Grammar Revision 2ºBTO

Present simple

+-?

he/ she / it : -s -es (plays, goes)

Conson + y = – ies (study- studies)O = es (go – goes)S, x, ch, sh = es (watch- watches/ mix-mixes)

Don`tDoesn´t

+ verb We don´t studyShe doesn´t study

A + S + V ? Do you study ?Does she study?

We study EnglishMy sister watches TV

present continuousAmIsAre

+ V-ing

V monosilábicos q terminan en 1 vocal + 1 cons., doblan cons. Run—running swim—swimmingV de dos sílabas y acento en la 2ª, doblan consonante Begin—beginningVerbos que acaban en l , doblan l Travel—travellingVerbos que acaban en -ie , cambia a y + ing Die—dying

+I am studying you are studying he is studying

-I am not studyingYou aren´t studyingHe isn´t studying

? A + S + V ? Am I studying?Are you studying?Is he studying?

Study- studyingPlay-playing

Present simpleThe simple present is used for two main types of action:

actions which happen regularly o on Sundays o Frequency Adverbs : -always, usually, often – o every day, every week, Once a month, etc.

Habits

States Things which do not often change ( opinions, conditions, etc)

present continuous

A temporary action happening now : Something which is going on right now (but it will stop in the future) Algo que está ocurriendo ahora pero parará en el futuro) A definite plan for the future : Something we intend to do, usually in the near future. Algo que tenemos la intención de hacer en un futuro cercano

The present continuous tense is used for two main types of action:

There are some verbs that you don't usually use in the continuous form, just as in

Spanish.

Generally speaking they're verbs that describe states and not actions, such as these:

verbs describing thought processes and opinions:

think, believe, remember, know, forget, agree, disagree…

verbs describing emotions:

want, like, love, hate, adore, detest…

verbs describing the senses:

see, hear, taste, feel, smell…

This doesn't mean that it's impossible to use these verbs in the continuous. It just means that it's unusual and would probably be very specific in a particular situation.

Non-continuous verbs / Stative verbs

Frequency adverbs and time expressions

Always

Usually

Often

Sometimes

Hardly ever

Never

Every day

Once a day / week / month..

Twice a day / week / month..

Three times a day / week / month..

Twelve times a day / week / month..

How often..?

Before the verb She often plays golf

After to be They are always hungry

At the end of the sentence

I do yoga twice a week

Past Simple

♦ Monosyllabic ending in 1 vowel+1 conson, double conson Stop—stopped♦ 2 syllables & stress in the 2nd, double consonant Permit—permitted♦ V ending in conson + y i + ed Study—studied Vowel + y + ed play - played

Suj + +

-

?

V+ -ed

2nd colI played I sang

Suj + didn´t + verb

I didn´t playI didn´t sing Did+ Suj + verb ?

Did you play?Did you sing?A+S+V ?

Use Use

Past and finished actions.

We visited the museum last week

A series of completed actions in the past When I opened the door, the dog barked at the postman.

Past states. The old lady lived in this house in 1887

TIME EXPRESSIONS

Yesterday last week/year

2 days ago In 2002 in

the 80s when then

+-?

I was playing You were singing

I wasn´t playingYou weren´t singingWas I playing?

Were you singing?

Remember I , He , She , It

Was/ wasn´t

Were/weren´t

You, we, they

Past Continuous

WasWere

+ V-ing

WasWere

+ V-ingSuj +

Wasn´tWeren´t + V-ingSuj +

WasWere

+ Suj + V-ing

Time expressions:

While , as , last night / week , at 3 o´clock

A+S+V ?

Usos :1. Para decir lo que estaba ocurriendo en un momento concreto del

pasado (no algo puntual, sino algo en proceso). La acción comenzó antes de dicho momento y seguramente continuó después.

Fíjate que suelen expresar acciones largas. I was studying all day yesterday I studied all day yesterday

Parece q la acción d estudiar fue algo muy largo

Solamente informas, no quieresdar la idea de cuánto tiempopasaste estudiando

2. Para 2 acciones que estuvieron ocurriendo al mismo tiempo.

While you were reading the newspaper, I was doing my homework

3. Para la mas larga de las acciones, que suele ser interrumpida x una mas breve.

I was walking by the street when it began to rain.

