Grammar BookGrammar Book

Estrella GerberEstrella Gerber

Table of ContentsTable of Contents

1.1. Nationalities Nationalities 2.2. Stem ChangeStem Change3.3. ParaPara4.4. IOPIOP5.5. Pronoun PlacementPronoun Placement6.6. Gustar Gustar 7.7. Affirmative & Negative WordAffirmative & Negative Word8.8. SuperlativosSuperlativos9.9. Reflexivos Reflexivos 10.10. Affirmative tu commandsAffirmative tu commands11.11. Negative tu commandsNegative tu commands12.12. Sequencing EventsSequencing Events13.13. PreteritsPreterits14.14. Trigger words for preteritsTrigger words for preterits15.15. -car, -gar, -zar-car, -gar, -zar16.16. Deber + InfinitiveDeber + Infinitive17.17. Modal VerbsModal Verbs18.18. Present ProgressivesPresent Progressives19.19. AdverbsAdverbs

NationalitiesNationalities

• Guineana SalvadorenaGuineana Salvadorena• Peruana EstadounidensePeruana Estadounidense• Costarricense Hondurena Costarricense Hondurena • Paraguaya NorteamericanaParaguaya Norteamericana• Venezolana GuatemaltecaVenezolana Guatemalteca• Uruguay ColombianaUruguay Colombiana• Panamena NicaraguensePanamena Nicaraguense• Dominicana ArgentinaDominicana Argentina• Espanola EcuatorianaEspanola Ecuatoriana• Cubana Mexicana Cubana Mexicana • bolivianaboliviana

Stem-ChangersStem-Changers

yo duermoyo duermo Nosotros Nosotros dormimosdormimos

Tu duermesTu duermes

El/ella/ud.El/ella/ud.

duermeduermeEllos/ellas/uds. Ellos/ellas/uds. duermenduermen

yo prefieroyo prefiero Nosotros Nosotros preferimospreferimos

Tu prefieresTu prefieres

El/ella/ud.El/ella/ud.

prefiereprefiereEllos/ellas/uds. Ellos/ellas/uds. prefierenprefieren

yo juegoyo juego Nosotros jugamosNosotros jugamos

Tu juegasTu juegas

El/ella/ud.El/ella/ud.

juegajuegaEllos/ellas/uds. Ellos/ellas/uds. juaganjuagan

yo pidoyo pido Nosotros pedimosNosotros pedimos

Tu pidesTu pides

El/ella/ud.El/ella/ud.

pidepideEllos/ellas/uds. Ellos/ellas/uds. pidenpiden

Dormir (o > ue) Preferir (e> ie)

Jugar ( u > ue) Pedir (e >i)

ParaPara

• Use para to indicate: Use para to indicate:

- Recipient of items: Compro un - Recipient of items: Compro un regalo para mi mama. regalo para mi mama.

- Purpose: Vamos al café para - Purpose: Vamos al café para comer. comer.

- Implied purpose: Tengo dinero - Implied purpose: Tengo dinero para (comprar) algo. para (comprar) algo.

Indirect Object PlacementIndirect Object Placement

Indirect object Indirect object pronouns are given pronouns are given to represent who to represent who the action is to. the action is to. – I gave money I gave money to her.to her.Indirect object Indirect object

pronouns are pronouns are different for who is different for who is receiving the action receiving the action and are placed and are placed before the verb. before the verb.

meme nosnos

tete

lele lesles

Object Pronoun PlacementObject Pronoun Placement

• 1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive. 1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive.

• 2. Attach the pronoun to a 2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive progressive

• 3. Attach the pronoun to an 3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative commandaffirmative command

• 4. Place the pronoun before the 4. Place the pronoun before the conjugated verbconjugated verb

Gustar Gustar

• Gustar means to like. Gustar means to like. However, instead of However, instead of conjugating gustar as conjugating gustar as you would a usual you would a usual verb, it stays the same verb, it stays the same in all forms. It changes in all forms. It changes between gusta and between gusta and gustan depending on gustan depending on how many objects a how many objects a person likes. person likes.

