept in cages as they were dangerous. We also saw a unique white tiger and gorilla. Some animals were taking rest and some were eating their food. We fed some peanuts and bananas to monkeys. We enjoyed a lot in the zoo. We gained a lot of educational knowledge on how different birds and animals live by visiting the zoo.

2) A Class Picnic : I study in Ravi Public School. Our class students went for a picnic to Bedaghat. About sixty students and five teachers went to the picnic. We took eatables and drinks along with us. We went to the picnic spot in our school bus. We clapped and shouted with joy in the bus. We also sang songs and played games. We reached the picnic spot at ten o’clock. We hired boats and went for boating. It’s a great pleasure riding in a boat. We looked at the majestic hills made out of white marbles. Our teachers said that the movie Ashoka of Shahrukh Khan was shot there. At one o’clock we had our lunch. After lunch, we enjoyed a lot by playing. Our teachers took rest. At four o’clock we left the picnic spot. I would never forgot that wonderful day in my life.

3) First day at School : I still remember my first day at school. It was a memorable day. I introduced myself to the class. My school’s name is Ravi Public School.

I was admitted into III class. Five teachers took classes on that day. All teachers were very cordial. Meanwhile, our Principal also visited our classroom. He told us about good manners to be followed in the classroom, playground and at home. In the recess time, I talked with some of my classmates. Three of them became my friends. I never forgot that day.

4) My Birthday : My name is Pradeep Kumar. I am seven years old today. Tomorrow I am stepping into my eighth year of age. On my birthday, I got up early in the morning. I took headbath and wore new clothes. Then, I ate the sweet dish cooked by my mother and I shared it with my parents and neighbours. Then, I went to school taking chocolates and biscuits.

I distributed them to all my classmates, and gave to my teachers and Principal also. I invited my school friends to my birthday party in the evening at home. I also invited our neighbours, some relatives and friends around our home to the evening party. In the evening, the party started. I cut cake with lot

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of excitement among all who gathered there. My sister and mother gave cakes, biscuits, chocolates and cool drinks to all of them. I had given balloons, whistles and caps to them. I got several gifts mainly toys. The best thing about my birthday is my father had given me a bicycle as gift.

5) My Favourite Game : My favourite game is cricket. I like it very much. Nearly fifteen countries of the world play it. They have their own teams. Eleven players comprise a team. A team has a captain and vice-captain. There are two types of matches in cricket - test match and one day match. Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the captain of Indian cricket team. Under his captaincy, India won the 2011 Cricket World Cup. Six balls are thrown to the batsman in an over. A match begins

with a toss. The toss winning captain decides himself whether he will bowl or bat first. I love to see all the matches live on the television.

6) My Country : India is my country. I love it very much. It has many beautiful mountains, lakes, rivers and deserts. It is the seventh largest country in the world in area. It is the second most populated country in the world. People of different religions live in my country. People here speak different languages. Many cultures and traditions are there in the country. Inspite of many differences in several areas, people live united. That’s why, in India we see unity in diversity. India is a birthplace of many great leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rani Lakshmibai, Bhagat Singh etc. So, I feel proud to be an Indian.

24. HELLO, GRAMMAR! - II I. 1) Arjun and Ayush like to watch TV. 2) book, food 3) weak 4) brother, cousin,

father, mother 5) sad 6) cherries 7) church, chair 8) them 9) When 10) bat, hat, cat 11) dive 12) wale, wel 13) 1) recycle, rebirth, recall 2) unhappy, unrest, unstable 3) careful, seful, grateful 4) happily, sadly, merrily 5) misbehaviour, misunderstand, misfortune 6) teacher, employer, owner.

II. 1) I know how to fly a kite. 2) Thank you for the help. 3) Eleena went to see a movie. 4) My mother ate dinner. 5) We saw a bird on the tree.

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III. 1) The cat 2) Jack 3) Anita 4) I 5) The teacher 6) These apples 7) Rose 8) Oranges 9) That boy 10) The Emperor.

IV. 1) Good 2) Dirty 3) Difficult 4) Long / Tall 5) Low 6) Light 7) Old 8) Strong 9) Thick 10) Full.

V.

Male Female Common Neuterbrothermagicianfather

Meetumother

friendpigeonflowers

hatbouquetsticknoodlespizzasburgerscakepastriesbakery

VI. 1) apples 2) men 3) mangoes 4) fishes 5) horses 6) bees 7) chairs 8) parrots 9) teeth 10) leaves 11) shoes 12) tomatoes. VII. 1) and 2) because 3) but 4) but 5) but 6) and 7) so 8) because 9) because 10) and. VIII. 1) I 2) She 3) We 4) She 5) him 6) me 7) Her 8) Your. IX. 1) go 2) talking 3) saw 4) bought 5) waited, come 6) read 7) took 8) respect 9) promised, work. X. 1) wants 2) go 3) walks 4) play 5) cooks. XI. 1) beautiful 2) red 3) intelligent 4) cute 5) colourful. XII. gently, soundly, loudly, quickly, slowly, tenderly. XIII. 1) Antonyms, 2) Synonyms, 3) Antonyms, 4) Antonyms, 5) Synonyms, 6) Antonyms, 7) Antonyms, 8) Synonyms, 9) Antonyms.

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1. THE ALPHABETICAL ORDER

I. 1) Ankle 2) Ear 3) Finger 4) Head 5) Lips 6) Mouth 7) Nose 8) Shoulder 9) Teeth 10) Waist.

II. Word Meaning 1) appreciate - recognize the worth of 2) fond - having an affection or liking for 3) leash - a dog’s lead 4) naughty - disobedient, badly behaved 5) studious - spending a lot of time studying or reading 6) surname - an inherited name shared by all members of a family III. Word Meaning 1) Atmosphere - the gases that surround the earth or another planet 2) Conservation - preservation or restoration of the natural environment 3) Deforestation - clearing an area of trees 4) Effluent - liquid waste or sewage discharged into a river or the sea 5) Emission - the action of emitting something 6) Environment - the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal,

or plant lives or operates 7) Pollution - the presence in the air, soil, or water of a substance with

unpleasant or harmful effects 8) Sewage - waste water and excrement carried away in sewers IV. 1) fish, flag, frame, friend ; 2) part, pig, plan, play ; 3) globe, glove, glow, glue ; 4) fine, fix, true, trust ; 5) mister, mitten, mole, monster ; 6) cab, cable, cap, cape.

2. PARTS OF A SENTENCE I. 1) am going to school. 2) My mother. II. 1) My little brother 2) Carol 3) Bobby

4) Rubber 5) The coach 6) That rose plant 7) I 8) Radha. III. 1) left a bunch of bananas for the monkeys. 2) has three pencils on his desk.

