grammar book
TRANSCRIPT
Grammar BookBy: Alejandra Green
2nd Honors Spanish
Table of Contents Page 1- Nationalities
Page 2- Stem Changing Verbs
Page 3- Para
Page 4- Adjectives
Page 5- Object Pronoun Placement
Page 6- DOP (direct object pronoun)
Page 7- IOP (indirect object pronoun)
Page 8- ser vs. estar
Page 9- isimo(a) and g/c/z
Page 10- Verbs like gustar
Page 11- Affirmative and Negative Words
Page 12- pero vs. sino
Page 13- DOP/IOP/SE
Page 14- Reflexive Verbs
Page 15- Tu commands affirmative/negative/irregulars
Page 16- los adverbios-mente
Page 17- deber+ other modal verbs
Page 18- past participles as adjectives
Page 19- Preterite
Page 20- Present Progressive
Page 1: Nationalities
Argentina — argentino
Bolivia — boliviano
Chile — chileno
Colombia — colombiano
Costa Rica — costarricense, costarriqueño (uncommon),
Cuba — cubano
Ecuador — ecuatoriano
El Salvador — salvadoreño
España (Spain) — español
Estados Unidos (United States) — estadounidense
Filipinas (Philippines) — filipino
Guatemala — guatemalteco
Honduras — hondureño
México, Méjico — mexicano, mejicano
Nicaragua — nicaragüense
Panamá — panameño
Paraguay — paraguayo
Perú — peruano
Puerto Rico — puertorriqueño
la República Dominicana (Dominican Republic) — dominicano
Uruguay — uruguayo
Venezuela — venezolano
Page 2: Stem Changing verbs
Pensar
Encontrar
Almorzar
Contar
The stem doesn’t change for the nosotros or vosotros form
May change from e to ie
Or from o to ue
cuento contamos example
cuentas Contáis Las ollas
cuenta Cuentan Cuestan 70
pesos
Page 3: Para Para means for; if it a common preposition
Necesito encontrar la olla para mi tÍa sus cumpleaños.
(I need to find a pot for my aunt for her birthday)
Here, then, are
the most
common uses
of para
To indicate
purpose,
intent,
usefulness or
need
To indicate a
destination
Viajamos para
aprender
español.
Estudia para
dentista
Salimos para
Londres.
To mean "no
later than" or
"by"
To mean
"considering" or
"in view of"
To indicate a
personal
reaction
para can mean
"around" or
"about" a
certain time.
Para niño, es
inteligente
Para ella, es
difícil.
Page 4: Adjectives Nouns that end in a
vowel +“s”
-el Lago = los Lagos
Nouns ending in a
consonant + “es”
- el árbol = los árboles
Nouns ending in “z”+
“ces”
el lápiz = los lápices
Los Adjectives
- If an adjective ends in
“e” + ”s” grande-s
- If an adjective ends in
a consonant + es azul-
es
- If adj is referred to a
nationality it must
match
~ las muchachas ingleses
~ los muchachos ingleses
Singular Plural
Male –o
female -a
Male- os/ -es
Female- as
Page 5: Object Pronoun
Placement
Attach pronoun to infinitive progressive tense affirmative
command before conjugated verb
Add accent mark when adding syllable to a word
----------------------------------------------------------------
Me me nos nos
Te te os os
Lo la les las
Page 6:Direct Object
Pronouns
Cecelia esta tomando fotos
(subject) (verbs) (DOP)
masculine feminine
Me Me
Te Te
Lo La
masculine Feminine
Nos Nos
Os Os
Les Las
Singular Plural
Page 7: Indirect Object
Pronouns
To whom/what
for whom/what Me- me
Te- you (familiar)
Le- you (formal), him/her
Nos- us
Os- you (familiar)
Les- you, them
IOPS use the same
Words as DOPS
Except for le and les
Indirect object pronouns replace
Or accompany indirect objects
Rosa le compra una olla a su madre
Rosa le compra una olla
Pronoun Placement: attach pronoun to infinitive progressive tense
Affirmative command before conjugated verb. Add accent mark
When adding syllable to a word.
