grammar part
TRANSCRIPT
Wish situation The structure Examples
Present and Future Wish Wish + would or could I wish I could be at home.
She wishes she would be there.
Present Wish Wish + past form of the verb
He wishes people did not cry a lot.
Present Wish (verb to be) Wish + were
She wishes he were with her.
Past Wishes Wish + had + past participle
They wish she had gone at nine.
Past Wishes: could Wish + could have + past
participle
I wish She could have written the
English essay.
Degrees of certainty Structure Examples
Almost certain
Present must One of the guys must to be lying
Past must + have +past participle The boy must have lied on his
application
Almost certain, negative
(impossible)
Present/ Future can’t / couldn´t His excuse for missing the exam
due to illness cannot possibility
be true
Past couldn´t + have + past
participle
The university president could
not have committed plagiarism
Quiet sure
Future Should / ought to Brain scans should soon be able
to help us to detect liars
Past Should + have + past
participle
We should have read the
university´s Honor Code by now
Less certain
Present/ Future could / may / might He might be funding them to
make himself look like a better
teacher
Past could / may / might + have +
past participle
He might have cheated on the
exam
Type Description Examples
Identifying adjective clausesIt has a subject and a verb
We are living a fast life that is
worried for people to feel a
peaceful life.
Can be introduced by whom,
who, which, that, whose, where
and when
Nonidentifying adjective clausesIt has a subject and a verb
Their research which they have
been prepared since the past
year.
It is used with the relative
pronouns who, whom, which,
whose, where and when.
It cannot be used with that
Quantifying expressions it contains expressions like many
of, most of, some of, none of,
two of, several of, all ofMost of the children were in the
church during the pray.Its structure is: quantifier
+preposition +relative pronoun
(only who, whom, where, when
and which)
Structure Examples
Adverb clauses of result
Such +noun or noun phase + that +
clause of result
The subways were such a mess
that people hate to ride them
So + adjective +that + clause of
result
The shoe brand became so popular
that sales went through the roof in
only a few short months
So + adverb + that + clause of
result
The flu spread so quickly that 50
percent of Manhattanites were
sick on New Year’s Day
So is also used before: many, few, much and little
So + much/little + uncontable noun + that
So + many/few +count noun + that
Contrast Addition Result
(unexpected result)
But Plus So
However In addition As a result
On the other hand On the top of that consequently
Quantifiers before count nouns Quantifiers before non-count nouns
A lot of A lof of
Many/ a great many A great deal of
Quite a few Quite a bit of
A bunch of A large amount of
A (large) number of
certain
Not many Not much
Very few Very little
A few/ few A little/ little
fewer less
Some verbs must always be
followed by a gerund (base form of
the verb + ing)
Other verbs must be followed by an
infinitive (to + base form of the verb)
Rules Direct speech Indirect speech
Statements
Dunant remarked sadly
“Yesterday we lost another 50
soldiers right here”
Dunant reported, with sadness,
that on the previous day, they
had lost another 50 soldiers in
that place.
Questions
Yes / no questions Ignatieff asked the ICRC
representative. “Can I record my
interviews with the volunteers?”
Ignatieff asked the volunteer
how he had survived the tough
Red Cross training”
Do not use say
Use if or whether
Commands
Use not + infinitive with negative
commands or other imperative
verb forms
Dunant warned the soldier,
“don´t shoot!”
Dunant warned the soldier, not
to shoot
Subject Form of the verb
to be
Past participle Complements
Present
The students are given a well- education
Spatial reasoning is being improved
The pieces must be practiced before the
performance
Past
His self-esteem was enhanced by the new arts
curriculum
The neurons might have been stimulated
Future
Intervention will be needed If things don´t
improve
The curriculum is going to be improved
Real situation Conditional
If clause Result clause
If + subject + verb (past form) Subject +could+ verb (base form)
Real situation Conditional
If clause Result clause
If + subject + verb (past
form)
Subject +could+ verb
(past participle form)
Real situation Conditional
If clause Result clause
past Present
If+had+ verb (past participle) Subject +would+ verb (base
form)
Present past
If+ verb(past form) Subject+would+have+verb(pa
st participle)