3) crossed the bridge to reach the school. 4) at the country fair were free. 5) is my favourite actor. 6) is a very hard-working insect. 7) discussed an interesting topic in class today. 8) expect my brother to arrive in an hour.

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GRAMMAR - 4

IV. 1) I (Subject), like to play with my pet dog. (Predicate) 2) Who (S), wants to eat the cake? (P) 3) Shruti (S), goes for basketball practice on Mondays. (P) 4) John (S), forgot to call his brother on his birthday. (P) 5) Who (S), drops you to the school? (P) 6) The puppies (S), ran behind the car. (P) 7) Divya (S), is a pretty girl (P) 8) Today I (S), met my old friend in the market. (P) V. 1) John 2) An apple 3) The clown 4) I 5) My brother 6) The tiger

7) We 8) The pillow.

3. KINDS OF SENTENCES I. 1) Declarative 11) Imperative 21) Imperative 2) Interrogative 12) Declarative 22) Declarative 3) Exclamatory 13) Imperative 23) Exclamatory 4) Imperative 14) Interrogative 24) Declarative 5) Interrogative 15) Imperative 25) Declarative 6) Interrogative 16) Declarative 26) Interrogative

7) Declarative 17) Interrogative 27) Imperative 8) Declarative 18) Interrogative 28) Interrogative 9) Imperative 19) Imperative 29) Declarative 10) Interrogative 20) Declarative 30) Exclamatory

II. 1) Declarative sentences: 1) A boy is running. 2) A boy is standing. 3) A girl is playing with the ball. 4) A girl is moving a ring around her waist. 2) Interrogative sentences: 1) What is the boy in green pants doing? 2) What is the boy in blue pants saying? 3) How is the girl in red frock playing? 4) What is the girl in green skirt doing with the ring?

3) Imperative sentences: 1) Hey, move aside. 2) Stop! Stop! Stop! 3) Please give me the ball. 4) Don’t laugh while playing with the ring. 4) Exclamatory sentences: 1) How fast are you running! 2) What a beautiful

cap! 3) How high are you jumping! 4) What a speed!Gra - 4 31

4. PARTS OF SPEECH I. 1) noun 2) interjection 3) verb 4) adverb 5) conjunction 6) preposition. II. 1) noun 6) noun 11) interjection 16) interjection 2) noun 7) adverb 12) verb 17) verb 3) verb 8) preposition 13) conjunction 18) preposition 4) adjective 9) conjunction 14) adverb 19) verb 5) adverb 10) adverb 15) adjective 20) adjective III. 1) The - definite article, 2) little - adjective, 3) boy - noun, 4) went - verb, 5) to - preposition, 6) school - noun.

5. THE NOUN - KINDS OF NOUNS I. 1) railway station 2) fish 3) man, car 4) children, zoo 5) baby 6) mother, market

7) bananas, monkeys 8) children, field 9) temple, architecture 10) house 11) father, jogging 12) trophy, dance competition 13) yak 14) birds 15) relatives. II. 1) New Delhi is the capital of India. 2) William Shakespeare was a famous

English author. 3) Sangam is in Allahabad. 4) Meghdoot was written by Kalidas. 5) Deepak’s two dogs are named Teepu and Tinku. 6) Chandni Chowk is a famous market in New Delhi. 7) My friends Sailaja and Shalini are coming to meet me today. 8) Ganges is a holy river. 9) Sunidhi Chauhan is a famous singer. 10) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi is known as the Father of the Nation. 11) Solomon was known for his wisdom. 12) Japan is a

well-developed country. 13) Smita visited the zoo yesterday. 14) Kolkata is a big city. 15) May is the hottest month of the year.

III. 2) intelligence 3) kingship 4) knowledge 5) selling 6) thought 7) length 8) strength 9) wisdom 10) poverty 11) lost 12) foolishness 13) bravery 14) honesty

15) cruelty 16) happiness 17) punctuality 18) laughter 19) smarty 20) truth. IV. 1) flock 2) pride 3) herd 4) bunch 5) bouquet 6) flock 7) gang 8) bunch

9) class 10) set 11) swarm 12) crew 13) tuft 14) bundle 15) pile 16) band 17) pack 18) fleet 19) crowd 20) army.

6. THE NOUN - NUMBER(Singular and Plural)

II. 1) balloon 2) goal 3) peach 4) picture 5) root 6) collar 7) lamb 8) machine 9) game 10) window 11) trophy 12) branch 13) lion 14) knife 15) result

16) ability 17) shoe 18) loaf 19) ox 20) cactus. III. 1) paws 2) cows 3) streams 4) months 5) caps 6) glasses 7) tunes 8) roads

9) whales 10) foxes 11) trophies 12) stories 13) gases 14) mice 15) teeth 16) children 17) geese 18) buses 19) toys 20) bottles.

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7. THE NOUN - GENDER K 1) countess, 2) emperor, 3) heiress, 4) princess, 5) bridegroom, 6) lady, 7) heroine, 8) lass, 9) male, 10) Mr, 11) niece, 12) daughter, 13) waiter, 14) mother-in-law, 15) headmaster, 16) landlady, 17) mother, 18) king. 19) cob, 20) lioness, 21) brother, 22) actor, 23) aunt, 24) mare, 25) bull, 26) doe, 27) stepfather, 28) nanny-goat, 29) ram, 30) goose, 31) hen, 32) bachelor, 33) shepherd, 34) poetess, 35) giant, 36) witch.

8. PRONOUNS I. 1) I 2) We 3) you 4) She 5) They 6) It 7) He 8) she 9) They 10) She. II. 1) He 2) It 3) They 4) It 5) We 6) They 7) He 8) She 9) She 10) you. III. 1) ours 2) his 3) yours 4) mine 5) hers 6) theirs 7) yours, mine 8) yours and hers. IV. 1) himself 2) herself 3) ourselves 4) yourself 5) myself 6) herself 7) himself 8) herself. V. 1) Those 2) This 3) That 4) These 5) This 6) Those 7) This 8) That. VI. 1) Who 2) What 3) Who 4) What 5) Which. VII. 1) whose 2) who 3) who 4) who 5) who 6) which 7) who.

9. VERBS I. sits, sleeps, eats, wears, washes, examines, swims, walks, baked, write, stand. II. 1) sitting 2) sleep 3) fell 4) leaking 5) peeped 6) wore 7) yawned 8) hid

9) washes 10) examined 11) swimming 12) painted 13) walks 14) baked 15) did. III. 1) b 2) a 3) c 4) e 5) g 6) d 7) h 8) j 9) k 10) i 11) f.

