grammar (clause within clause)

8/20/2019 Grammar (Clause Within Clause)

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CLAUSES WITHIN

CLAUSES

Hardiansyah1502896

A



Clauses

Finite sub-clauses:DeclarativeInterrogativeRelative

Non-fnite sub-clauseBare infnitive

To-infnitive-ing participle

Passive participle

Subjectless clauses



Clauses

Clause: The unit formed around a lexical ver!

"xam#le: He can sing a song.

Ty#es of Clauses

$ %ain Clause:Clause that forms a sentence

$ &u$Clause: Clause that form #art of some other clause



Main Clause an Sub-clause

We can listen to records

Main Clause

and i'll probably dream up a few song

Main Clause

But It's very nice to get married

Main Clause

i don't want to make a habbit of it

Main Clause

Coordination

I swear that ' didn(t dream it!

&u$ Cluase

%ain Clause

BUT

Co-ordin

THAT is a com#lementi)er



T!e C!aracteristics o" Sub-clauses*

T!e# $a# be introuce b# co$pli$enti%esuc! as that

&': I wish that I had gone that day.

I wish I had gone that day.

* So$e o" t!e$ can not !ave a

co$ple$enti%er&': We can make the characters act the wareal kids act.

* So$e o" t!e$ lac( subjects

&': We intend to grow our hair even longer

for the cause.



Si%es o" o" Sub-clauses

* ) "ull clause *it! a co$ple$enti%er +S,

I s*ear that I didn’t dream it.

* ) "ull clause *it!out a co$ple$enti%er +S

.o!n $ae the journalist look stupid.

* ) clause *it! no co$ple$enti%er an nosubject +/P

0e inten to grow our hair even longer fothe cause



S

NP /P

I / S1

s*ear C2MP S

t!at3+ ,- .-

i

in1t rea$ it



S

NP /P

.o!n / S

$ae NP /P +B)R&

t!e journalist / )P

loo( stupi



S

S /P

NP /P / /P+INF

0e inten to

gro* our !air even longer "or t!e c



Ty#es of su$clauses

/inte su$clauses:

eclarative

'nterroativeelative

,on$finite su$clauses:

3are infinitiveTo$infinitive

$in #artici#le-assive #artici#le



eclarative

&u$Clauses

That Clause They can al4ays have com#lementi)er

/unction ect : ' 4ish that i had gone that day

&uect : hat there is no sick dog is odd

&uect Com#lement : The horrile story is

Another /untion of this &u$clauses is as Adverial

/unction

't ans4ers 7uestions lie why! when! how

hich com#lementi)er that is used de#en

function of the adverial clause!

e! : As i come from ondon; ' lauhed nereason!



'nteroative &u$Clauses

yes"no 7uestion The suordinate clause #arallel to amared y one of t4o com#lementi)

"!: ho ne4 if this was going to

't can occur in the same #osition as"! : <ou as me whether I am gay

'n some #ositions; you can ony hav

and not an If clause! ='n a suect cextra#osed>

"! : hether he is a teacher or a d

'f the suect is extra#osed; eitherthe o!

#.g$ It wasn%t clear if&whether eff (

brothers or gay couple

hether can also occur in to"infini

4hereas if cannot



'nteroative &u$Clauses

h$7uestions Wh"clause has the same form as a main c

interrogative 4ith the usual difference that

o#erator inversion!

Wh"sub"clauses can occur in the same #oclauses!

"! : ' 4onder why he was staring at me

Wh"sub"clauses can function as adverial

"! : When i I got back home! ' tried a little

ex#eriment!



elative clauses Wh"clauses often appear in functions in which *+s could also

This clause is used to add information so; the hearer can et s#ecific information and et the correct one! 't is called a restr

relative clause.

"! : a #icture which appeared within the sleeve of a ,ennon

Non-restrictive relative clause: To a inciental in"or$ation o" NP T!ere are co$$as aroun relative clause4

&4g: M# *i"e5 *!o live in Ne* 6or(4



?Who% indicate the suect =#eo#le and #ets> #.g$ The oy who she loves the

7Which’ iniacate non-!u$anantecenents

#-ample$ The oo Which I b

7whose’ possessive eter$iner o" noun #-ample$ ona; whose sister

‘Whom’ is use to replace t!eobject4

.g:t!e little bo# at t!e birt!a# part# whomto talk to.t!e little bo# at t!e birt!a# part# to w

wants to talk.7pie piping, place t!e preposition atrelative pronun4



That-clauses versus relative clauses with that

The differences are:

'n the relative clasuse; that can al4ays e re#laced y who or w

in relative clause; there is al4ays some elements missin @

this is the constituent re#resented y the relative #ronoun!

