GRAMMAR BOOK

By: Carla Shockey

TABLE OF CONTENTS1. Nationalities

2. Stem Changers

3. Para

4. Indirect Object Pronoun

5. Object Pronoun Placement

6. Gustar

7. Affirmative and Negative Words

8. Superlatives

9. Reflexives

10. Affirmative tú Commands/Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement

11. Negative tú Commands/Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement

12. Sequencing Events

13. Th

14. Ty

15. Pretérito

16. Trigger Words

17. -car, -gar, -zar

18. Deber + Infinitive

19. MODAL verbs

20. Present Progressive

21. Adverbs

STEM CHANGING

Pensar (to think) e>ie

Almorzar (to eat lunch) o>ue

Pedir (to ask) e>i

Pienso Pensamos

Piensas Pensáis

Piensa Piesan

Almuerzo Almorzamos

Almuerzas Almorzáis

Almuerza Almuerzan

Pido Pedemos

Pides Pedeís

Pide Piden

Juego Jugamos

Juegas Jugáis

Juega Juegan

Jugar (to play) u>ue

PARA

The recipient of an item

• Example: El regalo para tú mama.

Purpose

• Example: Vamos al restaurante para comer.

Implied Purpose

• Example: Tengodinero para (comprar) algo.

Use para (for, in order to)

to indicate……

INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN

Indirect Objects are nouns that tell to whom/what or for whom/what. Indirect Object Pronouns replace or accompany indirect objects.

The pronouns le and les can refer to

different indirect objects. To clarify

what they mean, they are often

accompanied by….

a+ name, noun, or pronoun

ex: Rosa le comprar una olla a su madre.

To add emphasis use….

a+ pronoun

ex: A mi me compro unos aretes.

me

(me)

nos

(us)

te

(you

familiar)

os

(you

familiar)

le

(you

formal,

him, her

les

(you,

them)

Singular Plural

OBJECT PRONOUN PLACEMENT

1.• Attach the pronoun to an infinitive.

2.

• Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense

3.

• Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command

4.

• Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb.4.

•When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb, the pronoun

comes before the verb.

•When the pronoun accompanies a sentence with an infinitive, it

can either go before the conjugated verb or be attached to the end

of the infinitive.

GUSTAR

Gustar means to like

Gusta

me

te

le

nos

os

les

mi= me gusta

Ti= te gusta

Usted/el/ella=le gusta

Nosotros= nos gusta

Ustedes/ellas/ellos= les gusta

Vosotros= os gusta

Gusto Gustamos

Gustas Gustáis

Gusta Gustan*Form of gusta depends on

object liked*

Ex: Me gustan los perros.

Negative Phrase

No goes before conjugated verb

No______ gusta

AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS

Affirmative Words

Algo Something

Alguien Someone

Algún/Alguno/a Some

Negative Words

Nada Nothing

Nadie Nobody

Ningun/Ninguno/a None

•Alguno and ninguno must match the gender of the noun they replace

or modify. Alguno and niguno have different forms when used before

masculine singular nouns.

•If a verb is preceded by no, words that follow must be negative. A

double negative is required in Spanish when no proceeds the verb.

•However, if a negative word, such as nunca or nadie, comes before

the verb, a second negative is not needed.

Siempre Always

También Also

Nunca Never

Tampoco Neither,

either

SUPERLATIVE

To express extremes with adjectives amd adverbs superlatives are used.

The suffix –ísimo, -ísimos, -ísima, -ísimas are added to adjectives and adverbs.

Its equivalent to extremely or very.

Malo> malísimo

Muchas> muchisímas

Difícil> difilísmo

Adjectives and adverbs ending in c, g, or z change spelling to qu, gu, and c

respectively

Rico> riquísimo

Larga> larguísima

Feliz> felicísmo

Adjectives that end in –n or –r form by adding –císimo/a

joven > jovencísimo

trabajador > trabajadorcísimo

REFLEXIVES

Reflexives are used to describe people doing things for themselves.

In the reflexive construction, the subject is also the object.

The subject, the pronoun and the verb are all in the same form.

Ex: Yo me levanto a las ocho de la mañana.

Form the verb Reflexives can be……

Levantarse

Conjugate the verb…

me levanto nos levantamos

te levantas es levantáis

se levanta se levantan

1. In front of a conjugated verb

2. Attached to a gerund

3. Attached to an infinitve

4. Attached to an affirmative command

AFFIRMATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/

PRONOUN PLACEMENT

Affirmative tú Commands

Give instructions or commands to someone by

using the affirmative tú commands of regular verbs.

Caminar

¡Camina!

¡Camina en el parque!

It is a tú command, but end in third person.

AFFIRMATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/

PRONOUN PLACEMENT CONTINUED

Infinitive Affirmative tú

Commadns

decir di

hacer haz

ir ve

poner pon

salir Sal

ser sé

tener ten

venir ven

*When you use a pronoun

with an affirmative

command, the pronoun

attaches to the command.*

Pronoun Placement

When using an object

pronoun, attach the

pronoun to the end of the

command.

Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands

NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/

PRONOUN PLACEMENT

When you tell someone what not to do, use a negative

command. Negative tú commands are formed by taking you

form of the present tense, dropping the o, and adding the

appropriate ending.

Hablo -es for –ar verbs

Vuelvo -as for –er and ir verbs

Infinitive Yo Form Negative tú

Command

Hablar Hablo ¡No hablas!

Volver Vuelvo ¡No Vuelvas!

Negative tú Commands

NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/

PRONOUN PLACEMENT CONTINUED

Irregular NegativeTú Commands

•A few verbs have irregular tú commands. The noun of the yo forms of

these verbs end in –o.

Infinitive (yo form) Negative tú Command

Dar (doy) No le des mi dirreccion a

nadie.

Estar (estoy) No estes triste

Ir (voy) No vayas a la tienda.

Ser (soy) No seas mala.

Pronoun Placement

Object Pronouns precede the

verbs in negative commands, just

as with other conjugated verbs.

Ex: ¡ No lo uses!

SEQUENCING EVENTS

PrimeroFirst EntoncesThenLuego/

despuésLater Por FinFinally

Antes de/ después de

Before/ after

Por la manana/

tarde/noche

Los lunes, los

martes, los

miercoles,…etc.

In/ during the

(no specific time

given)

Monday, Tuesday,

Wednesday

Words used to tell when and in what order certain events occur.