10. TYPES OF VERBS I. 1) fight - transitively 6) stopped - transitively 11) sang - transitively 2) sank - transitively 7) kicked - transitively 12) acts - transitively 3) spoke - transitively 8) rises - transitively 13) burns - transitively 4) spoke - transitively 9) blew - transitively 14) fly - transitively 5) boil - transitively 10) smiled - intransitively 15) heals - transitively. II. 1) B 2) B 3) A 4) B 5) B 6) B 7) B 8) B 9) B 10) B. III. 1) flows - transitive 6) looked - transitive 11) lick up - transitive 2) rises - intransitive 7) happy - intransitive 12) fell - intransitive 3) were - transitive 8) slept - intransitive 13) ran - transitive 4) reading - transitive 9) laughed - transitive 14) won - transitive 5) barked - transitive 10) coughed - intransitive 15) worked - transitive.

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IV. 1) shoes 2) gift 3) a stone 4) ball 5) answer 6) present 7) garden 8) dog 9) dance 10) saree.

11. SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT I. 1) a 2) c 3) b 4) b 5) a 6) a 7) b 8) a. II. 1) sings 2) talk 3) sits 4) eats 5) play 6) write 7) clean 8) walks 9) nap

10) watch 11) see 12) reads 13) laughs 14) barks 15) visits 16) draws 17) works 18) runs 19) jump 20) travel. III. 1) has 2) is 3) are 4) was 5) jump 6) have 7) were 8) like 9) is 10) is 11) has 12) travel 13) believes 14) are 15) is.

12. TENSES : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE I. 1) cleaned 2) played 3) went 4) clicked 5) peeped 6) wrote 7) yawned 8) pulled. II. 1) cooks 2) brush 3) jog 4) study 5) wash 6) runs 7) plays 8) close 9) writes 10) writes. III. 1) shall clean 2) shall read 3) will meet 4) shall study 5) will buy 6) will 7) will pay 8) shall win 9) will type 10) will join. IV. 1) will go 2) writes 3) was 4) will sing 5) talked. V. 1) played, will play 2) are, shall 3) paints, will paint 4) was smiled, will smile

5) wrote, will write 6) draw, will draw 7) drove, is driving 8) were, will 9) pushed, will push 10) marched, marches. VI. 1) bought 2) will go 3) hid 4) broke 5) went.

13. ADJECTIVES I. 1) best 2) pretty 3) small white 4) beautiful 5) brown bamboo 6) wet 7) interesting 8) broken 9) big 10) tall, strong 11) furry 12) exciting 13) red, juicy 14) big, luxury 15) gala 16) long 17) lanky old 18) exciting adventure 19) ten new 20) short, tall. II. 1) little 2) tall 3) beautiful 4) tall 5) white 6) big 7) dangerous 8) white

9) yellow 10) graceful.

14. ADJECTIVES : DEGREES OF COMPARISON I. 1) hottest 2) expensive 3) friendlier 4) more beautiful 5) cold 6) better 7) worst

8) slower 9) most interesting 10) bigger 11) more beautiful 12) most dangerous 13) good 14) more expensive 15) more helpful 16) most generous 17) nice 18) healthier 19) more forgetful 20) taller.

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15. ADVERB I. 1) seriously 2) quickly 3) carelessly 4) clearly 5) easily 6) quietly 7) carefully

8) badly 9) nicely 10) slowly. II. 1) outside 2) somewhere 3) there 4) here 5) outside 6) there 7) everywhere

8) anywhere 9) here 10) inside. III. 1) before 2) today 3) now 4) nowadays 5) immediately 6) now? 7) yesterday

8) soon 9) tomorrow? 10) already? IV. 1) I have often been to Paris. 2) Have you ever been to Kolkata? 3) Mrs. Sharma

sometimes plays golf on Sundays. 4) The weather is always bad in July. 5) It never rains in Sahara desert. 6) We seldom have prawns for dinner. 7) She rarely visits him. 8) Deven usually does not get up before eight in the morning. 9) They always play badminton on Sundays. 10) My mother hardly watches TV.

V. 1) very 2) extremely 3) enough 4) very 5) sufficient 6) enough 7) very 8) very 9) any 10) more.

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II. Adjective Comparative Superlative1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.

fastwonderful

largegoodbig

heavydifficult

littlebadrichlightnice

warmoldlong

sweetdeep

fastermore wonderful

largerbetterbiggerheavier

more difficultless

worsericherlighternicer

warmerolderlonger

sweeterdeeper

fastestmost wonderful

largestbest

biggestheaviest

most difficultleastworstrichestlightestnicest

warmestoldestlongest

sweetestdeepest

16. ARTICLES K 1) the, the 2) an 3) the 4) the 5) an 6) a 7) a 8) the 9) a 10) an 11) a

12) the 13) the 14) an 15) the.

17. THE CONJUNCTION I. 1) and 2) but 3) Although 4) while 5) or 6) because 7) Unless 8) before

9) until 10) although 11) so 12) and. II. 1) d 2) a 3) b 4) d 5) b 6) c 7) c 8) c 9) c 10) a. III. 1) My brother is ill but my sister is well. 2) He sells fruits and vegetables. 3) He did not pass the test although he studied hard. 4) John and Peter played well. 5) I respect him because he is an honest man. 6) You may go but I will stay. 7) We decided to go out but it was raining. 8) Although he was poor, he was happy. 9) We love Tom because he is a faithful dog. 10) John scored 27 runs before he was caught at the wicket. 11) Although he is rich, he is not happy. 12) The sheep and the oxen are grazing. 13) She is poor but she is contented with her lot. 14) This mango is sweet and large. 15) John and Peter didn’t come. 16) The piper played and the children danced. 17) He sat down because he was tired. 18) John is very hard - working but his brother is lazy. 19) I couldn’t win the prize although I tried my best. 20) I went to the market and bought some vegetables.

18. THE PREPOSITION I. 1) to 2) in 3) under 4) on 5) over 6) near 7) to 8) at 9) with 10) about. II. 1) across 2) around 3) through 4) along 5) at 6) on 7) behind 8) in front of

9) to 10) towards. III. 1) to 2) to 3) to 4) in 5) on 6) in 7) at 8) in 9) in front of 10) in.

