grammar booklet foundations levels 3 & 4
TRANSCRIPT
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Grammar Booklet
Foundations Levels 3 & 4
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Contents
English Tenses – Example Sentences .................................................................................................... 7
Irregular Verbs ................................................................................................................................... 8
Present Simple ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Present Simple ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Present Continuous ............................................................................................................................... 15
Present Simple or Present Continuous? .............................................................................................. 16
Past Simple ............................................................................................................................................ 17
Past Simple ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Was or Were? .................................................................................................................................... 18
Past Continuous .................................................................................................................................... 19
Exceptions in spelling when adding ing .......................................................................................... 19
Past Continuous .................................................................................................................................... 20
Was or Were? .................................................................................................................................... 20
Past Simple or Past Continuous? ......................................................................................................... 21
Present Perfect ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Past Simple or Present Perfect? ........................................................................................................... 23
Present Perfect Continuous .................................................................................................................. 24
Present Perfect Continuous .................................................................................................................. 25
Has or Have? ..................................................................................................................................... 25
Present Perfect Continuous .................................................................................................................. 26
Present Simple or Present Perfect Continuous? ................................................................................ 27
Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous? ................................................................................ 28
Past Perfect ............................................................................................................................................ 29
Past Simple or Past Perfect? ................................................................................................................ 30
Future Simple ........................................................................................................................................ 32
Future Simple ........................................................................................................................................ 33
Future Continuous ................................................................................................................................ 34
Future Perfect........................................................................................................................................ 35
Future Perfect........................................................................................................................................ 36
Future Perfect Continuous ................................................................................................................... 37
Future Mix ............................................................................................................................................. 38
Conditional Sentences/If-Clauses Types I, II and III ........................................................................ 39
Form and Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs ............................................................................ 42
Comparison of Adverbs ........................................................................................................................ 47
Adjective or Adverb? ............................................................................................................................ 48
Modal Verbs .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Modal Verbs .......................................................................................................................................... 50
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Infinitive and Gerund ........................................................................................................................... 51
Words followed either by infinitive or ing-form ................................................................................ 53
Infinitive and Gerund ........................................................................................................................... 54
Nouns - Articles, Plural and Possessive Case ..................................................................................... 56
Indirect Articles .................................................................................................................................... 58
Direct Articles........................................................................................................................................ 59
Nouns ...................................................................................................................................................... 60
Singular or Plural? ........................................................................................................................... 60
Passive Voice.......................................................................................................................................... 61
The Statue of Liberty ............................................................................................................................ 62
Passive Voice.......................................................................................................................................... 63
Phrasal Verbs ........................................................................................................................................ 64
Phrasal Verbs ........................................................................................................................................ 65
Prepositions ........................................................................................................................................... 66
Prepositions – Time .......................................................................................................................... 66
Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction) ................................................................................ 67
Other Important Prepositions ......................................................................................................... 69
Prepositions – Buses .............................................................................................................................. 70
Prepositions – McDonald’s ................................................................................................................... 71
Pronouns (Personal, Possessive, Reflexive and Relative Pronouns) ................................................. 72
Pronouns ................................................................................................................................................ 74
Question Tags ........................................................................................................................................ 75
Question Tags ........................................................................................................................................ 76
Relative Clauses .................................................................................................................................... 77
Relative Clauses .................................................................................................................................... 78
Reported Speech (Indirect Speech) ..................................................................................................... 79
Reported Speech.................................................................................................................................... 81
Reported Speech.................................................................................................................................... 82
Short Answers ....................................................................................................................................... 85
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Table of English Tenses
Tense Affirmative/Negative/Question Use Signal Words
Present Simple A: He speaks. N: He does not speak. Q: Does he speak?
action in the present
taking place once, never
or several times
facts
actions taking place one
after another
action set by a timetable
or schedule
always, every.., never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually If sentences Type I (If I talk, …)
Present Continuous A: He is speaking. N: He is not speaking. Q: Is he speaking?
action taking place in
the moment of speaking
action taking place only
for a limited period of
time
action arranged for the
future
at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now
Past Simple A: He spoke. N: He did not speak. Q: Did he speak?
action in the past taking
place once, never or
several times
actions taking place one
after another
action taking place in the
middle of another action
yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday If sentences Type II (If I talked, …)
Past Continuous A: He was speaking. N: He was not speaking. Q: Was he speaking?
action going on at a
certain time in the past
actions taking place at the
same time
action in the past that is
interrupted by another
action
when, while, as long as
Present Perfect Simple A: He has spoken. N: He has not spoken. Q: Has he spoken?
putting emphasis on the
result
already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till
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action that is still going on
action that stopped
recently
finished action that has an
influence on the present
action that has taken place
once, never or several
times before the moment
of speaking
now, up to now
Present Perfect Continuous
A: He has been speaking. N: He has not been speaking. Q: Has he been speaking?
putting emphasis on the
course or duration (not
the result)
action that recently
stopped or is still going on
finished action that
influenced the present
all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week
Past Perfect Simple A: He had spoken. N: He had not spoken. Q: Had he spoken?
action taking place before
a certain time in the past
sometimes
interchangeable with past
perfect progressive
putting emphasis only on
the fact (not the duration)
already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day If sentences Type III (If I had talked, …)
Past Perfect Continuous A: He had been speaking. N: He had not been speaking. Q: Had he been speaking?
action taking place before
a certain time in the past
sometimes
interchangeable with past
perfect simple
putting emphasis on the
duration or course of an
action
for, since, the whole day, all day
Future Simple (will)
A: He will speak. N: He will not speak. Q: Will he speak?
action in the future that
cannot be influenced
spontaneous decision
assumption with regard to
the future
in a year, next., tomorrow If Sentences Type I (If you ask her, she will help you.) assumption: I think, probably, perhaps
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Future Simple
(going to)
A: He is going to speak. N: He is not going to speak. Q: Is he going to speak?
decision made for the
future
conclusion with regard to
the future
in one year, next week, tomorrow
Future Continuous A: He will be speaking. N: He will not be speaking. Q: Will he be speaking?
action that is going on at a
certain time in the future
action that is sure to
happen in the near future
in one year, next week, tomorrow
Future Perfect A: He will have spoken. N: He will not have spoken. Q: Will he have spoken?
action that will be
finished at a certain time
in the future
by Monday, in a week
Future Perfect Continuous
A: He will have been speaking. N: He will not have been speaking. Q: Will he have been speaking?
action taking place before
a certain time in the future
putting emphasis on the
course of an action
for …, the last
couple of hours, all day long
Conditional Simple A: He would speak. N: He would not speak. Q: Would he speak?
action that might take
place
If Sentences Type II (If I were you, I would go home.)