Page 8: Ser vs. estarUses of ser Uses of estar
- Nationality
- Place of origin
- Profession or occupation
- Characters people/things
- Possession
- What something is made
of
- Time and date
- Where an when an event
takes place
- Location or spatial
relationship
- Health
- Physical states and
conditions
- Emotional states
- Certain weather
expressions
- Ongoing actions
(progressive tenses)
With adjective
Ser+ adjective
Estar+ adjectiveMalo- La professora es malo
Mala- La professora está mala
Page 9: Ísimo(a) and g/c/z To express extremes with adjectives drop the vowel and
add the ending Ísimo(a)
(the adjective must agree in gender and number with
what it modifies)
- When the last consonant is c, g, or z, spelling changes
are required
C – gu rico(a)= riquÍsimo(a)
G- gu largo(a)= larguÍsimo(a)
Z- c feliz= felicÍsimo(a)
Page 10: Verbs like gustar
When you talk about things that other people like, change
the form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for
those things
Singular and plural
Things you like…
Me gusta .. nos gusta…
Te gusta … os gusta…
Le gusta … les gusta…
Me gusta la
idea
Te gusta la
idea
Le gusta la
idea
Nos gusta la
idea
Os gusta la
idea
Les gusta la
idea
Me gustan las
personas
Te gustan las
personas
Le gustan las
personas
Nos gustan las
personas
Os gustan las
personas
Les gustan las
personas
The form of gustar
Matches the noun
Not the speaker
Me gustan las
Enchiladas
Me gusta mucho tu idea
Para el concurso
Page 11: Affirmative and
Negative Words When you talk about an indefinite or negative situation,
you use an affirmative or negative word
Affirmative words
Algo- something
AlguÍen- someone
Algún/alguno(a)- some
Siempre- always
También- also
Negative words
Nada- nothing
Nadie- no one
Ningún/ninguno(a)- none
Nunca- never
Tampoco- neither, either
Example:
Las chicas quieren
Algún postre, pero
Carlos no quiere ningún
postre
Alguno(a) and Ninguno(a) must match
the gender of the noun they replace or
modify. Alguno and ninguno have
different forms when used before
masculine singular nouns
If a verb is preceded by no, words that follow must be negative
Double negative is REQUIRED when no precedes the verb
No quiero nada
If a negative word such a nunca or nadie
Comes before the verb, a second negative
Is not needed.
Ex: Las chicas nunca comen en casa
Page 12: Pero vs. Sino
both pero and sino are coordinating
conjunctions. As such, both pero and sino
can be used to contrast two words,
sentences or phrases.
Pero Sino
- Used to indicate a contrast
- Me gustaría salir, pero no
puedo.
- Used when two things are
true, when the sentence
before the conjunction is
negative, and when the part
after the conjugation directly
contradicts what is negated
in the first part
- Me gustaría salir, pero no
puedo.
Page 13: DOP, IOP, SE
me me me
te te you (familiar)
lo, la lehim, her, it,
you (formal)
nos nos us
os osyou-all
(familiar)
los, las lesthem, you-all
(formal)
When both pronouns begin with the
letter "l" change the first pronoun to
"se."
Example: Ella te
la vende.
She sells it to you.
IO pronoun: te
DO pronoun: la
le lo = se lo
le la = se la
le los = se los
le las = se las
les lo = se lo
les la = se la
les los = se los
les las = se las
Page 14: Reflexive Verbs Reflexives describe people doing things for themselves
Reflexive pronouns are used with reflexive verbs to
indicate that the subject of the sentence receives the
action of the verb
Example: lavarse (to wash oneself)
Me lavo Te laves Se lava
Nos lavamos Os laváis Se lavan
Many verbs can be used with or without reflexive pronouns when there is
No reflexive pronoun, the person doing the action does not receive the
Action
Ex: Pepa se lava----- Pepa lava el carro
Page 15: Tú commands:
affirmative, negative, regular
Affirmative Tú
Commands
Irregular Tú
Commands
Negative Tú
Commands
- Used when you give
someone instructions
or commands.
- It’s a tu command but
ends like a 3rd house
form.
- Caminar – Ícamina!
- Comer – Ícome!
- Abrir- Íabrir!
- Primero haz lo quehaceres
- When you use a pronoun with an affirmativecommand, the pronoun attaches to the command
- İPon te otra camisa!- When using an object
pronoun attach the pronoun to the end of the command
- Used when you tell someone what not to do.
- Formed by taking you form of the present tense, dropping the o, and adding the appropriate ending
- Ex: hablar- hablo- İnohables!
- Object pronoundsprecede the verbs in negatibe commands
Infinitive (irregular)
Decir-di, hacer-haz, ir-ve, poner-pon, salir-sal, ser- sé, tener-ten, venir-ven
Irregular Negatives- dar(doy), estar (estoy), ir(voy), ser(soy)
Des estés vayas seas
Page 16: los adverbios-mente For adjectives with o or a endings add mente to the
feminine form.