Present perfectHaveHas

+ V-ed3ª col

+-

?

I have workedShe has written

I haven´t workedShe hasn´t written

Have you worked?Has she written ? A+S+V ?

Time expressions

Ever , never , yet , just ,

Already , lately , how long..?

For , since , in recent years

TIME EXPRESSIONS•EVER : (Interrogativas)(“alguna vez”) Entre el auxiliar y el verbo. Have you ever been to London? •NEVER : (“Nunca”) Siempre con el verbo afirmativa. I have never seen a class like this.

•FOR : Indica un periodo de tiempo, cuánto ha durado una acción. (durante-desde hace)

I´ve known him for twenty years. (Le conozco desde hace 20 años)

DURING: + noun . Indica cuando ocurrió algo (not how long)

during our holiday during the summer during the night

•SINCE : Indica el momento o circunstancia concreta en que comenzó la acción. I´ve known her since 1994. (La conozco desde 1994)

•JUST : Indica que la acción acaba de concluir. Va entre el auxiliar y el verbo. Have + just + Past Participle = “acabar de + infinitivo” I´ve just washed my hair ( Me acabo de lavar el pelo).

•ALREADY : Va con oraciones afirmativas e interrogativas. (Entre el auxiliar y el verbo).( “ Ya” ) I´ve already seen that film ( Ya he visto esa película) Have you already washed the dishes? (¿Ya has lavado los platos?)

•YET : Va con oraciones negativas e interrogativas. ( Al final de la frase) Negativas. (aún,todavía). I haven´t found it yet. (Aún no lo he encontrado) Interrogativas (“ya”) Has the doctor come yet? (¿Ha venido ya el médico?)

usos Para hablar de experiencias y hechos pasados que han ocurrido a lo largo del tiempo sin especificar el momento.  I have eaten Chinese food many times  Para hablar de acciones que aún continúan aunque empezaron tiempo atrás.(Suele llevar “for” y “since” ). Las preguntas se hacen con “How long..?”  I´ve lived here for five years ( Vivo aquí desde hace 5 años-todavía vivo aquí)  Para acciones que ocurrieron en un momento indeterminado del pasado y cuyo resultado podemos ver.  We´ve painted the kitchen

Expresar que una acción acaba de ocurrir. Entonces añadimos “just” entre el aux. y el verbo

The team has just scored a goal

CONTRASTE PAST SIMPLE / PRESENT PERFECTPast Simple: acciones que ocurrieron en un momento concreto del

pasado.

When did Sam go to India? Last June

Present Perfect: experiencias que han ocurrido en algún momento

indeterminado.

Sam has been to India.

 

Past Simple: acciones completamente acabadas. I lived in India in 1992.

Present Perfect: acciones que comenzaron en el pasado pero que

continúan en el presente. I´ve lived in India since 1992.

 

Past Simple: se acompaña de expresiones de tiempo pasado yesterday,

2 years ago.

Present Perfect: se acompaña con ever, never, yet, already….

Present perfect

continuous

Present perfect of “to be”

Have beenHas been + V-ing

+

-

?

I have been workingShe has been studying

I haven´t been workingShe hasn´t been studying

Have you been working ?Has she been studying ?

Time expressions For a year , since 2002 ,

how long..?

All day / night / week …

Use

An action that started in the past and which still continues in the present. Or has recently stopped. (Como todos los contínuos resalta el tiempo que está durando la acción)

( llevar + gerundio)

You´re out of breath. Have you been running? She has been working here for 2 years Actions repeated over a period of time. She´s been playing tennis since she was 8 An action whose results are still apparent. I´m still tired.. I have been studying all night

Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous

Period of time: I´ve been washing the car. I´m rather wet

Completed action: I´ve washed the car. It looks a lot cleaner now

The CONTINUOUS here focuses on the action going on

The SIMPLE focuses on the result of the action

Continuous : For an activity that is still happening. How long ? How long have you been reading that book?

Simple : Completed actions. How much? How many? How many times? How many pages of the book have you read?

Mary is still writing letters. She´s been writing letters all dayMary has written ten letters today.

•Non-continuous verbs: like, know, believe, etc. Not normally used in CONTLive & work : we use either CONTINUOUS or SIMPLE John has been living/has lived in London for a long time

With “always” we use the SIMPLE . John has always lived in London

Past

perfectHad +

V-ed3ª col

+

-

?

