grammar book
TRANSCRIPT
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Grammar BookBy: Patti Gerth
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Table of Contents:
1. Ser2. Estar3. Hacer expressions4. Verbs like gustar5. Pretérito6. Trigger Words7. Car, Gar, Zar8. Spock9. Cucaracha Verbs10. Snakes and Snakeys11. DOP12. IOP13. Commands14. Irregular Commands)15. Se Impersonal
17. Past participle18. El Futuro19. Los Adjectivos Demonstrativos20. Imperfect tense21. Los mandatos Informales22. Model verbs23. Reflexive24. Saber vs. Conocer
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Ser D
O
C
T
O
R
P
E
D
SER
Description
Origin
Characteristics
Time
Occupation
Relationships
possession
Events
Dates
TO BE
(Permanent)
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H
E
L
P
I
N
G
ESTAR
Health
Emotions
Location (EN)
Present Condition
ar -> andoEr/ir -> endo-> yendo
Estar
TO BE
(Temporary)
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Hacer Expressions:
HACE TIME QUE VERB
EX: Hace dos años que viví en Francia.
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Verbs like GustaroGustar: to be pleasing to
oDoler (o-ue): to hurt
oFascinar: to fascinate
oMolestar: to bother
oEncantar: to love
oFaltar: to lack, or be in need of
o Importar: to be important to
oDisgustar: to be disgusting to
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Pretérito
oHas a definite time in the past with a beginning or end.
AR ER IRé í í
aste iste iste
ó ió ió
amos imos imos
aron ieron ieron
SAME ENDING!!
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Trigger Words:o Ayer: yesterdayo Anteayer: the day before yesterdayo A las ocho: at 8 o’clock o El miércoles: Wednesdayo El día anterior: the day beforeo El lunes pasado: last Mondayo El fin de semana: last weekendo Ayer por la mañana: yesterday morningo El otro día: the other dayo Una vez: on time/onceo Asta tarde: this afternoono Asta noche: tonighto Entonces: theno Desde el primer momento: from 1st momento Durante dos siglos: during 2nd century o En es momento: in that momento Hace dos dias:2 days ago
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Car, Gar, Zar [irregulars]
Tocar Jugar Comenzar
Toqué Jugué Comencé
Tocaste Jugaste Comentzaste
Tocó Jugó Comenzó
Tocamos Jugamos Comenzamos
Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron
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Spock
VE
R DA
R
Dar/Ver- i-iste-io-imos-ieron
Ir/Ser- fui-fuiste-fue-fuimos-fueron
Hacer:-hice-hiciste-hizo-hicimos- hicieron
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La Cucaracha VerbsAndar- aduv…Estar- estuv…Poder- pud…Poner- pus…Querer- quis…Saber- sup…Tener- tuv…Venir- vin…Conducir- conduj…Producir- produj…Traducir- traduj…Decir- dij…Traer- traj…
-e (yo)-iste (tu)-o (usted, el ella)-imos (nosotros)-isteis (vosotros)-ieron (ellos, ellas, -ustedes)
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Snakes/Snakeys
YO: NOSOTROS:
Pedí Pendimos
TU: VOSOTROS:
Pediste Pedisteis
Pidió Pidieron
SNAKES:
SNAKEYS:
YO: NOSOTROS:
Leí Leímos
leíste Leísteis
Leyó Leyeron
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DOP
LO, LA, LOS, LAS, ME, TE, NOS
oAnswers the question WHAT is receiving the direct action of the verb.
oCan only be hooked onto an…
- Infinitive
- Affirmative commands
- Gerund/Present progressive
o ALL OTHER TIMES THE DOP COMES BEFORE THE CONJUGATED VERB!!!
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IOP
ome, te, le, nos, os, les
oAnswers to whom or for whomo In order to have a IOP you must also have a
DOP.
Change to se
1st IOP + 2nd DOP
Ex: give it to him
Déselo [accent on the third from last syllable]
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Commands
Tu: drop the ‘s’
Los irregulares: TVDISHES
Ud./Uds.: put in ‘yo’ form and change to opposite vowel.
