Grammar BookLala Varley

Table of Contents1. Nacionalidades 2. Stem Changing Verbs 3. Para 4. Indirect Object Pronouns 5. Pronoun Placement 6. Gustar 7. Affirmative and Negative Words 8. Superlatives 9. Reflexives10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement11. Negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement12. Sequencing events13. Preterite (trigger words)14. –car, -gar, -zar15. Deber and inf.16. Modal verbs16. Present progressive17. Adverbs 18. Trigger words, car gar zar, spock, snake/snakey, cucaracha19. Demonstrative20. Future Tense

21.

Las Nacionalidades

Stem Changers• Boot Verbs change only inside the “boot’’• There are four kind of boot verbs.• O-ue• E-ie• E-I• U-ue

• The endings remain the same for –ar , -er, and –ir verbs.• Nosotros and Vosotros forms do not change.

Para

Indirect Object Pronouns• Can be used to a repetition of the noun and

answer the question whom? Or what? About the verb.

REPLACES• Pes, ya tienes ropa de verano.

• Claro que la tengo.

• Indirect objects are nouns that tell to whom/what or for whom/what. They are to replace or accompany indirect objects.

Singular:• Me (me)• Te (you familiar)• Te (you formal, him, her)

Plural:• Nos (us)• Os (you familiar)• Tes (you, them)

Pronoun Placement• 1. attach the pronoun to the infinitive

• 2. attach the pronoun to a progressive tense• 3. attach the pronoun to an affirmative

command• 4. place the pronoun before a conjugated

verbHow do you know where indirect object pronouns go in a sentence?• When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb, the pronoun

comes before the verb.• When the pronoun accompanies a sentence with an infinitive, it

can either go before the conjugated verb or be attached to the end of the infinitive.

Gustar• When you want to express what activities people like to do

you use these phrases with an infinitive.

me gusta… nos gusta…te gusta… os gusta…le gusta… les gusta…

• When you want to talk about things that people like, change the form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for those things.

Affirmative and Negative Words• When you want to talk about an indefinite or

negative situation, you use an affirmative or negative word.

Affirmative Words:• Algo (something)• Alguien (someone)• Algun/Alguno(a) (same)• Siempre (always)• Tambien (also)

Negative Words:• Nada (nothing)• Nadie ( no one)• Ningun/Ninguno(a) (none, not any)• Nunca (never)• Tampoco (neither, either)

Notice that alguno(a) and ninguno(a) must match the gender of the noun they replace or modify. Alguno and ninhuno have different forms when used before masculine singular nouns.Alguno algun ninguno ningun

Superlatives• Suffix:-Isimo, isimos, isima, isimas

*added to adjectives and adverbs*equivalent to extremely or very before an adjective or

adverb.

• Change Spelling!-Rico > requisimo-larga> larguisima-feliz > felicismo

*adjectives that end in –n or –r form by adding -cisimola

ReflexivesWhat does a reflexive pronoun do?• Shows that the direct object is the same of the do-er.• In reflexive construction, the subject is also the object.• A person does as well as receives the action.• The subject, the pronoun, and verb are all in the same form.

For example:-Yo me levanto a las ocho de la manana.-Ella se despierta muy temprano.-Mis hermanas se maquillan es su cuarto.

How do you form these verbs?1) Conjugate the verb as always2) Add the reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, os, se)

Position of Pronouns:1) IN FRONT of a conjugated

verb2) Attached to a gerund3) Attached to an infinitive

Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement• Di (Decir)• Haz (Hacer)• Ve (Ir)• Pon (Poner)• Sal (Salir)• Se (Ser)• Ten (Tener)• Ven (Venir)

DOP + placement rules are the same thing!

Negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement

Tu Commands:1) Positive• Drop the ‘s’2) Negative• put into yo form• Change the vowel• Add an ‘s’3) Irregulars• Decir Di• Hace Haz• Ir Ve• Ser Se• Poner Pon• Venir Ven• Tenir Ten• Salir Sal

Irregular Commands:1) T- tener (no tengas)2) V- venir (no vengas)3) D-dar/decir (no

des/digas)4) I- Ir (no vayas)5) S- ser (no seas)6) H- hacer(no hagas)7) E- estar (no estes)8) S- saber (no sepas)

Pronoun Placement:1) Infinitive2) Gerund3) Before a

conjugated verb4) Affirmative

command**Ex: Do it! Hazlo!

Sequencing EventsFirst Then After FinallyPrimero Entonces Luego/Despues Por fin

Antes de/ Despues deBefore/ After

Por la manana/tarde/nocheIn/during the … (NO SPECIFIC TIME GIVEN)

Preterite AR: ER/IR:-é -amosHablé hablamos

-í -imosComí comimos

-astehablaste

-iste comiste

-ó -aronHabló hablaron

-ió -ieronComió comieron

*Note –car ending preterite verbs in the yo form will change to –que in order to keep the hard ‘c’ sound: ex. Yo saqué (sacra) la basura ayer.

-car, -gar, -zar Trigger Words for Preterito:• Un dia• Una vez• Ayer• Hace un año• El mes pasado• Anteayer• Por una hora• Por fin• A las ocho• El cinco de Febrero

-car yo qué

-gar

-zar

yo

yo

gué

cé

Deber + infinitive• The verb deber means should or ought to. To say

what people should do, use a conjugated form of deber with the infinitive of another verb.