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19. THE INTERJECTION I. 1) Oh! 2) Wow! 3) Phew! 4) Ouch! 5) Oh 6) Ah 7) Hi! 8) Sigh! 9) Hurrah! 10) Darn! II. 1) Phew 2) Ouch 3) Alas 4) Oh 5) Aww 6) Oh no 7) Wow 8) Sigh 9) Wow 10) Hi

20. COMPREHENSION A. 1) To get some food to eat in return. 2) The lion asked the wolf to climb the top of the hill near his cave everyday

and as soon as he saw any animal coming that side inform him by saying loudly.

3) “Great lion, come forward in all thy might. Your prey is in the sight!” 4) The wolf intended to kill an elephant on his own. So, he requested the lion

to switch their places for one day. 5) The lion advised the wolf that the elephants could only be killed by lions.

His plan was very ambitious and he might be killed while trying to kill the elephant.

6) No. 7) The wolf died felling under the elephant’s feet. B. 1) One trader lived in a small village, while the other one lived in a big town

nearby. 2) To get it mended. 3) The town trader sold the plow for money. 4) The mice had eaten the plow. 5) No, because the town trader was greedy and cunning. 6) The village trader took the town trader’s son and hid him in a cave

intentionally and said to the town trader that a big bird grabbed away his son. The dispute went to the court. The village trader said before the judge that if the mice could ate an iron plow, the birds can also flew away with children. The town trader realised his mistake.

7) Tit for Tat. C. 1) Prince Wicked was the son of king. He was very cruel and used to hurt

everyone by his actions and words. 2) A fierce storm rose in the sky. It started raining heavily and a flash flood

came in the river. A big wave came out of nowhere and took away the prince with it.

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3) Because he was a diabolical prince. 4) A rat, a snake and a parrot. 5) The snake promised the man that she would show the place of abundant

gold hidden. 6) The parrot promised the man that she would gather the choicest of rice

grains from the fields for him. 7) The rat promised the man that he would take him to the place where a lot

of money was hidden. 8) The prince didn’t promise but said to the man that he would give him great

riches when he came to his kingdom. 9) Yes. 10) The king ordered his men to arrest the poor man and march him up on the

streets. He instructed them to beat him at every corner of the street and then finally chop off his head.

11) The people heard about their king’s atrocity and thanklessness from the poor man.

12) The poor man ruled the people with utmost compassion and wisdom. He also invited his friends, the snake, the rat and the parrot to live with him.

D. 1) Because as the corn in the fields ripened, the hunters set traps to catch them.

2) Because there was enough food for them which was not enough for all of them.

3) Beauty led his group of deer travelled only at night. He never allowed any deer of his herd to go near any village.

4) Because Brownie’s herd travelled in the daylight and went past the village. 5) We must never ignore the advice of our elders. E. 1) Yes, the elephant was happy because he lived alone throughout the day

in the shed and let the dog ate his leftover food. 2) Because the elephant - keeper sold the dog to a farmer, and hence, the

dog was not there in the shed. 3) The King’s wisest minister. 4) The minister made a declaration that whoever had taken the dog from the

royal elephant’s shed should be penalized. The farmer who had taken the dog quickly let him loose.

5) Yes.

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21. LETTER WRITING1) Ravi Public School, Krishnalanka, Vijayawada - 13.

Dt. ToThe Manager,Sachin Sports Company,Mumbai.Dear Sir, Sub : Sports material - required. Ours is one of the biggest schools in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh. Besides education, we encourage our students equally in sports. Our school students won many trophies at various levels of sports events. We came to know that yours is the reputed company in Mumbai supplying quality sports goods. That’s why, we put up an order for the following sports material of good quality. Sports Material Quantity 1. Cricket bats 20 2. Cricket balls 5 boxes 3. Tennis racquets 8 4. Nets 5 5. Badminton racquets 12 We, therefore, request you to send the above sports goods as soon as possible. Thanking you, Yours truly, Principal

Ravi Public School2) H - 20, Pitampura colony, New Delhi. Dt. My dear uncle, I am fine and I hope the same with you. First of all, I thank you very much for your nice and wonderful gift that you sent me for my birthday. All of my friends appreciated the gift. Next, I am studying well. And here, parents and sister are also doing well. Lastly, convey my regards to aunt, Kavitha and Kalpana. Yours lovingly, Ramesh

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3) Poornima Mathur, 72/1, Old Hanuman Temple complex, Delhi - 32.To Dt. The Editor,Hindustan Times,New Delhi.Dear Sir, Sub : Complaint about the erratic power supply. I would like to draw the kind attention of the concerned authorities through the column of your reputed newspaper towards the problem of erratic power supply in our city. The supply is unpredictable. The concerned authorities do not announce the hours of power cut. Due to this, we are not able to plan our works accordingly. A complaint was lodged in the Electricity department (a copy of which is enclosed with the letter for your perusal), but no action has been taken so far. I, therefore, request the higher authorities through your newspaper to look into this matter and take necessary action immediately. Thanking you in anticipation. Yours truly, Poornima Mathur

22. ESSAY WRITING 1) True friendship is a divine quality. I am lucky enough to have true friend like

Suresh. I value his friendship. We both are class fellows for last four years. Suresh has many qualities of head and heart. He is an ideal student.

He is very polite, good mannered and sweet tempered. He never promises anything wrong to others. He always tries to learn from others. He is always helpful to others in their time of need and never feels them to be obliged.

He has a sound mind in the sound body. He takes part in other activities of the school. He is a very good player of cricket. He is a friend in need. He is a great help to me in my studies also. He hails from a very rich family while I am from a middle class family. But he never boasts of his riches or feels proud of it.

All these qualities of Suresh make him an ideal friend. I am proud of him.

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2) My favourite movie is Titanic. It was a touching love story with a background of a loss of Titanic in 1912. The Director is James Cameron. It won 11 Oscars. The main cast is Leonardo Dicaprio. He played Jack Dawson who was poor and wanted to be an artist, and Kate Winslet played Rose Dewitt Bukater who was rich girl in the upper classes. They’re being loved each other.

In 1912, Jack won a bet and got a ticket of Titanic which go out maiden voyage from Southampton harbour in the United Kingdom. Rose was also bored, and her mother (Frances Fisher) forced her to marry Caledon (Billy Zane) who was capitalist, so she tried to jump off from the prow of the ship, and then, it was Jack that helped her. They fell in love.

However, Caledon made a false charge against him, because he noticed Rose loved Jack not him. He put handcuffs on him and confines to the cabin. Moreover, the ship clashed against the iceberg. The crew gave priority to women and children, but she went back to ship to help him. They waited for rescue in the cold sea. I watched many passengers died. Rose was rescued by Jack’s help but at last, Jack was dead.

