Grammar BookBy: Elisabet Dillard

Table of Contents1. Nacionalidades 2. Stem Changing Verbs 3. Para 4. Indirect Object Pronouns 5. Pronoun Placement 6. Gustar 7. Affirmative and Negative Words 8. Superlatives 9. reflexive verbs10. affirmative tú commands + irregulars + pronoun placement11. negative tú command + irregulars + pronoun placement12. sequencing events

Nacionalidades

Stem ChangersO-UE

Cuesto Costamos

Cuestas Costáis Cuesta Cuestan

Almorzaracostarcontarcostardevolverdormirencontrar poderrecordarvolver

Change in all forms, except nosotros and vosotros

4 kinds of boot verbs: O-UE, U-UE, E-IE, E-I

Then endings remain the same for -ar , -er, and -ir

E-I pedirServirPiderdecir

I e

I e

I I

E-IE

ie e

ie e

e ie

QuererTenerComenzarEmpezarDespertar

U-UE

jugar

UE U

UE

UE

U

UE

-AR -ER/-IRO amos

As áis

A an

O emos/imos

es éis/ís

e en

Verb Endings Ex: Costar

Para Para = for or in order to

http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/porpara.htm

Rule: to indicate destination

Rule: to show the use or purpose of a thing

Rule: to mean "in order to" or "for the purpose of"

Rule: to indicate a recipient

Rule: to express a deadline or specific time

Rule: to express a contrast from what is expected

Rule: "estar para" to express an action that will soon be completed

El hombre salió para Madrid.

El vaso es para agua.

Para hacer una paella, primero dore las carnes.

Este regalo es para ti.

Necesito el vestido para el lunes.

Para un niño lee muy bien.

El tren está para salir.

Examples

Indirect Object Pronouns

Me nos

Te os

Le les

Tells to whom/what or for whom/what

Indirect Object pronouns replace or accompany indirect objects.

The pronouns Le and les can refer to different indirect objects. To clarify what that means they are often accompanied by a+ name, noun, or pronoun

Rosa le compra un olla a su madre.

Le gusta mucho el baloncesto a Ana.

El profesor les da examen a los alumnos.

Pronoun Placement

Attach the pronoun to the infinitive Attach the pronoun to a progressive

tense Attach the pronoun to an affirmative

command Place the pronoun before a conjugated

verb

GUSTAR Me gusta nos guta

Te gusta os gusta

Le gusta les gusta

When you want to talk about things people like, change

the form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns of those things that people

like.

Gustar matches the noun, not the speaker

Me gusta la idea nos gusta la idea

Te gusta la idea os gusta la idea

Le gusta la idea les gusta la idea

Singular

Me gustan las enchiladas nos gustan las enchiladas

Te gustan las enchiladas os gustan las enchiladas Le gustan las enchiladas les gustan las enchiladas

Plural

Affirmative and Negative words

AlgoAlguienAlgún/Alguno(a)SiempreTambién

SomethingSomeoneSomeAlwaysAlso

NadaNadieNingún/Ninguno(a)Nunca Tampoco

NothingNo oneNone, Not anyNeverNeither, either

Can have double negatives in Spanish. No+verb+negative word

No quiero nada.Actual Translation :I don’t want nothing. English Translation: I don’t want anything.

I want something Yo quiero algo.

Superlatives

-isimo -isimos -isima -isimas

Equivalent in English to extremely or very before an adjective or adverb

When the last consonant is c, g, or z spelling changes are required.C quG guZ c-n, -r add cisimo/a

Hamburguesa rica riquísimaEl examen difícil dificilísimoChicos felices felicísimosJoven jovencísimoTrabajador trabajadorcísimo

•The adjective must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies. •Drop the vowel ending, not the consonant ending.

Reflexive VerbsTo describe people doing things for themselves. When the person is doing the action and receiving the action.

Many verbs can be used with or without reflexive pronouns. When there is no reflexive pronoun, the person doing the action does not receive the action.

When you use the infinitive form of a reflexive verb after a conjugated verb, be sure to use the correct reflexive pronoun. You can also put the reflexive pronoun in front of the conjugated verb.

me nos

te os

se se

Example: I shave myself.Yo me afeito. Not Reflexive: Livia lava el carro.

(Livia washes the car.)

Reflexive: Livia se lava. (Livia washes herself.)

Quiero levantarme temprano. (I want to get up early.)

Me quiero levantar temprano.

affirmative tú commands + irregulars + pronoun placement

decirHacerIrPonerSalirSerTenerVenir

DiHazVePonSalSéTenVen

irregulars

Irregular Affirmative tú commands

Change the verb to second person and then you drop the ‘s’. OR Change the verb to third person.

When you use a pronoun with an affirmative command, the pronoun attaches to the command.

When you add a direct object to the end of an affirmative command the pronunciation make remain the same, so you must add an accent to the third vowel to the left.

Cruza el parque Do It!¡Crúzalo! ¡Hazlo!

Caminar

Caminas

¡Camina!

Change to second person and drop the ‘s’ OR Change to third person

Comer

¡Come!

negative tú command + irregulars + pronoun placement

Put the verb into yo form

Change the vowel ending ar--e ; er/ir--a

Add ‘s’

Object pronouns precede the verbs in negative commands, just like with other conjugated verbs.

Dar/decir IrSerHacerEstarSaberTenerVenir

No desNo vayasNo segasNo hagasNo estésNo sepasNo tengasNo vengas

Irregular Negative tú commands

Hablar Hablo ¡No Hables!Volver Vuelvo ¡No Vuelvas!

Don’t use it (the brush)¡No lo uses!

Sequencing Events

Entonces-then

Luego/despues- later/after

Por fin- last

Antes de/ después de- Before/after

Los lunes,etc.- on Monday, etc.

Primero-First

por la mañana/tarde/noche- in during the…