grammar book emilia
TRANSCRIPT
Grammar BookBy:
Emilia Daniel
Table of Contents
3. Presente -ar –er –ir 4. Stem Changers 5. Irregulars –go –zco –yo6. Saber vs conocer7. Reflexives8. ‘se’ impersonal9. Dipthongs10. Verbs like…Uir/guir12. Verbs like…Cer/cir13 Verbs like…Ger/gir14. Hace +__+ que + present/presentente15.Imperfecto 16. Preterite17, Car/Gar/zar, spock , cucaracha , snake/ snakey, Ir/Ser18. comparatives/ superlatives19. El futuro20. Por vs. Para21. Conditional22. Los mandatos23. pres. Perfects24. Double object pronoun25. Adverbs26. Subjective27. Se impersonal 28. Progressive + ir, Andar, segir
Ar, Er, Ir Los verbos regulares en el presente
Ar-oamosas ana
Er-
o emos
Es en
e
Ir-
o imos
es en
e
Caminar-
Camino Caminamos
Caminas Caminan
Camina
Comer-
Como Comemos
Comes Comen
Come
Vivir-
Vivo Vivimos
Vives Viven
Vive
Stem Changers aka Boot verbs
The verbs change in the root They do not change in the nosotros
form or the vosotros E ie O ue U ue
Yo nosotros
Tú vosotros
El/ella/utd Ellos/Ellas/Utds
Pensar-
Penso
Pienso
Irregulars -go -zco -yo
The “go” “zco” verbs are only in the irregulars in the yo form
“go” verbs- caer, decir, oir, puner, hacer, tener, traer, venir
“zco” verbs (cer/cir)- conocer, producir, conducir
y los demás – ser, ir, estar, ver, saber, dar
Yo - Conozco
Yo - Produzco
Yo - Conduzco
Yo – Tengo
Yo – Hago
Yo - Vengo
Ser- Ir-
Soy Somos Voy Vamos
Eres Son Vas Van
Es Va
Saber Vs Conocer
Both saber y conocer translate to the English verb to know
Both “yo” forms are irregular
Conocer- Conozco conocemosConocesConocenConoce
Saber – Sé sabemosSabessabenSabe
Reflexives
Brenda se lava- se is reflexive Reflexives also can be added on the
end of an infinitive. Such as…- Puedo ver me en el espejo
‘se impersonal
pronoun ”se” is in front of verbs to make general statements.
¿cómo se dice man en español? In English it translates to either “you
say” or “one says.”
Dipthongs w/accents
Dipthongs are the strong or weak vowels in a word next to each other.
Strong vowel sounds are a,e,o. Weak vowel sounds are i,u,y. puerto, ciudad, siete, hay.
*two strong vowels cannot be in the same syllable
Verbs like…Uir/Guir
Guir Uir-Yo form only changes from Gu to
G -Conseguirconsigoconsiguesconsigueconseguimosconsiguen
-Nosotros form is the only that doesn’t change.-Verbs that end in -uir (not guir) add y before o, e, and a endings-atribuir atribuyoatribuyesatribuyeatribuimosatribuyen
Verbs like…Cer/cir
Verbs that end in a vowel + cer or cir add z before the c in the yo form only.
Verbs that end in a consonant + cer or cir change the c to z in the yo form only.
conducir = conduzco ejercer = ejerzo
Verbs like…Ger/gir
Verbs that end in ger and gir change the g to j in the yo form only.
coger = cojo fingir = finjo
Hace +__+ que + Present/Presentente
The yo form is the only irregular
Hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacen
Imperfecto
The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly.
Yo caminaba todo los días.