Rose survived, but she lost her lover. It makes the movie more sad. I will cry even if I watch many times.

3) The parrot is a very beautiful bird. Its feathers are green. It has a red beak. Its beak is curved. Round the neck of a parrot there are black rings. Overall it is a lovely looking bird. It eats grains, fruits, leaves, seeds, pears, nuts, mangoes, boiled rice etc.

The parrot is a talking bird. It can imitate the human voice. It is found in almost all the warm countries. It generally lives in the hollows of trees. Some people keep it in a small cage which is not good. Some people train parrots to do wonderful things.

4) When I’m asked what is the biggest thing I have ever seen, the first thing that comes to my mind is the sky. Having reasons that are suitably sustained can prove my statement about the sky. It is a physical thing to see and it can be seen with my own eyes.

People may interpret this question differently, it may refer to physical things that can be touched, felt and smelled. Others may think it refers to non-physical things, such as values or feelings that

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are really big and that are shown through imagination or actions.When I’m interviewed with this question, I believe that the question is asking about physical things, and that’s why I instantly think of the sky. The sky is not only seen with my eyes, but by the entire world’s eyes, since it is something physical and it is probable to prove its existence.

The sky is the biggest thing I have ever seen because I can never find its ending. When I look up to see the sky and try to find where it ends, I puzzle myself. It is impossible to find its starting point and its ending point; the sky goes on and on, far beyond the horizon.

5) One woman, one mission - that’s all it takes to change the world. Mother Teresa, born Agnes Gnocchi Bojaxhin, in South Yugoslavia in 1910,

came to Kolkata at the age of 18 to pursue her life’s mission of caring for the poorest of the poor.

Mother Teresa persuaded the citizens of Kolkata that leprosy was not contagious. She helped the leprosy - afflicted people to build a self-supporting colony at Titagarh.

Mother Teresa offered solace to the dying. She rescued children from dustbins. She was MOTHER to them. She cared for them, protected them.

The single school which she started in a slum in 1948 has grown by leaps and bounds. The Missionaries of Charity an order which she started, now runs more than 755 homes in over 125 countries. They pursue their selfless task in feeding hungry mouths, tending to the terminally sick, teaching slum children and run homes for the mentally destitute, leprosy afflicted and downtrodden members of the society.

Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Prize in the year 1979. She passed away in 1997. Though she is no more, she has left a message behind: ‘faith and compassion can heal the world’.

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GRAMMAR - 51. THE ALPHABETICAL ORDER

I. Set B : part, plan, play, pungent. Set C : gem, glove, glow, gold. Set D : red, riddle, ring, ruin. II. 1) aircraft 2) cabin 3) egg 4) eyes 5) fine 6) fix 7) gum 8) house 9) hunting

10) Indian 11) mole 12) nest 13) note 14) odd 15) pen 16) slog 17) tent 18) umbrella 19) worry 20) yolk.

2. THE SENTENCE

1)The parrot is an intelligent bird. 2) Where are the children? 3) Are these ripe tomatoes? 4) Kumar’s car is not in the garage. 5) She doesn’t like singing.

6) There are a lot of flowers in your garden. 7) What do you do? 8) Neena is not nine years old. 9) Leopards can climb trees. 10) She plays tennis on Saturday.

3. PARTS OF A SENTENCE

I. 1) My mother (Subject (S)), has a good memory (Predicate (P)). 2) My sister (S), helped me in my homework (P). 3) She (S), sat near the window (P). 4) The farmers (S), work in the fields (P). 5) I (S), went to the shopping mall (P). 6) Rome (S), was not built in a day (P). 7) Humpty Dumpty (S), sat on a wall (P). 8) We (S), should respect our elders (P). 9) The train (S), arrived on time (P). 10) Mary (S), lost her lamb (P).

II. 1) is a clever boy. 2) am going to play cricket. 3) is walking slowly. 4) is going to playschool. 5) shines at night. 6) obey elders. 7) gives us milk.

8) is near the super market. 9) is a good cook. 10) a day keeps the doctor away.

III. 1) Keerti, 2) Veeraiah, 3) The boy, 4) The tortoise, 5) My mother, 6) India, 7) We, 8) Birds, 9) Some flowers, 10) The soldiers.

4. KINDS OF SENTENCES

I. 1) P 2) S 3) P 4) S 5) S 6) P 7) P 8) P 9) S 10) S. II. 1 - d, 2 - b, 3 - a, 4 - a, 5 - a. III. 1) Which city is the capital of India? 2) What is his father’s name? 3) How was the food? 4) Who won the match? 5) Whom will you bring to the party? IV. 1) Australia is the smallest continent. 2) The dish is kept on the table. 3) He

was going to watch the movie. 4) She was going to buy the flowers. 5) He was studying in the night.

5. PARTS OF SPEECH

(Noun - N, Pronoun - PN, Verb - V, Adverb - AV, Adjective - A, Conjunction - C, Interjection - I, Preposition - P)

1) Did, have, eat - V, you - PN, enough - A, to - P. 2) After - P, dinner, walk - N, she - PN, takes - V, always - AV. 3) Both - PN, Garima, Akriti, stories - N, and - C, were, writing - V, busy - A,

in - P. 4) Despite, to - P, her - PN, busy - A, schedule, Mrs. Sharma, time, relatives

- N, always - AV, took, meet - V. 5) are, doing - V, you - PN. 6) Radha, glass, water - N, was, having - V, of - P, cold - A. 7) Vasudha, Nandita, Breakfast - N, and - C, are, taking - V, their - PN. 8) Romeo, Juliet, William Shakespeare - N, and - C, was, written -V, by - P. 9) Children, market - N, are, going - V, to - P. 10) You - PN, are - V, very - A, late - AV, for - P, party - N. 11) book, table - N, is, kept - V, on - P. 12) Old - A, man, walking, bench - N, was - V, towards - P, slowly - AV. 13) Bravo! - I, you - PN, have, done - V, good - A, job - N. 14) Do, look, am - V, not - AV, at - P, me, I - PN, while - C, eating - N. 15) You - PN, will, pass, work - V, if - C, hard - A. 16) You - PN, must, sit - V, down, here - P, quietly - AV. 17) I - PN, was - V, dancing, stage - N, on - P. 18) Alas! - I, I, my - PN, have, lost - V, favourite - A, book - N. 19) Ashoka, king - N, was - V, great - A. 20) Vineeta, Anita, sisters - N, and - C, are - V, twin - A.

