81.2 1 G72 11 11
. 1 !
GRAMMAR FOR PROFESSIONALLY-ORIENTED
FOREIGN LANGUAGE 5B050900 - «,», 5B060800 - «», 5B070800 - «^ ici», 5071200 - « », 5072900 - «^», 5073200 - «,
( )», 5080100 - «»
-
- !
!
GRAMMAR FOR PROFESSIONALLY-ORIENTED
FOREIGN LANGUAGE 5B050900 - “”, 5B060800 — “”, 5B070800 - “^ ici”, 5071200 - “ ”, 5072900 -
“¥”, 5073200 - “, ( )”, 5080100 - “”
- ^

811.111(07) 81.2 -9 --------G7I- .
- !1 -11 !
|1: . . — ,
!;
. . — , .
: . . , . .
G71 Grammar for professionally-oriented language: 5B050900 - “”, 5B060800 - “”, 5070800 - “ ici'% 5071200 - “ ”, 5072900 - “”, 5073200 - “, ( )”, 5080100 - “” -11 / . : . . , . . . - : , 2013 .-58 .
-!1 «Grammar for professionally-oriented language» K3ci6n , , , 6epinreH.
<
tfipfe ^
>1
j
, ! , Tijii . 1> - ,»|’ ¡.
¥ - «Grammar for professionally-oriented foreign language» ^ .
- . -, , , .
- 1 12 . .
I Active voice
1.1 Put the verbs in brackets into the past perfect or the past perfect continuous:
1) 1 was tired because 1 ....... (work) hard all day. 2) When 1 got to the station, the last train....... (already/leave) 3) B en.......(live) in Rome for two years before he moved to Paris.
4) Sally.......(eat) so much chocolate that she felt sick. 5) My hand was hurting because I ....... (write) all day. 6) I got wet because I ....... (forget) to take my umbrella. 7) He was pleased because h e ....... (pass) his exam. 8) 1 (study) for three days before I took my test.
1.2 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense My uncle Quentin (1 ) ....... (travel) to Rome frequently. He (2 ) ........
(already/go) there twice this month. He (3) ....... (fall) in love with a beautiful Italian woman two years ago and he ( 4 ) ....... (go) out with her ever since. 1 think he (5 ) .......(propose) to her soon.
1.3 Put the verbs in brackets into the past perfect or the past perfect continuous:
1) I was tired because I ....... (work) hard all day. 2) When I got to the station, the last train .......(already/leave) 3) B en....... (live) in Rome for two years before he moved to Paris.
4) Sally....... (eat) so much chocolate that she felt sick. 5) My hand was hurting because I ....... (write) all day. 6) I got wet because I ....... (forget) to take my umbrella. 7) He was pleased because h e ....... (pass) his exam. 8) I ....... (study) for three days before I took my test.
1.4 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense The Queen (1) ....... (have) a garden party at Buckingham Palace
ever>' year. Last year she ( 2 ) ....... (invite) a friend of mine. He ( 3 ) ......... (borrow) some money from me to buy a new outfit and he (4) ....... (still/try) to pay it all back. I think ( 5 ) .......(write) to Her Majesty and ask her not to invite him again!
1.5 Put each verb given into the present simple or continuous, or the past simple or continuous:
1) What (usually you d o )..... at the weekend? 2) What (you ge t)....... for your birthday last week?
3) ‘What are you doing?’ ‘I (check) ....... this letter for spelling mistakes.’
4) 1 got to the station at 3pm, (w ait)....... for half an hour, then came back here.
5) George (watch)....... the television when I arrived at his flat. 6) At the moment inflation (increase).......slowly. 7) James (turn o n ) ....... the television so we could watch the football
match. 8) Every day Helen (check)....... her emails when she gets home. 9) ‘Where (you g o ) ....... ?’ ‘To the shops. Do you want to come
with me?’ 10) ‘What games (you play) ....... when you were young?’ ‘Hiding
from people, trying to catch people, all the usual things.’ 11) When I arrived at the checkout a lot of people (w ait)....... in the
queue. 12) Buy one next year - prices (go down) ....... quite fast at the
moment. 13) ‘Where (you g o ) .......on Saturday afternoons?’ ‘Shopping, with
my mother.’ 14) Prices (go down) .......quite fast when other, similar models
started to appear. 15) ‘What game (you play) ....... just now?’ ‘We were playing
chess.’ [2, p. 124-130]
1.6 Put each verb given into the past simple or the present perfect:
1) A: What’s the matter? B: I (cut) have cut myself.
2) A: What did you do on your holiday? B: We (g o )....... to the disco most nights.
3) A: How is the holiday going? B: Great! We (go )....... to the disco most nights.
4) A: Did you carry on working at the shop after your argument with the manager?
B: No, i (leave)......... 5) A: Are you still working at the shop?
B: No, 1 (leave)......... 6) A: Why are the police here?
B: There ( is ) ....... an accident. 7) A; Why did the metro stop running yesterday evening?
B: There ( is ) .......an accident.
8) A: How are the unemployment figures this year? B: They (rise)....... by 2%.
9) A: How were the unemployment figures last year? B: They (rise).......by 2%.
1.7 Put each verb given into the present simple or continuous, or the past simple or continuous:
1) Ugh, don’t show me that picture! I (hate) hate mice! 2) Where (you g o ) ....... for your holidays last year? 3) At the moment Helen (read )....... a book written by a Brazilian
author. 4) I left school around 5.00, (play) ....... football for a while, then
went home. 5) Mary (listen)....... to the radio when her friend Barbara called. 6) Mary (turn o ff) ....... the radio when her friend Barbara called. 7) In her free time Helen (read)....... a lot. 8) ‘Where (you spend)....... your holidays next year?’ ‘In France.’ 9) 'What (you d o ) .......when the rain started?’ ‘We went inside.’ 10) When they arrived in the park a lot o f people (p lay)....... football. 11) People (become)....... more and more interested in solar energy. 12) ‘Where (you spend)....... your holidays?’ ‘Usually in France.’
13) She (become) ....... rich in the fashion industry and retired to Majorca.
14) ‘What (you d o ) ....... when the rain started?’ ‘We were playing tennis.’
15) At the moment I (stay )....... at a friend’s house. [4, p. 14 -16 ]
1.8 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence:
1) Steve left before my arrival. When / arrived. Steve had already le ft . 2) This is my first visit to Italy. I’v e ........ 3) Your taxi arrived a moment ago. Your taxi has ........ 4) The film started before my arrival. When I arrived, the film ......... 5) Would you like me to call back later? Shall....... 6) Simone has been learning English for two years. Simone started........
7) I last went to Spain in 1998. I haven’t .......... 8) After the exam we'll go for a pizza. When the exam .......... 9) I intend to speak to my boss tomorrow. I’m ..........
1.9 Underline the correct word in each sentence: 1) I’ve worked here since/for 2002. 2) He’s late. He hasn't arrived already/yet. 3) I finished this magazine 5 days since/ago. 4) Karl’s played tennis for/since ten years. 5) The team have just/since won their first match. 6) I will/am working at 9.00. 7) i will/am going to have a salad, please. 8) I will tell/am telling you tomorrow. 9) Michelle has just told me. Her sister \s going to/will have a baby. 10) They are going to arrive/are arriving at 5.00.
1.10 Change the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: 1) She (arrive) arrived at two o’clock yesterday morning. 2) We (have)....... a party next month, I promise. 3)John (ea t)....... his sandwich at the moment. 4).It (not g o ) ....... to snow — it’s too warm. 5) He (not com e)....... to class yesterday. 6) She (finish)....... her homework already. 7) I (see )....... the dentist at ten o’clock today. 8) It (ra in )....... all day yesterday. 9) The bus (leave)....... at 6.30. [8, p. 18-22]
1.11 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence: 1) What time go you/do you go to bed on Saturdays? 2) I want a new computer, but / d idn’t save/1 haven 7 saved enough
money yet. 3) Don’t worry, 1 'm not going to be/I w on’t be late. 4) It’s very hot in here. Shall 1/Will 1 open the window? 5) How long have you been waiting/are you waiting? 6) When I was younger 1 was going/J used to go to the seaside every
summer. 7) I've lived/1 lived in Barcelona all my life.
8) While I was cleaning/! had cleaned my room I found this old photograph.
9) You look sad. What are you thinking/do you think about? 10) I go/I m going to my parents’ house next weekend. Do you want
to come? 11) I’ve been looking for my bag, but / still didn t find/I still haven t
found it. 12) I like your new room! When have you painted/did you paint it? 13) Where will you be working/do you work next year? 14) I know the play is boring, but we can’t leave until it will finish/it
finishes. \5) I'm seeing/I will see the doctor tomorrow at 10.00. 16) Where are you go/are you going on holiday?
1.12 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in bold, and so that the meaning stays the same:
1) I felt really tired, so I stayed at home and had a rest, because I stayed at home and had a rest because I felt really tired. 2) A new student joined our class. She is called Joanna, who T he........ 3) I have a friend. This person’s father comes from Sweden, whose 1 have......... 4) Jim gave me a book. It is really good, that T he......... 5) Jim gave me a book. It is really good, which Jim '
2 Passive voice
2.1 Complete each sentence in the passive: 1) Brazil won the World Cup. The World Cup was won by Brazil. 2) Someone took my pencil. My pencil........ 3) The police arrested four people. Four........
8
4) Universal Studios make many films. I M any........
5) Alexander Bell invented the telephone. The telephone........ 6) Michael sent three books to my aunt. My au n t........