Deberdebo debemosdebes debéisdebe deben

MODAL VERBS• When verbs are used in modal verb combinations:• The second verb isn't conjugated, but rather left in the

infinitive form. You would NEVER say “no puedo nado”

Deber - should/ought toDesear – to desireNecesitar – to needPoder – can/could/might be able toQuerer – want/would like toSaber – to know how to/knowSoler – usually/used to

Present Progressive• Some verbs you know have irregular present

participle forms.• When the stem of an –er or –ir verb emds in a vowel,

change the –iendo to-yendo to form the present participle.• e i stem-changing verbs have a vowel change in the

stem• Some other verbs also have vowel change in the stem.

Adverbs• For adjectives with –o or –a endings, add –mente

to feminine form. • When you use two adverbs, drop the –mente from

the first one.adjective adverbCuidadoso(a)careful

Cuidadosamentecarefully

Rápido(a)quick

Rápidamentequickly

Lento(a)slow

Lentamenteslowly

Tranquilo(a)calm

Tranquilamentecalmly

Negative tú commands• Use when telling someone NOT to do• Formed by taking you form for the present tense,

dropping the -o and adding the appropriate ending.

Ex. Hablo -es for –ar verbs Vuelvo -as for –er and –ir verbs

Infinitive Yo form Negative tú command

Hablar Hablo No hables

Volver Vuelvo Vuelvas

Venir

Irregular negative tú commands • A few verbs have irregular negative tú commands.

Notice thar none of the yo forms of these verbs end in –o.

Infinitive (yo form) Negative tú command

Dar (doy) No le des mi dirección a nadie.

Estar(estoy) No estés triste.

Ir (voy) No vayas a la tienda.

Ser (soy) No seas mala.

Preterite, Snake, Snakey y Cucaracha

SNAKEStem Changers• Dormi

rDormíDormimosDormisteDurmióDurmieronSNAKEYY Changers• LeerLeíLeimosLeisteLeyóLeyeron

CUCARACHAAndar Anduve-

Estar Estuve-Poder Pud-Poner Pus-Quere Quis-Saber Sup-Tener Tuv-Venir Vin-

Conducir Conduj-Producir Produj-Traducir Traduj-

-e -imos

-iste -isteis

-o -ieron

AR ER/IRÉ ÍAste IsteÓ IóAmos ImosAron ieron

EL PRETÉRITO

Demonstrative adjectives nad pronouns• Point out nouns• -this, that, these, those• Proceed nouns they follow and agree in gender

and numberEste esta estos estasEse Esa esos esasAquel aquella aquellos aquellas*This and these get the “t’s”*esto, eso and aquello are neuters*no accent mark on adjective demonstratives but there are accents on pronouns

Ordinal numbers • Primera• Segunda• Tercera• Cuarta• Quinta• Sexta• Sptima• Octava• Novena• Decima

Un canto de las preposiciones• Izquierda (de), derecha (de)• delante (de), detrás (de)• Cerca (de), lejos (de)• …..y algo mas• Afuera (de), adentro (de)• Debajo (de, encima (de)• Entre, al lado (de)• …..se termina la rima

The Future Tense• You can use: ir + a + infinitiveEx. Vamos a ESTUDíAR en la biblioteca.• You can use the present tense when the context

makes it clear that you are talking about the future.

Ex. Mañana ALQUILAMOS una película.• You can also use the future tense. You form the

future tense by adding a special set of endings to the infinitive.

Ex. Comer To eatComeré ComeremosComerás ComeréComer

Possessive adjectives and pronouns• Adj (of mine,

yours, his)Mío(s) Mía(s)tuyo(s) tuya(s)Suyo(s) suya(s)Nuestro(s)nuestra(s)Vuestro(s)vuestra(s)*placed AFTER the noun they modifyDemonstrative adj. :(article) + (noun) + de+ (sub. Pronoun)

PronounsSame form as stressed adj.

Definite articles:EL LOSLA LAS

*omitted when stressed poss. Pronoun follows the verb ser

imperfecto• Triggers:• Todos los días• A menudo• A veces• Siempre• Cada día• Los lunes• Generalmente• Mientras• De vez en

cuando• Muchas veces• frecuentement

e

Uses:1. Ongoing action (was/were)2. Repeated action (used to)3. No definite beginning or end4. Time/date/age/feelings/

descriptions5. Interrupted activity (cuando)

reflexive• Me • Te• se• Nos• Os• Les

Demonstrative Adjectives and PronounsDemonstrate or point out nouns This, that, these, thoseProceed nouns that follow & agree in GENDER & NUMBER1. este, esta, estos & estas are close to the speaker2. Ese, esa, esos & esas aren’t necessarily close to the

speaker but are close to the listener3. Aquel, aquella, aquellos & aquellas are away from both

the speaker and the listener

NEUTERS:• Esto, eso & aquelloUse if unsure about generNEVER carry an accent mark!!!

No accent mark on adjective demonstratives but there are accents on pronouns.

Aquí- this & theseAllí- that over thereAllá- that WAY over there

THIS AND THESE GET THE “T’S”

FIN