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6. THE NOUN - KINDS OF NOUNS I. Common Noun (C), Proper Noun (P) 1) Kusum (P), cousin (C) 11) parrots (P) 2) paper, shop (C) 12) India (P), country (C) 3) Vimal (P), brother (C) 13) Varun (P), Pen (C) 4) Mrs. Gupta (P), park (C) 14) Junaid, chess (P) 5) New Delhi, India (P), capital (C) 15) Sunday (P), beach (C) 6) Pune (P), city (C) 16) Jammu and Kashmir, earth (P), heaven (C)

7) house (C) 17) Devank (P), company (C) 8) zoo (C), Kolkata (P) 18) horse (C) 9) shopping complex, cinema hall (C) 19) Komal, Kuchipudi (P), dancer (C) 10) Purnima (P), homework (C) 20) Sushma (P), necklace (C). II. 1) Common Noun 11) Abstract Noun 21) Common Noun 2) Common Noun 12) Proper Noun 22) Proper Noun 3) Proper Noun 13) Proper Noun 23) Proper Noun 4) Abstract Noun 14) Proper Noun 24) Common Noun 5) Proper Noun 15) Proper Noun 25) Collective Noun 6) Common Noun 16) Collective Noun 26) Proper Noun 7) Collective Noun 17) Common Noun 27) Abstract Noun 8) Abstract Noun 18) Common Noun 28) Collective Noun 9) Collective Noun 19) Proper Noun 29) Abstract Noun 10) Common Noun 20) Common Noun 30) Proper Noun. III. 1) team 2) schools 3) herd 4) colonies 5) pack 6) pods 7) family 8) pride

9) army 10) crew. IV. 1) health 2) honesty 3) pride 4) pain 5) noise 6) charity 7) happiness

8) fortune 9) hurry 10) practice.7. THE NOUN - NUMBER

(Singular and Plural) I. 1) Flowers 2) Tools 3) Boxes 4) Trees 5) Knives 6) Churches 7) Stories

8) Apples 9) Chiefs 10) Mangoes 11) Heroes 12) Oxen 13) Wolves 14) Deer 15) Blankets 16) Dogs 17) Sheep 18) Beaches 19) Wishes 20) Clouds.

II. 1) Heroine 2) Mouse 3) Fairy 4) Cherry 5) Policeman 6) Ship 7) Potato 8) Bamboo 9) Leaf 10) Mosquito 11) Sheep 12) Louse 13) Sky 14) Tomato 15) Copy 16) Photo 17) Goose 18) Tooth 19) Fly 20) Sweet.

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8. THE NOUN - GENDER

I. 1) Neuter 2) Feminine 3) Common 4) Neuter 5) Neuter 6) Common 7) Masculine 8) Neuter 9) Feminine 10) Feminine 11) Feminine 12) Common 13) Feminine 14) Masculine 15) Neuter.

II. 1) Woman 2) Authoress 3) Lady 4) Waitress 5) Niece 6) Jewess 7) Giantess 8) Actress 9) Empress 10) Goddess 11) Negress 12) Madam 13) Governess 14) Granddaughter 15) Stepmother.

III. 1) Emperor 2) Father 3) Brother 4) Man 5) Wizard 6) Buck 7) Mayor 8) Fisherman 9) Widower 10) Uncle 11) Shepherd 12) Lion 13) Milkman 14) Gander 15) Stag.

IV. 1) Brother 2) Lion 3) Boys 4) A man 5) My father. V. 1) Shakuntala Devi 2) The actress 3) Sarojini Naidu 4) Her sister 5) Mother.

9. PRONOUNS

I. 1) He 2) It 3) They 4) It 5) They. II. 1) I 2) They 3) you 4) He 5) They. III. 1) this 2) These 3) this 4) These 5) This. IV. 1) That 2) Those 3) those 4) That 5) That. V. 1) nobody 2) something 3) anywhere 4) Everything 5) anything. VI. 1) b 2) c 3) b 4) a 5) a. VII. 1) whose 2) who 3) which 4) who 5) which. VIII. 1) What 2) Who 3) Where 4) Which 5) Whose. IX. 1) himself 2) herself 3) ourselves 4) yourself 5) myself 6) itself 7) themselves 8) yourselves. X. 1) my 2) our 3) his 4) their 5) mine.

10. VERBS

I. 1) getting, started 2) looked 3) made 4) called, asked, done 5) think, buy 6) ate, drank 7) understand, help 8) forgot, take.

II. 1) play 2) submitted 3) speak 4) visited 5) liked 6) cut 7) decided 8) get 9) clean 10) ate.

11. SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT

1) b 2) a 3) b 4) b 5) a 6) a 7) b 8) a 9) b 10) b 11) b 12) b 13) a 14) b 15) b 16) a.

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12. TYPES OF VERBS I. 1) b 2) b 3) a 4) b 5) b 6) b 7) b 8) b 9) b 10) b 11) b 12) b 13) b 14) b 15) a 16) b. II. 1) flows (T) 2) rose (I) 3) wet (I) 4) reading (T) 5) gifted (T) 6) happy (I)

7) slept (I). III. 1) scooter 2) a saree 3) basket 4) ball 5) answer 6) dictionary 7) bicycle.

13. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH I. 1) He said, “I am unwell.” 2) She said, “I won the karate championship.” 3) My friend said, “I am robbed last night.” 4) Rohit said, “I know her address.” 5) The teacher said, “The earth revolves around the sun.” 6) He said, “I do not believe you.” 7) Mr. Kumar said, “I am glad to be here this evening.” 8) My mother asked me, “What are you doing ?” 9) The Principal asked us, “Where are you going ?” 10) The king ordered the jester, “Go away.” 11) Madhusudan exclaimed, “I am very clever.” 12) My teacher said, “You are not listening to me.” 13) The children said, “We will complete our homework ourselves.” 14) He said, “I am watching a movie.” II. 1) The teacher asked him what did he want. 2) Ronit asked me if I was coming with them. 3) He asked me that when would I vacate the house. 4) The gatekeeper asked that where did I live. 5) She asked me if I could solve that sum. 6) Anita asked Rajveer when he had last met him. 7) Junaid asked Heer if he had ever coloured his hair. 8) The Princess said that roses were her favourite flowers. 9) The weather man said that summer in India was very hot. 10) My grandmother asked if I was going to call the doctor. 11) The dance teacher asked that did I know how to do hip hop. 12) He told me to put it there. 13) My mother reminded me not to forgot to brought the umbrella. 14) He told my friend not to hesitate. 15) She asked my father what did he do.