K I 2.2 Rewrite each sentence in the passive. Start each sentence with
the words underlined: 1) Three people saw the robbery. The robbery was seen by three people. 2) Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. 3) Watt invented the steam engine. 4) Real Madrid won the Cup. 5) Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet. 6) Someone stole my bike. 7) The Chinese invented paper. 8) Someone has eaten my banana. 9) Robots make cars. 10) Indian women wear saris. 11) The Scots make whisky. 12) Uruguay won the first World Cup. 13) The Romans built these roads. 14) Someone has eaten mv apple. 15) Some Indian men wear turbans. 16) Someone stole mv car. 17) Stan Lee created Spider - Man. 18) Two people saw the accident. 19) Faraday invented electricity. 20) The Irish make whiskey. 21) The Chinese invented fireworks. 22) Peugeot make cars.
2.3 Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple Passive There is a chimpanzee which ( I ) ...... (call) “Bubbles”. It ( 2 ) ..........
(own) by Michael Johnson. It ( 3 ) ....... (keep) in his home. It ( 4 ) ................. (feed) every day by Michael Johnson himself. It ( 5 ) ....... (always/dress) in funny clothes. It ( 6 ) ....... (say) that “Bubbles” is Michael Johnson’s only
friend. [5, p. 16-19]
9
2.4 Look at the hotel information table (Table 1) and write sentences as in the example
Table 1
In Main Restaurant 8-10 pm Newspapers — Telephone calls
At the reception Desk
Rooms Maid Service daily
Film every night at 10 pm
1) Breakfast / serve - where and when? Breakfast is served in Pierotts’s Restaurant between 7 and 9.30 am 2) Dinner I serve - where and when?
3) Newspapers / sell - where?
5) Rooms / clean - who by and how often?
6) Hot water / supply - when?
7) Films / show -- where and when?
[10. p. 22-25]
2.5 Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple Passive Two men ( I ) ...... (see) breaking into a house in my street last night.
The police (2) ......... (call) and they arrived very quickly. One man (3) ....... (catch) immediately. The other escaped, but he ( 4 ) ......... (find) very soon. Both men ( 5 ) ....... (take) to the police station where they ( 6 ) ....... (question) separately by a police officer. The two men (7) ....... (charge) with burglary.
2.6 Turn from Active into Passive. Omit the agent where it can be omitted:
1) The gardener has planted some trees. Some trees have been planted by the gardener.
10
2) Doctor Brown will give you some advice. 3) A famous designer will redecorate the hotel. 4) Steven Spielberg directed “E.T.” 5) Someone has broken the crystal vase. 6) His parents have brought him up to be polite. 7) Fleming discovered penicillin. 8) They will advertise the product on television. 9) Someone is remaking that film. [2, p. 184-185]
2.7 Using the passive ask questions to which the bold type words are answers:
1) Columbus discovered America. Who was America discovered by? 2) We keep money in a safe. 3) A bee stung her. 4) They speak Italian in Italy. 5) They have taken his aunt to hospital. 6) The boys damaged the television. 7) Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa. 8) He invited 30 people to his party. 9) They grow bananas in Africa
2.S Turn from Active into Passive as in the example: I ) He gave me a present. / was given a present, (more usual)__ A present was given to me (less usual) ... 2) The waiter will bring us the bill.
3) The queen presented him with a medal.
4) Her mother bought Mary some sweets.
5) Bob has sold Ted a second-hand car.
6) Larry is going to send a letter to Tom.
2.9 Turn from Active into Passive: 1) Someone is helping her with the housework. She is being helped with the housework. ... 2) A pickpocket robbed me.
3) You must extinguish your cigarettes.
4) The mail-order company sent Mrs Green a parcel.
5) You must dry-clean this shirt.
6) Someone will pay you within the next few days.
7) You can improve your health with more exercise.
8) A dog is chasing the child.
[8, p. 44-45]
3 Modal verbs
3.1 Choose the correct option, A, B, C or D, to complete the sentence:
1) Are you any good at athletics? How fa s t..... you run? a) should; b) must; c) need; d) can.
2) Y o u ..... take some money with you in case you need it. a) have to; b) shouldn’t; c) can; d) should.
3) I think that was the last bus........ look for a taxi. a) we needn’t: b) we’d better; c) v/e’re able to; d) we don’t have to.
12
4) I'm really tired, but luckily 1 .....get up early in the morning. a) can’t; b) don’t have to; c) had better; d) shouldn’t.
5) Y ou..... look at other students' work, it’s against the rules. a) had better not; b) needn’t; c) don't have to; d) mustn’t.
6) ’My tooth really hurts!’ ’I think y o u .....go to the dentist's. a) mustn’t; b) needn’t; c) ought to; d) can.
7) Sorry, but my train is at 6.00.1 ..... leave now. a) have to; b) shouldn’t; c) mustn’t; d) can.
8) Y ou ..... eat so many sweets. They aren't good for you. a) can’t; b) don’t have to; c) shouldn’t; d) needn't. [13, p. 89]
3.2 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word or words in capitals. Leave out any unnecessary words:
1) It was impossible for ancient sailors to travel far because they usually followed the coastline. COULDN’T
2) Early ships were very small, but they were forced to carry a lot of fresh food and w’ater. HAD
3) Small sailing ships found it impossible to survive heavy storms and very bad weather. WERE
4) There was no radio, so it was only possible for them to send messages home if they met other ships. COULD
5) They didn't have accurate maps, so it was necessary for them to guess their exact position. HAD
6) They didn't have radar, so it was necessary for them to keep a close look-out for dangerous rocks. NEEDED
7) It was necessary for them to see the Sun or the stars in order to navigate. HAD
8) There were no rescue organizations, so if they got into trouble, it was necessary for them to look after themselves. HAD [13, p. 196]
3.3 Complete the text with could, couldn't, had to, didn’t have to, didn't need to, needn't have, should have or shouldn't have and the verbs in brackets. Not all are used in the text
History contains a lot of stories about people who ( ! ) ..... (be) a little bit more careful. In 1576 the explorer Sir Martin Frobisher sailed to the north of Canada trying to find a way to Asia. Unfortunately, he ( 2 ) ..... (find) it. but during the voyage, his men landed on Baffin Island as they (3) ..... (look for) food and shelter. Here he discovered some rocks which he thought contained gold. When he returned to England he showed the piece of rock to people who agreed that it was gold, and Frobisher returned to the island with a larger ship. It was a difficult journey, as the ship (4) ..... (avoid) huge icebergs. On the island there were polar bears which ( 5 ) ..... (kill) a man quite easily. And Frobisher was worried that someone else would get to the gold first. Perhaps he ( 6 ) ..... (tell) so many people about his discovery, he thought. But he (7) ..... (worry) about his secret. He found the place again, and his men ( 8 ) ..... (work) in the freezing weather to dig for the gold. They returned to England again, and this time he (9) ..... (stop) his discovery from becoming generally known. More and more people wanted to go to Baffin Island, and the next year the ships came back with hundreds o f tonnes o f gold. Unfortunately, this is where things went wrong. When Frobisher tried to sell the gold, he discovered that perhaps he (1 0 ) ..... (show) it to more people in the first place. The people he had showed it to had been wrong. They (1 1 ) ..... (tell) the difference between gold and iron pvrite, a compound o f iron and sulphur. Everyone laughed at Sir Martin and his men. and he (12) ..... (admit) that he had made a mistake. [13, p. 93]
3.4 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence: 1) I don't think you could/should tell anyone yet. 2) 1 couldn't/shouldn't possibly leave without paying. 3) That mustn't/can't be the hotel Jane told us about. 4) There are times when the traffic here can/could be really heavy.
14
5) We are enjoying our holiday, though the weather could/must be better.
6) You couldn't/shouldn't really be sitting here. 7) You could/may be older than me, but that doesn't mean you're
cleverer, 8) You might/should like to look over these papers if you have time. 9) I'm afraid that nobody should/would help me in that kind of
situation, 10) No member of the association musr/shall remove official
documents from these premises without written permission.
3.5 Put one suitable word in each space. C ontractions (can't) count as one w ord
Bill: This ( I ) ......be the house, I suppose, number 16 Elland Way. Jane: I pictured it as being much bigger, from the estate agent's
description. Bill: Well, we'd (2 ) ......go inside. Jane: We ( 3 ) ......as well. Wait a minute. 1 ( 4 ) ........to just find my
glasses. I ( 5 ) ......see a thing without them. Bill: I don't think much o f it from the outside, to be honest. Jane: Yes, it ( 6 ) ......ceitainly do with a coat o f paint or two.
Bill: Rather you than me! I ( 7 ) ......like to have to paint it all! And the gutters ( 8 ) ..... replacing.
Jane: I ( 9 ) ......think they haven’t been replaced since the house was built.
Bill: They (1 0 ) ......really be replaced every four years ideally. Jane: And I don't like that big ivy plant growing up the side. Ivy(l 1)
..... get in the brickwork and cause all sorts o f damage. Bill: I wonder if there's a lock on that big downstairs window? It
looks very easy to break in to. Jane: There's (1 2 ) ..... to be one, surely. Bill: Well, (1 3 ) ..... we go inside? Jane: Do we (1 4 ) ..... to? I think I've seen enough already. 1 (1 5 ).......
possibly live here. [1 1, p. 68]
4 Conditionals
4.1 M atch the following parts of the sentences: 1) If I go on a d ie t,......... 2) If it is sunny tomorrow........... 3) If John doesn’t h u rry ,.........
15
4) If it snows,........ 5) If there are no buses,........ 6) If you are a good g irl,........
a ) we’ll make a snowman. b ) I’ll buy you some chocolate. c ) she’ll have to take a taxi. d ) I’ll lose weight. e ) ................................he’ll be late. f ) we’ll go for a picnic.
4.2 Fill in: unless or if'. 1 ) you make so much noise, I won’t be able to sleep. 2) I’ll tell y o u ..... there are any messages for you. 3) I won’t finish the w ork....... you help me. 4 ) you’re hungry, I’ll make you a sandwich. 5) We’ll miss the bus.......we hurry. 6) They won’t get married.......He gets a job. 7) You won’t understand....... you listen carefully.