Conditional Continuous
A: He would be speaking. N: He would not be speaking. Q: Would he be speaking?
action that might take
place
putting emphasis on the
course / duration of the
action
Conditional Perfect A: He would have spoken. N: He would not have spoken. Q: Would he have spoken?
action that might have
taken place in the past
If Sentences Type III (If I had seen that, I would have helped.)
Conditional Perfect Continuous
A: He would have been speaking. N: He would not have been speaking. Q: Would he have been speaking?
action that might have
taken place in the past
puts emphasis on the
course / duration of the
action
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English Tenses – Example Sentences
Explanation Past Present Future
Past Simple Present Simple Future Simple
action that takes place once, never or several times
He played football every Tuesday.
He plays football every Tuesday.
He will / is going to play football every Tuesday.
actions that happen one after another
He played football and then he went home.
He plays football and then he goes home.
He will play football and then he will go home.
state He loved football. He loves football. He will love football.
Past Continuous Present Continuous Future Continuous
action going on at that moment
He was playing football.
He is playing football. He will be playing football.
actions taking place at the same time
He was playing football and she was watching.
He is playing football and she is watching.
He will be playing football and she will be watching.
Past Perfect Simple Present Perfect Simple
Future Perfect
action taking place before a certain moment in time; emphasises the result
He had won five matches until that day.
He has won five matches so far.
He will have won five matches by then.
Past Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous
Future Perfect Continuous
action taking place before a certain moment in time (and beyond), emphasises the duration
He had been playing football for ten years.
He has been playing football for ten years.
He will have been playing football for ten years.
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Irregular Verbs
Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle
be was, were been
come came come
do did done
drink drank drunk
eat ate eaten
give gave given
go went gone
have had had
know knew known
learn learnt, learned learnt, learned
leave left left
make made made
pay paid paid
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run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
win won won
write wrote written
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Fill in the correct forms of the irregular verbs.
Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle
thought
begin
slept
sang
have
felt
sit
done
flew
won
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Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle
torn
give
read
said
sat
froze
shake
keep
told
sing
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Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle
taught
showed
feed
done
brought
wear
send
pay
stand
meet
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Present Simple
Complete the table with the missing sentences.
Affirmative Negative Question
I I am hungry.
you You are sad.
he
He is not here.
she
Is she loud?
it It is okay.
we
Are we fine?
you
You are not friendly.
they
Are they happy?
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Present Simple
Complete the table with the missing sentences. Use have got.
Affirmative Negative Question
I I have got a dog.
you You have got a bike.
he
He has not got a beard.
she
Has she got a sister?
it It has got a window.
we
Have we got a car?
you
You have not got time.
they
Have they got money?
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Present Continuous
Complete the table with the missing sentences.
Affirmative Negative Question
I I am working.
you You are jumping.
he
He is not dreaming.
she
Is she sleeping?
it It is snowing.
we
Are we singing?
you
You are not fighting.
they
Are they reading?
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Present Simple or Present Continuous?
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.
1. James (live) _____________________ in a little village.
2. He (be) _________________________ in his last year at school.
3. After school, James (want) ______________ to become a banker.
4. So this week, he (do) ________________________ a practical course in a bank.
5. There (be) ___________ a bank in a nearby town, but James (have) ___________
6. to take the bus to get there.
7. The bus (leave) _______________ at 5.30 in the morning and (return)
_________________ at 8.15 in the evening.
8. James (not / like) __________________ to spend too much time in town before and
after work, waiting for the bus.
9. Therefore, this week he (stay) ______________ with his uncle, who (live)
____________ in town.
10. James usually (wear) ___________ jeans and t-shirts, but while he (work)
_____________________ for the bank, he (wear) _______________ a suit and a tie.
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Past Simple Put the verbs into the correct form.
1. Last year I (spend) spent my summer holiday in Ireland.
2. It (be) _______________ great.
3. I (travel) _____________ around by car with two friends and we (visit) _____________
lots of interesting places.
4. In the evenings we usually (go) ______________ to the cinema or the theatre.
5. One evening we even (learn) ________________ some Irish dances.
6. We (be) _____________ very lucky with the weather.
7. It (not rain) ___________________ a lot.
8. But we (see) ________________ some beautiful rainbows.
9. Where (spend / you) __________________ your last holiday?
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Past Simple
Was or Were?
Complete the sentences with was or were.
1. I _________________ happy.
2. You _______________ angry.
3. She ________________ in London last week.
4. He _________________ on holiday.
5. It __________________ cold.
6. We ________________ at school.
7. You _______________ at the cinema.
8. They ______________ at home.
9. The cat ____________ on the roof.
10. The children ________ in the garden.
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Past Continuous
Exceptions in spelling when adding ing
Write the ing form of the following words.
1. live ________________
2. run ________________
3. dance ______________
4. swim ______________
5. lie _________________
6. sit _________________
7. travel ______________
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Past Continuous
Was or Were?
Complete the sentences with was or were.
1. Samar __________ learning English.
2. They ___________ swimming in the lake.
3. Your father __________ repairing the car.
4. I ___________ reading a magazine.
5. You __________ packing your bag.
6. My friends __________ watching the match on TV.
7. It ____________ raining.
8. The dog _____________ barking.
9. The children ___________ brushing their teeth.
10. The band ___________ singing a song.
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Past Simple or Past Continuous?