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14. TENSES I. 1) am playing 2) leaves 3) forgets 4) carries 5) moves 6) swim 7) do

8) climbs 9) begins 10) takes. II. 1) c 2) c 3) b 4) c 5) c 6) a 7) b 8) c. III. 1) went 2) saw 3) Did 4) work 5) lived 6) were. IV. 1) a 2) a 3) a 4) b 5) b 6) a 7) a 8) b. V. 1) will meet 2) will get 3) shall go 4) will write 5) shall become 6) shall have

7) will go 8) will do 9) will be 10) will iron

15. ADJECTIVES

I. 1) joyful, 2) cold, 3) hot, 4) pretty, 5) beautiful, 6) brown. II. 1) clever 2) white 3) honest 4) big 5) beautiful 6) large 7) populous

8) outdoor 9) tall 10) short. III. 1) a few 2) many 3) little 4) Some 5) many. IV. 1) this 2) This 3) That 4) These 5) those. V. 1) What 2) Which 3) Whose 4) Which 5) Whose.

16. ADJECTIVES - DEGREES OF COMPARISON

I. 1) angry 2) good 3) faster 4) tallest 5) longer 6) beautiful 7) more difficult 8) more expensive 9) strongest 10) oldest.

II. 1) strong 2) prettier 3) shallowest 4) brave 5) most interesting 6) shortest 7) funny 8) worst 9) most intelligent 10) tallest.

17. ADVERB I. 1) a 2) c 3) b 4) a 5) c 6) b 7) a 8) c 9) a 10) a 11) a 12) a 13) a

14) c 15) b 16) a. II. 1) nearly 2) heavily 3) shortly 4) carefully 5) everywhere 6) already

7) occasionally 8) soon 9) easily 10) once 11) quickly 12) calmly 13) eagerly 14) politely 15) joyously.

III. 1) soon 2) extremely 3) regularly 4) Sometimes 5) hurriedly 6) there 7) rarely, out 8) about 9) quite, near 10) well 11) loudly 12) here 13) suddenly 14) today 15) finally.

IV. 1) She leans casually on her spinning frame. 2) Donations to support the fee scholarship program are gratefully accepted. 3) She caressed her baby lovingly.

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4) The kids ran joyfully from the school building. 5) Always wake up early in the morning. 6) Do the sums correctly. 7) Another feature that’s positively surprising for this bike is the silence of its ride. 8) He reluctantly stepped in as President of the fledging firm because no one

else would take on the job. 9) Neeta smiled on him thankfully. 10) Ask others politely for things. 11) When the going gets tough, some people barely notice. 12) She’s spent the day with me in my office, quietly sitting in the box. 13) Rarely are the weaker players even on the master level. 14) Satish searched everywhere for his book. 15) He sleepily undressed, forgetting to remove his jeans before putting on his

pyjamas.

18. ARTICLES

I. 1) a 2) the 3) the 4) the 5) a 6) the 7) an 8) the 9) an 10) an. II. 1) an 2) the 3) the 4) an 5) a 6) the 7) the 8) a 9) the 10) a.

19. CONJUNCTIONS

I. 1) and 2) yet 3) so 4) or 5) when 6) As soon as 7) although 8) Although 9) unless 10) If. II. 1) and 2) but 3) and 4) but 5) unless 6) As 7) unless 8) because 9) and 10) when. III. 1) I have fever, so I am not coming to the school. 2) Which one do you like - green one or blue one? 3) Kavita and Kalpana are playing chess. 4) Sujatha went outside but not to the market. 5) Although you are clever, there are some girls who are more cleverer than you. IV. 1) I love to eat fish and chicken. 2) My dog loves to go for walks but it does not walk fast. 3) Although Gaurav is good at basketball, he does not like playing basketball. 4) The players worked hard, so they won the game. 5) Pintu did not go to the school because he was not well.

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6) I looked everywhere in the house, but I could not find my pen. 7) As I had fifty rupees, I bought a magazine. 8) You must work hard, unless you will not be able to pass the examination.

20. PREPOSITIONS

I. 1) to 2) for 3) out 4) between 5) among 6) since 7) before 8) down, from 9) off 10) into. II. 1) to 2) up 3) under 4) over 5) in 6) in 7) to 8) until 9) along 10) in

21. THE INTERJECTION

I. 1) Oops 2) Aha! 3) Ouch! 4) Wow! 5) Oh 6) Alas! 7) Hurray! 8) Goodness gracious! 9) Hey 10) Ahem. II. 1) Ouch! I forgot to bring my book. 2) Aw! What a terrible sound. 3) Bravo! You have done a great job. 4) Eh! I’ve lost my purse. 5) Hello! I am Ram. 6) Gosh! What a great news. 7) Phew! How dirty the shirt is. 8) Wow! What an interior. 9) Hurrah! I got first rank. 10) Yippee! I climbed it.

22. COMPREHENSION

A) I. 1) The farmer had three sons named Bhola, Sola and Tikku. 2) The farmer gave the rooster to Bhola, the knife to Sola and the cat to Tikku. 3) After travelling for many days, Bhola reached an island where there were

no clocks and people had no idea about time. They used to wake up late in the afternoon when it was too hot for them to work in the fields. Bhola told them that he had a magical bird that made a loud sound every morning with the sunshine. They could hear it, wake up and go to work. The people were impressed and bought the rooster.

4) After a tiresome journey, Sola reached an island where nobody knew about knives. It was very difficult for them to cut wood or harvest grains. They did everything by hand. Sola told them that he had a magical device that would make their work a lot easier. When he showed them what all could be done easily with the knife, they were impressed and bought it.

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5) After travelling far and wide, Tikku reached an island where people did not have cats. There were a lot of mice and rats and they used to eat their grains, bite through their clothes and destroy other items. Tikku told them that his cat was very efficient in killing rats. He left the cat in one house for sometime and soon the cat killed all the mice and rats. The people were very impressed and bought the cat.

6) Yes. II. 1) old 2) earn 3) rooster 4) Sola 5) efficient. III. 1) 5 2) 5 3) 3 4) 5 5) 3. B) I. 1) Because the bird had two necks, but had a common stomach. 2) Because the first head did not give the share of delicious fruit to the

other head. 3) Because whoever eat the poisonous fruit, both would die because they

have a common stomach. 4) No, because in the heat of the moment, the other bird did not think of the

consequences of eating poisonous fruit. 5) Both the heads lost their lives and the bird died. II. 1) Bharunda 2) wandering 3) delicious 4) poisonous 5) good. III. 1) 5 2) 3 3) 5 4) 3 5) 5. C) I. 1) Haridatta was a poor farmer. 2) The farmer rushed home, brought some milk and offered it to the snake. 3) The serpent gave a gold coin to the farmer. 4) Because Haridatta had to go to the town for few days with some urgent work. 5) One day, the son brought the milk and offered it to the serpent. Next day,

he found a gold coin in the bowl. He thought that the anthill was full of gold coins. So, he planned to kill the serpent and take them all. Next day, he struck the serpent’s hood with the stick.