4.3 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense Sarah is a bored teenager. If she ( 1 ) ..... (join) a club, she ( 2 ) .........
(make) more friends. She ( 3 ) ....... (enjoy) herself if she ( 4 ) .........(go) out more. Her schoolwork is suffering too. If she (5 ) ....... (study) more, she (6) ....... (have) better marks and she (7) ....... (enter) university. Unfortunately, she is becoming overweight. She ( 8 ) ..... (feel) fitter if she (9 ) .......(start) swimming, and she (1 0 ).........(get) thinner if she (11)........ (stop) eating so much chocolate.
4.4 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense If John (3 ) .... (not/oversleep), he ( 2 ) ........ (not/be) late for work. If
he (3 ) .......(not/be) late for work, his boss ( 4 ) .........(not/fire) him. If John ( 5 ) .......(not/lose) his job, he ( 6 ) .........(not/need) money and he ( 7 ) ......... (not/rob) the bank, the police (9 ) .......(not/arrest) him. [2, p. 212-214]
4.5 Match the parts of the sentences: 1) -If 1 had missed the bus,....... 2) If she hadn’t felt ill this •morning......... 3) If the food hadn’t been aw ful,....... 4) If he had passed his exam......... 5) If the salary had been good.........
16
6) If it hadn’t been my birthday,.......
a ) he would have gone to university. b ) Chris wouldn’t have given me flowers. c ) she wouldn’t have gone to school. d ) I would have accepted the job. e ) 1 wouldn’t have been late for work. f ) we would have eaten it.
4.6 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: 1) If she ......... (not/break) the window, she wouldn’t have had to
pay for a new one. 2) If i t ........... (not/be) cold, they wouldn’t have lit the fire. 3) If she studied more, sh e ....... (be) a better student. 4) T hey ........... (not/see) the Queen if they hadn’t visited London on
that day. 5) If you should win that competition, you .... (be) rich. 6) If I lived in France, I ........... (speak) French well. 7) If they .... (lock) the doors, the burglars wouldn’t have got in. 8) W e..... (have) a party if Alan passes his driving test. 9) I ......... (give) John your message if I should se him today. 10) They ........... (not/have) any money if their cousin hadn’t lent
them some. 11) Those plants............ (not/grow) if you don’t water them. 12) I wouldn’t buy that bag if i t ........ (be) cheaper. 13) If sh e ........ (open) the letter, she wouldn’t have been surprised.
4.7 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: 1) If she studied more, sh e ...... (be) a better student. 2) W e...... (have) a party if Alan passes his driving test. 3) 1 would buy that bag if I ...... (have) enough money. 4) If you study hard , y o u ...... (pass) your exam. 5) If the d o g ...... (to keep) barking, the neighbors will complain 6) If I lived in France, I ...... (speak) French well. 7) If the weather is bad on Saturday, w e ...... (stay) at home. 8) You should see a doctor if y o u ...... (not/feel) well. [4, p. 35-36]
4.8 Choose the best ending ( 1) If you work hard,..... 2) If you worked in an office, 3) If he went hom e,.......
a i oinH“' ----- * aK6AeMMK C.6eiiceM63e i
aTbWASfM fuiibiMM
17
4) If I were you ,....... 5) If you go home now......... 6) If I knew the answer,....... 7) If she studied,....... 8) If you do that,....... 9) If he breaks that cup ,.......
a ) he could watch the television. b ) I still wouldn’t tell you. c ) she would pass her exams. d ) you’ll get rich. e ) I’d go home. 0 .....you will have an accident. g ) he will be in trouble. h ) you’d be bored. i ) you won’t miss the news.
4.9 Put the verbs into the correct tense 1. If i t ...... (to rain), we shall have to stay at home. 2. If h e ........(to
work) hard, he would have achieved great progress. 3. If it is not too cold, 1 ...... (not to put) on my coat. 4 .1 ........(to write) the composition long ago if you had not disturbed me. 5. If my friend...... (to be) at home, he will tell us what to do. 6. If he were not such an outstanding actor, h e ...... (not to have) so many admirers. 7. If y o u ...... (to give) me your address, I shall write you a letter 8. If sh e ...... (not to be) so absent-minded, she would be a much better student. 9. If my sister does no go to the south, w e ...... (to spend) the summer in St Petersburg together. [5, p. 36 - 37]
4.10 Put the verbs into the correct tense 1. It they...... (not to go) to Moscow last year, they would not have
heard that famous musician. 2. If you ...... (not to get) tickets in the Philharmonic, we shall stay at home. 3. If you were not so careless about your health, you ...... (to consult) the doctor. 4. If she (to ask) me yesterday, I should certainly have told her all about it. 5. If he is not very busy, h e ...... (to agree) to go to the museum with us. 6. If I ........(not to be) present at the lesson, I should not have understood this difficult rule. 7. If he reads fifty page every day, his vocabulary...... (to increase) great 8. If they ...... (to know) it before, they would have taken measures. 9. If you really loved music, yo u ...... (to go) to the Philharmonic much more often.
4.11 Rewrite the sentences using the conditionals: 1) I didn’t pay attention. I crashed the car. I f I had paid the attention, I wouldn 't have crashed the car. 2) I haven’t got much money. I won’t be able to pay for repairs. 3) I borrowed my friend’s car. 1 had an accident 4) I’ll drive more carefully in future. I won’t have another accident. 5) 1 am not an experienced driver. I’m not a very driver. 6 I didn’t see the tree. I crashed into it. [8, p. 53-54]
5 I Wish
5.1 Make up the tasks: a) Ann doesn’t like her new house. Write what she wishes. The house is so old and dirty. She has to paint it. The house doesn’t
have central heating. The kitchen is small. 1) I wish the house wasn't so old and dirty. 2) . . . . . . . 3) ........ 4 ),... . , . .
b) Kate wants things to be different in the future. Write what she wishes.
I want my father to give me more pocket money. I want my brothers to stop fighting. I don’t want my mother to make me eat vegetables. I don’t want my sister to wear my clothes.
1) I wish my father would give me more pocket money. 2 ) 3 ) 4 )
c) Ted regrets what he did or didn't do. Write what he wishes. 1) I wish I hadn’t left my job. 2 ) 3 ) 4 )
d) Read what Hilda says and write what she wishes. I didn’t go to the university. I didn’t get any qualifications. I can’t
find a better job. The telephone never stops ringing. My boss doesn’t like
19
me. I‘d like to be rich. I always feel tired. It was wrong of me to shout at Ann.
1) 1 wish I had gone to university. 2 ) . . . . . . . . 3 ) 4 ) 5) 6 ) . . . . . . . . 7 ) -;- 8 )
5.2 Write what these people wish they had or hadn’t done as in the example:
1) John drove his car so fast that he had an accident. John: I wish / hadn 7 driven my car so fast. I wouldn 7 have had an
accident. 2) Julie was late and she missed the beginning o f the film. Julie:................ 3) Jack ate too much and he was sick. Jack:............... 4) Claire was very nervous during her driving test and she didn’t
pass. Claire:........... 5) Susan didn’t take off her gold ring when she went swimming and
she lost it in the sea. Susan: ........... 6) Terry and Jane didn’t save any money so they didn’t go on
holiday last summer. Terry and Jane:........ [8, p. 55-56]
5.3 Fill in the correct form of the verbs in brackets: 1) I wish I ........ (meet) that actor when he was in town. 2) He wishes h e ........... (buy) that book last week - now he hasn’t
got enough money. 3) If only I ....... (be) older, I could have a driving license. 4) I wish I ........ (can) remember where that book is. 5) Tony wishes h e ........ (go) to Paris with his brother, but he has to
work. 6) If only the d o g ......... (not/eat) the tickets — now we can’t go to
the show. 7) If only I ............. (not/make) that mistake yesterday.
20
8) I wish this b o x ............. (not/be) so heavy - 1 can’t lift it. 9) We wish we ......... (not/leave) the gate open. Now the dog has
escaped. 10) Paula wishes sh e ........... (have) more time for gardening, but she
hasn’t. 11) Mrs Brown wishes sh e ....... (write) those letters yesterday.
5.4 Using the bold type in the sentences, write wishes as in the example:
1) You left the radio on and now the batteries don't work. You say, “/ wish I hadn ’t left the radio on." 2) It’s very dark outside and you can’t find your torch. You say, “ ....... I.................................................................................. ” 3) You didn’t do your homework and your teacher is angry. You say, “.............I................. ......... I................................................” 4) You are working at a beautiful flower. You don’t know what it is
called. You say, “ ..................... ................... ................. | ....................... ¡.....” 5) It is raining outside and you want it to stop. You say, “ ............................................................................ .............. ” 6) You stayed up late last night and today you are very tired. You say, “ .............., .......................... .............................................. 7) You are having a party but nobody has come yet. You say, “ ............................................ ........................ ....................” 8) You have short, straight hair. You would like long, curly hair. You say, “ ............................................................................................” 9) You have just left your house and left the keys inside. You say, | ............................................................................................” 10) It is Christmas Day and it doesn’t look like it is going to snow. You say, “: . . . . ..............................................I................................... ” 11) You live in the city. You prefer the countryside. You say, “ ................................. ..........................................................” [13, p. 77]
5.5 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: 1) Steve wishes h e ........... (not/speak) so rudely to his boss. 2) If only sh e ....... (tell) him the truth. He wouldn’t be so angry with
her. 3) If only I..........(have) the money to buy a new car. 4) Tom wishes h e ........ (not/have) so much homework to do. 5) I wish I ..........(steal) the money. I wouldn’t be in prison now.
6) I wish sh e ............ (stop) interrupting me all the time. 7) Mrs. Jones wishes she ....... (speak) a foreign language. 8) If only I ............. (be) taller. I would join the basketball team. 9) He wishes h e ......... (not/crash) his father’s car. Now his father is
upset. 10) I wish M um ......... (let) me go to the party next week.