Er/Ir-
íaíasíaíamosían
Ar-abaabasabaábamosaban
Ser-
eraeraseraéramoseran
Ver-
veíaveíasveíaveíamosveían
Ir-
ibaibasibaíbamosiban
Preterite
“Snapshot” of time. Known beginning and or ending Trigger words: ayer, anoche, aneayer,
la semana pasada ect…
É ÍAste isteó ióAmos imosAron ieron
Car, Gar, ZarCar quéGar quéZar cé* 1st person only “yo”
SpockHacer hicehicistehizohicimoshicieronIr/serFuiFuiste FueFuimos Fueron Dar/verd/v - id/v - isted/v - io d/v - imosd/v - ieron
CucarachaAndar anduvEstar estuvPoder pudPoner pusQuerer quisSaber supTener tuvVenir vinConducir conduj Producir produjTraducir tradujTraer trajDecir dij
EronEron
ÉisteOimosieron“j” verbs
Snake/ Snakeyo Stem changers and
Y changers
Dormir-Dormi dormimosDormisteDurmio Durmieron
Leer-Leí leimosLeisteLeyó leyeron
Comparatives/Superlatives
Adjective Superlative
Translatio
Comparative
Translatio
Joven younger El/la menor
young Menor que
Viejo older El/la mayor
old Mayor que
Malo worse El/la peor bad Peor que
Bueno better El/la mejor good Mejor que
El Futuro
Infinitives +
vivir = viviré
ÉÁs ÁEmosÁn
“Will factor”
Ir + a + infinitive (immediate future)
Decir- to sayHaber- there to be/to haveHacer- to make doPoder-to be able Poner- to put,place,restQuerer-to want, loveSaber- to knowSalir- to leave, go outTener-to haveValer- to be worthVenir- to come
Por VS. Para
Por7 uses
1. use to indicate motion or a general location ( around, through , along, or by)
2. descries a duration of an action (for, during in)
3. expresses the reason for an action ( because, account of and on behalf of)
4. indicates the object of a search ( for & in search of)
5. means by which something is done (by way of ,by means of)
6. exchange or substituting (in exchange for)
I. units of measures (per, by) Also used in several expressions ( por
aqui, por ejemplo, por eso, por fin) Portal, Portugal , “por”ever , porpase ,
import/export , I’m por pay for me , Transportation
Not interchangeable with Para
Para
7 uses
1. expresses destination ( toward, in the direction of)
2. deadline or specific time in a future (by , for)
3. propose or goal + [ infinitive] (in order to)
4. propose+[noun] ( for, used for)5. recipient of something6. comparison with others or to
make an opion ( for , considering)
7. in the employ of (for)o More specific than por o Not interchangeable with por
Conditional
Subject Ending Subject Ending
yo -ía nosotros/nosotras
-íamos
tú -ías vosotros/vosotras
-íais
él -ía ellos -ían
ella -ía ellas -ían
usted -ía ustedes -ían
Los mandatosTu – Simply drop the ‘s’
AFIRMATIVE
Los irregulares - Di, haz , ve, pon , sal , se , ten , ven
Negative
Tu – put it in ‘yo’ and change to oppsite vowel, add an ‘s’
NOSTROS
Ud./Uds. – put it in ‘yo’ form and change ti opposite vowel
DOP + IOP + ‘se’ can attach to an affirmative
DOP+IOP+ ‘se’ must go before the negative command
T= tener , V= Venir , D= dat/decir , I= ir , S= ser , H= hacer/haber , E= Estar , S= saber
Los irregulares - TVDISHES
Los irregulares - TVDISHES
Ud. /Uds –same as above
Los irregulares: TVDISHES
Pres. Perfects
Conjugating the present perfect• In Spanish , the present-tence conjunctions of the verb Haber for present
perfect.• I have spoken -> He hablado• We have spoken -> Hemos hablado
yo he
Tu has
El/ella/Ud ha
Nosotros/as
hemos
vosotros hebeis
Ellos/Ellas/ Uds.
han
Irregulars• Abrir ->Abierto . Romper -> roto• Cubrir-> Cubierto . Ver-> visto• Decir-> Dicho . Volver -> Vuelto• Escribir-> escrito . Ir -> ido• Hacer-> hecho• Morir-> muerto• Poner-> puesto• Resoiver- Resuelto
Double object pronouns
Examples:Give it to meDa-me-loDo not give it to meNo me lo diga
o Place directly before conjugated verb or attacked to the infinitive
adverbs
Provide more information about the verb They tell how , when, where, how often and
how much Spanish adverbs: are often formed by adding –
mente to the feminine singular form ExamplesRápido -> rápidamenteTranquil -> tranquilamenteFacil-> fácilmenteNormal-> normalmente
subjunctive
ar er
e a
Example:Hable HablesHableHablemosHableisHablen
IrregularsDar: de , des , deEstar: este , Ir: vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayanSaber: sepa, sepas , sepa , sepamos , sepanSer: sea, seas , sea, seamos, sean
Attitudes , uncertain, hypothetical
W – wish , wantE- emotionD- doubtD- denialI- Impersonal expressionN- negation , non- existingG- god
Se impersonal
Facts, actions, definite, Main clause + subordinate clause
connetted by que Se bueno que Es mejor que Es malo que Es importante que Es urgente que Es ojala que
Progressive + Ir , Andar , segir
Ing Ir + present participle = slowly but
surely_____ ing Andar + present participle is going
around ______ing Seguir + present participle is still_____
ing