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.
1. When I (do) _________________________ the washing-up, I (break)
____________________ a plate.
2. While Tom (play) ______________________ the guitar, his mother (do)
___________________ the washing-up.
3. He (drink) __________________ some juice and then he (eat)
___________________________ a few chips.
4. I (have) _____________________ dinner when I suddenly (hear)
________________________ a loud bang.
5. When my father (work) _____________________ in the garden, an old friend (pass)
_______________ by to see him.
6. She (go) ____________________ to school, (take) ______________________out her
textbook and (begin)_______________ to learn.
7. When it (start) ___________________ to rain, our dog (want)
_____________________ to come inside.
8. When Jane (do) ___________________ a language course in Ireland, she (visit)
________________ Blarney Castle.
9. When I (be) _______________________ on my way home, I (see)
__________________ an accident.
10. I (not / understand) ________________________ what they (talk)
___________________ about.
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Present Perfect
Put the verbs into the correct form.
1. I (not/work) have not worked today.
2. We (buy) ______________ a new car.
3. We (not/plan) ______________________ our holiday yet.
4. Where (be/you) _____________________?
5. He (write) ____________________ five emails.
6. She (not/see) ____________________ him for a long time.
7. (be/you) _________________ at school?
8. School (not/start) ___________________________ yet.
9. (speak/he) ____________________ to his boss?
10. No, he (have/not) ___________________ time yet.
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Past Simple or Present Perfect?
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.
1. A: (you / play / already) __________________________________________ the new
computer game?
2. B: No, not yet. I only (buy) _______________________ it yesterday and I (have / not)
_________________________________ the time yet.
3. A: (you / go) ___________________________________ to the cinema last night?
4. B: Yes. I (be) _________________________ there with Sue and Louis. (you / be)
________________________ to the cinema recently?
5. A: I last (go)__________________________ to the cinema two weeks ago.
6. B: So you (see / not) ______________________________the new action film yet.
7. A: No, unfortunately not. (you / enjoy) ______________________________ it?
8. B: Oh, I really (love) ___________________ it. But Sue (like / not)
____________________ it - too much action!
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Present Perfect Continuous
Put the verbs into the correct form.
1. He (work) ____________________________ in this company since 1985.
2. I (wait) __________________________ for you since two o'clock.
3. She (live) _______________________ in Abu Dhabi since 1992.
4. Why is he so tired? He (play) _______________________ tennis for five hours.
5. How long (learn/you) _____________________________ English?
6. We (look for) _________________________ the motorway for more than an hour.
7. I (live) _____________________ without electricity for two weeks.
8. The film (run/not) ________________________ for minutes yet, but there's a
commercial break already.
9. How long (work/she) _____________________ in the garden?
10. She (not/be) ______________________ in the garden for more than an hour.
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Present Perfect Continuous
Has or Have?
Complete the sentences with has or have.
1. She ___________ been asking questions all day long.
2. They __________ been climbing the mountain.
3. We ____________ been washing the dishes.
4. You ____________ been repairing your computer.
5. I ____________ been working.
6. It ____________ been snowing.
7. The child ____________ been playing.
8. The baby ___________ been sleeping.
9. The men _______________ been fishing.
10. The students ____________ been studying English for two years.
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Present Perfect Continuous
since – if the starting point is given (two o‟clock, last Friday, 1998) for – if the period of time is given (twenty minutes, two days, one year)
Complete the sentences with since or for.
1. I have been waiting ________________ 4o‟clock.
2. Fatima has only been waiting ___________ 20 minutes.
3. Khamis and Zayed have been learning English _________ six years.
4. Reem and Noura have been learning French _____________ 2009.
5. I haven‟t been on holiday _______________ last July.
6. Amna has been saving her money _____________ many years.
7. I haven‟t eaten anything ___________ breakfast.
8. You have been watching TV ___________ many hours.
9. We have been living here ____________ two months.
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Present Simple or Present Perfect Continuous?
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.
1. Hassan and Tareq (play) _________________________________ with Al Ain club for
two years.
2. They (practise) ________________________________________ four times a week.
3. Hassan (be) ___________________________________________ a popular forwarder.
4. He often (score) ________________________________________ goals for his team.
5. At the moment, the training (be) ____________________________ very hard.
6. For six weeks now, the team (prepare) _____________________ for an important
match taking place on Saturday.
7. Today, the boys (doing) __________________________________ strength training for
forty minutes already.
8. Saeed (like/not) ______________________________ that very much - he (want)
______________ to play football.
9. However, the strength training exercises (be) ___________________ also very
important for the young players.
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Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous?
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs.
1. A: I (call) _____________________________ you for half an hour. Where (be)
_______________________? And why are your clothes so dirty?
2. B: I (clean) ________________________________ the shed in the garden.
3. A: (you / find) ______________________________ a box with old photos there? I
(look) ______________________ for it for ages.
4. B: I (discover / not) __________________________ it yet, but I (work / not)
_________________________ for a long time. I (come / just) ____________________
in to eat something.
5. A: I (cook / not) _____________________ anything yet because I (talk) ___________
to our neighbour.
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Past Perfect
Put the verbs into the correct form.
1. The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we (build) had built.
2. He (not/be) ___________________ to America before 1997.
3. When she went out to play, she (do/already) ____________________ her homework.
4. My brother ate all of the cake that our mum (make) ________________.
5. The doctor took off the plaster that he (put on) _______________ six weeks before.
6. The waiter brought a coffee that I (not/order) ______________________.
7. I could not remember the poem we (learn) ___________________ the week before.
8. The children collected the apples that (fall) ___________________ from the tree.
9. (he/phone) __________________ his cousin before he went to see him in London?
10. She (not/ride) _________________________ a horse before that day.
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Past Simple or Past Perfect? Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.
1. When he (wake up) ____________________, his mother (already / prepare)
____________________________ breakfast.
2. He (hear) _______________the news, (go) _______________ to the telephone and
(call) ___________________ a friend.