Me: gusta Me: gusta or gustanor gustan

Nos: Nos: gusta or gusta or gustangustan

Te: gusta Te: gusta or gustanor gustan

Le: gusta Le: gusta or gustanor gustan

Les: gusta Les: gusta or gustanor gustan

Affirmatives and NegativesAffirmatives and Negatives

AlgoAlgo SomethinSomethingg

AlguienAlguien SomeoneSomeone

Alguno/aAlguno/a SomeSome

También También AlsoAlso

NadaNada NothingNothing

NadieNadie No oneNo one

Ninguno/aNinguno/a None, not None, not anyany

TampocoTampoco Either, Either, neitherneither

SuperlativesSuperlatives

• Added to adjectives and adverbs. It is the Added to adjectives and adverbs. It is the same as saying very or extremely. same as saying very or extremely.

• Example: Malo becomes malismo or muchas becomes muchismas. Example: Malo becomes malismo or muchas becomes muchismas.

• Adjectives and adverbs ending in c, g, or z Adjectives and adverbs ending in c, g, or z change to qu, gu, and c. change to qu, gu, and c.

• Example: rico becomes riquisimo, larga becomes larguiisima, and feliz Example: rico becomes riquisimo, larga becomes larguiisima, and feliz becomes felicisimo. becomes felicisimo.

• Adjectives and adverbs ending in n or r, Adjectives and adverbs ending in n or r, add cisimo. add cisimo.

• Example: joven becomes jovencisimo.Example: joven becomes jovencisimo.

ReflexivesReflexives

• Reflexive pronouns are Reflexive pronouns are used with reflexive verbs to used with reflexive verbs to indicate that the subject of indicate that the subject of the sentence receives the the sentence receives the action of the verb.action of the verb.

• Many verbs can be used Many verbs can be used with or without reflexive with or without reflexive pronouns. Without a pronouns. Without a reflexive pronoun, the reflexive pronoun, the person doing the action person doing the action does not receive the action. does not receive the action.

• When you use the infinitive When you use the infinitive form of a reflexive verb form of a reflexive verb after a conjugated verb, after a conjugated verb, you have to use the correct you have to use the correct reflexive prounoun.reflexive prounoun.

Me: To Me: To meme

Nos: To Nos: To usus

Te: To Te: To youyou

Le: To Le: To him or To him or To herher

Les: To Les: To themthem

Affirmative Tu Commands Affirmative Tu Commands

• In affirmative In affirmative commands, put the commands, put the verb in it’s tu form verb in it’s tu form and then drop the and then drop the “s.” “s.”

• Example: caminar becomes Example: caminar becomes iCamina! iCamina!

decirdecir didi

hacerhacer hazhaz

irir veve

ponerponer ponpon

salirsalir salsal

serser sese

tenertener tenten

venervener venven

Negative tu commandsNegative tu commands

• 1. Put the verb in 1. Put the verb in it’s yo formit’s yo form

• 2. Change the 2. Change the vowel (ar > e; er, ir vowel (ar > e; er, ir > a)> a)

• 3. Add an “s.”3. Add an “s.”Example: hablar > hablo > iNo Example: hablar > hablo > iNo

hables!hables!

tenertener No tengasNo tengas

venervener No vengasNo vengas

dar/decirdar/decir No No des/digasdes/digas

irir No voyasNo voyas

serser No seasNo seas

hacerhacer No hagasNo hagas

estarestar No estésNo estés

sabersaber No sepas, No sepas, salgassalgas

Sequencing EventsSequencing Events

primeroprimero EntoncesEntonces Luego/Luego/despuesdespues

Por finPor fin Antes de/ Antes de/ despues despues dede

Por la Por la manana/ manana/ tarde/ tarde/ nochenoche

Los Los lunes, lunes, etc.etc.

