grammar book
TRANSCRIPT
GRAMMAR BOOK
By: Carla Shockey
TABLE OF CONTENTS1. Nationalities
2. Stem Changers
3. Para
4. Indirect Object Pronoun
5. Object Pronoun Placement
6. Gustar
7. Affirmative and Negative Words
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative tú Commands/Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement
11. Negative tú Commands/Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement
12. Sequencing Events
13. Pretérito
14. Trigger Words
15. -car, -gar, -zar
16. Deber + Infinitive
17. MODAL verbs
18. Present Progressive
19. Adverbs
STEM CHANGING
Pensar (to think) e>ie
Almorzar (to eat lunch) o>ue
Pedir (to ask) e>i
Pienso Pensamos
Piensas Pensáis
Piensa Piesan
Almuerzo Almorzamos
Almuerzas Almorzáis
Almuerza Almuerzan
Pido Pedemos
Pides Pedeís
Pide Piden
Juego Jugamos
Juegas Jugáis
Juega Juegan
Jugar (to play) u>ue
PARA
The recipient of an item
• Example: El regalo para tú mama.
Purpose
• Example: Vamos al restaurante para comer.
Implied Purpose
• Example: Tengodinero para (comprar) algo.
Use para (for, in order to)
to indicate……
INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN
Indirect Objects are nouns that tell to whom/what or for whom/what. Indirect Object Pronouns replace or accompany indirect objects.
The pronouns le and les can refer to
different indirect objects. To clarify
what they mean, they are often
accompanied by….
a+ name, noun, or pronoun
ex: Rosa le comprar una olla a su madre.
To add emphasis use….
a+ pronoun
ex: A mi me compro unos aretes.
me
(me)
nos
(us)
te
(you
familiar)
os
(you
familiar)
le
(you
formal,
him, her
les
(you,
them)
Singular Plural
OBJECT PRONOUN PLACEMENT
1.• Attach the pronoun to an infinitive.
2.
• Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
3.
• Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command
4.
• Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb.4.
•When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb, the pronoun
comes before the verb.
•When the pronoun accompanies a sentence with an infinitive, it
can either go before the conjugated verb or be attached to the end
of the infinitive.
GUSTAR
Gustar means to like
Gusta
me
te
le
nos
os
les
mi= me gusta
Ti= te gusta
Usted/el/ella=le gusta
Nosotros= nos gusta
Ustedes/ellas/ellos= les gusta
Vosotros= os gusta
Gusto Gustamos
Gustas Gustáis
Gusta Gustan*Form of gusta depends on
object liked*
Ex: Me gustan los perros.
Negative Phrase
No goes before conjugated verb
No______ gusta
AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS
Affirmative Words
Algo Something
Alguien Someone
Algún/Alguno/a Some
Negative Words
Nada Nothing
Nadie Nobody
Ningun/Ninguno/a None
•Alguno and ninguno must match the gender of the noun they replace
or modify. Alguno and niguno have different forms when used before
masculine singular nouns.
•If a verb is preceded by no, words that follow must be negative. A
double negative is required in Spanish when no proceeds the verb.
•However, if a negative word, such as nunca or nadie, comes before
the verb, a second negative is not needed.
Siempre Always
También Also
Nunca Never
Tampoco Neither,
either
SUPERLATIVE
To express extremes with adjectives amd adverbs superlatives are used.
The suffix –ísimo, -ísimos, -ísima, -ísimas are added to adjectives and adverbs.
Its equivalent to extremely or very.
Malo> malísimo
Muchas> muchisímas
Difícil> difilísmo
Adjectives and adverbs ending in c, g, or z change spelling to qu, gu, and c
respectively
Rico> riquísimo
Larga> larguísima
Feliz> felicísmo
Adjectives that end in –n or –r form by adding –císimo/a
joven > jovencísimo
trabajador > trabajadorcísimo
REFLEXIVES
Reflexives are used to describe people doing things for themselves.
In the reflexive construction, the subject is also the object.
The subject, the pronoun and the verb are all in the same form.
Ex: Yo me levanto a las ocho de la mañana.
Form the verb Reflexives can be……
Levantarse
Conjugate the verb…
me levanto nos levantamos
te levantas es levantáis
se levanta se levantan
1. In front of a conjugated verb
2. Attached to a gerund
3. Attached to an infinitve
4. Attached to an affirmative command
AFFIRMATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/
PRONOUN PLACEMENT
Affirmative tú Commands
Give instructions or commands to someone by
using the affirmative tú commands of regular verbs.
Caminar
¡Camina!
¡Camina en el parque!
It is a tú command, but end in third person.
AFFIRMATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/
PRONOUN PLACEMENT CONTINUED
Infinitive Affirmative tú
Commadns
decir di
hacer haz
ir ve
poner pon
salir Sal
ser sé
tener ten
venir ven
*When you use a pronoun
with an affirmative
command, the pronoun
attaches to the command.*
Pronoun Placement
When using an object
pronoun, attach the
pronoun to the end of the
command.
Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/
PRONOUN PLACEMENT
When you tell someone what not to do, use a negative
command. Negative tú commands are formed by taking you
form of the present tense, dropping the o, and adding the
appropriate ending.
Hablo -es for –ar verbs
Vuelvo -as for –er and ir verbs
Infinitive Yo Form Negative tú
Command
Hablar Hablo ¡No hablas!
Volver Vuelvo ¡No Vuelvas!
Negative tú Commands
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/
PRONOUN PLACEMENT CONTINUED
Irregular NegativeTú Commands
•A few verbs have irregular tú commands. The noun of the yo forms of
these verbs end in –o.
Infinitive (yo form) Negative tú Command
Dar (doy) No le des mi dirreccion a
nadie.
Estar (estoy) No estes triste
Ir (voy) No vayas a la tienda.
Ser (soy) No seas mala.
Pronoun Placement
Object Pronouns precede the
verbs in negative commands, just
as with other conjugated verbs.
Ex: ¡ No lo uses!
SEQUENCING EVENTS
PrimeroFirst EntoncesThenLuego/
despuésLater Por FinFinally
Antes de/ después de
Before/ after
Por la manana/
tarde/noche
Los lunes, los
martes, los
miercoles,…etc.
In/ during the
(no specific time
given)
Monday, Tuesday,
Wednesday
Words used to tell when and in what order certain events occur.
PRETÉRITE
-é
hablé
-amos
hablamos
-aste
hablaste
-asteís
hablasteís
-ó
habló
-aron
hablaron
ar:
hablar
-í
comí
escribí
-imos
comimos
escibimos
-íste
comíste
escribíste
-isteís
comisteís
escribisteís
-ió
comió
escribió
-ieron
comieron
escribieron
er/ir:
Comer/escribir
•A pretérite is a perfected action in the past.
•“snapshot”
•Beginning and/or ending
TRIGGER WORDS
Trigger Words
-CAR, -GAR, -ZAR
•* -car ending preterite verbs in the yo form will change to –que in order
to keep the hard „c‟ sound.*
•Ex: Yo saque (sacar) la basura.
-car
tocar
-gar -zar
-toqué -jugué -comencé
-tocaste -jugaste -comenzaste
-tocó -jugó - comenzó
-tocamos -jugamos -comenzamos
-tocaron -jugaron -comenzaron
DEBER + INFINITIVE
•The verb deber means should or ought to. To say what people
should do, use a conjugated form of deber with the infinitive of
another verb.
debo debemos
debes debéis
debe deben
Deber
should, ought toEx:
Debo barrer el suelo.
I should sweep the floor.
Deben sacar la basura.
They should take out the trash.
*Remember you can put a pronoun in front
of a conjugated verb or attach it to an
infinitive.*
MODAL VERBS
When verbs are used in modal verb combinations….
• The second verb is not conjugated but rather left in the
infinitive form.
•You would never say “no puedo nado”.
Deber- should
Desear- desire
Necesitar- to need
Poder- can, could, might
Querer- want, would like to
Saber- know, know how to
Soler- usually, used to
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
estoy
esperando
estamos
esperando
estás
esperando
estáis
esperando
está esperando están
esperando
•When you use pronouns with the present progressive, you can put
them in two places.
•Put pronouns before the conjugated form of estar…
or attach to the end of the present participle.
Ex: Estoy sacándolas para algo muy importante.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE CONTINUED
Verb
Irregular
Present
Participle
Leer
Oir
traer
Leyendo
Oyendo
Trayendo
Pedir
Servir
Pidiendo
Sirviendo
Decir
Dormir
Venir
Diciendo
Durmiendo
Viniendo
•When the stem of an –er or –ir
verb ends in a vowel, change the
–iendo to –yendo to form the
present participle.
•e>i stemchanging verbs have a
vowel change in the stem.
•Some other verbs also have a
vowel change in the stem.
Irregulars
ADVERBS
Adjectives Adverb
Reciente
recently
Recientemente
recently
Frecuente
frequently
Frecuentemente
frequently
Fácil
easy
Fácilmente
easily
Normal
normal
Normalmente
normally
Especial
special
Especialmente
specially
Feliz
happy
Felizmente
happily
•When an adjective ends in
e,I, or z, simply add -mente
to the end.
For adjectives with –o or
–a endings, add –mente
to the feminine form.
Adjective Adverb
Cuidadoso(a) cuidadosamente
Rápido(a) rápidamente
Lento(a) lentamente
Tranquillo(a) tranquillamente
Irregular Verbs-
Mucho- alot
Muy-very
Mal-bad
Bastante- quiet/enough
Bien-good/ well
Ya- already
Tan- so
Demasiado- too
*When two adverbs modify the same
verb, only the second one uses the
–mente ending.*