Adjective Adverb
- Cuidadoso(a)- careful
- Rápido(a)- fast, quick
- Lento(a)- slow
- Tranquilo(a)- calm
- cuidadosamente-
carefully
- Rápidamente- quickly
- Lentamente- slowly
- Tranquilamente-calmly
You must keep an accent
When an adjective is changed
To an adverb
Rápido- rapidamente
Fácil- facilmente
When you use two adverbs, drop
The mente from the first one
Example: Pero, Carmen, debes
Pasarla cuidadosamente
Page 17: deber& other modal
verbs Deber- Should; ought to
- To say what people do, use a conjugated form of deber
with the infinitive of another verb
- Debo, debes, debe, debemos, debéis, deben
- Debo barrer el suelo
- Debes limpiar la cocina
Modal Verbs- are used in modal verb combinations
- The second verb isn’t conjugated but left in
infinitve form
- You’d never say “no puedo nado”
- Ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)
- Poder + Infinitive (able to do something)
- Querer + infinitive (want to do something)
- Deber + infinitive (should do something)
- Tener que + infinitve (to have to do something)
- Soler + infinitive (to be accustomed to)
Page 18: past participles as
adjectives
- Drop ar ending and add ado
- Drop er or ir ending and add ido
- Examples: la puerta está cerrada (restaurant is closed)
- El restaurante está abierto (restaurant is open)
Page 19: Preterite- A definite time in the past
- Has a beginning and/or ending
- Las expressiones para el uso (trigger words)
- Ayer, anoche, el año pasado, la semana pasado, ante,
ayer
Ar verbs Er verbs Ir verbs
é amos Í imos Í imos
aste astéis Íste istéis Iste istéis
ó aron ió ieron ió ieron
Page 19 continued Preterite of verbs ending in car, gar, zar.
Spelling change in the yo form to keep sound of the verb
Car yo qué
Gar yo gué
zar yo cé
Sacar – c (qu)- yo saqué la basura
Pagar – g (gu)- yo pagué los dólares
Empezar- z (c)- yo empecé un trabajo nuevo
Page 20: Present Progressive
Put pronouns before the conjugated form of estaror attach them to the end of a present participle–
you need to add an accent when you attach a
pronoun
Estoy esperando Estamos esperando
Estás esperando Estáis esperando
Está esperando Están esperando
Bibliography
"7 Reasons for Using the Spanish
Preposition "Para"" About. N.p., n.d.
Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
"2 Ways To Say "But" in Spanish." About.
N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
"Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns
Used Together." Direct and Indirect
Object Pronouns Used Together. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
Table of Contents 2nd Term Preterite & trigger words
Car/gar/zar
Cucharacha
Snake/snakey
Superlatives
Numbers
Hace & time expressions
Future
Conditional
Demonstrative adjectives
Demonstrative pronouns
Ordinal numbers
Directional
terms/prepositions
Imperfect tense
Possessive adjectives &
pronouns
Reflexive pronouns &
verbs
Preterite and Trigger WordsRegular Preterite
-ar -er/ir
yo é í
tu aste iste
él, élla, ud. ó ió
Nosotros/as amos imos
Vosotros/as asteis Isteis
Ellas, ellos, uds. aron ieron
Trigger Words-
Anoche- last night
Ayer- yesterday
Anteayer- day before
yesterday
La semana pasada- last week
El mes pasado- last month
El año pasado- last year
CAR/GAR/ZAR
CAR qué
GAR gué
ZAR cé
CAR- GAR- ZAR
-Only happens in the YO form
- Ex: empezar ------- empecé
SpockIr (go) Ser (be)
fui fuimos
fuiste
fue fueron
Dar (give) Ver (see)
di , vi dimos, vimos
diste, viste
dio, vio dieron, vieron
Hacer (do/make)
hice hicimos
hiciste
hizo hicieron
Cucaracha Verbs
Andar- anduv, estar- estuv, poder- pud,
poner- pus, quere- quis, saber- sup, tener-
tuv, venir- vin, conducir- conduj, producir-
produj, traducir- traduj, decir- dij, traer-
traj
E, iste, o , imos ,isteis, ieron
J verbs drop i- eron
Snake/Snakey VerbsAll of these forms require an accent EXCEPT for the ustedes/ellos/
ellas forms.