I had worked

I hadn´t worked

Had you worked ?

Time expressions

Already , by the time, after ,

Before, Until , never , just

Use

A completed action which took place before another action in the past

By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started

Present FuturePastPast Perfect

By + a time = no later than

I´ll have finished my work by 11:30

(I´ll have finished it no later than 11:30)

Past perfect

continuousPast perfect of “to be”

had been + V-ing

+

-

?

I had been

I hadn´t been

Had you been ?

Time expressions For hours , since last year

All morning , when , until , before

Use

Para hablar de una acción prolongada que ocurrió en el pasado antes que otra acción breve también pasada. Suelen ir unidas por una expresiónde tiempo de las del cuadro, o “although” , “because”.

We had been driving for 5 hours when we ran out of petrol.

(llevaba + gerundio)

Future

TO BE GOING TO + INFINITIVO ( Futuro de intención)

• Para hablar de nuestras intenciones, planes cercanos, o preguntar a otros lo que han pensado hacer en un futuro próximo.

Next week I´m going to celebrate my birthday.

•Para hacer predicciones basadas en una evidencia en el momento en que hablamos.

Listen to the wind. It´s going to be a storm.

FUTURE SIMPLE will + inf

• Para expresar decisiones espontáneas en el momento en que hablamos (ofrecimientos, peticiones, promesas, advertencias, amenazas..)

I think you´ll learn this very quickly

The window is open. Don´t worry I´ll close it•Para hacer predicciones basadas en nuestra opinión.

He won´t come.

FUTURE CONTINUOUSFuture de “to be” + V-ing

+

-?

I will be studying

I won´t be studying

Will you be studying ?

Time expressions

At this time, at this time next…

On Thursday , in the next decade

Use

An action in progress at a certain time in the future

At this time next year, I will be studying Law in Madrid

FUTURE perfect Future de “have” +

V-ed3ª col+

-?

I will have studied

I won´t have studied

Will you have studied?

Time expressions By this time next week,

by 10 o´clock…, In three monthsUse

A completed action at a certain time in the future. By the end of June, we will have finished our exams

1.When you get home from the shop, I ……………………… (help) you carry

in the bags.

2.By the end of the school year, I ……………………… (speak) French

very well.

3.……………………… you ……………………… (pay) the water bill yesterday?

4.We ……………………… (not usually eat) a big meal in the evening.

5.While he ……………………… (reach) for his cup of coffee, he

accidentally knocked it over.

6.Next week, Emma ……………………… (visit) me.

7.Today, our teacher ……………………… (take) us to the British

Museum in London.

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use a present, past or future tense.

will help

will be speaking

Did pay

don’t usually eat

was reaching

is going to visit / is visitingis taking / is going to take

1. Andrea ……………………………… (leave) for the airport by the time I

……………………………… (call) to say goodbye.

2.Tom ……………………………… (play) tennis for years but he still

……………………………… (not convince) his wife to learn the game.

3.By this time tomorrow, everyone ……………………………… (hear) about

your secret. I’m surprised that you ……………………………… (manage) not

to tell anyone yet.

4.Last week, the car ……………………………… (run out) of petrol. We

……………………………… (should / fill) it up before we left.

5.You ……………………………… (not hand in) your essay yet. I’m surprised

because you ……………………………… (work) on it all week.

Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Use the correct form of a perfect tense or the Past Simple.

had left

called

has been playing hasn’t convinced

will have heard

have managed

ran out should have filled

haven’t handed in

have been working

Reported speech

Cambios en los tiempos verbales

Tense Direct Speech Tense Indirect Speech

Present simple “He works as an editor” Past simple He said that he worked as an editor

Present continuous “He is working as an editor”

Past continuous

He said that he was working as an editor

Past simple “He worked as an editor” Past perfect He said that he had worked as an editor

Past continuous “He was working as an editor”

Past perfect continuous

He said that he had been working as an editor

Present perfect simple

“He has worked as an editor”

Past perfect He said that he had worked as an editor

Present perfect continuous

“He has been working as an editor”

Present perfect continuous

He said that he had been working as an editor

Past perfect simple

“He had worked as an editor”

