(Grammar )

Second Year By: D.Mona

Chapter ۱ Page ۱۱ (exercises ۳) :

*Identify the word class of each of the following words:

(noun) Nationality (adjective)National

(noun) Pleasure (verb) stink

(adjective) helpless (adjective)Inclusive

(adjective) passionate (noun)Passion

)(noununity (verb)unite

(adjective) measurable un)(nomeasure

(noun) leakage ) (verbleak

(adjective) possible (noun) sanction

(verb) endanger (noun)danger

(adjective) Visible (noun)vision

Chapter ۲ Page ۱۹ , ۲۰ (Exercises ۲) :

*In each of the following sentences,indicate whether the underlined noun is count or non-count.

(count)to make. comment. Ithought it was a strange ۱

you gave to the detective was very information. The ۲count)-(nonmisleading.

(count) at college. music. Jean is studying ۳

count)-(noun. brandy. Ilike ٤

count)-(non,please. brandy. I'll have a ٥

count)-(non . industry. Oil is essential for ٦

(count)gives us milk. A cow. ۷

Ucount)-(nounUis the root of all evil. UMoneyU. ۸

th ۲۰is one of the greatest inventions of the UTelevisionU. ۹ U(count)U century.

(count)Uis usually made of wood. UFurnitureU. ۱۰

count)-(nonUis the key to wealth. UBusinessU. ۱۱

(count)U. UbusinessU. He has a small ۱۲

Chapter ۲ Page ۲۰,۲۱ (Exercises ۳) : *Change the nouns into plural : ۱. Would you give me a loaf of bread, please?

, please?)ould you give me loafs of bread(w

۲. My son-in-law is a good man. law are good men)-in-(My sons

۳. He is a wolf in a sheep's clothing. (They are walfs in sheeps' clothing)

٤. Let me forget the past and turn over a new leaf. (let me forget the past and turn over the new leaves) ٥. A little child needs special Care. (the little children need special care) ٦. What a nice shirt! (what the nice shirts!)

۷. Give this to the secretary, please. (give these to the secretary, please)

۸. A man is physically stronger than a Woman. (the men are physically stronger than the women)

۹. A cow gives us milk. (the cows give us milk)

۱۰. A lion is a dangerous animal. (the lions are dangerous animals)

Chapter ۲ Page ۲۱,۲۲(Exercise ٤):

*Change the following into singular:

۱. When the cats are away, the mice play. (when the cat is away, the mouse play)

۲. Some thieves broke into our house yesterday. (a thief broke into our house yesterday)

۳. Sheep cannot run as fast as the wolves, and so the sheep were easily caught by the wolves. (sheep cannot run as fast as the wolf and so the sheep was easily caught by the wolf)

٤. Oxen are of more value than buffaloes to farmers. (Ox is of more value than buffalo yo farmer)

٥. The feet of men are bigger than those of women.

(the foot of man is bigger than that of woman)

٦. Ducks are fa_er than geese. (duck is fatter than goose)

۷. My daughters-in-law are very nice ladies. law is very nice lady)-in-(my daughter

۸. There are some chairs in the dining-rooms. room)-(there is a chair in the dining

۹. My grandsons are very naughty children. (my grandson is very naughty child)

Chapter ۲ Page ۲۲,۲۳ (Exercise ٥): *Fill in the spaces with ('s),or (') where necessary:

clothes shop. 's . This is a man۱

widding was so great. 's . George ۲

school. ' . Nadia and Nancy go to a girls ۳

life. 's ife is quite different from school l 's . University ٤

next session will be held next Monday. ' . The Cogress ٥

Hamlet? 's . Have you read shakespeare ٦

generosity is unquestionable. ' . egyptions ۷

's Night 's Amidsummer 's . I've read shakespeare ۸Dream.

toys while they are away. 's . Don't touch the children۹

room. ' . this is the kids ۱۰

Chapter ۲ Page ۲۸ (Exercise ۲): *Correct whatever is wrong in the following sentences:

live in Assiut. UtheyUag, but . My wife and I are from Soh۱

(we)they

.UherU. Give it to her . It's ۲

(hers)her

children are tall. UourUwife are both short, but all UherU. Ali and ۳

(their)our (his)her

٤. It was me who did it.

.UyourU. My car is newer than ٥

(yours)Your

while shaving. UhisselfU. Ali cut ٦

(himself)hisself

. one another. Ali and Samy don't like ۷

(each other)herone ot

. he . This is John's book. Give it to۸

(him)he

tell lies. which. I don't like people ۹

(whose)which

is standing over there is my uncle. whom. this man ۱۰

(who)whom

Chapter ۳ Page ٥٤,٥٥ (Exercise):