Los irregulares: TVDISHES
Tu: put it in ‘yo’ form and change to opposite vowel, ad
an ‘s’
Los irregulares: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven
Ud./Uds.: same as above.
Los irregulares: TVDISHES
DOP+IOP can attach to an affirmative command
DOP+IOP must go before the negative command
Ar -> eIr/er -> a
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[Irregular commands]
Tener
Venir
Dar
Ir
Ser
Hacer
Estar
Saber
TENGO
VENGA
DE
VAYA
SEA
HAGA
ESTE
SEPA
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Se Impersonal:
1. Use se to avoid specify a person who is doing the action of the verb
-- Se vende el ropa.
2. verb is always in third person.
-- Se aquí se hable español.
3. Se can be used in tenses
-- Se hizo mucho.
-- Se hará mucho.
-- Se había hecho.
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Past Participles:
• -ado-ar
• -ido-er
• -ido-ir
When conjugating the past participle, you nee to do it just like when conjugating a verb. You just take off the ending and attach –ado or –ido, based on whether its an er, ir , or ar.
SAME ENDING!
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Irregular Past Participles:
Participle: Irregular form:
Abrir [to open] Abierto
Cubrir [to cover] Cubierto
Decir [to say] Dicho
Escribir [to write] Escrito
Freir [to fry] Frito
Hacer [to do] Hecho
Morir [to die] Muerto
Poner [to put] Puesto
Resolver [to resolve] Resuelto
Romper [to break] Roto
Ver [to see] Visto
Volver [to return] Vuelto
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El futuro
é emos
ás éis
á an
▫ All ending are the same for er, ir, and ar verbs.
▫ Infinitive + ending
▫ Ex: comé la carne
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Irregulars del Futuro
• Decir ------- dir
• Saber------- sabr
• Hacer------- har
• Poder------- podr
• Venir------- vendr
• Poner------- pondr
• Salir-------- saldr
• Querer----- querr
• Valer-------- valdr
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Ir + a +infinitive
• Included in el Futuro
• USE THIS WHEN YOU ARE GOING TO DO SOMETHING.
▫ Yo voy a viajar a España
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Los Adjectivos Demonstrativos:
• Takes the place of the noun
• Must agree with the number and gender of the noun it is replacing.
▫ THIS -- ESTE/ESTA [ex: esta casa]
▫ THAT – ESE/ESA o AQUEL/AQUELLA [ex: esa casa]
▫ THESE – ESTOS/ESTAS [ex: estas casas]
▫ THOSE – ESOS/ESAS o AQUELLOS/AQUELLAS [ex: aquellas casas]
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Imperfect Tense
• Used to describe past activities.
• DO NOT USE PRETERITE!!
CANTAR
Yo ------- cantaba
Tu -----cantabas
Ud/el/ella ----cantaba
Nos ------ cantabamos
Vos ------- cantabais
Uds. ------- cantaban
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Imperfect- irregulars:
• Iba• Ibas• Iba• Ibamos• Ibais• Ibam
• Era• Eras• Era• Eramos• Erais• Eran
• veia• Veias• Veia• Veimos• Veias• Veian
IR SER VER
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Mandatos Formales
• PUT IN YO FORM!!
• Then drop the o and change to the opposite vowel.
▫ Er and ir a
▫ Ar e
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Los Madatos Informales
Tu commands:
Positive drop the 's'
Negative1. put into yo form 2. change vowel 3.
Add 's'
IrregularesDecir -> di hace -> haz
ir -> ve ser -> se
poner -> pon venir -> ven tenir -> ten salir -> sal
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Modal Verbs
ir + a + infinitive [going to do something]
poder + infinitive [are able to]
querer + infinitive [to want]
deber + infinitive [should]
tener que + infinitive [to have to]
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Reflexives
me • used in yoform
te • used in túform
se• used in
él/ella form• used in
ellos(as) form
nos• used in
nosotrosform
os • used in vosotros form
Reflexive Pronouns
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Saber vs. Conocer
• To know • Factual information Saber
• To know or be familiar with.
• People, places, or things.
Conocer