- To write the third person preterite form of –er and –ir verbs with stems
that end in a vowel, change the I to y
Oir (to
hear)
Leer (to
read)
creer (to believe)
oí oímos leí leímos creí creímos
oíste leíste creíste
oyó oyeron leyó leyeron creyó creyeron
Superlatives When you want to say that something has the most or the
least of a certain quality, use a superlative El mas, los mas, la mas, las mas El menos los menos la menos las menos Luis es el mas alto To use a noun with the superlative form, put it after the
article Luis es el chico mas alto. Mercedes es la chica menos
cansada Be sure the adjective matches the noun in both gender
and number When you refer to an idea or concept, use the neuter
article lo Luis says: lo mas increible es que son las dos
Numbers1- Uno
2- dos
3- tres
4- cuatro
5- cinco
6- seis
7- siete
8-ocho
9- nueve
10- diez
11- once
12- doce
13- trece
14- catorce
15- quince
16- dieciséis
17- diecisiete
18- diecinueve
20- viente
21- veintiuno
22- veintidos
23- veintitrés
24- veinticuatro
25- veinticinco
26- veintisés
27- veinisiete
28- veintiocho
29- veintinueve
30- treinta
30- treinta
40- cuarenta
50- cincuenta
60- sesenta
70- setenta
80- ochenta
90- noventa
100- ciento
Hace & time expressions
Used to indicate the length of time an
action has been taking place
Two ways to use it
#1) Hace + time + que
Hace cinco días que come
#2) desde hace
Ellos estudian desde hace tres días
FutureUsed to express verbs that will happen.
Note: The endings (shown below), are added to the infinitive form of
the verb
É emos
ás
Á án
comer To eat
comeré comeremos
comerás
comerá comerán
ConditionalUsed to express probability, wonder, possibility
- Usually translated as would, could, must have, or probably
- Regular er, ir, and ar verbs have the same conjugations
ía íamos
ís
ía Ían
Irregulars- root change
Caber- yo cabria
Poner- yo pondria
Decir- yo diria
Hablar- yo habria
Salir- yo saldria
Hacer- yo haria
Poder- yo podria
Tener- yo tendria
Querer- yo querria
Saber- yo sabria
Venir- yo vendria
Demonstrative Adjectives This, that, these, those
Used when pointing out a specific thing
Describes location of a noun in relation to the person
Masculine Masculine Feminine Feminine
singular plural singular plural
este estos esta estas
Ese
aquel
Esos
aquellos
Esa
aquella
Esas
aquellas
Demonstrative Pronouns Ideas or unidentified things that don’t have a gender
Used in place of the adjective and the noun
Masculine masculine feminine feminine
singular plural singular plural
este estos esta estas
Ese
aquel
Esos
aquellos
Esa
aquella
Esas
aquellas
Ordinal Numbers
First: primero
Second: segundo
Third: tercero
Fourth: cuarto
Fifth: quinto
Sixth: sexto
Seventh: séptimo, sétimo
Eighth: octavo
Ninth: noveno
Tenth: décimo
- When used as adjectives they
must agree with the noun they
refer to.
- When primero and tercero precede
A singular masculine noun, the final o
Is dropped.
Directional Terms/prepositions
al lado de
beside
alrededor de
around
cerca de
near (the)
debajo de
under (or below)
delante de
in front of
en
on (at, in)
encima de
on top of
entre
between (among)
frente a
facing (opposite)
lejos de
far from
por (direccion)
by (through)
sobre
above
detrás de
behind
desde
from (since)
allí
there
hacia
toward
junto a
next to
acá
here
afuera
outside
adentro
inside
siga derecho
straight ahead
(a la) derecha
(to the) right
a la izquierda
to the left
de otra lado de
on the other side of
Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns
Possessive pronouns take the place of the object or objects
Possessive adjectives describe the noun
mine Mía(s) Mia(s)
Yours
(belonging to one
person
informal
Tuyo
tuyos
Tuya
(as)
Yours (formal) suyo (os) Suya(as)
His Suya (as) Suya (as)
hers Nuestro(os) Suya (as)
ours Suyo(os) Nuestra
(as)
Yours (more than
one person)
theirs
Suyo (suyos)
Suyo (os)
Suya (as)
Suya (as)
Possessive
adj.
masculine feminine
my Mi (mis) Tu (tus)
your Tu (tus) Su (sus)
your Su (sus) Su (sus)
his Su (sus) Su (sus)
her Nuestro(os) Nuestra
our Su (sus) Su (sus)
Your
their
Su (sus) Su (sus)
Imperfect TenseTriggers: todos los dias, a menudo, frecuentemente, cada dia,
Siempre, los lunes…, generalmente, mientas, muchas veces,
A veces, de vez en, cunada,
Ser Ir Ver
era iba veia
eras ibas veias
era iba veia
éramos íbais veiamos
eran iban veian
Uses:
- On going action
- Repeated action
- No definite beginning or
End
- time/date/feelings
- Age/descriptions
- Interrupted
aba abamos ía íamos
abas ías
aba aban ía ían
Reflexive pronouns and verbs
An action that is happening to yourself. Example:
me ducho (I shower)
Must use a pronoun
To conjugate ducharse, cut off the arse and
conjugate the verb. Ex: yo form- ducho
Add the corresponding pronoun
Sentirse: to feel, divertirse: to have fun, sentarse: to
sit, sonreirse: to smile, despedirse de: to say
goodbye
Me, te, se, nos, os, se