Past perfect simple

He said that he had worked as an editor

Past perfect continuous

“He had been working as an editor”

Past perfect continuous

He said that he had been working as an editor

Future simple “He will work as an editor” Would + infin. He said that he would work as an editor

Cambios en los modales

Can

May

Must / have to

Will

Could

Might

Must / had to

Would

Cambios en otras palabrasNow Then

Today That day

Tonight That night

Yesterday The previous day / the day before

Last week The previous week / the week before

A month ago The previous month / the month before

Tomorrow The following day / the next day / the day after

Next week The following week / the week after

Here There

This That

These Those

Reported questions LAS YES / NO QUESTIONS son las que se contestan con un “si” o un “no”.

para ponerlas en estilo indirecto utilizamos el verbo ask, y a continuación if o whether.

Entonces la pregunta deja de serlo y se convierte en una frase afirmativa, ya no hay

inversión sujeto-verbo(A+S+V), ni signo de interrogación, ni comillas. “Did you speak to John last night?” She asked

She asked if / whether I had spoken to John last night

LAS WH-QUESTIONS son las que empiezan por una palabra interrogativa

(Wh- word)

Al pasarlas al estilo indirecto ponemos dicha palabra (wh-) y luego el sujeto + verbo.

►Who told you that story? She asked

She asked who had told us that story

Hay dos tipos de preguntas:

Who are you writing to? She asked

She asked who I was writing to

Reported orders Para poner una orden en estilo indirecto cambiamos el imperativo por un infinitivo con to.

Pero antes del infinitivo debemos poner un verbo que exprese mandato, como

Tell u order , seguido del complemento indirecto.

Hay otros verbos que siguen esta estructura aunque no expresen orden.

Ask o beg para peticiones.

Warn para advertir a alguien de algo.

Advise para dar consejo

Invite para hacer una invitación.

“Stop driving so fast”. My mother ordered me to stop driving so fast.

Si la oración es negativa , ponemos not delante de to.

“Don´t tell anybody” He begged me not to tell anybody

Reported suggestions

Primero ponemos el sujeto y el verbo suggest en pasado y después lo que se sugirió.

Las sugerencias se pueden pasar a estilo indirecto de dos formas:

usando una oración introducida por that, con su sujeto y el verbo en la forma base.

(El verbo demand, que expresa mandato, también sigue esta estructura)

“Let´s watch the news” Tom suggested

Tom suggested that we watch the news

Usando el gerundio, sin especificar ningún sujeto.

“ Let´s phone the police inmediately”

He suggested phoning the police inmediately

Reported verbs

+ Admit Agree Answer Apologise Boast (presumir, alardear)Claim

ComplainDeclareDenyExplainInformInsist

MentionOfferPromiseRefuseRemindReply

? Enquire Request

Want to knowWonder

Órdenes DemandOrder

ShoutWarn

SÚPLICAS Y RUEGOS

Beg

Sugerencias Advise

Invite SuggestRecommend

1. “Don’t turn up the music!”

My father warned me

2.“How much money have you saved?”

The bank clerk wanted to know

3.“You must remember to give us the house key.”

Bertha and Marion said

4.“Do the actors know their lines?”

The director asked

5.“I’m not going to eat any more ice cream.”

Andrew announced

Complete the sentences in reported speech.

not to turn up the music

how much money I had saved.

that I / we had to remember to give them the house key.

if / whether the actors knew their lines.

that he wasn’t going to eat any more ice cream.

Passive

voice

The reward of a thing well done is to have done it.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

They gave Diana a camera last week

SUJETO (OD) + BE+PARTIC. + OI + CC + (BY+SUJ)

A camera was given to Diana last week

SUJETO + VERBO + OI + OD + CC

Diana was given a camera last week

SUJETO (OI) + BE+PARTICIPIO + OD + CC + (BY+SUJETO)

1.Identificar el objeto de la activa(OD/OI) 2.Lo ponemos de sujeto de la pasiva 3.Identificamos el tiempo del verbo. 4.Ponemos “to be” en el mismo tiempo + Past Participle (3ª column /-ed) del verbo5.Ponemos el sujeto de la activa como agente de la pasiva precedido por “by”

+Se forma con el verbo “to be” + el participio ( -ed / 3ª c) del verbo principal

An astronaut was sent into space

- Hay que añadir “not” (n´t) al “to be”. Si la frase lleva un modal, un verbo

en futuro simple o un tiempo compuesto, lo que negamos es el modal,

will o have / has.An astronaut wasn´t sent into space

? El orden es to be + el sujeto + el participio. Si es un modal, un verbo

en futuro simple o un tiempo compuesto, la pasiva empieza con el modal

o el auxiliar, igual que en la activa.