3. When she (start) __________________ to learn English, she (already / learn)
___________________ French.
4. Before that day we (never / think) ____________________________ of going to Japan.
5. I (know) ______________ him for a long time before I (meet) ____________ his
family.
6. They (not / know) _________________ where to meet because nobody (tell)
_______________________ them.
7. Jane (already / type) ______________________ ten pages when her computer (crash)
____________________.
8. It (be) ____________ cloudy for days before it finally (begin) _______________ to
rain.
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Past Perfect Continuous
Put the verbs into the correct form.
1. We (sleep) had been sleeping for 12 hours when he woke us up.
2. They (wait) ____________________ at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally arrived.
3. We (look for) ____________________ her ring for two hours and then we found it in the
bathroom.
4. I (not/walk) ________________________ for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain.
5. How long (learn/she) ______________________ English before she went to London?
6. He (drive) ______________________ less than an hour when he ran out of petrol.
7. They were very tired in the evening because they (help) ______________________ on the farm
all day.
8. I (not/work) ________________________ all day; so I wasn't tired and went to the concert that
night.
9. They (cycle) ____________________________ all day so their legs were sore in the evening.
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Future Simple
Put the verbs into the correct form. Use will.
1. You (earn) will earn a lot of money.
2. You (travel) __________________ around the world.
3. You (meet) _____________________ lots of interesting people.
4. Everybody (like) _____________________ you.
5. You (not/have) __________________________ any problems.
6. Many people (help) _______________________ you.
7. Everything (be) ________________ perfect.
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Future Simple
Put the verbs into the correct form. Use going to.
1. It (rain) is going to rain.
2. They (eat) ______________________ dinner.
3. I (wear) _____________________ new shoes tonight.
4. We (not/help) ____________________________ you.
5. Fahad (not/walk) ____________________________ home.
6. (cook/you) ______________________________ dinner?
7. The little girl (share/not) ______________________________ her sweets.
8. (leave /they) ____________________ the house?
9. (take part/she) ___________________________ in the competition?
10. I (not /spend) ___________________________ my holiday abroad this year.
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Future Continuous
Put the verbs into the correct form.
1. At midnight we (sleep) will be sleeping.
2. This time next week we (sit) _____________________________ at the beach.
3. At nine I (watch) ______________________________________ the news.
4. Tonight we (study) ____________________________________ for our English test.
5. They (dance) _________________________________________ all night.
6. He (not / play) ________________________________________ all afternoon.
7. I (not / work) _________________________________________ all day.
8. (eat / you) ____________________________________________ at six?
9. (drive / she) __________________________________________ to London?
10. (fight / they) _________________________________________ again?
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Future Perfect
Put the verbs into the correct form.
1. By 9 o'clock we (cook) will have cooked dinner.
2. They (eat) _________________________by then.
3. In one week he (cross) _____________________________ the Atlantic by boat.
4. She (go) ____________________ home.
5. Mariam (not / finish) __________________________________ her work.
6. Eissa (not / return) __________________________________ from his holiday by
Monday.
7. The sun (not / rise) _____________________ by 4 o'clock.
8. (do / you) _________________________ the washing up by six o'clock?
9. Our boss (not / leave) _______________________ the office yet.
10. (buy / she) _________________________ the new car?
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Future Perfect
Put the verbs into the correct form.
1. By 9 o'clock we (cook) will have cooked dinner.
2. They (eat) _________________________by then.
3. In one week he (cross) _____________________________ the Atlantic by boat.
4. She (go) ____________________ home.
5. Mariam (not / finish) __________________________________ her work.
6. Eissa (not / return) __________________________________ from his holiday by
Monday.
7. The sun (not / rise) _____________________ by 4 o'clock.
8. (do / you) _________________________ the washing up by six o'clock?
9. Our boss (not / leave) _______________________ the office yet.
10. (buy / she) _________________________ the new car?
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Future Perfect Continuous
Put the verbs into the correct form.
1. By the end of the week I (work) will have been working here for four months.
2. By the end of this month we (live) _________________________ in Abu Dhabi for six
years.
3. By the end of the term she (study) _________________________ for nine years.
4. By midnight we (play) __________________________ this computer game for 48
hours.
5. She (talk) _________________________ on the phone for the last couple of hours.
6. They (look for) _____________________________ me all night long.
7. He (play) _______________________________ soccer all day long.
8. You (watch) _____________________________ TV all the time.
9. He (not/sleep) ____________________________ all morning.
10. (wait/they) ____________________________ for 2 hours?
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Future Mix
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.
1. I love London. I (probably / go) _____________________________ there next year.
2. Our train (leave) _________________________________________ at 4:50pm.
3. What (wear / you) _______________________________________ to the party?
4. I haven't made up my mind yet. But I think I (buy) _____________________ something
new.
5. This is my last day here. I (go) __________________________ back to England
tomorrow.
6. Hurry up! The conference (begin) ____________________________ in 20 minutes.
7. Look at these big black clouds! It (rain) ___________________________.
8. Here is the weather forecast. Tomorrow (be) _______________________ dry and
sunny.
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Conditional Sentences/If-Clauses Types I, II and III
Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to
express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in
the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.
Conditional Sentence Type I
→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Present Simple, will-Future
Example: If I find her address, I‟ll send her an invitation.
Conditional Sentence Type II
→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Past Simple, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
Conditional Sentence Type III
→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
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Conditional Sentences Types I, II and III
Conditional Sentence Type I
1. If you (go) ________ out with your friends tonight, I (watch) __________ the
football match on TV.
2. I (earn) _____________ a lot of money if I (get) __________ that job.
3. If she (hurry / not) _______________ , we (miss) _______________ the bus.
Conditional Sentence Type II
1. If he (try) ____________ harder, he (reach) _______________ his goals.
2. I (buy) ________________ these shoes if they (fit) _________________.
3. It (surprise / not) _______________ me if he (know / not) ______________ the
answer.