6 Infinitive. Gerund
6.1 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form Yesterday I went with my sister (1) ..... (buy) something for her
birthday. She didn’t really know what (2 ) ........... (get) but she seemed (3) ........... (like) the idea of a pet, so we went to the nearest pet shop. She started (4 ) ......... (look) around at all animals. The man in the shop let her ( 5 ) ......... (pick up) the rabbits and stroke the hamsters, but when she saw some puppies ( 6 ) ........... (p|aiy) in a box, she said that she would like (7) ......(have) one of them. I didn’t know if we had enough money (8 ) .......... (buy) one and I hoped my mother wouldn’t object ( 9 ) ........... (have) a dog in the house, but my sister promised (1 0 )........ (look after) it properly and we did have enough money, so we bought a little brow'n dog. The man gave us a special brush for (11) ....... (brush) him and some special food. Tomorrow we are going to take Splash to the beach.
6.2 Read the letter and put the verbs in brackets into the correct form
Dear Julie,
I’m writing ( I ) ..... (thank) you for my birthday present. I was so happy ( 2 ) ......... (receive) it - 1 had so many lovely presents, I don’t know what ( 3 ) ........ (do) with them all! On my birthday 1 went for a meal with some friends and afterwards we went (4 ) ......... (dance) at that new club on Poplar Street. If you haven’t been, it’s certainly worth (5 ) ..... (go) there.
Now that I’m old enough (6) ........ (drive), I’m busy (7) ..................... (take) driving lessons. Dad has said he’ll let me ( 8 ) ............. (use) his car as long as I promise (9 ) ............. (be) careful.
Well, I must (1 0 )............. (go) now. I hope (11 ) ............ (hear) from you soon.
Love, Madeleine
6.3 Put the verbs in brackets in the infinitive o r the -ing form: 1) I don't like singing/ to s in g ......... in public, (sing) 2) It’s no u se .........her. She won’t listen, (tell) 3) I'm still too upset......... about it. (talk) 4) Don'i disturb him! He’s busy ....... (work) 5) S to p ...... your nails! (bite) 6) Don’t expect h im ..............you any money, (lend) 7) I’ve decided........... him. (leave) 8) Mum made m e ........ my medicine, (take) 9) She agreed............him 1000$. (lend) 10) He denied ........ the stolen goods, (receive)
6.4 Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive or - ing form My mother is an amazing woman. She is 87 years old and she still
enjoys (1) ... going out ... (go out) for a walk every day. She doesn't mind (2) (do) all her housework and she’s glad (3) ............. (help) her elderly neighbours when they can’t ( 4 ) ............(go) to the shops. She’s too old (5 ) .............(dig) the garden any more - she stopped ( 6 ) ...........(do) that last year — but she’s still healthy enough ( 7 ) ......... (mow) the grass! In the summer she still goes ( 9 ) ........ (bury) her in the sand. She often says, “It’s no good (10) .........(be) alive if you don’t enjoy yourself’. I’d love (II) ......... (be) like my mother when I’m her age.
6.5.Put the verbs in brackets in the infinitive or the -ing form: 1) I h a te .........by train, (travel) 2) He left w ithout......... goodbye, (say) 3) She m anaged......... a lot o f weight, (lose) 4 ) ....helps you keep fit. (swim) 5) They made h im ........... them the truth (tell). 6) Matt g o es .........every morning, (jog) 7) We are sorry ....... you that you have failed the exam, (inform) 8) I'd lo v e ..........to the cinema tonight, (go) 9) I look forward t o .........you again soon, (see) 10) It’s no u s e ................to make him change his mind, (try) 11) Sue went to the library............some books, (borrow) 12) I don’t know h o w ..........this test, (do)
7.1 Complete the extracts from a report of a public meeting about a pollution problem:
1 ) “Nitrate levels in the local water supply are slightly higher than normal.”
CEO Ben Straw announced th a t..... 2) “It is possible that the factory is responsible.” Mr Straw admitted....... 3) “There was a small chemical leak last Friday.” Plant Manager Jane Lee explained..... 4) “WE have taken measures to ensure that this situation cannot
reoccur.” Mrs Lee reassured the meeting th a t..... 5) “We are negotiating a settlement with the town council.” Mr Straw sa id__ 6) “We will announce full details in après statement in a few days’
time.” He promised the meeting th a t.... 7) “Has there ever been a problem like this before?” Mrs Green, a local resident, asked if .... 8) “When do you plan to re-open the factory?” Pat Holz, a union representative, enquired w hen..... 9) “As soon as possible, but some staff may be laid off for a few
days.” Mr Straw warned th a t.....
7.2 Read the following extracts from an interview with the CEO of a multinational oil company. Report the phrases in italics using the verbs in brackets:
1) “1 repeat what I said a few moments ago: my company does everything it can to limit the impact o f our activities on the environment.” (emphasize)
2) “I really can’t accept that. You need to understand that developing countries are extremely grateful fo r the investment and the jobs that we bring." (argue)
3) “I think there’s a slight misunderstanding here. Yes, we do make fair profits and pay good dividends, but we've never exploited our employees. " (explain)
7 Reported speech
24
4) "Yes, that’s a fair point: we can, and we will, do more to develop sources o f alternative energy such as wind, wave and solar power." (accept)
5) “Well, we have little or no influence on government policy on taxation, but no, / do not feel that higher petrol prices will reduce traffic and pollution." (comment) [3, p. 74]
7.3 Here are some things that you were asked at the interview. Later that day you tell your friends what an interviewer asked you. Use reported speech as in the example below:
1) “Where do you yourself in 10 years’ time?” She asked me where I saw myself in 10 year’s time. 2) “How do you manage working with someone who deosn’t like
you?” 3) “How did you motivate people to do their best?” 4) “What are you weaknesses?” 5) “Can you give an example of a situation you found stressful, and
how you coped with the stress?” 6) “What value can you add to my enterprise as an employee?” 7) “Why are applying for this job?” 8) "How do you make sure things get done?” 9) “What are the most difficult kinds of decisions for you to make?”
7.4 Read the information about Heinrich Schliemann. Then complete the text by writing said or told in each space
H. Schliemann
Heinrich Schliemann - an interview in the 1860s
Heinrich Schliemann was a German archaeologist who excavated a city in Turkey in 1871 and decided that it was ancient Troy. He found
7 Reported speech
7.1 Complete the extracts from a report of a public meeting about a pollution problem:
1) “Nitrate levels in the local water supply are slightly higher than normal.”
CEO Ben Straw announced th a t..... 2) “It is possible that the factory is responsible.” Mr Straw admitted....... 3) “There was a small chemical leak last Friday.” Plant Manager Jane Lee explained..... 4) “WE have taken measures to ensure that this situation cannot
reoccur.” Mrs Lee reassured the meeting th a t..... 5) “We are negotiating a settlement with the town council.” Mr Straw sa id __ 6) "We will announce full details in après statement in a few days’
time.” He promised the meeting th a t.... 7) “Has there ever been a problem like this before?” Mrs Green, a local resident, asked if .... 8) “When do you plan to re-open the factory?” Pat Holz, a union representative, enquired w hen..... 9) “As soon as possible, but some staff may be laid off for a few
days.” Mr Straw warned th a t.....
7.2 Read the following extracts from an interview with the CEO of a multinational oil company. Report the phrases in italics using the verbs in brackets:
I ) “I repeat what I said a few moments ago: my company does everything it can to limit the impact o f our activities on the environment." (emphasize)
2) “I really can’t accept that. You need to understand that developing countries are extremely grateful fo r the investment and the jobs that we bring." (argue)
3) “I think there’s a slight misunderstanding here. Yes, we do make fa ir profits and pay good dividends, but we've never exploited our employees. ” (explain)
24
4) “Yes, that’s a fair point: we can, and we will, do more to develop sources o f alternative energy such as wind, wave and solar power." (accept)
5) “Well, we have little or no influence on government policy on taxation, but no, I do not feet that higher petrol prices will reduce traffic and pollution." (comment) [3, p. 74]
73 Here are some things that you were asked at the interview. Later that day you tell your friends what an interviewer asked you. Use reported speech as in the example below:
1) “Where do you yourself in 10 years’ time?” She asked me where I saw myself in 10 year’s time. 2) “How do you manage working with someone who deosn’t like
you?” 3) “How did you motivate people to do their best?” 4) “What are you weaknesses?” 5) “Can you give an example of a situation you found stressful, and
how you coped with the stress?” 6) “What value can you add to my enterprise as an employee?” 7) “Why are applying for this job?” 8) “How do you make sure things get done?” 9) “What are the most difficult kinds of decisions for you to make?”
7.4 Read the information about Heinrich Schliemann. Then complete the text by writing said or told in each space
H. Schliemann
Heinrich Schliemann - an interview in the 1860s
Heinrich Schliemann was a German archaeologist who excavated a city in Turkey in 1871 and decided that it was ancient Troy. He found
evidence o f destruction by war, and also discovered some gold objects. Nowadays archaeologists believe that his methods of excavation were unscientific, and they also believe that some of his discoveries were false.
