1. GRAMMARBOOK Karenina Twyman 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS15. Preterite1.Nationalities16. Trigger Words2.Stem changers 17. car, -gar, -zar3.Para18. Deber + Infinitive4.IOP 19. Modal Verbs20. Present Progressive5.Pronoun Placement21. Adverbs6.Gustar7.Affirmative/Negative words8.Superlatives9.Reflexives10. Affirmative TuCommands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement11. Negative Tu Commands/Irregulars/PronounPlacement12. Sequencing events 3. U - UEO - UEJUGAR DORMIR YoNosotrosYoNosotros DuermoDormimosJuego JugamosT TJuegas Duermes E EIl/Ella/Ud.JuegaEllos,Ellas, Uds. EI l/Ella/Ud. Ellos/Ellas/UdTENER Duermes.JueganSERVIR Duermen 4. PARA is used in Spanish asfor is used inEnglishYo comproun regalo para su abuela.Yo cocino enchiladas de pollo para la cena. 5. Place an IOP in 3 places Rosa le comprauna olla. Rosa le comprauna olla a sumadre. Rosa quierecomprarle una ollaa su madre. 6. Attach the pronoun to the infinitiveAttach the pronoun to a progressive tensePlace the pronoun before a conjugated verb 7. MENOS Gusta singular: Me gusta elTE boligrafo. LELES Gusta antes de un infinitive:A mi = me gusta Me gusta hablarA ti = te gustaespaol.A Ud./l/Ella = le gustaA nosotros = nos gusta Gustan antes deA Uds./Ellos/Ellas = les un sustantivogustaplural: Me gustan los boligrafos. 8. When you want to talk aboutindefinite/negative situation Alguien habla. Someone is speaking. Nadie habla. Nobody speaks. If a verb is preceded by a no, words that follow must be negative. A double negative isrequired when no precedes theverb. No quiero nada. I dont wantanything. 9. -simo, -simos, -sima, -simas Suffixes are for emphasis on adjectives oradverbs. 10. In reflexive construction, the subject is also the object. A person does as well as receives action.Yo me levanto a las ocho de la maana.Me NosElla se despierta muy temprano.TePepito se baa en el bao.Positions of Reflexive VerbsSe Se 1. In front of conjugated verb. - Me quiero acostara las diez la noche. 2. Attached to gerund.- Estoy acostndome ahora mismo. 3. Attached to an infinitive - Voy acostarme ahora mismo.4. Attached to an affirmative commandBate! 11. #1 DROP THE SPRONOUN PLACEMENTHAZ1. InfinativeDI 2. Gerund 3. Before a conjugatedAffirmative IrregularCommandsVE verb 4. Affirmative Command Comelo! (Eat it) Tcala! (Play it)VEN TENPON Correla! (Run it)Ceplla te los! (Brush them) SALS 12. No T tengas TenerNo V Venir vengas DDar/ No d/ Decirdigos I Ir No PRONOUN PLACEMENTvayasNo digas! SSer1. Infinative No No juegues!H Hacer seas2. Gerund No vayas al3. Before a conjugated E EstarNoparque! hagas verbSaber No te cepilles los4. Affirmative Commanddientes! SNoestsNosepas 13. Use sequencing events for daily routinesPrimeroFirstEntonces Then LuegoDespusThen/after Por finFinally DespusAntes de After dePor laIn During the. manana/tarde/noche Los lunes, ect On Monday, ect.. 14. - -amos - -imos-aste-iste - -aron -i-ieron*remember by the tune of Row Row Row Your Boat 15. Everyday-Frequently-OnSometimes-Todos las fecuentemente Mondays-a vecesdiaslos lunes Often- Generally- While- A generalmente mientrasmenuadoOccasionally- De vez enMore often Always-cuando muchassiempreveces 16. Irregular preterites change to qu, -gu, -c inthe Yo form -carYoqu -garYogu-zarYo cTocar Jugar Comenzartoqutocamosjugu jugamos comenc comenzastetocastejugaste comenzaste toctocaron jug jugamos comenz comenzamos 17. DeboDebemos Deber means should or ought to do.To say what someone should or oughtto do, use a conjugated form of deberDebes with the infinitive of another verb.Debe DebenEXAMPLES: Me debo barrer el suelo. Havier debe pasar la aspiradora. Nosotros debemos mover los muebles. 18. When verbs are used in modal verbcombinations, the 2nd verb is not conjugated,but rather left in the infinitive form. You wouldnever say: No puedo nado.Deber should/ought toSolar (o-ue)-Desear usually/to desireused toMODALVERBS Saber know/ Necesitarknow how to needto Poder can/could/might/be able to 19. To tell how you are doing actions in the present form. When you use pronouns with the present progressive, you can put them in one of two places:1.) Put pronouns before the conjugated form of estar2.) Attached to the end of the present participle Estoy pasando la aspiradora. Nosotros estamos barriendo elsuelo. Las estoy sacando la bascura. AR verbs -ando - Leer leyendo- TraertrayendoER/IR verbs -iendo Double vowel -yendoverbs 20. To describe how something is done, use adverbs. Many adverbs in Spanish are made by changing an existing adjective.1.) adjectives that ends in e, l, or z, simply just addthe mente.2.) adjectives ending in o or a, add mente to thefemine form.3.) when there are 2 adverbs in a sentence, thesecond adverb gets the mente.Reciente recientemente Cuidadoso(a) cuidadosamenteFrecuente frecuentemente Rpido(a) rpidadamenteFcil fcilmente Lento(a) lentamenteNormal normalmente Tranquilo(a) tranquilamenteEspecial especialmenteFeliz - felizmente