Conditional Sentence Type III
1. If we (listen) _____________ to the radio, we (hear) _________________ the
news.
2. If you (switch) _____________ on the lights, you (fall / not) ____________ over
the chair.
3. She (come) ______________ to our party if she (be / not) _______________ on
holiday.
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Conditional Sentences Types I, II and III
Complete the conditional sentences by putting the verbs into the correct form.
1. If they (have) have time at the weekend, they will come to see us.
2. If we sneak out quietly, nobody (notice) ______________________.
3. If we (know) ___________________ about your problem, we would have helped you.
4. If I (be) ______________ you, I would not buy that car.
5. We (arrive) _____________________________ earlier if we had not missed the bus.
6. If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life (not/be) ______________________ complete.
7. Okay, I (get) _______________ the popcorn if you buy the drinks.
8. If I (tell) __________________ you a secret, you would be sure to leak it.
9. I would not have read your diary if you (not hide) _______________________ it in such an obvious place.
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Form and Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
Adverbs are used to express how something is done (adjectives express how someone or something is).
Example: The dog sleeps quietly. The dog is absolutely quiet.
Form
In general: adjective + -ly
Adjective Adverb
slow slowly
Exceptions in Spelling
Exception Example
silent e is dropped in true, due, whole true → truly
y becomes i happy → happily
le after a consonant is dropped sensible → sensibly
after ll only add y full → fully
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Adjectives ending in -ic: adjective + -ally (exception: public-publicly)
Adjective Adverb
fantastic fantastically
Adjectives ending in -ly: use „in a … way / manner‟ or another adverb with similar meaning
Adjective Adverb
friendly in a friendly way in a friendly manner
likely probably
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Exceptions
Adjective Adverb (meaning) Adverb (meaning)
good well
difficult with difficulty
public publicly
deep deep (place) deeply (feeling)
direct direct directly (= soon)
hard hard hardly (= seldom)
high high (place) highly (figurative)
late late lately (= recently)
most most mostly (= usually)
near near nearly (= almost)
pretty pretty (=rather) prettily
short short shortly (= soon)
The following adjectives are also used as adverbs (without modification):
daily, enough, early, far, fast, hourly, little, long, low, monthly, much, straight, weekly, yearly, …
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Comparisons (- er/est)
Comparative ending in -er
Superlative ending in -est
one-syllable adverbs (hard) harder hardest
adverbs with the same form as adjectives (early)
earlier earliest
Comparison (more /most)
Comparative formed with more
Superlative formed with most
adverbs ending in -ly (friendly)
more happily most happily
Irregular Comparisons
Positive form Comparative Superlative
well better best
badly worse worst
ill worse worst
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little less least
much more most
far (place + time) further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
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Comparison of Adverbs
Fill in the correct adverb form (comparative or superlative) of the adjectives in brackets.
1. I speak English (fluent) more fluently now than last year.
2. She greeted me (polite) ______________________ of all.
3. She smiled (happy) ______________________ than before.
4. This girl dances (graceful) ___________________ of all.
5. Could you write (clear) ______________________?
6. Planes can fly (high) ________________________ than birds.
7. Omar had an accident last year. Now, he drives (careful) _____________________ than before.
8. Ali can run (fast) ___________________________ than Ahmed.
9. Our team played (bad) _______________________ of all.
10. He worked (hard) ___________________________ than ever before.
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Adjective or Adverb?
Write the correct form of the word in brackets.
1. That tortoise is (slow) _________________. It moves ___________________.
2. Eman is a (careful) ______________ girl. She does her homework ____________________.
3. The dog is (angry) ________________. It barks _______________________.
4. He acted (excellent) _______________. He‟s an _______________________ actor.
5. They learn English (easy) ___________. They think English is an ______________ language.
6. Mohamed is a (good) ___________ football player. He plays __________________.
7. It's (awful) ______________ cold today. The cold wind is _____________________.
8. Dogs rely on their noses as they can smell (extreme / good) If that is true, why does dog food
smell so (terrible) ________________________?
9. The little boy looked (sad) ______________. I went over to comfort him and he looked at me
_______________.
10. I tasted the soup (careful) _______________ but it tasted (wonderful) _________________.
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Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are for example may, can, must, should, need. They express an ability, permission, wish, etc. to do something (I may, can, must swim.)
Modal Verb Example
must I must swim = I have to swim.
must not I must not swim = I am not allowed to swim.
can I can swim = I am able to swim.
may I may swim = I am allowed to swim.
need I need to swim = I have to swim.
need not I need not swim = I don't have to swim.
shall / should/ ought to I shall / should / ought to swim = I am supposed to swim. / I am expected to swim.
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Modal Verbs
Fill in the correct modal verb.
1. We ought to win the race. → We ____________________ win the race.
2. I can swim. → I _____________________ swim.
3. You must meet my best friend. → You ________________ meet my best friend.
4. He should be in bed by now. → He ____________________in bed by now.
5. I must get up early. → I _______________________ get up early.
6. They may stay up late. → They _______________________ stay up late.
7. She needs to see the doctor. → She ___________________ to see the doctor.
8. We need not walk. → We __________________________ walk.
9. You must not sleep → You ____________________ sleep.
10. Should I go to the cinema with them? _____________________ go to the cinema with
them?
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Infinitive and Gerund
Infinitive
Use
Certain words are followed by an infinite verb with or without „to‟.
Use Example
as the subject of a clause To know you is to love you.
after certain expressions (without ‘to’) Why not go to the cinema?
after certain verbs (without ‘to’) I can swim.
after certain verbs (with ‘to’) He wants to swim.
after certain verbs with interrogatives (infinitive constructions)
They don‟t know how to swim.
after certain verbs with objects (without ‘to’) He made her swim.
after certain verbs with objects (with ‘to’) They wanted him to swim.
after certain adjectives and their comparisons It‟s easier to swim downstream.
after nouns derived from the verbs mentioned above
We made a promise to swim (derived from the verb ‘to promise’)
Gerund
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Form
ing form of the verb
Use
Certain words are followed by an ing-form.