Recently many experts have ( 1 ) ..... that Schliemann had a habit of not telling the truth, and this has raised doubts about his work. For example, he ( 2 ) ..... everyone he was a US citizen, but in fact this wasn't true. He also ( 3 ) ..... he had a degree from the University o f Rostock, but in fact the university rejected his thesis. He (4) ..... he had found gold jewellery at Hissarlik, but some people believe these were modem pieces. In fact, his servant later (5)..... people that no jewellery had been found in the places that Schliemann claimed to have found it. He also ( 6 ) ..... the authorities in Turkey that he was an archaeologist, but he didn't have any qualifications. When he talked about his work, he always ( 7 ) .....people that he had dreamed o f finding Troy when he was a small boy, but many people feel that he invented this story later. However, although many archaeologists at the time ( 8 ) ..... that his work was inaccurate, we have to remember that archaeology was not a science in Schliemann's time. He may not have always (9 ) ..... the truth, but he brought a lot of energy to the discovery o f the ancient world, and devoted his life and his wealth to his excavations. [13, p. 64]
7.5 Rewrite each sentence about Schliemann in direct speech: 1) He told journalists that he had always been interested in the story
of Troy. 2) He said (that) his father had read the stories to him when he was a
child. 3) He said (that) he had always believed that Troy was a real place. 4) He said (that) at an early age he had decided to discover the site of
the city. 5) He said (that) for many years he had worked as a merchant in the
USA and Russia. 6) He said (that) he was a wealthy man and he had retired from
business. 7) He said (that) he had first been / gone to the site at Hissarlik in
1868. 8) He said (that) since then he had spent a lot o f his own money on
the excavation. 9) He said (that) he was working with a British archaeologist. 10) He said (that) they were hoping to prove that Hissarlik was the
site of ancient Troy.
7.6 Translate into Kazakh language: 1) The buyers informed the suppliers that they were prepared to
double the order if the price was reduced by 15 per cent. 2) The sellers pointed out that the goods had been sold on c.i.'f.
terms, and for that reason the buyers, and not the sellers were responsible for damages incurred during the transport.
3) They were informed yesterday that the company in question paid all accounts promptly.
4) The buyers stated in their enquiry that they had been importing timbersince 1955.
5) The buyers telegraphed to the suppliers that they could not accept their offer on the conditions proposed.
6) It was stated in the bill o f lading that the goods were to be delivered at Newcastle.
7) We informed the suppliers that the goods which we had received in execution of our order No. 1225 did not correspond to the sample which had led to our placing the order.
8) The sellers stated in their olfer that orders were executed within six weeks.
9) The exporters informed the buyers that they were making arrangements for the shipment o f the goods by the s.s. “Arizona”.
10) The representative of the company said that the cargo of wheat was intended for the manufacture o f a special grade of flour.
1 i ) The buyers stated in their letter that they had charted the tanker “Marine Traffic” to load gas oil at Tuapse at the beginning of November and that they were also negotiating for tonnage for loading lubricating oils at Batumi at the end o f November.
12) The importers informed the suppliers that they wanted to know when delivery would be made as the goods were urgently required. {I, p. 335]
8 Articles
8.1 Fill in “a” , “an” or “ the’’ in the dialogues hollow Dialogue I: A Are these Mother’s things? B: What are they? A: (1).. ..hat, (2)....... orange dress. ( 3 ) ..........coat and ( 4 ) ............pair
of glasses. B: ( 5 ) .......hat and ( 6 ) ..........coal are mine. (7) . . orange dress anil
(8 ) ........ pair o f glasses are mother’s.
Dialogue 2: A: Here you are. (9 ) ..... stamp, (10)....... envelope, (11)....... pen and
(12).......notebook. B: Oh, (1 3 )........ envelope is too big and (1 4 )....... pen isn’t blue, it
is red. Can I have (15).... small envelope and (16).....blue pen, please?
8.2 Fill in “a”, “an” or “the” Last night I went to (1 ) ...... Indonesian restaurant. I had (2 ) ...... very
nice meal with (3 ) ........ good friend, Helen. (4 ) ..........waiter was Chinese. (5 ) ..... food was great. We drank (6 ) .........Bottle of Coke. When we asked for (7) ....... bill we didn’t have enough money, so we had to do (8) ....washing-up. It was not (9 ) .......good way to end (10).........evening.
8.3 Fill in “a”, “anv or “the” I arrived at (1 ) ..... airport just in time to see (2)_____aeroplane take
off. There is nothing usual about this, except that I was supposed to be on that plane! When I went to (3) ..... desk to ask when (4) ....... next available flight was, 1 heard (5 ) ......... awful noise. I turned to see (6 ) ........ car crashing through ( 7 ) ........ front windows with ( 8 ) ..... police car just behind it. As I ran towards (9) departure gate (1 0 ).......policeman stopped me to see if I was (1 1 ).......armed robber they were chasing. I told him I was not (1 2 ) .......armed robber but (13) businessman who had missed his plane. He let me go and I was able to catch (14) ..... last flight to my destination.
8.4 Fill in “the” where necessary: 1) I s ....... Lisbon------ Capital o f ........ Portugal? 2) Is .... Malta i n .....Mediterranean? 3) Is .... Paris in .......United Kingdom or i n ..........France? 4) Where i s .....Sahara Desert? 5) What i s .....biggest island in ........ Greece? 6) What is .... Capital o f .......Italy? 7) I s ..... Indian Ocean bigger than ...Arctic Ocean? 8) I s .....Everest the highest mountain in .... world? 9) Where a re .....Malta an d ........ Corsica? 10) Where a re .......Mississippi River and .......Thames?
8.5 Fill in “a”, “an” o r “the” At (1) ..... weekend, Alex and Amanda went to (2)....... theatre.
They saw (3) .... great play called “1 Would Die For You”. ( 4 ) ........play
was (5) .... romantic story about ( 6 ) ..... lives of ( 7 ) .........couple in love. After going to (8).... theatre, Alex and Amanda went to (9) .... restaurant. They both ate (10) .... very large meal. Amanda had (11) .... huge bowl of spaghetti and Alex had (12) .... enormous plate of various kinds of meat. (13).... spaghetti and meat were followed by chocolate cake. After leaving (14........) restaurant, Alex and Amanda got (1 5 ).............. taxi home. On the way home they saw (16) .....nasty car accident. (1 7 ) ....... yellow car had run straight into (18) .... black van. (1 9 ) .......yellow car was badly damaged. (20 )..... taxi driver had to take Alex and Amanda home by another route.
8.6 Fill in “a” or “the” where necessary Last year ( 1 ) ..... Smiths went on holiday to (2) .... London with
their friends ( 3 ) .....Browns. They visited ( 4 ) .......Hyde Park and went on ( 5 ) .....boat trip on (6 ) .......Thames. ( 7 ) ........ Mrs. Brown visited (8 ) .......... Buckingham Palace hoping to see ( 9 ) ..... Queen. Unfortunately, (10) .... Queen Elizabeth II wasn’t at (1 1 ).....home at the time.
8.7 Fill in “a”, “an” or “the” where necessary: 1) I s ..... tomato.......fruit o r .........vegetable? 2) I s ....... apple ....red ..... o r .......blue? 3) What i s ....... capital o f ..........France? 4) When we visited.......London we stayed a t .......Hilton Hotel. 5) D oes.......River Seine run through.........Paris o r .........Madrid?
6) I s ..... Indian Ocean larger than .......Mediterranean Sea? 7) I s ..... New York in ... USA or i n ........ Canada? 8) I s ....... elephant bigger th an .........alligator? 9) Does ....... Amazon run through ....... Africa or ....... South
America?
8.8 Fill in “a”, “an” or “the” where necessary in the dialogues bellow:
Dialogue I: John: Do you want to come to ( I) ....... theatre with me tonight? Ann: Sorry, I can’t. I’m going to (2).......restaurant with my cousin
from 3 ) .....America. John: What part o f (4 ) .......USA does he come from? Ann: He lives in (5) .... Colorado, near (6) ..... Rocky Mountains.
He is quite ( 7 ) ....... famous man in America. He plays ( 8 ) .........guitar in ( 9 ) ....... rock band. In fact he’s giving a concert at (1 0 ) .......Odeon in ( 11) .....Regent Street tomorrow evening.
29
Dialogue 2: Damon: Oh, (12 ).....glove! Where is that from? B: It’s (1 3 )....... glove Michael Jackson wore in the “Bad” video! Damon: Why is there (1 4 )........ can of Pepsi here? Betty: Oh, that is (1 5 )..... can that Michael drank from in the Pepsi
advertisement. Damon: Oh and (16) .... old pair of flared trousers. They are
horrible. Betty: They are my prize possession. Those are (1 7 )....... trousers he
wore when he was with the Jackson Five! Damon: Oh and let me guess, this was one o f (18) ........ bananas
Bubbles ate! Betty: No, don’t be stupid, that was my breakfast!
8.9 Fill in “an” or “ the” where necessary (1 ) ....... Australia is ( 2 ) .......interesting country. ( 3 ) .......Australians
are very friendly, happy people. Some o f ( 4 ) ..... strangest animals in (5) .......world live there. In (6 ) .... Great Victoria Desert you can find ( 7 ) ....... kangaroos and ( 8 ) ..... koala bears. ( 9 ) .......most famous city in Australia is (10 ) Sydney.
8.10 Put “a” , “an” or “ the” in each space or leave the space blank
We had (0)_a_ great holiday in ( 1 ) ...... London. We arrived at (2) ...... airport late on Sunday evening, and we decided to take ( 3 ) ........ taxi, even though it was very expensive. (4 ) ...... taxi took us to our hotel, which was very nice, although (5 ) ...... rooms were quite small. On ( 6 ) ........next day we woke up early and had ( 7 ) ...... enormous breakfast. I don’t know how (8 ) ...... people can eat so much in ( 9 ) ........morning! But it was good for us because eating out in (1 0 )...... London is expensive, and with such (11) big breakfast we didn’t need to have (12) ...... lunch. After breakfast we went to (13) ...... art gallery. 1 can’t remember (14) ...... name, but it was full of (15 )...... famous paintings and I really enjoyed it.