Was an astronaut sent into space?

TEN EN CUENTA QUE…

Al poner en pasiva una frase afirmativa cuenta el número de palabras que tiene el verbo en activa. En pasiva tiene que haber una más.

Al poner en pasiva una frase interrogativa debes empezar por el auxiliar.

Are they preparing the meal? Is the meal being prepared?

Si la pasiva es negativa, “ not” va con el primer auxiliar

They are not making the meal. The meal is not being prepared

It is said that.. / He is said to.. Con verbos como believed, thought, expected, said, estimate, known, considered, reported… la pasiva se hace de dos formas:“Experts expect that the Chinese economy will grow”1. “The Chinese economy is expected to grow”2. “It is expected that the Chinese economy will grow”

HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE

Cuando alguien hace las cosas x nosotros, ej “cortar el pelo, pintar un piso, etc.

Have/get + object (my room, my hair, ..)+ Participio (-ed/3ªc)

En cualquier tiempo = I´m having, I´ve had, I´ll have

I´m having my house painted (Me están pintando la casa)When are you going to have your hair cut? (¿Cuándo te vas a cortar el pelo?)

1. My sister ……………………… (lose) a lot of weight lately

because she ……………………… (give) a new diet by our doctor.

2.The letter ……………………… (already send) by the time

Jerry ……………………… (ask) me about it.

3.I ……………………… (live) in this house since I was born. It

………………………

(build) by my grandparents.

Complete the sentences with the correct active or passive form of the verbs in brackets.

has lost

has been given

had already been sentasked / will already have been sent asks

have lived / have been living

was built

People have always been frightened of natural disasters. In ancient times,

floods and earthquakes (1) ……………………………… (consider) a

punishment from the gods. Recently, in many places in the world, much

damage (2) ……………………………… (cause) by natural disasters. Now,

scientists (3) ……………………………… (try) to discover whether it’s possible

to use animals to predict natural disasters. In 2004, animals ran to the hills

before the beaches in Thailand (4) ……………………………… (hit) by the

tsunami. If the reason for this behaviour (5) ……………………………… (can /

discover), it may help scientists find a solution and many lives

(6) ……………………………… (might / save) in the future.

Complete the passage with the verbs in brackets. Use the active or passive.

were considered

has been caused

are trying

were hit

can be discovered

might be saved

Conditionals

1st

2nd

3rd

Summing up….

If + present simple , future simple

Unless = if not Modal Imperative

If + past simple , would + infinitivoCould might

If + past perfect , would have + participioCould have might have

Oraciones temporales Se forman como las de 1st conditional : Present Simple , Future

Simple.

Lo que cambian son las conjunciones : as soon as , by the time , when , the moment (that) , etc

She´ll buy a car as soon as she passes her driving test

When I get home, I´ll help you with your homework

Wish / if only

+Past simple

Situaciones presentes que quisiéramos cambiar/mejorar

He wishes his house were bigger

If only I lived near the school

Wish / if only

+Past Perfect

Hechos pasadoslamentando lo Ocurrido

Pam wishes she and Tom hadn´t broken up

If only Sarah had arrived earlier

Wish / if only

+Could Would

+ base form

Deseos sobre situaciones futuras,indicando q es pocoprobable q ocurran

I wish I could improve my marks

If only he would call me

Wish Clauses

1. Gary is sorry that he doesn’t know how to change a tyre.

Gary wishes

2.I’m not old enough to go to that club.

If I

3.It’s a shame that they didn’t enjoy the play.

We wish they

4.She didn’t go to the wedding because they didn’t invite her.