Use Example
as the subject of a clause Cycling is good for your health.
after certain adjectives He‟s afraid of going by plane.
after certain prepositions Before going to bed he turned off the lights.
after certain verbs I enjoy cooking.
after certain verbs with prepositions I am looking forward to seeing you again.
after certain nouns We had problems finding our way back home.
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Words followed either by infinitive or ing-form
Use Example
same meaning I started to read. / I started reading.
same meaning but different use She forbids us to talk. / She forbids talking.
different meaning He stopped to smoke. / He stopped smoking.
infinitive or present participle I saw him go up the stairs. / I saw him going up the stairs.
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Infinitive and Gerund
Infinitive or Gerund? - Which is correct?
1. When you come to the crossroads - stop there.
a) Remember to stop at the crossroads.
b) Remember stopping at the crossroads.
c) Both possibilities are correct.
2. Yesterday she read the first pages of her new book.
a) She began to read her new book.
b) She began reading her new book.
c) Both possibilities are correct.
3. I was talking to my friend, but when the teacher came to class, I could not talk anymore.
a) I stopped to talk to him.
b) I stopped talking to him.
c) Both possibilities are correct.
4. We might go to England next year.
a) We intend to spend our holiday in England.
b) We intend spending our holiday in England.
c) Both possibilities are correct.
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5. I wanted to write a letter, but I didn't know what to write.
a) I tried to write a letter.
b) I tried writing a letter.
c) Both possibilities are correct.
6. I am sorry for something I said.
a) I regret to say that.
b) I regret saying that.
c) Both possibilities are correct.
7. She read the text. Then she stopped. Now I want her to continue with the text.
a) Continue to read.
b) Continue reading.
c) Both possibilities are correct.
8. You think your computer does not work, but you just haven't switched on the monitor yet.
a) Your computer does not work? Try to switch on the monitor.
b) Your computer does not work? Try switching on the monitor.
c) Both possibilities are correct.
9. The joke was so funny that he burst into laughter.
a) He started to laugh
b) He started laughing.
c) Both possibilities are correct.
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Nouns - Articles, Plural and Possessive Case
Article
Direct article - the
Example: the house
Indirect article a / an
A - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a consonant
Example: a car, a university
An - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a vowel
Example: an apple, an hour
Plural
General rule: singular form + s
Example: a car - two cars
After s, ch, x, z the plural is formed by adding es
Example: a box - two boxes
Y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s
Example: a city - two cities
But: y after a vowel is not changed
Example: a boy - two boys
After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case, however, with words used
for electric gadgets and music: radio, video, disco)
Example: a tomato - two tomatoes
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Possessive Case of Nouns
adding 's of phrase
usually used for people usually used for things
Peter's brother the name of the school
If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things, often the s
is added instead of using an of phrase.
Example: Germany's economy or the economy of Germany
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Indirect Articles
Which indirect article is correct? Use a or an
1. ________ key.
2. ________ bus.
3. ________ orange.
4. ________ apple.
5. ________ watch.
6. ________ ice-cream.
7. ________ umbrella.
8. ________ university.
9. ________ eight year old child.
10. ________ hour.
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Direct Articles
Decide whether or not to use the direct article.
1. We went to _________ cinema.
2. We usually have __________ dinner at seven o'clock.
3. He plays __________ tennis very well.
4. Can you play _________ guitar?
5. This is my last year at __________ school.
6. Dad loves listening to __________ radio.
7. They went to London by _________ plane.
8. We are going to see my cousins on _________ Friday.
9. Last night at eight we were ________ news on Al Jazeera.
10. That was an important day in _________ history.
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Nouns Singular or Plural?
Fill the gaps with the correct form of the nouns.
1. They ate some (tomato) tomatoes.
2. You can put (sugar) ____________ in your tea.
3. We have to buy new (furniture) _______________.
4. I need to wash my (hair) ___________.
5. We had lots of (fun) ____________.
6. Our neighbours have a lot of (money) ______________.
7. How many (people) ____________ were at the cinema with you?
8. Could you give some (information) _____________ on your project?
9. In this hotel, (family) _____________ are very welcome.
10. Those (man) __________ seem to be very tired.
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Passive Voice
Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known however,
who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is
dropped)
Examples of Passive
Tense Subject Verb Object
Present
Continuous
Active: Rita is writing a letter.
Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.
Past
Continuous
Active: Rita was writing a letter.
Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.
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The Statue of Liberty
Complete the sentences (Active or Passive Voice). Use Present Simple or Past Simple.
1. The Statue of Liberty (give) was given to the United States by France.
2. It (be) ___________ a present on the 100th anniversary of the United States.
3. The Statue of Liberty (design) __________________ by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi.
4. It (complete) ___________________ in France in July 1884.
5. In 350 pieces, the statue (ship) ________________ to New York, where it (arrive)
______________ on 17 June 1885.
6. The pieces (put) ________________ together and the opening ceremony (take)
_____________ place on 28 October 1886.
7. The Statue of Liberty (be) _____________ 46 m high (93 m including the base).
8. The statue (represent) _________________ the goddess of liberty.
9. She (hold) __________________ a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand.
10. On the tablet you (see / can) _____________________ the date of the Declaration of
Independence (July 4, 1776).
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Passive Voice
Rewrite the sentences using the passive voice.
1. John collects money. _____________________________________________.
2. Shamma opened the window. ______________________________________.
3. We have done our homework. ______________________________________.
4. I will ask a question. _____________________________________________.
5. He can cut out the picture. _________________________________________.
6. The sheep ate a lot. _______________________________________________.
7. We do not clean our rooms. ________________________________________.
8. William will not repair the car. ______________________________________.
9. Did Haitham draw this circle? ______________________________________?
10. Could you feed the dog? __________________________________________?
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Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. (The more formal a conversation or text, the fewer phrasal verbs are found.)