8.11 Put a/an o r the in each space or leave the space blank It’s not difficult to find my house. If you come by (0) - train, you
come out of (1 ) ...... station and turn right. You’ll see (2 ) ........bank on (3) ...... corner o f ( 4 ) ....... street. Carry on down ( 5 ) .......road until you come to ( 6 ) ...... church. You can’t miss it - it’s one of ( 7 ) ........biggest ones in ( 8 ) ...... Brighton. Just after (9 )______church turn left. It’s (1 0 )........very small street and (1 1 ) ...... people often go past without noticing it. You’ll
30
see my house at (12)...... end of the street - it’s got {13)........red door. Try and get here in time for (1 4 ) ...... lunch. Give me (1 5 ) ........ call on your mobile if you get lost. I’ll be waiting for you!
9 Prepositions
9.1 Fill in: at, in or on: 1 ) the evening; 2 ) Monday; 3 ) midnight; 4 ) April 13th; 5 ) . 5.30; 6 ) Tuesday morning; 7 ) Christmas; 8 ) 1!... 6.30; 9 ) November: 10 ) the summer; 11 ) : ...... 1967; 12 ) noon; 13 ) the 15lh century; 14 ) Sunday morning; 15 ) a spring night.
9.2 Complete the text with in, at and on Many archaeologists had searched for the tombs of Pharaohs ( 1 )
........ the Valley of the Kings (2) .......... Egypt- Only Howard Carter believed he knew where the tomb might be. He had a map of the valley, and ( 3 ) .......... it he had marked all the excavations until he discovered a space. (4 ) ........ the ground there was a pile of stones and earth from earlier excavations. Some steps were uncovered, and (5) ....... the bottom of the steps was a door. (6 ) ..... the door was the symbol of Tutankhamun.
Carter had to wait for Lord Carnarvon, who was ( 7 ) ...... home (8) ....... England, to arrive. Carnarvon was paying for the work When he arrived ( 9 ) ........ the excavation, after digging some more. Carter and his workers broke through a door and found themselves j the tomb. (10) ........ this point they thought they had failed, becausè the tomb was empty. Then they found another door, which led to an undisturbed room. There were many beautiful things (I I) ........... this room, and Wonderful paintings
(12 ) the walls. Most o f the objects from the tomb are now displayed (13 ) a local museum.
9.3 Fill in: on, in, by or at Last year when I was (1) .....on ... holiday I received a telegram
asking me to go home immediately. I travelled (2 ) ......... plane and landed (3 ) ............ London at midnight. My flight was terrible because there were lots of babies (4) ......... the plane with me and most of them cried throughout the trip. After I left the airport, 1 waited (5 ) ......... a bus stop for over half an hour but no bus came so I decided to continue my journey (6) ........ taxi. My sister lives (7) .................. 10, Mill road, Hariton, and so I asked the driver to take me there. The house is (8 ) ............. the outskirts of the town and it took quite a while to find. We had to stop ( 9 ) ............... suburbs to ask for directions as I had never been there before. When we finally arrived at the house, my sister was waiting for me.
9.4 Complete the text with these time prepositions: at, during. From, in, until, within
(1 ) ........... the 90s we worked with a series of different local agents. (2) 2002 we started using APL, and they hae been our exclusive agent (3) ........... that time (4) .................Now. They are very good at collecting payment from local customers, and we give them the discretion to ask for payment (5 ) ............ either 60 or 90 days. They forward to us all payments they have collected, after taking their commissions, and receive money from them (6 ) ................... the end of every month. [3, p. 109]
9.5 Complete the story with appropriate prepositions. Sometimes no preposition is needed:
1) On vacation in Kenya, a buyer with IBM heard.......a small new factory and called ....... a salesman.
2)She asked ....... the salesman if his components conformed ....... American norms.
3).She insisted.......seeing the workshop and commented.........the poor working conditions.
4) Nevertheless, the salesman succeeded ....... convincing her to consent....... a trial order.
5) He told ....... the buyer that she could rely ....... him to organize everything.
6) She returned to the US, looking forward ....... receiving the components, but after several weeks she had heard nothing.......Kenya.
7) Eventually she rang ....... the factory and complained ....... the manager.
8) The manager apologized politely ....... the delay, but explained that he was still waiting ..... a report on the new customer’s creditworthiness. [3, p. 100]
9.6 Fill in: at, on or in Hightown Zoo opens (1) ..... 9 o’clock (2) ....... the morning. (3)
........... Saturday and Sundays it opens ( 4 ) ......... 10.30. It’s a good idea to come early ( 5 ) ....... the summer because the zoo gets very full. The best time to visit is (6) ....... the afternoon because you can see the animals being fed. The zoo first opened ( 7 ) ........ Easter ( 8 ) .......... 1903. But most of the buildings were built (9) ........ the nineteenth century. People can visit Hightown Zoo (10) ........ any time, (11) ............. summer or (12) ........winter. It’s only closed (13) ......... Christmas and (14) ......... Is' January.
9.7 Fill in: at, to, by or in Last summer, (1 ) ...... the end of July, I went ( 2 ) .............Nottingham
to visit a friend who was ( 3 ) ........ university there. I arrived (4 ) .........the afternoon and went ( 5 ) ....... bus to my friend’s house, which is ( 6 ) ....... the suburbs of the town, (7) ............... 123, Park Manor Road. My friend wasn’t ( 8 ) ....... home, so I waited until she got back ( 9 ) ...........5 o’clock. (10) the evening we went out to have a drink ( I I ) ............. the oldest pub (12) ......... England, which was built (13) ......... the 13lh century.
9.8 Choose the correct option, A, B, C o r D, to complete the text
We know that the inside of the Earth has a metallic core (or central part), a rocky mantle (or outer part), and a thin crust or surface.
As a result of high pressure (1) the core, it is hotter (2) ....... the centre of the Earth than it is ( 3 ) ....... the Sun. The mantle is a layer of dense rock that lies (4 ) ..... / the surface and above the liquid core Um«* «.«*•* outer «.r«>
Picture I - The Earth’s structure
The crust is the thinnest layer, being only about 35 km deep (5 ) ....... continents, and (6)....... the oceans it is even thinner - only 5 km. Because o f the crust's low density the material floats (7 ) ...... the denser mantle. The crust is divided into sections called tectonic plates. The Earth as we now know it was formed in four different stages. First of all, the most dense material (eg. iron) sank ( 8 ) ...... the centre of the planet. Lighter materials and gases stayed (9)...... the surface and (10) ....... the atmosphere. The dense material formed the core of the Earth, and the lighter solids formed the crust. In the second stage, impacts from objects eg asteroids, comets, left the kind o f crater marks we can still see (1 1 )....... the Moon.
During the third stage, lava came up (1 2 )...... the Earth's crust and rain began to fall (1 3 ) ....... the sky. The first heavy rains formed ocean s and lakes.
The fourth stage is still going on now as the surface changes. Mountains are rising (14) ....... some areas. Large areas of solid
material, tectonic plates, are moving just (1 5 )..... the surface.
1) a to b at c from d outside 2) a to b from c under d at 3) a on b under c to d from 4) a into b outside c below d on 5) a to b at c under d in 6) a under b in c on d outside 7) a on b from c under d out of 8) a at b in c on d to 9) a in b to c at d from 10) a at b on c under d in 11) a in b on c to d from 12) a in b from c at d outside 13) a , from • b to c under d in 14) a at b to c in d on 15) a to b from c below d in
[13, p. 155]
10 Linking words and phrases
10.1 Underline the best word or phrase in each sentence: 1) Apart from snakes / As fa r as snakes are concerned, Spain has five
poisonous ones.
34
2) Amphibians, as well as / such as frogs and toads, can live on land and in water.
3) There are a number of advantages to consider. In a way / First o f all, there is the lower cost.
4) Everyone attended the meeting apart for / from CFO, who was on business trip.
5) They've got a terrible record over tax and education. Nevertheless /On the other hand, I still think the Democrats will win the election.
6) Balding's 'People in the Sky' is a very disappointing painting. At any rate /In contrast, Rae's 'Beach Scene' really brings this exhibition to life.
7) I would like to complain about the way I was treated in your shop. For one thing/Besides, the assistant was rude.
8) We saw the Eiffel Tower, the Seine and the Louvre, what's more/as well as Eurodisney.
9) The country's economy depends to a large extent/at least on the tourist industry.
10) The weather is likely to be dry and warm. In the far north-west of Scotland, however/whereas, it will be wet and windy.
10.2 Read the interview and decide which answer (A, B or C) best fits each space
Interviewer: The recent scandal involving your finance minister has done little to restore public confidence in the government.
Minister: (1 ) .... . I think the 'scandal', as you call it, has shown us to be a very moral party. The minister concerned resigned his post and showed great contrition for what he'd done.
Interviewer: ( 2 ) ..... a scandal is a scandal. (3) ...., a senior minister accepts a large donation on behalf of his party from the entrepreneur Robert Tivwell, then five weeks later, Tivwell's company, which (4) ..... just happens to be neatly bankrupt, wins a contract with the government worth millions of pounds.
Minister: Well, as I say, the minister has resigned, (5) .... I should point out that there is technically nothing illegal about what he did.
Interviewer: Yes, there is, minister. It's called bribery. Minister: Well you can call it that if you want. I prefer to call it
'sharp practice' ( 6 ) .......But it happens, it's always happened, and I'm sure it'll continue to happen. (7 ) ..... , we will not condone this kind of financial dealing and will continue to stamp down on it.
Interviewer: This is pure double talk!
35
Minister: No that's not true. (8 ) .....we take such matters extremely seriously. But we are realistic enough to know that we can't eliminate them altogether. You see, there is nothing to stop people or companies making donations to parties - (9 ) .....if we didn't have such money, we wouldn't be able to survive. It’s just that the timing of such payments can be unfortunate. So each case has to be investigated on its merits. But (10)....., this practice is causing less controversy than it has done under previous governments.