If they

Complete the sentences without changing the original meanings.

he could change a tyre.

were old enough / older, I would go to that club.

had enjoyed the play.

had invited her to the wedding, she would have gone.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS & RELATIVE CLAUSES

Who & that para referirnos a personas

Which & that para referirnos a cosas

When & that para referirnos a un momento en el tiempo

Where para referirnos a lugares

Whose expresa posesión (“ cuyo”) (* Nunca es sujeto y no se puede omitir)

Omisión Nunca se puede omitir si es el sujeto de la oración de relativo

del relative pronoun

The man who visited us yesterday is a professor

The house that was so old was rebuiltSujeto = sustituye a The man

sujeto = sustituye a The house

Podemos omitirlo si no es el sujeto de la oración de relativo

The man (who) we met at the bus stop told me the truth

The house (that) we bought is very comfortable

Sujeto de la or. de relativo

Sujeto de la or. de relativo

Pron. Relat. + Verbo = NO

Pron. Relat + Suj + Verbo = SI

Hay dos tipos de oraciones de relativoDefining relative clauses

Non-Defining relative clauses

Defining relative clausesimprescindibles para “definir”el antecedente. Sin ellas el sentido de la oración quedaría incompleto.

The computer which we bought is very expensive( si no especificamos de qué ordenador hablamos no queda claro el sentido)

Los pronombres who, which y that pueden omitirse si no hacen de sujeto. Whose no se puede omitir ni sustituir.

This is the blog whose author is unknown When y where son los adverbios relativos. When puede omitirse y sustituirse por that. I´ll never forget the day (when/that) I met him. Where no puede sustituirse por that y no suele omitirse. I visited the area where all the trendy shops are.

Si el relativo lleva preposición, lo mas común es omitirlo y poner la preposición detrás del verbo. The boy (who/that) I talked to was nervous

Pron. Relat. + Verbo = NO

Pron. Relat + Suj + Verbo = SI

Non-Defining relative clauses Nos dan información extra que no es esencial sobre su antecedente. Si quitamos la or. de relativo la frase tiene sentido

The king of Spain, who lives in Madrid, is called Juan Carlos

Siempre van entre comas.

No se puede usar that. Se forman con who, which, when, where y whose.

Nunca se omiten.

Se utilizan en el lenguaje escrito y formal.

I work at an animal shelter (1) ……………………… takes in homeless

animals. The shelter is the place (2) ……………………… the animals are fed

and taken care of. On the day (3) ……………………… animals are brought

to the shelter, Dr Sloan is the vet (4) ……………………… examines them

and gives them medical treatment. Anyone (5) ……………………… pet is

lost can come to the shelter to see if it’s there.

Complete the passage with relative pronouns.

which

where

when

who

whose

1.Here is the box. I keep my discs in it.

2.Look at that park. I used to play there.

3.I graduated from university. I’ll never forget that day.

4.We invited Jane to dinner. Her family is abroad.

5.My sister studied medicine. She’s a good doctor.

Combine the sentences using a relative clause.

Here is the box where I keep my discs.

Look at that park where I used to play.

I’ll never forget the day when / that I graduated from university.

We invited Jane, whose family is abroad, to dinner.

My sister, who studied medicine, is a good doctor.

Combine the sentences using a suitable relative pronoun

1.Dan just came back from Hawaii. There are great beaches there.Dan

2.Janet is a student. Her travel diary won a prize.Janet,

3.Do you remember the evening? Janet played the guitar for us.Do you

4.He is the man. He sold us the package holiday.He is the man

5.This is the jeep. It will take us to the hotel.This

just came back from Hawaii, where there are great beaches.

whose travel diary won a prize, is a student.

remember the evening when Janet played the guitar for us?

who / that sold us the package holiday.

is the jeep that / which will take us to the hotel.

USE MODAL EXAMPLE

OBLIGATION tengo la obligación de,debo, tengo que

Must # Have to (no modal:has

to)

They have to wear a uniformI must finish this exercise

NECESSITY Need to (no modal)(+)

She needs to speak to you

NO OBLIGATIONNo hace falta que

Needn´t = Don´t have to(no

modal)

You needn´t come if you don´t want toYou don´t have to come if you don´t want to

PROHIBITIONno puedes

Mustn´t You mustn´t smoke at school

ABILITY Se, puedo, soy capaz

Can (presente) Could (pasado) Be able to -todos los tiempos

I can play the pianoI could climb mountainsI will be able to drive a bus

POSSIBILITY May (puede que) Might (pudiera ser

que) (posib + remota) Could (puede que)