#-ample$

that"clause$ )nd what about the rumours that you slept with you

co"star /)01233$345

relative clause: And 4hat aout the rumours that you spread wi

co"star

elative clause function as a modifier of the noun; 4hereas thefunction as the com#liment of the noun!

#-ample$

the rumour that you slept with your male co"star that you cate

com#lement modithat"clause relative



3are infinitive

To$infinitive

$in #artici#le

-assive #artici#le

,on$finite su$clauses:

'n non$finite clause; com#lementi)er is never o4hether it has to e there or it cant e there!



3are 'nvinitive

't cannot have com#lementi)er and the ver strinonly consist of one ver

3are infinitive can have a suect;ut enerally in a form of oect!

"! : ather than him leave his 4ife; i thin they should sell the do!



To$infinitive

/untions

't ca e a suect; either extra#osed or in the normal suect

#osition!"!

"xtra#osed &uect: 't 4as fun to createcatch #hrases

't modifies the adective!

't can e an oect of a ver

"!Chanes in leislation; re7uirin people to provide two forms of

I6.



't can functions as adverial

"!'t 4as fun for matt to create catch phrases

't can funtions as a modifier to a ,-

"!

u#ert %urdoch has a lot to than 3art &im#son for

To$infinitive can occur 4ith or 4ithout suect! 4hen 4e inserted the

suect; 4e also had to insert element for.

"!'ll have to et a little man to change them over



-ing participle* T!e "untions

* It can be a subject5 object5 co$ple$ent o" a noun 5 an $oifer o" t!e nou

". #sking for identi$cation from the vurnera!le is totall# *rong4 +Subject

84 I i$agine popping in my coin. +2bject

94 o$eless people loo(ing "or a !ostel acco$oation4 +co$ple$ent o" a no

;4 is S(inn#-ipping client + $oifer o" a noun

,on finite clauses uilt around the in$#artici#le often function as adverial! 4hen they f

adverial clauses; $in clauses are often introduced y a #re#osition!

"! : 'n %osco4 a #erformer 4ith the state circus ex#ired after attempting to swallow an

bowling ball.

$in$#artici#le can have a suect; and such suects can occur either in usual oect fo

#ossesive form!

": His mother doesnt lie him sleeping rough

His mother doesnt lie his sleeping rough



Passiveparticiple

* T!e "untions

* It can be an object o" verbs an averbial

<4 0e s!oul !ave !a the kids checked for %&' compliance.

84 I iscovere t!at 5 when e+pected to speak foreign languaDutc! can strangel reticent4 +averbial

* It can $oi"# nounst!e boo(, edited !y professor artley ean from /uton 0nive

* sa$e as ing-participle5 a passive participle can never !ave co$ple$enti%er4



S=B.&CT>&SS C>)=S&S

<4 Controlle Subject0!en t!e $eaning o" t!e $issing subject is t!e sa$

t!at o" so$e ot!er ele$ent in t!e sentence4

For e'a$ple: 7 S$iling c!eer"ull#5 she t#pe t!e let

84 )rbitrar# Re"erence

0!en t!e $eaning o" t!e subject can,t be "oun inssentence so t!at t!e interpretation beco$es gen

For e'a$ple : )s(ing "or ientifcation "ro$ t!e vulnis totall# *rong



Trees

* In ter$ o" s#ntactic categor#5 ever# sub-clause bto one o" t!ree categories :

& if it has a com#lementi)er; or could have had a com#lementi)er!

& if it cannot have com#lementi)er ut has a suect!

.- if it has neither a com#lementi)er nor a suect



* Subject: &'trapose Subject To stu# &nglis! is "un

S S

S13S3/P /P S S13S3/P

To stu# &nglis! /gp )P NP /P

)u' / ) /gp )P

Tense )u' / )

+Pres is "un Tense

It +pres is "un to stu# &nglis!

S 2bject3



S 2bject3Co$ple$ent

NP /P

I / S1

s*ear C2MP S

t!at3+ ,- .-

i

in1t rea$ it



)veS

S13S3/P S

NP /P

To be ?uite onest5 I li(e T!e Si$psons



Co$ple$ent o"

NP

Det N1

a N1 S1

N C2MP S

picture *!ic! /P

appeare *it!in t!e sleeve o" a >ennon >P

B I f iti



S

NP /P

.o!n / S

$ae NP /P +B)R&

t!e journalist / )P

loo( stupi

Bare InfnitiClause



-ing-clause

S

/P S

/ NP NP /P

Stubbing out $# cigarette i bi(e



Passive particlause

NP

Det N1

T!e N1 /P +PP)RT

N /1 PP

boo( / b# pro"essor D "ro$ >=

eite



T!an( #ou

grammar (clause within clause)

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