*A verb has been underlined in each of the following sentences. Indicate the form of the verb by selecting one of the choices given:

the piano in a gazz club. plays. He ۱

( )present ( )past ( )infinitive ( )-ed ( )-ing

in the shower again. singing. David is ۲

( )present ( )past ( )infinitive ( )-ed ( )-ing

add policeman. laugh. He was told not to ۳

( )present ( )past ( )infinitive ( )-ed ( )-ing

up after the accident. swelled. His arm ٤

( )present ( )past ( )infinitive ( )-ed ( )-ing

.۱۹۷۰since ٦٪by increased. The population has ٥

( )present ( )past ( )inifinitive ( )-ed ( )-ing

Chapter ۳ Page ٦۲ (Exercise):

*Is the underlined verb a main verb or an auxiliary verb

(main verb)Uthe soup. UhaveU. I will ۱

U(auxiliary verb)Uinvestigating the incidend. UareU. The police ۲

(main verb)Uvery peaceful here. UisU. It ۳

(auxiliary verb)your prother work. does. Where ٤

(auxiliary verb)decided to advertise your job. have. They ٥

(main verb)homework on the way to school. his does. He ٦

(auxiliary verb .. at the weekend? doyou usually do. What ۷main verb)

(main verb). cheese and eggs for breakfast have. I usually ۸

Chapter ٤ Page ۸۰,۸۱ : *Assign the underlind adjectives in each of the following examples to one of the three positions :

door opend slowly. green. The ۱

( )attributive ( )predicative ( )postpositive

. dangerousf water is . This stretch o۲

( )attributive ( )predicative ( )postpositive

voted against the Chairman. presetholders -share. The ۳

( )attributive ( )predicative ( )postpositive

.ill. Jan feels ٤

( )attributive ( )predicative ( )postpositive

than normal pay increase was award to the nurses. larger. A ٥

( )attributive ( )predicative ( )postpositive

Chapter ٤ Page ۱۰٦,۱۰۷,۱۰۸ (Exercise):

*Select the correct order of the adjectives in these sentences.

۱. He invited that ………….lady to dinner.

b) beautiful younga) young beautiful ۲. These are …………….. ptducts.

b) agricultural excellen a) excellent agricultural

۳. Why can't you wear your ……………… dress tonight?

b)silk pink a) pink silk

٤. The boy needs …………….balls for that activity.

b) ten small cotton a) ten cotton small

٥. I've booked that …………… table on the corner.

b) square big a) big square

٦. Mary,s husband gave her a …………… vase.

b) French porcelain a) porcelain French

۷. He broke Mpther's ………………. milk jug.

b)old greena) green old

۸. Who's that ……………. Man over there?

b) silly fat a) fat silly

۹. He's wearing ………….. hat.

b) big old strawa) straw big old

۱۰. Vincent loves his ……………. gloves.

b) lovely warm woolen a) warm lovely woolen

۱۱. My btother wants to meet that ……………… girl.

b) Japanese tall a) tall Japanese

۱۲. What do you plan to do with these ………………… bottles?

b) wine empty a) empty wine

۱۳. That ………………woman needs help.

b) foreign old a) old foreign

۱٤. There are two ……………….dresses in her closet.

b) beautiful reda) red beautiful ۱٥. Jane was surprised by a ………………… mouse.

footed -b) tiny , ugly , quick footed-a) ugly , tiny , quick

Chapter ٥ Page ۱۱۳ (Exercises ۱):

*In each of the following sentences, indicate whether the underlined word is an adverb or an adjective:

(adverb)U, as usual. UlateU. My train arrived ۱ (adjective)Ufilm. UlateU.I'm watching the ۲ (adjective)Ucars. UfastU. My brother loves ۳

(adverb)U. UfastU. He drives too ٤ (adjective)Uught. than I tho UharderU.This exercise is ٥

(adverb)Uin future. UharderU. I hope you'll try ٦ (adverb)U. UdailyU. The Times is published ۷

(adjective)U newspaper. UdailyU. The Time is a ۸ U(adjecctiv)U. You've just ruined my best shirt. ۹

(adverb)Uif you kick them. UbestU. Computers work ۱۰

Chapter ٥ Page ۱۱٤,۱۱٥ (Exercise ۲): *Choose the correct answer: ۱.She shouted ……………… at him.

b) angrily a) angry ۲. He is a …………… worker.

b) carelessly a) careless ۳. If you ask ………………, I will give it to you.

b) nicely a) nice ٤. Be Quiet! I can't think …………... if you are talking.

b) clearlya) clear ٥. Why are you ………………..?

b) angrily a) angry

٦. You are always so …………………, come on!

b) slowly a) slow ۷. Those chocolates look ………….. Can I have one?

b) nicely a) nice ۸. She opened the door ………………

b)slowlya) slow ۹. It is a beautiful ……………… day.

b) clearly a) clear ۱۰. You write so …………….look at these mistakes.

b) carelesslya) careless

Chapter ٥ Page ۱۱۷ (Exercise): *In each of the following sentences, indicate whether the underlined word is an adverb of manner, time, or place.