They may begin acting like criminals He might comeThey could be on the train now

DEDUCTION/CERTAINTY

Must (I´m sure) Can´t (It´s imposible)

That must be your mother (esa debe ser tu madre)That can´t be true (eso no puede ser verdad)

Modal Uso Example Can Habilidad

PermisoPosibilidadPedir algo

I can drive a busCan I go to the toilet?She can come to the partyCan you lend me some money

Can´t ImposibilidadDeducción

I can´t lift this box Those can´t be my keys. I´ve got them

Could Habilidad en el pasadoPreguntar formalmenteEspecularSugerir

I could play the guitar when I was fiveCould you tell me the time, please?Whose could these glasses be?We could go to the theatre

Couldn´t Imposibilidad en el pasado I couldn´t ride a bike when I was fiveBe able to Habilidad I will be able to pass this subject May / Might Posibilidad It might rain tomorrow May Pedir algo educadamente May I borrow your book, please? Would Pedir algo formalmente

Ofrecer (con like)Hábitos en pasado(used to)

Would you come with me to the wedding?Would you like some tea?She would tell us stories

Must Obligación,Deducción

You must be quiet in the libraryJohn must be very busy. He didn´t come

Have to Obligación I have to study hard if I want to passNeed to Obligación I need to buy some meat for dinnerNeedn´t No obligación You needn´t do all the exercisesDon´t have to No obligación We don´t have to attend the conferenceMustn´t Prohibición You mustn´t step on the grassShould /ought to Consejo , opinión You should tell the truth

1. They ……………………… (could / go) to the film but they

decided to stay at home.

2.I ……………………… (mustn’t / forget) to buy Mum a birthday

present.

3.She missed the test today. She ……………………… (must / be) ill.

4.You ……………………… (shouldn’t / spend) so much money.

Think about the future.

5.You ……………………… (needn’t / leave) your dog at home. It

would have had fun here.

6.I ……………………… (might / find) a babysitter if I had really tried.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the modals and verbs in brackets.

could have gone

mustn’t forget

must beshouldn’t spend / shouldn’t have spent

needn’t have left

might have found

1. He’s sure that she’s happy about the news. (must)

2.It’s possible that the children broke the window. (might)

3.I guess David forgot about the meeting. (must)

4.I won’t be able to come to the party. (can)

5.It’s a good idea to wear a suit for the interview. (should)

Rewrite the sentences with the modals in brackets. Do not change the original meaning of the sentences.

She must be happy about the news.

The children might have broken the window.

David must have forgotten about the meeting

I can’t come to the party.

You should wear a suit for the interview.

Translate

1. My abuelo afirmó que se jubilaría el año siguiente

2. Mi madre me aconsejó que no solicitara el trabajo de dependiente en Berska

3. Se pueden encontrar montones de gangas en internet

4. ¿Dónde se venden vaqueros de marca en esta ciudad?

5. Nunca me enamoraré de nadie a no ser que compartamos los mismos intereses

6. Yo rompería con mi novio si me tratara mal

My grandfather claimed that he would retire the following year

My mum advised me not to apply for the job as a shop assistant at Berska

Lots of bargains can be found on the Internet

Where are brand-name jeans sold in this town?

I´ll never fall in love with anybody unless we share common interests

I would break up with my boyfriend if he treated me badly

Ojalá tuvieras mejor sentido del humor

Sentí decirle adiós a la chica que había conocido

He reservado una habitación en el hotel en el que nos quedamos el año pasado

El desfile puede ser cancelado por culpa de la fuerte lluvia

No hace falta que te disfraces para participar en el Carnaval de Cádiz

Deberías ponerte elegante para ir a la boda de Julio

Marta parece enfadada. Puede que haya discutido con Tim.

Podías haber planificado este viaje con bastante antelación

I wish you had a better sense of humor

I was sorry to say goodbye to the girl who/that I had met

I´ve booked a room in the hotel which/that we stayed in last year where we stayed last year

The parade may be cancelled because of the heavy rain

You needn´t disguise yourself to take part in the Cadiz Carnival

You should dress up to go to Julia´s wedding

Marta looks angry. She might have argued with Tim

You could have planned this trip well in advance