6) The serpent bit the boy to his death. 7) “My dear man, I know that you have come here just driven by your greed.

Your greed has brought you to feed the serpent who bit your son to death. Neither can I forget that stick’s blow nor can you forget the pain that I have caused you. So, it is best for us to part ways.”

II. 1) frightful 2) guardian 3) gold coins 4) a diamond 5) greed. III. 1) 5 2) 3 3) 5 4) 3 5) 3 6) 5.

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D) I. 1) Akbar was impressed with Birbal’s sense of fair judgement and used to consult him in all important matters.

2) Because the merchant’s house was burgled. 3) Birbal gave each of the servants a stick of equal length and instructed them

to take it home and bring them back to him, the next morning. He also clarified that these sticks were magical sticks and the one with the real thief would grow two inches longer during the night.

4) Birbal compared the length of all five sticks and found out that one stick was shortened by two inches. Birbal declared that servant who had the shorter stick, was the real thief.

5) The real thief thought that the stick was really magical. So, he cut his stick short, fearing that his stick will be longer by two inches by morning. But, he did not know that it was just ordinary stick.

II. 1) respected 2) reputed 3) confess 4) shorter 5) ordinary. III. 1) 5 2) 3 3) 5 4) 5 5) 3.

23. LETTER WRITING I.1) H - 20, Pitampura Colony, New Delhi. Dt. __________________ To The Editor, Hindustan Times, New Delhi. Dear Sir, Subject : Bad condition of roads in Pitampura colony.

HHH

I would like to draw the kind attention of the concerned authorities through the column of your reputed newspaper towards the problem of bad condition of roads in our colony. There are several pits and ditches. One can sight accidents almost everyday. During nights and rainy season, the accidents increase. School children and old people are suffering a lot.

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A complaint was lodged in the municipal department (a copy of which is enclosed with the letter for your perusal), but no action has been taken so far.

I, therefore, request the higher authorities through your newspaper to look into this matter and take necessary action immediately.

Thanking you in anticipation. Yours truly,

Uma Kumari

2) H - 20, Pitampura Colony, New Delhi. Dt. _________________ To The Editor, Hindustan Times, New Delhi. Dear Sir, Subject : Unhygienic conditions at the railway platform.

HHH

I would like to draw the kind attention of the concerned authorities through the column of your reputed newspaper towards the problem of unhygienic conditions at the railway platform. We are not able to stand even for a few minutes while waiting for the train due to the fowl smell at the platform. Some people, without common sense, are using the toilets in the train when the train is on the platform. The railway authorities are not taking action against them or even not cleaning the platforms regularly.

A complaint was lodged in the railway department (a copy of which is enclosed with the letter for your perusal), but no action has been taken so far.

I, therefore, request the higher authorities through your newspaper to look into this matter and take necessary action immediately. I also request the people to follow hygiene in the train and at the railway station.

Thanking you in anticipation. Yours truly, Uma Kumari

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3) H - 20, Pitampura Colony, New Delhi. Dt. _________________ To The Editor, Hindustan Times, New Delhi. Dear Sir, Subject : Removal of the dangerous stray dogs.

HHH

I would like to draw the kind attention of the concerned authorities through the column of your reputed newspaper towards the problem of dangerous stray dogs in our colony. The stray dogs in our colony are making a lot of nuisance. Some mad dogs are also there. They are biting the people. We are not able to move at nights. Sometimes they are barking all through the night creating sleepless nights.

A complaint was lodged in the municipal department (a copy of which is enclosed with the letter for your perusal), but no action has been taken so far.

I, therefore, request the higher authorities through your newspaper to look into this matter and take necessary action immediately.

Thanking you in anticipation. Yours truly, Uma Kumari4) Dt. _________________ To The Principal, Ravi Public School, Krishnalanka, Vijayawada - 13. Dear Sir / Madam, I am, M. Srikar, a student of your school studying V Standard. I would like

to bring to your notice that in our school canteen, the hygienic conditions were bad. Plates and spoons were not cleaned properly. The cooks and servants were also not proper and neat.

So, I request you to consider the above things and take necessary action. Thanking you in anticipation. Yours obediently, M. Srikar V Standard

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5) Dt. _________________ To The Principal, Ravi Public School, Krishnalanka, Vijayawada - 13.

Dear Sir / Madam, I am, M. Srikar, a student of your school studying V Standard. I would like

to bring to your notice that in our classroom, the blackboard colour is shaded. We are not able to see the letters.

So, I request you to either change the blackboard or get it coloured. Thanking you in anticipation.

Yours obediently, M. Srikar V Standard

II. 1) Dt. _______________ Dear Uncle, I am safe here and I hope the same with you. I would like to come to your

place to spend my summer vacation. I like to visit some of the famous places in your city.

All, here, are well, please convey my regards to aunt and, brother and sister. Yours lovingly, M. Srikar

2) Dt. _______________ Dear Satish, I am safe here and I hope the same with you. I would like to tell you about

the benefits of city life. Being a student, it is better to live in a city than in a village because we have libraries, computer centres to gain knowledge about several other subjects. So, I request you to come to the city and stay at our house. Let’s study together.

All, here, are well. Please convey my regards to everyone there. Yours lovingly, M. Srikar

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3) Dt. _______________ Dear Parents, I am safe here and I hope the same with you. I would like to tell you

that our new hostel is good. The food is nutritious and delicious. The beds are comfortable. Mineral water is provided for drinking. Generator facility is available. Wardens are good and cordial.

Convey my regards to everyone there. Yours lovingly, M. Srikar

4) Dt. _____________ Dear Grandmother, Grandma, recently I went to Ooty along with my classmates. It was very

cool there. We went up the hill in a toy like train. We stayed there for three days. We enjoyed a lot at the exhibition there. I brought some rare gifts to parents and sister and a wonderful gift to you too.

Yours lovingly, M. Srikar

5) Dt. ______________ Dear Father, I am safe here and I hope the same with you. Our class planned to visit a

hill station in the first week of next month. So, please send me a sum of J 500. Convey my regards to everyone there.

Yours lovingly, M. Srikar

24. ESSAY WRITING

Note : The students have to write all the essays by themselves with their personal experiences and observations. That’s why we have not given the answers to this lesson.