(manner)U across the rooftops. UsilentlyU.The thief crept ۱ (time)U. UtodayU. I'm not feelimg well ۲

(manner)U.UenigmaticallyU. The teacher smiled ۳ (place)Uafter the match. UhereU. We'll meet ٤

time)(Ucomes to visit. UneverU. My aunt ٥ (time)U. UyesterdayU. We had a birthday part for our son ٦

(place)Usor two weeks. UthereU. We stayed ۷ (time)Umakes mistakes. UalwaysU. She ۸

(manner)Uto catch the bus. UquicklyU. He ran ۹ (time)U.UnowU. Do it ۱۰

Chapter ٦ Page ۱۲۷,۱۲۸,۱۲۹ (Exercise ۲): *For each of the following sentences, choose the best answer: ۱.Mybest friend lives …………… Boretz Road.

b) on c) at a) in ۲. I'll be ready to leave …………….. about twenty minutes.

b) on c) at a) in ۳. Since he met his new girlfriend, Juan never seems to be …………. Home

c) at a) in b) on ٤. The child responded to his mother's demands …………… throwing a tantrum.

c) from b) by h a) wit ٥. I think she spent the entire afternoon ………………. the phone.

c) at b) on a) in ٦. I will wait ………………. ٦:۳۰, but then I'm going home.

c) until from b) at a) ۷. The police caught the thief ……………. The corner of Cascade and Plum Streets.

c) until b) ata) in ۸. My fingers were injured so my sister had to write the note ………….. me.

b) with c) to a) for ۹. I am not interested ………….... buying a new car now.

c) in a) to b) for ۱۰. What are the main ingredients …………….. this casserole?

c) ofa) about b) to ۱۱. My best friend , John, is name………….his great-grandfather.

c) about b) to a) after ۱۲.Grandpa stayed up ……………two in the morning.

c)untila)since b)for ۱۳. You know, my parents have been married…………..forty-nine years.

c) until b) for a) since ۱٤. He usually travels to Philadelphia…………..train.

b) at c) with a) by ۱٥.You frequently see this kind of violence……….. television.

c) onb) in a) with ۱٦. I told Mom we'd be home …………… an hour or so.

c) at b) ina) to ۱۷. I was visiting my best friend …………. the hospital.

c) in b) at a) of ۱۸. The professor ……………South Africa amazed the American students with her stories.

c) in b) of a) from ۱۹. I'll see you …………….. home when I get there.

c) ata) in b) by ۲۰. It's been snowing ……………. Christmas morning.

il b) for c) unt a) since

Chapter ۷ Page ۱۳۷,۱۳۸ (Exercise ۱): *In each of the following sentences a conjunction is underlined. Is it a coordinator or a subordinator? ۱.The proposal could not have been considered

it had been signed by all the members unlessfurther back in May. ( )Subordinator ( )Coordinator

Pisa. and. Last year we visited Venive ۲ ( )Subordinator ( )Coordinator

ast we l since. Have there been any developments ۳met? ( )Subordinator ( )Coordinator

whereas. Conversation used to be entertainment ٤now it's a means of exchanging information. ( )Subordinator ( )Coordinator

white wine. or. Mag will drink red ٥ ( )Subordinator ( )Coordinator

I do although. I find it very difficult to forgive ٦eventually. ( )Subordinator ( )Coordinator

think but I don't but. Karen's definitely coming ۷Pete can make it.

