grammar books semeser 2
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TRANSCRIPT
Sofía Thompson1st
Table of Contents 1st semester
• Preterit• Trigger Words Preterit • Car, Gar, Zar• Spock Verbs• Snake and Snakey• Cucaracha• Imperfect• Tigger Words Imperfect• Irregulars• Preterit vs. Imperfect• Ser vs. Estar• Verbs like Gustar
• Comparatives/Superlatives• Transition Words• Future• Trigger Words Future• Irregulars• Por• Para• Conditional• Irregulars
é íaste isteó ióamos imosasteis isteisaron ieron
• For actions that can be viewed as single events• For actions that were repeated a specific number of times• For actions that occurred during a specific period of time• For actions that were part of a chain of events• To state the beginning or the end of an action• Completed actions• Express beginning/end of a completed action• Narrate a series of past actions/events
AR ER/IR
anoche
ayer
ante ayer
un día Hace __ que__
el __ pasado
una vez
el mes pasado
el martes
a las ocho
-CAR changes to qué-GAR changes to gué-ZAR changes to cé
NOTE: ONLY CHANGES IN THE YO FOURM!
jugué jugamos
jugaste jugasteis
jugó jugaron
jugar
busqué buscamos
buscaste buscasteis
buscó buscaron
almorcé almorzamos
almorzaste almorzasteis
almorzó almorzaron
buscar almorzar
Ir/Ser
Dar/Ver
Hacer
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fueron
hice
hiciste
hizo
hicimos
hicieron
di vi
diste viste
dio vio
dimos vimos
dieron vieron
Stem changers in usted and ustedescan change e ~ i or o ~u
Need to have “y” in the usted and ustedes leí leimos
leiste
leyó leyeron
dormí dormimos
dormiste
durmio duermieron
andarestarpoderponerquerersabertenervenirconducirproducirtraducirdecirtraer
anduv-estuv-pud-pus-quis-sup-tuv-vin-conduj-produj-traduj-dij-traj- } eron* in the
ellos/ellas/ustedes fourm
e
iste
o
imos
ieron
endings
aba ía
abas ías
aba ía
ábamos íamos
abais íais
aban ían
AR ER/IR• For actions that were repeated habitually• For actions that “set the stage” for another past action• For telling time• For stating one’s age• For mental states (usually)• For physical sensations (usually)• To describe the characteristics of people, things, or conditions
a veces
a menudo
de vez en cuando
mientas
muchas veceslos lunes
cada días
todos los días
frecuentemente
siempre
iba
ibas
iba
íbamos
ibais
ibanera
eras
era
éramos
erais
eran
veía
veías
veía
veíamos
veíais
veían
Ir
Ser
Ver
• Has a definite ending• Has a beginning/ending• The most recent past• Perfected time• Interrupting action• Snapshot
• The distant past• No definite ending or beginning • Imperfected time• Continuous action• Movie
HELPING
health
emotions
location
present condition}-ando
-endo-yendo
DOCTORPED
description
origin
characteristics
time
occupation
relationship
possession
events
dates
• Singular form used when infinitive form of verb follows• Often used in the conditional (would, should, could) to soften request • Use with pronouns : Me
Te Le
Nos Les
aburrir
encantar
faltar
fascinarimportar
interesar
molestar
quedar dolerdisgustar
preocuparapetecer
más (adjective) queel/la más (adjective) de
menos (adjective) queel/la menos (adjective) de
Irregulars:
bueno ~ mejorviejo ~ mayormalo ~ peorjoven ~ menor
With numbers:
más de or menos de with number
tan (adjective) como
******* must use adjective after tan!!
NOTE: Do not need adjective with these
Transition Wordsaunque even thoughtambién alsomientras whilea pesar de in spite ofpero butpor lo tanto thereforesin embargo/no obstante
nevertheless
infinitive + é infinitive + emosinfinitive + ás infinitive +éisinfinitive + á infinitive + án
• All verbs use the same endings• Must include the inifinitive of the verb with the appropriate ending
mañana
proximo día
dos horas
decir dirhacer harponer pondrsalir saldrtener tendrvaler valdrvenir vendrpoder podrquerer querrsaber sabrcaber cabrhaber habrhay habrá
NOTE: Use with the same endings as regular future tense verbs
• Passing through (PORtal)• General rather than specific location (PORtugal)• How long something lasts (PORever)• the cause of something (PORpuse)•an exchange (imPORt/exPORt)• doing something in place of or instead of something else (I’m POR, pay POR me)• a means of transportation (transPORtation)
• For whom something is done (surprise PARAty)• Destination (PARAguy)• The purpose for which something is done (PARAsites)• To express an opinion (PARAdon me)• To contrast or compare • To express idea of a deadline (PARAmedic)
ConditionalInfinitive +
ía
ías
ía
íamos
íais
ían
would
should
could
Caber Cabr-
Poner Pondr-
Decir Dir-
Haber Habr-
Salir Saldr-
Hacer Har-
Poder Podr-
Tener Tendr-
Querer Querr-
Valer Valdr-
Saber Sabr-
Venir Vendra-
Use the same endings as the regulars
Table of Contents 2nd semester
• Conditional + Irregulars• Present Perfect• Past Perfect• Present perfect irregulars• Subjunctive perfect • Tanto y Tan• Impersonal ‘Se’• Saber vs. Conocer• Los Mandatos• Informal/Formal
– Affirmative– Negative – Irregular – DOP + IOP placement