Phrasal verbs consist of a verb plus a particle (preposition, adverb). The particle can change the meaning of the verb completely, e.g.:
look up – consult a reference book (look a word up in a dictionary)
look for – seek (look for her ring)
look forward – anticipate with pleasure (look forward to meeting someone)
There are no rules that might explain how phrasal verbs are formed correctly - all you can
do is look them up in a good dictionary and study their meanings. In these lists, you will
find some frequently used phrasal verbs and their meanings.
Frequently Used Phrasal Verbs:
break, bring, call, carry, come, do, fall, get, go, keep, look, make, put, run, set, take, turn
Position of the Particle
The particle is placed either after the verb or after the object.
Example: Write down the word. / Write the word down.
If the object is a pronoun, however, the particle has to be placed after the pronoun (object).
Example: Write it down.
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Phrasal Verbs
Complete the phrasal verbs with the correct particles.
1. I don't know where my book is. I must look for it.
2. Fill ______ the form, please.
3. The music is too loud. Could you turn ____________ the volume, please?
4. Quick, get ________ the bus or you'll have to walk home.
5. Turn ________ the lights when you go to bed.
6. Do you mind if I switch ________ the television? I'd like to watch the news.
7. The dinner was ruined. I had to throw it ___________ .
8. When you enter the house, take ____________ your shoes and put some slippers
__________.
9. If you don't know this word, you can look it ___________ in a dictionary.
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Prepositions
Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs).
Prepositions – Time
Usage Example
on days of the week on Monday
in months / seasons
time of day
year
after a certain period of time (when?)
in August / in winter
in the morning
in 2006
in an hour
at for night
for weekend
a certain point of time (when?)
at night
at the weekend
at half past nine
since from a certain point of time (past till now)
since 1980
for over a certain period of time (past till now)
for 2 years
ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago
before earlier than a certain point of time before 2004
to telling the time ten to six (5:50)
past telling the time ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until
marking the beginning and end of a period of time
from Monday to / until Friday
till / until in the sense of how long something is going to last
He is on holiday until Friday.
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Usage Example
by in the sense of at the latest
up to a certain time
I will be back by 6 o‟clock.
By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.
Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)
Usage Example
in room, building, street, town, country
book, paper etc.
car, taxi
picture, world
in the kitchen, in London
in the book
in the car, in a taxi
in the picture, in the world
at meaning next to, by an object
for table
for events
place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)
at the door, at the station
at the table
at a concert, at the party
at the cinema, at school, at work
on attached
for a place with a river
being on a surface
for a certain side (left, right)
for a floor in a house
for public transport
for television, radio
the picture on the wall
London lies on the Thames.
on the table
on the left
on the first floor
on the bus, on a plane
on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside
left or right of somebody or something Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else
The bag is under the table.
below lower than something else but above ground
The pipes are below the surface.
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Usage Example
over covered by something else
meaning more than
getting to the other side (also across)
overcoming an obstacle
put a jacket over your shirt
over 16 years of age
walk over the bridge
climb over the wall
above higher than something else, but not directly over it
a path above the lake
across getting to the other side (also over)
walk across the bridge
swim across the lake
through something with limits on top, bottom and the sides
drive through the tunnel
to movement to person or building
movement to a place or country
for bed
go to the cinema
go to Ireland / London
go to bed
into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the house
towards movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)
go 5 steps towards the house
onto movement to the top of something jump onto the table
from in the sense of where from a flower from the garden
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Other Important Prepositions
Usage Example
from who gave it a present from Jane
of who/what does it belong to
what does it show
a page of the book
the picture of a palace
by who made it a book by Mark Twain
on walking or riding on horseback
entering a public transport vehicle
on foot, on horseback
get on the bus
in entering a car / Taxi get in the car
off leaving a public transport vehicle get off the train
out of leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxi
by rise or fall of something
travelling (other than walking or horse riding)
Prices have risen by 10%.
by car, by bus
at for age She learned Russian at 45.
about for topics, meaning what about We were talking about you.
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Prepositions – Buses
Complete the exercise with the correct prepositions.
1. If you want to go _________ bus, you have to go ______________ the bus stop.
2. You look __________ the time table.
3. Then you wait __________ your bus.
4. When the bus arrives, you get ___________ the bus.
5. You buy a ticket _________ the driver or show your ticket _________ the driver.
6. When you arrive ______ your destination, you get _________________ the bus.
7. Sometimes you even have to change buses _________________ another bus stop.
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Prepositions – McDonald’s
Complete the exercise with the correct prepositions.
1. The first McDonald‟s restaurant was opened _______ Richard and Maurice ________ the 15th
_________ May 1940.
2. The best selling products ___________ their restaurant were hamburgers.
3. So the McDonald brothers thought _____________ a way to produce hamburgers more quickly.
4. This was introduced ________ 1948 and became known _________ the Speedy Service System.
5. The first franchised McDonald‟s restaurant was opened _________ 1953, and today you can
find McDonald‟s restaurants ____________ more than 100 countries.
6. The meats ________ the burgers vary _________ the culture __________ the country.
7. Franchisees and future managers ________ McDonald‟s restaurants are trained _________
Hamburger University, which is located _________ Oak Brook, a suburb ________ Chicago.
8. McDonalds is also known ____________ its sponsorship ___________ various international
sport events.
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Pronouns (Personal, Possessive, Reflexive and Relative Pronouns)
Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
subject form object form possessive adjective
possessive pronoun
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
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Personal Pronouns - Subject Form
Example: We have got some books.
Personal Pronouns - Object Form
Example: The books are for us.
Possessive Adjectives
Example: These are our books.
Possessive Pronouns
Example: The books are ours.
Reflexive Pronouns
Example: He can carry the bags himself.
Relative Pronouns
Example: This is the man who lives next door.
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Pronouns Possessive Pronouns
Replace the personal pronouns with possessive pronouns.
1. This book is (you) yours.
2. The ball is (I) ____________.
3. The blue car is (we) _____________.
4. The ring is (she) _____________.
5. This house is (they) _____________.
6. The luggage is (he) _____________.
7. The pictures are (she) ____________.
8. This cat is (we) _____________.
9. This was not my fault. It was (you) _____________.
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Question Tags
Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking
to. That‟s not really difficult, is it?