1) a Incidentally b First of ail c On the contrary;
2) a Even so b As a matter fact
of c Hence;
3) a By and large b Consequently c First of all; 4) a in contrast b incidentally c at any rate; 5) a despite b although c Whereas; 6) a anyway b furthermore c to be honest; 7) a Having said
that b Moreover c To make
matters worse;
8) a As a result b As a matter fact
of c To some extent;
9) a although b thus c indeed; 10) a in contrast b in addition c broadly
speaking.
10.3 Read the text and decide which answer (A, B or C) best fits each space
Starting your own business could be the way to achieving financial independence. (1 ) .......it could just as well land you in debt for the rest of your life. (2) ......., that is the view of Charles and Brenda Leggat, a Scottish couple, who last week saw their fish farm business put into the hands of the receiver. 'We started the business at a time when everyone was being encouraged by the banks to borrow money. (3 ) ......., we fell into the same trap, and asked for a big loan. (4 ) ......., at the time we were sure that we could make it into a going concern,' said Charles Leggat, a farmer from the Highlands. The bank analysed the proposals we put forward and they agreed that it would be a highly profitable business.' Sure enough, within five years the Leggats were exporting trout and salmon products to hotels all over Europe, and ( 5 ) .......they took on over fifty staff. (6 ) ..........with the advent of the recession, they began to lose ground as orders dried up.
36
'( 7 ) ....... . said Brenda Leggat, ’the business has now been valued by the bank at a fraction of its true worth. If they had left us to work our way out of our difficulties, (8) ....... virtually bankrupting us, I am sure that we could have gone back into profit. As it is, we have been left without a livelihood, and the bank has not recovered what it lent us.' The Leggats both felt that their banks had not treated them fairly. '( 9 ) ....... . they were falling over themselves to lend us the money initially, (1 0 ) .......now they are doing very little to keep the business going, and fifty local people in work.' A spokesman for the bank concerned refused to commcnt.
1) a Moreover b On the other hand
c As well as;
2) a At least b However c To make matters worse;
3) a Incidentally b At any rate c As a result; 4) a To put it
another way b Nevertheless c In contrast;
5) a what's more b on the other hand
c to tell the truth;
6) a Hence b Consequently c However; 7) a In contrast b Whereas c To make
matters worse; 8) a as opposed to b as well as c in addition to; 9) a However b To tell the
truth c As a result;
10) a as well as b whereas c on the other hand.
[13, p. 169-171]
Globalization
What exactly is globalization? To some extent/ Moreover the term means whatever people want it to mean. In economics, the term usually refers to the way the world has become one market, with free exchange of goods and capital. At least/' However, it is also used to describe cross- cultural contacts. Furthermore/ As well as being part of the same economic system, countries in different paits of the world share entertainment, food, and in some respects/ owing to, similar attitudes to life. Above all> Thus, globalization often refers to the way TV and the Internet have created a
37
unified world in which information can be exchanged very rapidly. In fact, a ‘global economy’ is only possible as a result of/ however modem information technology. Despite/ Furthermore, politics has also become ‘globalized’, creating co-operation between countries. However/ Although, there are many critics of globalization who point that while business has become global, there are still winners and losers: consequently/ nevertheless, the richer nations grow richer, and the poorer nations grow poorer. They also argue that above all/ as a result o f the global power large corporations and international financial institutions, many countries no longer control their own economics. [12, p. 187]
10.5 Complete the following sentences using the words and phrases for causes and effects in the box
| because of (x2) caused consequently due to owing to_____ result in______________ result o f _________
1) Bird strikes c a n .....damage to aircraft. 2) Bird strikes were a potential problem for the train ,..... its speed. 3) During the test, the train was severely damaged as a ..... the
impact. 4) The damage occurred..... a problem relating to temperature. 5) The impact of the chicken..... it to enter the train. 6) The engineers thought the gun was faulty, so..... they called their
colleagues.
10.6 Read the following engineering urban legends and complete the descriptions of causes and effects using the correct form of the words and phrases in Exercise 10.5. Sometimes more than one word or phrase is possible:
1) Apparently, the biggest challenge in space exploration was developing a pen for astronauts to use in orbit as ordinary ballpoint pens don't work in space, ..... the fact that there's no gravity. So ....... this problem, there were teams of researchers working for years, trying to find a solution. Eventually, someone came up with the idea of using a pencil.
2) When they designed the foundations of the library on the university campus, they forgot to allow for the weight of the books on the shelves, w hich..... the building to start sinking. S o ........ . half of the floors have had to be left empty, without books, to keep the weight down.
3) Did you hear about that Olympic-sized swimming-pool that was built? They got the length wrong ..... , the tiles. They forgot to take into
38
account the thickness, which.....the pool measuring a few millimeters too short. S o ...... it can't be used for swimming competitions. [6, p. 76 - 77]
It Adverbs
11.1 Choose the best option, A, B, or C, to fill each gap
Street design
People in some British town are complaining about the (1) ..... uninteresting streets and squares being designed by local council architects. It seems that one (2 ) .....unexpected result of improved health and safety laws in a/ an (3) ..... unimaginative approach to urban design. (4) ...... street features such as fountains, steps and even cobbled roadways, are being excluded from our streets because of the risk of accidents. (5 ) ....., many councils are paying out huge sums on claims for damages made against them by people who injure themselves in the street, and although it is (6) ..... possible to design a/an (7) ..... accident-proof urban environment, architects are taking the easy way out. Hence the (8 )__ dull design we now see in some city centers. It seems (9) ..... obvious that streets should be safe, but it is also (10) ..... important that they should make us feel proud to be walking in them. (11) ...... there are architects who have come up with (12).....more creative solutions, as a visit to many city centers will show. So in the end, it’s up to local councils to try harder.
1) a quite b extremely c hardly; 2) a entirely b very c fairly; 3) a rather b fairly c entirely; 4) a Technically b Financially c Surprisingly; 5) a Logically b Apparently c Naturally; 6) a rather b hardly c fairly; 7) a completely b very c extremely; 8) a politically b rather c clearly; 9) a extremely b utterly c perfectly; 10) a surprisingly b particularly c hardly; 11) a Fortunately b Absolutely c Really 12) a extremely b fairly c rather;
Bibliography [12, p. 131]
39
11.2 Complete the text with a word or phrase from the list in each gap:
a) absolutely key; b) completely free; c) entirely financed; d) extremely expensive; e) financially speaking; f) generally speaking g) naturally; h) quite clear; i) quite unable; j) quite usual; k) totally private; 1) veiy basic.
Health service In recent years it has become (1 ) ..... that the provision o f health care
is one of the (2) ..... issues in modem society. In some countries the provision of health care is ( 3 ) ..... at the point of use. ( 4 ) ....... this means that people who visit the doctor, or have to go into hospital, do not hand over money to the people who treat them. Instead, the system is (5 ) .....by central government, and paid out of revenues ( taxes) collected from everyone. In some health system everyone is treated free, regardless of their ability to pay, while in other systems, patients pay a standard charge, even for (6) ..... drug treatments, while those who are (7) ..... to pay receive free treatment. In other countries the system is (8) ..... and everyone has to pay for their treatment. (9) ..... this means that patients either have to pay for their own insurance, which will pay for their bills when they are ill, or pay bills from their own pockets. In many countries it
(10)..... for both systems to exist side by side, with the state providing (11) services, and the better off, naturally, paying for services of a higher quality. This is sometimes known as a “two-tier” system. [12, p. 216]
113 Complete the sentences with an adverb from the box: a) severely; b) deeply; c) eagerly; d) desperately; e) virtually; f) distinctly
40
g) sorely; h) highly: i) fatally; j) interminably; k ) perfectly; I) conscientiously.
1) 1 need a holiday. I haven’t had a break for three years. 2) The return of the Shakespearean actor Donald Benett to the
London stage i s .....awaited. 3) 1 work with a .....- motivated sales team. We all work hard. 4) It i s ..... impossible to get away from mobile phones these days.
5) Bad weather has ..... affected the roads this weekend. Driving conditions are treacherous.
6) The politician’s speech seemed to go on ..... , but in fact it was only thirty minutes.
7) I hate cold climates. I am ..... tempted to emigrate somewhere warm.
8) I ..... remember you telling me not to phone before 2 p.m. 9) Having worked ..... for the same firm for forty years, he was
awarded a gold watch. 10) In her anger she hit him. Later sh e .....regretted this. 11) Two people escaped unhurt in the accident, but unfortunately the
third passenger w as..... injured and died on the way to hospital. 12) Alison made her views on the subject of politicians .....clear.
She dislikes all of them.
11.4 Choose the two correct adverbs in these sentences 1) I totally/perfectly/ quite agree with you. 2) She totally/ quite/strongly disagrees with me. 3) Some people sincerely/ seriously/ entirely believe there’s life in
space. 4) I perfectly/strongly/ completely understand what you're trying to
say. 5) I totally/ really/quite like spicy food. 6) Kate thinks maths is hard, and she’s absolutely/ very/quite right. 7) Personally 1 find maths extremely/ totally/quite impossible. 8) She’s absolutely/ completely/ extremely terrified of dogs. 9) I was absolutely/ very/ terribly pleased to hear you’re getting
married. 10) I'm sure you’ll be totally/extremely' really happy together.
41
! 1.5 Underline the most suitable adverb for each space 1) Someone obviously/currently/fortunately must have picked it up
by mistake. 2) He could really/cheerfully/easily have stolen the painting without
anyone knowing. 3) I may surely/well/dearly have made a mistake. 4) You really/clearly/needlessly shouldn't have spent so much on my
present. 5) Bill rarely/simply/certainly wouldn't listen to anything we said. 6) I couldn’t just/yet/already have left without saying a word. 7) Certainly/Rarely/Surely you can't seriously believe that 1 am
guilty! 8) I opened the window, I greatly/surely/simply had to get some fresh
air. 9) I still/unfortunately'/surely couldn't have come to your party, 10) How dangerous! You could still/strongly/well have been injured! [11, p. 76]
12 Word-building
12.1 Make up nouns of these words using word-building suffixes: 1) 1 er, or - to organize, to exploit, to work, to sail; 2) - tion - to dictate, to decorate, to educate, to connect; 3) - ment - to improve, to agree, to govern, to develop; 4) - ship - leader, dictator; 5) - ing - to build, to dance, to draw; 6)— ist - art, science, biology, type, material; 7) - ness - dark, weak, mad, cold, bright.