• Nosotros Commands
– Mono verbs• Subjunctive and Irregulars
– Trigger phrases– Impersonal expressions– Expressions of Emotion– Conjunctions of time
• Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns
• would; could; should
• used for a possibility, probability, or wonder
ía
Ías
Ía
Íamos
Ían
caber cabr-
poner pondr-
decir dir-
haber habr-
salir saldr-
hacer har-
poder podr-
tener tendr-
querer querr-
valer valdr-
saber sabr-
venir vendr-
Present Perfect• form of the present verb ‘hacer’ and the past participle of another verb
• time in the past + still time
• completed recently
•have or have not done
-ar ado
-er ido
-ir ido
he
has
ha
hemos
habéis
han
Past Perfect• a compound tense
• need the main verb and the verb had (haber)
había
habías
había
habíamos
habían
abrir abierto
cubrir cubierto
decir dicho
escribir escrito
hacer hecho
morir muerto
poner puesto
resolver resuelto
romper roto
ver visto
volver vuelto
ir ido
• used when a verb or expression requires the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect
• when the dependent clause is in the present or future, the present subjunctive is used
• when the dependent clause is in the past, use the present perfect subjunctive
hayahayashaya
hayamoshayan
haber + past participle
• tan: used with an adjective or adverb followed by como
• tanto: used with a noun followed by como; can be tanto, tanta, tantos, tantas
• use ‘se’ to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb
• when using ‘se’, the verb is always in the 3rd person
•‘se’ can be used in all tenses
• Se hizo mucho. Se haría mucho. Se había mucho
to know facts to know people, places, literary works
sé
sabes
sabe
sabemos
saben
conozco
conoces
conoce
conocemos
conocen
Los Mandatos the commands!
• can be formal or informal
• can be affirmative or negative
Informal/Formalusted/ustededs commands
• put in the yo form of the verb
• drop the ‘o’ and add the opposite ending (ar-e; er/ir-a)
• plural, add an ‘n’
• comer coma or coman
tu commands
• can be affirmative or negative
• affirmitive: conjugate the verb in the 3rd person present
hablar habla
• negative: conjugate to the ‘yo’ form, drop the o and add the opposite ‘tu’ ending
hablar no hables
Tu Commands (informal)
• conjuate to the ‘tu’ form and drop the ‘s’
•comer come
• cantar canta
Tu Commands (informal)
• put in the ‘yo’ form of the verb
• opposite vowel (ar-e; er/ir-a)
• add an ‘s’
•comer no comas
di
haz
ve
pon
sal
sé
ten
ven
informal TV DISHES
tener tengue/en
venir venga/an
dar or decir dé/en or diga/an
ir vaya/an
ser sea/an
hacer tener
estoy esté/en
saber sepá/an
affirmative commands:• the object pronouns are
attached at the end of the command of the verb; cómprelo
• when dealing with direct and indirect object pronouns, the indirect object pronoun is attached before the direct object pronoun: cómpremelo
negative commands:• the object pronoun
must be placed before the command; it cannot be attached
• just as with the affirmative commands, the direct object comes before the indirect object pronoun
• conjugate the ‘yo’ form of the verb in the present tense
• drop the ‘o’ and add the opposite nosotros ending (ar-emos; eri/ir-amos)
• hablar hablemos comer comamos
• with reflexive verbs, conjugate the command the same as regular nosotros commands, drop the ‘s’ of the command then attach the reflexive pronoun; referred to as mono verbs
• levantemos levantémonos
• Present Subjunctive is conjugated just like commands; conjuate to the yo form and change to the opposite vowel ending.
• The irregulars are conjugated in the irregular form and follow it. Irrgulars include dar, estar, ir, saber, and ser.
ar er ir
e a a
es as as
e a a
emos amos amos
en an an
Trigger Phraseses bueno que
es malo que
es necesario que
alegrar se de que
esperar que
sentir que
asi que
luego que
hasta que
es bueno que… it’s good that…
es mejor que… it’s better that…
es malo que… it’s bad that…
es importante que… it’s important that…
es necesario que… it’s necessary that…
es fácil que… it’s easy that…
Expressions of Emotion• a main clause (hope, fear, joy, pity, surprise) followed by the subordinate clause (subjunctive)
ojalá que (i hope that; i wish that)
es triste que (it's sad that)
es raro que (it's strange that)
sorprender (to surprise)
temer que(to be afraid that)
estar contento que (to be happy that)
snetir (to be sorry; to regret)
alegrarse de (to be happy)
• for conjunctions of time, you take the indicative form when the action in the subordinate clause is either habitual or in the past
• the subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the future
así que as soon as
cuando when
despues de que after
en cuanto as soon as
hasta que until
luego que as soon as
tan pronto como as soon as
Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns
este/esta this
ese/esa that
aquel/aquella that over there
Singularestos/estas these
esos/esas those
aquellos/aquellas those over there
Plural