FirstFirst ThenThen Later/Later/afterafter

FinallyFinally Before/Before/afterafter

In/during In/during the (no the (no specific specific time time givengiven

On On mondays mondays

PreteritsPreterits

--éé

HabléHablé-amos-amos

HablamosHablamos

-aste-aste

HablasteHablaste

-Ó-Ó

HablóHabló-aron-aron

HablaronHablaron

-í-í

ComíComí-imos-imos

comimoscomimos

-iste-iste

comistecomiste

-i-ióó

comiócomió-iron-iron

ComironComiron

AR ER/IR

Trigger words for preteritsTrigger words for preterits

• Ya Ya • Una vezUna vez• A lasA las• OchoOcho• Dos vecesDos veces• Un dUn díaía• AnteayerAnteayer• A nocheA noche• El cinco de “ “ El cinco de “ “ • Por finPor fin• AyerAyer• El mes pesadoEl mes pesado• Hace un anoHace un ano

-car, -gar, -zar-car, -gar, -zar

JugarJugar

jugujuguéé

jugastejugaste

jugjugóó

jugamosjugamos

jugaronjugaron

TocarTocar

toqutoquéé

tocastetocaste

toctocóó

tocamostocamos

tocarontocaron

comenzarcomenzar

comenccomencéé

comenzastecomenzaste

comenzcomenzóó

comenzamocomenzamoss

comenzaroncomenzaron

• Deber means Deber means should or ought to.should or ought to.

• You put deber in You put deber in front of an front of an infinitive without infinitive without changing the form changing the form of the infinitive, of the infinitive, only deber.only deber.

DeboDebo DebemosDebemos

debesdebes

debedebe debendeben

Modal VerbsModal Verbs

• When verbs are When verbs are used in modal verb used in modal verb form, only the first form, only the first verb is conjugated.verb is conjugated.

deberdeber Should, Should, ought toought to

deseardesear To desireTo desire

SolerSoler Usually, Usually, used toused to

sabersaber To knowTo know

QuererQuerer To wantTo want

PoderPoder Can, Can, couldcould

NecesitarNecesitar To needTo need

Present ProgressivesPresent Progressives

• When you use a present When you use a present progressive, you use the progressive, you use the word estar, followed by a word estar, followed by a gerand (-ando or iendo).gerand (-ando or iendo).

• If you use a pronoun with If you use a pronoun with the present progressive, the present progressive, you can put it before the you can put it before the conjugated estar, or conjugated estar, or attached to the present attached to the present participle.participle.

• Some verbs have irregular Some verbs have irregular present participle forms.present participle forms.

• When the stem of an –er or When the stem of an –er or –ir verb ends in a vowel, –ir verb ends in a vowel, change the –iendo to –change the –iendo to –yendo.yendo.

Verb:Verb: Irregular Irregular Present Present Participle:Participle:

LeerLeer

TraerTraerLeyendoLeyendo

TraendoTraendo

PedirPedir

ServirServirPidiendoPidiendo

SirviendoSirviendo

Decir Decir

DormirDormirDiciendoDiciendo

ViniendoViniendo

AdverbsAdverbs

• To describe how To describe how something is done, something is done, use adverbs.use adverbs.

• When an adjective When an adjective ends in z, e, or l, just ends in z, e, or l, just add –mente to the add –mente to the end. If it ends in o, end. If it ends in o, change the o to an a. change the o to an a.

• If two adverbs are If two adverbs are used, only add the used, only add the mente to the second mente to the second one.one.

KEEP ACCENTS!KEEP ACCENTS!

cuidadosamentecuidadosamente

especialmenteespecialmente

ffácilmenteácilmente

felfelíízmentezmente

frecuentementefrecuentemente

lentamentelentamente

normalmentenormalmente

rrápidamenteápidamente

recientementerecientemente

tranquilamentetranquilamente

Irregular AdverbsIrregular Adverbs

Muy- very Muy- very Tan – so Tan – so Mal – badMal – bad

Mucho – a lotMucho – a lot Peer – worsePeer – worse Siempre – Siempre – alwaysalways

Nunca – neverNunca – never Ya – alreadyYa – already Bastante – Bastante – quitequite

Desiado – tooDesiado – too Poco – littlePoco – little Bien - goodBien - good