Camila WhiteEspañol 3 Honores

3er Periodo9 Diciembre 2010

Grammar Book

Tabla de Contenidos:Semester 2

1. Conditional Tense and Irregulars

2. Perfect Tenses

3. Present Perfect

4. Past Perfect

5. Present Perfect Irregulars

6. Subjunctive Perfect

7. Tan y Tanto

8. Impersonal “Se”

9. Saber vs. Conocer

10. Los Mandatos

11. Informal Commands

12. Formal Commands

13. Irregular Commands

14. DOP and IOP Placement

15. Nosotros Commands

16. Nosotros Commands with MONO verbs

17. Subjunctive and Irregulars

18. Subjunctive Trigger Phrases

1. Impersonal Expressions

2. Expressions of Emotions

3. Conjunctions of Time

19. Demonstrative Adjectives

20. Demonstrative Pronouns

The Conditional

Regulars• Used to express probability,

possibility, wonder or conjecture

• Translated as would, could, must have or probably

• To conjugate regular –ar, -er, -ir verbs:

• -ía• -ías• Ía• Íamos• ían

Irregulars•Caber: Cabr•Haber: Habr•Poner: Pondr•Salir: Saldr•Decir: Dir•Hacer: Har•Poder: Podr•Querer: Querr•Saber: Sabr•Tener: Tendr•Valer: Valdr•Venir: Vendr

Perfect Tenses…

Present Perfect

• The present perfect is formed by using the present tense of the verb “haber” with the present participle

Conjugating “HABER”-he-has-ha

-hemos-habéis

-han

Examples-He Comido (I have eaten).

-Has comido (You have eaten).-Ha comido (He/She has eaten).

-Hemos comido (We have eaten).- Habéis comido (You-all have eaten).

- Han comido (They have eaten).

Past Perfect

• The past perfect is formed by using the past tense of the verb “haber” (had) with the present participle

Conjugating “HABER”-Había

- Habías- Había

- Habíamos- Habíais- Habían

Examples- Había vivido (I had lived.)

- Habías vivido (You had lived.)- Había vivido (He/She/Formal you had

lived.)- Habíamos vivido (We had lived.)- Habíais vivido (You-all had lived.)- Habían vivido (They had lived)

Present Perfect Irregulars

Abrir (Open): AbiertoCubrir (Cover): CubiertoEscribir (Write): Escrito

Morir (Die): MuertoPoner (Put): Puesto

Solver (Solve): SueltoRomper (Break): Roto

Volver (Return): VueltoSatisfacer (Satisfy): Satisfecho

Decir (Say/Tell): DichoHacer (Do/Make): Hecho

Ver (See): Visto

Subjunctive Perfect

• The subjunctive perfect is formed by using the present subjunctive of the verb “haber” (had) with the present participle

Conjugating “HABER”-haya-hayas-haya

-hayamos-hayáis-hayan

Tan y Tanto

TAN:Used to form the comparisons of

equality using adjectives or adverbs

Form:TAN + adjective/adverb + como=

Comparison of Equality with adjectives or adverbs

TANTO:Used to form comparisons of

equality using nouns

Form:TANTO(-a, -os, -as) + noun +

como=Comparison of Equality with

nouns

Impersonal “Se”

• The impersonal “se” is the English equivalent of “one”/ “people”.

• The Impersonal “se” refers to an unidentified person.• It only uses “objectless” verbs.

Examples:• Se entra por aquí (One goes this way).

• Se está mejor aquí (One is better off here).

Saber vs. Conocer

SABER:• Used to express knowledge or

ignorance of a fact or information about something.

Examples:• Juan sabe donde está María. (Juan knows where Maria is.)

•Yo no sé tu número de teléfono. (I don’t know your telephone

number.)

CONOCER:•Used to say that one is or is not

acquainted with a person, a place, or an object

Examples:• Yo no conozco a María. (I don’t

know Maria.)• Alberto y Alfredo conocen Madrid. (Alberto and Alfredo

know Madrid.)

Los Mandatos…

Informal Affirmative Commands

• The affirmative informal commands are formed the same way as the present indicative usted form

Examples:-hablar— ar + a = habla-comer – er + e = come

-escribir – ir + e = escribe

Irregular Verbs= TVDISHES-decir= Di

-hacer= Ha-ir= Ve

-poner= Pon-salir= Sal-ser= Sé

-tener= Ten-venir= Ven

Informal Negative Commands

• The negative informal commands use the tu form of the present subjunctive.

Examples:-No cuentes tus beneficios (Don’t count

your blessings).-No hables más lentamente (Don’t

speak more slowly).

Informal Irregular Commands

TVDISHES-decir= Di

-hacer= Ha-ir= Ve

-poner= Pon-salir= Sal-ser= Sé

-tener= Ten-venir= Ven

Formal Affirmative Commands

• To form the formal affirmative command:– Start with the YO form of the present indicative.– Drop the –O ending.– Add the opposite ending

Examples:-Usted: Hable Ud. Más lentamente

(Speak more slowly).-Usted: Coma Ud. La cena (Eat the

dinner).-Ustedes: Escriban Uds. La carta (Write

the letter).

