1. Larisa Bresserlibro de gramtica

2. Present TenseStem ChangersIrregulars in the YoSaber vs. ConocerReflexivesDipthongsVerbs like gustarIrregular verbs ending in Uir/Guir, Cer/Cir, Ger/GirHace + __ + que + present tenseImperfectPreterite TenseComparatives/SuperlativesFuturetabla de contenidos 3. ConditionalPorParaPor vs. ParaCommandsPresent PerfectDouble Object PronounsAdverbsSubjuctiveSe ImpersonalProgressives tabla de contenidos 4. ARER IRYOo ooTases esEL/ELLA/USTED a eeNOSOTROSamosemos imosELLOS/ELLAS/UDS anen en Present tense 5. E ----- IE ----- Perder ----- Ella pierdeE ----- I ----- Pedir ----- Ella pideO ----- UE ----- Dormir ----- Ella duermeU ----- UE ----- Jugar ----- Ella juegeVerbs stay regular in the nosotros form.The changes occurs in the first vowel.Stem changers 6. Verbs that change to go: caer, decir, oir, poner, hacer, tener, traer, venirYo tengo su libro.Verbs that change to zco: verbs that end in cer or cirConocer: Yo conozco. irregular in the yo 7. Saber: to know (facts or information)Conocer: to know (people or places)Mi amiga sabe como hacer el problema de matematicas.My friends knows how to do the math problem, she knows FACTS.Maria conoce a mi padre.Maria knows my dad, she knows a PERSON.saber vs. conocer 8. Reflexives are actions that are reflected upon oneself orothersYo: Me, T: Te, El/Ella/Ud: Se, Nosotros: Nos, Ellos/Ellas/Uds:Se Cepillarse (to brush): Me cepillo mi pelo. Pedirse (to ask): Se pedimos a la maestra. Levantarse (to get up): Te levantas a las ocho de la manana. reflexives 9. Enviar- to sendContinuar- to continue Envo EnviamosContino Continuamos EnvasContinas Enva EnvanContina ContinanEsquiar- to ski EsquoEsquiamos Esqas EsquaEsquan dipthongs with accents 10. Distinguir (to distinguish) Distingo Distinguimos Distingues Distingue DistinguenExtinguir (to extinguish)Seguir (ei) (to follow/continue)Conseguir (ei) (to get, obtain, succeed in)uir/guir 11. Cocer (to cook): cuezoTorcer (to twist): tuerzoMecer (to rock): mezoEjercer (to practice a profession): ejerzoVencer (to overcome): venzoOfrecer (to offer): ofrezoObedecer (to obey): obedezcocer/cir 12. Coger (to catch, grab) CojoCogemosCogesCoge CogenProteger (to protect):protejoEscoger (to choose):escojoRecoger (to pick up): recojoger/gir 13. This equation tells how long it has been since the subject has done something.Hace un mes que estudio.Adding no in from of the present tense verb makes the action negative.Hace dos dias que no hablas con tu madre. hace + que + present 14. Imperfect is used to describe a continuous action inthe past.Ex. I used to go shopping every day.Ex. I always went to that restaurant.Endings: yo a, t as, ella a, nosostros amos, ellas animperfect 15. Ser, Ir, Verera ramos veaveamoseraseriasveas veaisera eran veaveanibaibamosibas ibaisibaiban Imperfect irregulars 16. A vecesGeneralmenteNuncaSiempreTodas la semanasImperfect trigger words 17. Used to describe a completed action in the past.Ex. I studied ARER/IRfor the test.YO Yo estudiT asteistepor la examen.L/ELLA/ iUSTEDNOSOTROS amosimosELLOS(AS)/ aronieronUDS.preterite 18. Less than, greater than, equal toMs/Menos +____ + que _____Verb + ____ que _______Tan + _____+como ________Tantos + ______ (noun) + como _______Verb tanto como + _______Juan es menos alto que Julio.comparatives, superlatives 19. ALL VERBS: Infinitive +sEmosnFor immediate future (going to)IR + A + INFINITIVE future 20. Decir: dir- to sayHaber: habr- there to be; to haveHacer: har- to make, doPoder: podr- to be ablePoner: pondr- to put, place, setQuerer: querr- to want, loveSaber: sabr- to know(fact), know howSalir: saldr- to leave, go outTener: tendr- to haveValer: valdr- to be worthVenir: vendr- to come future irregulars 21. a amosShould, could, or would asaisYou SHOULD study for test a anin history class.T estudiaras por la examen en la clase de historia.If a verb in irregular in the future tense, it keeps its irregular stem in the conditional. Inf nitive iFuture Conditional Decirdir dira conditional 22. Motion/General location: round, through, along, byDuration of action: for, during, inReason/motive for action: because of, on account of, on behalf ofObject of a search: for, in search ofMeans by which something is done: by, by way of, by means ofExchange/Substitution: in exchange forUnit of measure: per, by por 23. Destination: toward, in the directionofDeadline/specific time in future: by, forPurpose/goal + (infinative): in order toPurpose + (noun): for, used forRecipient of something: forComparison withothers or an opinion: for, consideringIn the employment of: forpara 24. Por and para CANNOT be used interchangeably.Each must be used appropriately using the rules stated in the two previous slides.Por v. para 25. Usted Commands:Put the verb in the yo form and then drop the -O and add an -E for AR and an -A for ER/IRCompre los dulces. (Usted)Coman la cena. (Ustedes)Negative commands use the same form.No coman la cena. commands 26. T Commands:Affirmative t commands are formed like the present usted form.Escribe la carta.Negative commands are formed like the t form of the present subjunctive.No hables con ella.commands 27. Used to decribe something that has been done.He, has, ha, hemos, han + ado/idoDrop the infinitive and add -ado for AR and -ido for ER/IRI have eaten ---- Yo he comido.Present perfect 28. AbrirAbiertoCubrir CubiertoDecirDichoEscribir EscritoHacerHechoMorirMuertoPonerPuestoResolver ResueltoRomper RotoVerVistoVolver VueltoIr IdoPresent perfect irregulars 29. VERB + Indirect Object + Direct ObjectJuan escribe una carta a MariaEscribe = verb, una carta = DO (la), Maria = IO (le)Juan le la escribe.However, this must become Juan se la escribe because of the exceptions on the next slide. Double object pronouns 30. If the double object pronoun ends up with ale la or le loIf this happens, the le becomes se.Present perfect exceptions 31. Quickly, slowly, happily, magically.They end in -menteThoughtfully - pensativamenteIf the noun version of the verb ends in an -O,add an -A before adding mente.Rapido rapidamente.adverbs 32. Indicates mood (facts or to express facts).Uses: will and influence, emotion, doubt,disbelief, and denial, indefiniteness andnonexistence.To conjugate: put in the yo form and thenchange to the opposite vowl.Yo hable, t hables, ella hable, nosotroshablemos, ellas hablen.subjunctive 33. Used to make general statementsWhat one does, avoids specifying who youre talking about.Formula: Se + El/Ella/Ud formEx: One brushes his/her teeth.Se cepilla sus dientes.se impersonal 34. IR + Present Participle= is slowly but surely ______ing.ANDAR + Present Participle= is going around _____ing.SEGUIR +Present Participle= is still ______ing. Yo voy estudiando el libro. Ella anda buscando un empleo. Los estudiantes sigen escuchando a la maestra.Progressives With Ir/Andar/Seguir