12.2 Make up adjectives of these words according to the example below:
Example: care - careful - careless. 1) use, hope, truth, beauty; 2) rain, peace, help, harm; 3) colour, thought, meaning, power; 4) power, tune, delight.
12.3 Read the texts below. Use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in the space
Text 1: Coca-Cola John Pemberton, a chemist from Georgia, was responsible for the (I)
INVENTION of Coca-Cola in 1866. He decided to make a syrup that was both (2).... (ORIGIN) and thirst-quenching.
In his drugstore, he produced a (3 ) ....... (MIX) of cola-nut extract, sugar and caffeine. The exact (4 ) .....(COMPOSE) is still a secret. A few months later, one of Pemberton’s (5) ..... (ASSIST) mistakenly served Coca-Cola with (6 ).....(ADD) soda water, which turned out to be very (7) .....(SUCCESS). To market his new drink Pemberton decided to form a (8) ..... (PARTNER) with Frank Robertson whose elegant (9) ..... (HAND) was used for the Coca-Cola trademark.
In 1985, the (10).....(INTRODUCE) of an improved recipe called New Coke did not meet with the (11).....(APPROVE) of Coke drinkers and the old recipe was revived. [7, p. 123]
Text 2: Money Before the (1) ..... (INVENT) of money, people used to get the
goods and services they wanted by (2) ..... (SWAP) things with others. This system was entirely (3) ..... (DEPEND) on an (4) ..... (AGREE) between both people, who each needed to have what the other wanted.
The system of (5) ..... (CHANGE) started to work much more smoothly with the (6) ..... (INTRODUCE) of money. By using precious metals, which had been (7 ) .....(OFFICIAL) weighed and made into coins, it (8 ) .....(COME) possible to sell what you produced in return for coins, then use the coins to buy (9 ).....(ANY) you wanted from a third party.
Some societies have developed (10) .....(ACCEPT) substitutes for coins by using things which, in (11).....(REAL), have a fixed value such as salt or cigarettes. [7, p. 167]
Text 3: Telephone Calls Today an enormous amount of (1) .....(PERSON) and business (2)
..... (COMMUNICATE) takes place by telephone and fax machine. It’s usually quite easy to make a call to (3 ).....(ONE) right on the other side of the world because these days most long- (4).... (DISTANT) calls travel via satellite. Fifty years ago, however, an (5 ) .....NATION call was far more difficult. It could sometimes take the (6 ) .....(OPERATE) a very long time to make a (7 ) .....(CONNECT), and even then the (8 )...... (RECEIVE) was often rather poor. Telephones at that time could only Work between places connected by (9 ) .....(CONTINUE) w'ires which had to cross the oceans.
43
The world’s (1 0 ).....(LONG) cable still stretches (1 1 )...... (WATER) for fifteen thousand kilometers beneath the Pacific Ocean.
Text 4: The greatest writer of all time Graphology is the study and (1 ) .....(ANALYZE) of handwriting as
a way of telling you about the writer’s (2 ) .....(PERSON). In order to carry out a (3 ) .....(SUCCESS) study of someone’s character, graphologist need a full-page specimen of someone’s handwriting. This has to be (4) ..... (WRITE) spontaneously under normal conditions.
One of the most widely analyzed (5 ) .....(SIGN) IS THAT OF THE greatest English writer of all time, William Shakespeare. The only examples we have of Shakespeare’s (6) ..... (ABLE) to write are six examples of his signature. (7 ) .....(FORTUNATE), experts do not agree on whether he wrote them at all. If he did, he could (8) ..... (HARD) have been the writer who ‘never blotted a line’. The signatures are nearly (9 )..... (LEGIBLE) and it can be seen that the name is spelt in several (10) ..... (DIFFER) ways and written in several different styles. The three most (11) .....(CONTROVERSY) signatures are those on Shakespeare’s will. Their shaky letters may be a symptom of the writer’s deathbed (12) ..... (WEAK). However, some expert graphologists claim that these signatures were not written by Shakespeare at all , but by his (13) .....(LAW). One graphologist, Duming-Lawrence, claims with (14) ..... (CERTAIN) that the greatest writer of all time could not so much as manage to scrawl his own name! [7, p. 131]
44

1 . ., . . / , 2000. - 720 .
2 Alexander L. G. English practice for intermediate students I Longman, 1990. - P. 296.
3 Allison J., Emmerson P. The Business. Intermediate. Student's Book - Macmillan, 2008. - P. 155.
4 Evans V. Introduction: Round up. Grammar Practice 4. — Longman, 1995.- P. 192.
5 Evans V. Introduction: Round up. Grammar Practice 5. - Longman, 1995. - P. 208.
6 Ibbotson M. Cambridge English for Engineering - Cambridge University Press, 2008. - P. 110.
7 Kenny N. First Certificate Passkey. Student's Book, - Macmillan, 1996.- P . 240.
8 Murphy R. English Grammar in Use. - Cambridge University Press, 1985. - P. 390.
9 Placement test / www.cambridgeenglish.org/test-your-english. 10 Redman S. English Vocabulary In Use. Pre-intermediate and
intermediate. - Cambridge University Press, 1997. - P. 272. 11 Vince M. Advanced langue practice. — Macmillan, 2003. - P. 336. 12 Vince M. Macmillan English Grammar In Context. Advanced. -
Macmillan, 2008. — P. 240. 13 Vince M. Macmillan English Grammar In Context. Intermediate.
- Macmillan, 2007. - P. 233.
A KOCbiMiuacu (Herbri)
Placement test For the questions below, please choose the best option to complete
the sentence or conversation. 1. When can we meet again? a) When are you free? b) It was two days ago. c) Can you help me?
2. My aunt is going to stay with me: a) How do you do? b) How long for? c) How was it?
3. When do you study? a) at school. b) in the evenings. c) in the library.
4. Would you prefer lemonade or orange juice? a) Have you got anything else? b) If you like. c) Are you sure about that?
5. Let's have dinner now: a) You aren't eating. b) There aren't any. c) Tom isn't here yet.
6. The snow was ...... heavily when I left the house: a) dropping b) landing c) falling d) descending
7 .1 can't find my keys anywhere - 1 ......have left them at work: a) can b) must c) ought
46
d) would
8. When a car pulled out in front of her, Jane did well not to ..... control of her bicycle:
a) miss b) lose c) fail d) drop
9. According to Richard's......the train leaves at 7 o’clock: a) opinion b) advice c) knowledge d) information
10. When you stay in a country for some time you get used to the people's...... of life:
a) habit b) custom c) way d) system
11. The builders are ...... good progress with the new house: a) getting b) doing c) making d) taking
12. She is now taking a more positive ...... to her studies and should do well:
a) attitude b) behavior c) manner d) style
13. My father...... his new car for two weeks now: a) has had b) has c) is having d) had
47
14. What differences are there.... . the English spoken in the UK and the English spoken in the US?
a) among b) between c) beside d) with
15. At 6 p.m. I started to get angry with him because he was late
a) as usual. b) in general. c) typically. d) usually.
16........you get your father's permission, I'll take you skiing next weekend:
a) Although b) Provided c) As d) Unless
17. A local company has agreed to ...... the school team with football shirts:
a) contribute b) supply c) give d) produce
1 8 .1 really enjoy stories that a re ...... in the distant future: a) found b) set c) put d) placed
19. That old saucepan will come in ...... when we go camping: a) convenient b) fitting c)handy d) suitable
48
20. Anyone ...... after the start of the play is not allowed in until the interval:
a) arrives b) has arrived c) arriving d) arrived
21.1 d idn 't---- driving home in the storm so I stayed overnight in a hotel:
a) fancy b) desire c) prefer d) want
22. The judge said that those prepared to...... in crime must be ready to suffer the consequences:
a) involve b)engage c) undertake d) enlist
23. Marianne seemed to tak e......at my comments on her work: a)annoyance b) insult c) offence d) indignation
24. You should not have a dog if you are n o t......to look after it: a) prepared b) adapted c) arranged d) decided
25. The farmhouse was so isolated that they had to generate their own electricity......
a) current. b) supply. c) grid. d) power.
49
I
Keys to Placement test 1 - a; 2 - g; 3 - b; 4 - a; 5 - c; 6 - c; 7 - b; 8 - b; 9 - d; 10 - c ; 11 -
c; 12- a ; 13- a ; 14 — b; 15 — a; 1 6 - b; 17-b; 1.8- c ; 19- c ; 2 0 - c ;2 I -a ; 22 - b; 23 c; 24 - a; 2 5 -b .
Results: 6 — 10 — Elementary; 11. - 15 - Pre-Intermediate; 16 — 21 — Intermediate; 22 - 25 - Upper-Intermediate.
50
E. 1-KecTe — Active Voice Tense Predicate What action it
expresses Tense pointers /
Present Simple
do/does (he, she, it) + VI
1) permanent situations 2) repeated actions in the present 3) facts which are permanently true 4) timetables or programmes
always, usually - normally, every day (week, decade, month, year...), sometimes, from time to time, often
Present Continuous
am is + Ving are
1) temporary situations 2) actions happening at or around the time of speaking 3) with always to express annoyance or criticism 4) fixed arrangements in the near future
now, at the moment, this week (month, year...)
Present Perfect
have + V3
has
1 ) actions which happened at an unstated time in the past 2) to express actions which have finished so recently that there’s evidence in the present 3) actions which star