Form
positive main clause → negative question tag
negative main clause → positive question tag
Examples
You are Tom, aren‟t you?
He isn‟t Joe, is he?
Main clause with auxiliary verb → use auxiliary verb in question tag
You‟ve got a car, haven‟t you?
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Question Tags
Complete the sentences with the correct question tags.
1. Mr. Murphy is from Ireland, isn’t he?
2. The car isn't in the garage _____________?
3. You are John, __________________?
4. She went to the library yesterday, _______________?
5. He didn't recognise me, _________________?
6. Cars pollute the environment _________________?
7. Mrs. Pritchard has been to Scotland recently __________________?
8. The trip is very expensive _________________?
9. He won't tell her _________________?
10. Sultan had a red car _______________?
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Relative Clauses
How to Form Relative Clauses:
Imagine a man is talking to Robert. You want to know who he is and ask a friend whether he
knows him. You could say:
A man is talking to Robert. Do you know the man?
That sounds rather complicated, doesn't it? It would be easier with a relative clause: you put both
pieces of information into one sentence. Start with the most important thing – you want to know
who the man is.
Do you know the man…
As your friend cannot know which man you are talking about, you need to put in the additional
information – the man is talking to Robert. Use „the man‟ only in the first part of the sentence; in
the second part replace it with the relative pronoun (for people, use the relative pronoun „who‟).
So the final sentence is:
Do you know the man who is talking to Robert?
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Relative Clauses
Complete the sentences using relative clauses. Use who or which.
1. A Scot is a person (live in Scotland) who lives in Scotland.
2. Nessie is a monster (live in Loch Ness) _______________________.
3. A fridge is a thing (keep food cool) __________________________.
4. A pianist is someone (play a piano) __________________________.
5. A bee is an insect (make honey) ____________________________.
6. A lemon is a fruit (be yellow and sour) ________________________.
7. A watch is a thing (tell the time) ______________________________.
8. A ferry is a ship (carry people across the water) ______________________________.
9. A shop assistant is someone (work in a shop) ________________________________.
10. A key is a thing (can open and lock doors) ___________________________________.
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Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)
If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker‟s exact words
(direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform
direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you
want to transform a statement, question or request.
Statements
When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:
pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions
Type Example
direct speech “I speak English.”
reported speech
He says that he speaks English.
reported speech
He said that he spoke English.
Questions
When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:
pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses
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Also note that you have to:
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if / whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech “Why don‟t you speak English?”
reported speech He asked me why I didn‟t speak English.
without interrogative direct speech “Do you speak English?”
reported speech He asked me whether/if I spoke English.
Requests
When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:
pronouns place and time expressions
Type Example
direct speech “Carol, speak English.”
reported speech He told Carol to speak English.
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Reported Speech
Complete the sentences using reported speech. Note whether the sentence is a request, a statement or a question.
1. He said, "I like this song."
→ He said ________________________________________________.
2. "Where is your sister?" she asked me.
→ She asked me ___________________________________________.
3. "I don't speak Italian," she said.
→ She said _______________________________________________.
4. "Say hello to Jim," they said.
→ They asked me __________________________________________.
5. "The film began at seven o'clock," he said.
→ He said ________________________________________________.
6. "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said.
→ She told the boys ________________________________________.
7. "Where have you spent your money?" she asked him.
→ She asked him __________________________________________.
8. "I never make mistakes," he said.
→ He said ________________________________________________.
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Reported Speech
Complete the sentences using reported speech. Note whether the sentence is a request, a statement or a question and whether you have to change the tenses or not.
1. "I was very tired," she said.
→ She said ______________________________________________.
2. "Be careful, Ayesha," she said.
→ She told Ayesha __________________________________________.
3. "I will get myself a drink," she says.
→ She says _______________________________________________.
4. "Why haven't you phoned me?" he asked me.
→ He wondered ___________________________________________.
5. "I cannot drive them home," he said.
→ He said ________________________________________________.
6. "Ali, do you prefer tea or coffee?" he says.
→ He asks Ali ____________________________________________.
7. "Where did you spend your holidays last year?" she asked me.
→ She asked me ___________________________________________.
8. He said, "Don't go too far."
→ He advised her __________________________________________.
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Short Answers
Saying „Yes, I do. / No, I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying „Yes. / No.‟ That‟s
why short answers are very commonly used.
To form the short answer, you use the first word from the question. (This is either an auxiliary verb or a form of „be‟).
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes). Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no).
Question Affirmative Negative
Do we know him? Yes, we do. No, we don‟t.
Can she see me? Yes, she can. No, she can‟t.
Have they read the book? Yes, they have. No, they haven‟t.
Is he hungry? Yes, he is. No, he isn‟t.
Note: If „you‟ is the subject of the question, „you‟ must be replaced by „I‟ or „we‟.
Question Affirmative Negative
Do you know him? Yes, I / we do. No, I / we don‟t.
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If the question starts with „are you‟, „are‟ must sometimes be replaced by „am‟.
Question Affirmative Negative
Are you hungry? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
But: → Yes, we are. No, we aren‟t.
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Short Answers
Complete the short answers with the correct form.
1. Are you from Germany? – Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
2. Are Ismail and Jasem your friends? – Yes ___________. / No, _______________.
3. Has your brother got a car? – Yes, ____________. / No, ____________________.
4. Do you speak English? – Yes _____________. / No, _______________________.
5. Can he play football? – Yes, ______________. / No, _______________________.
6. Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester? – Yes, ______________. /
No, __________________.
7. Is she going by bus? – Yes, _______________. / No, ________________________.
8. Did you talk to him? – Yes, _______________. / No, ________________________.
9. Have you been waiting for long? – Yes, _____________. / No, _________________.
10. Will she send us an email?- Yes, _______________. / No, _____________________.