Formal Negative Commands• To form the formal negative command:– Start with the YO form of the present indicative.– Drop the –O ending.– Add the opposite ending– This is the same as the affirmative, except add “no”

at the beginning.

Examples:• No hable usted. (Don’t speak.)• No coma usted. (Don’t eat.)• No hablen ustedes. ([They]

Don’t Speak.)

Formal Irregular Commands-Dar:

Usted: DéUstedes: Den

-Estar:Usted: Esté

Ustedes: Estén-Ir:

Usted: VayaUstedes: Vayan

-Ser:Usted: Sea

Ustedes: Sean-Saber:

Usted: SepaUstedes: Sepan

DOP and IOP Placement• Place the DOP or IOP directly in front of the conjugated

verb when you only have one verb• Ex: Yo lo robo.

• When there are compound verbs, you put the DOP or IOP in front of the conjugated verb

• Ex: Yo lo voy a robar.• You can also attach the DOP or IOP to the end of an

infinitive or present participle• Ex: Yo voy a robarlo. (infinitive)

• Ex: Yo estoy robándolo. (present partciple)

• DOPs and IOPs can also be attached to affirmative commands• Ex: Róbalo

“Nosotros” Commands

Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs/ “MONO” Verbs

To form: use nosotros form of the present tense

Examples:-Comamos allí (Let’s eat here).

-Contemos el dinero (Let’s count the money).

*Negative command is formed by placing the word no before the same verb form-No comamos allí (Let’s not eat here).

Ir(se) and Nosotros Commands:-Vamos ahora (Let’s go now).

-No vayamos a la tienda (Let’s not go to the store).

A written accent is often needed when pronouns are added. With affirmative

commands, the final “s” of the verb form is dropped before adding the pronouns

“nos” or “se”-Sentemos + nos = Sentémonos.

-Escribamos + se + la = Escribámosela

Subjunctive

The Subjunctive Expresses….

How

to Define the Subjunctive

Will and Influence

Emotion

Doubt, Disbelief, and Denial

Indefiniteness and Nonexistence

main clause

connector(que)

subordinate clause

Subjunctive

Subjunctive IrregularsSubjunctive Stem-

Changers

-AR and -ER verbs do NOT stem change in the nosotros

-IR verbs DO change in the nosotros

Example:CERRAR

yo: cierretu: cierres

el/ella/usted: cierrenosotros: cerremos

ellos/ellas/ustedes: cierran

Example:DORMIR

yo: duermatu: duermas

el/ella/usted: duermanosotros: durrmamos

ellos/ellas/ustedes: duerman

Subjunctive Irregulars

TVDISHES

Example:SALIR

yo: salgatu: salgas

el/ella/usted: salganosotros: salgamos

ellos/ellas/ustedes: salgan

Impersonal Expressions for the Subjunctive

Es importante que…

Es odio que…

Es logico que…

Es mejor que…

Es malo que…

Expressions of Emotion for the Subjunctive

•Indicate fear, happiness, anger, regret, surprise, or other sentiments or biases.

Examples of Expressions of Emotion:• Alegrarse de que: to be happy that

• Es bueno que: it’s good that• Es conveniente que: it’s convenient that

• Es difícil que: It’s hard• Es extraño que: It’s strange that• Es triste que: It’s sad that

• Estar triste que: to be sad that• Sentir que: to regret, be sorry that

• Sorprenderse que: to be surprised that

Conjunctions of Time for the Subjunctive

• To form the conjunctions of time, take the indicative when the action in the subordinate clause is either

habitual or in the past. The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the future.

Examples of Conjunctions of Time:• Así que: as soon as• Cuando: when

• Despues de que: after• En cuanto: as soon as• Hasta que: until

• Luego que: as soon as• Tan pronto como: as soon as

Demonstrative Adjectives• Adjectives that are meant to point something out• Examples in english: this, that, these, those• Singular demonstrative adjectives (masculine):

– Este (this)– Ese (that)– Aquel (that)

• Plural demonstrative adjectives (masculine):– Estos (these)– Esos (those)– Aquellos (those)

• Singular demonstrative adjectives (feminine):– Esta (this)– Esa (that)– Aquella (that)

• Plural demonstrative adjectives (feminine):– Estas (these)– Esas (those)– Aquellas (those)

Demonstrative Pronouns• Words that replace nouns in a sentence.• Examples of demonstrative pronouns in english: this, that, those, these• Singular demonstrative pronouns (masculine):

– Éste (this)– Ése (that)– Aquél (that)

• Plural demonstrative pronouns (masculine):– Éstos (these)– Ésos (those)– Aquéllos (those)

• Singular demonstrative pronouns (feminine):– Ésta (this)– Ésa (that)– Aquélla (that)

• Plural demonstrative pronouns (feminine):– Éstas (these)– Ésas (those)– Aquéllas (those)

• Gender Neutral demonstrative pronouns:– Esto– Eso– Aquello