( )Subordinator ( )Coordinator Chapter ۷ Page ۱۳۹,۱٤۰,۱٤۱(Exercise۳): *Choose the correct answer: ۱.Do you think this is something …………… can be learned.

b) that a) who c) X (the conjunction can be omitted) ۲. Don't go out …………….. you've finished your work.

c) until a) as b) while ۳. Make sure you close all the windows …………. It starts rain.

c) for b) before a) after ٤. I think I know ………….. he left the job.

b) until c) where a) why ٥. …………..I had know how much I would disappoint him, I woudn't have done it.

c) Ifa) Whether b) When ٦. ……………. you see me, get in the car.

b) While c)Whether a) As soon as ۷. My friend John, ……………… lives in California, has a car with a New York license.

c)that b) who a) whose ۸. It's usually quite simple to cross the border between the USA and Canada …………….these two countries have friendly relation.

c) becauseb) and a) yet ۹. ……………... a university professor returns from a sabbatical leave, he should be better qualified.

c) Even b) Whena)Until though ۱۰. She's …………… a snobbish person ……………. nobody like to be with her.

b)such…as c)so…that a) such…that

Chapter ۸ Page ۱٤٦,۱٤۷ (Exercise): *In each of the following sentences, indicate whether the underlined word is pronoun it, dummy it, or anticipatory it.

won't do any good to hide from me. UItU.۱

( ) pronoun it ( )dummy it ( ) anticipatory it . UitU. I think you've broken ۲

( ) pronoun it ( )dummy it ( ) anticipatory it 's very kind of you to see me at short notice.UItU. ۳

( ) pronoun it ( )dummy it ( ) anticipatory it was after midnight when I left the office. UItU. ٤

( ) pronoun it ( )dummy it ( ) anticipatory it I'm leaving! –with this place UitU. I've had ٥

( ) pronoun it ( )dummy it ( ) anticipatory it

Prepositions Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs).

Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a ۱:۱ translation is usually not possible. One preposition in your native language might have several translations depending on the situation.

There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and learning useful phrases off by heart (study tips).

The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:

Prepositions – Time

English Usage Example

• on days of the week on Monday

• in months / seasons

time of day

year

after a certain period of time (when?)

in August / in winter

in the morning

in ۲۰۰٦

in an hour

• at for night

for weekend

a certain point of time (when?)

at night

at the weekend

at half past nine

• since from a certain point of time (past till now) since ۱۹۸۰

• for over a certain period of time (past till now) for ۲ years

• ago a certain time in the past ۲ years ago

• before earlier than a certain point of time before ۲۰۰٤

• to telling the time ten to six (٥:٥۰)

• past telling the time ten past six (٦:۱۰)

• to / till / marking the beginning and end of a period of time from Monday to/till Friday

English Usage Example

until

• till / until in the sense of how long something is going to last He is on holiday until Friday.

• by in the sense of at the latest

up to a certain time

I will be back by ٦ o’clock.

By ۱۱ o'clock, I had read five pages.

Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)

English Usage Example

• in room, building, street, town, country

book, paper etc.

car, taxi

picture, world

in the kitchen, in London

in the book

in the car, in a taxi

in the picture, in the world

• at meaning next to, by an object

for table

for events

place where you are to do something typical (watch a film,

study, work)

at the door, at the station

at the table

at a concert, at the party

at the cinema, at school, at work

• on attached

for a place with a river

being on a surface

for a certain side (left, right)

for a floor in a house

for public transport

for television, radio

the picture on the wall

London lies on the Thames.

on the table

on the left

on the first floor

on the bus, on a plane

on TV, on the radio

• by, next to,

beside

left or right of somebody or something Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.

• under on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else the bag is under the table

• below lower than something else but above ground the fish are below the surface

English Usage Example

• over covered by something else

meaning more than

getting to the other side (also across)

overcoming an obstacle

put a jacket over your shirt

over ۱٦ years of age

walk over the bridge

climb over the wall

• above higher than something else, but not directly over it a path above the lake

• across getting to the other side (also over)

getting to the other side

walk across the bridge

swim across the lake

• through something with limits on top, bottom and the sides drive through the tunnel

• to movement to person or building

movement to a place or country

for bed

go to the cinema

go to London / Ireland

go to bed

• into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the house

• towards movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it) go ٥ steps towards the house

• onto movement to the top of something jump onto the table

• from in the sense of where from a flower from the garden

Other important Prepositions

English Usage Example

• from who gave it a present from Jane

• of who/what does it belong to

what does it show

a page of the book

the picture of a palace

• by who made it a book by Mark Twain

• on walking or riding on horseback

entering a public transport vehicle

on foot, on horseback

get on the bus

• in entering a car / Taxi get in the car

English Usage Example

• off leaving a public transport vehicle get off the train

• out of leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxi

• by rise or fall of something

travelling (other than walking or horseriding)

prices have risen by ۱۰ percent

by car, by bus

• at for age she learned Russian at ٤٥

• about for topics, meaning what about we were talking about you

Conjunctions

Cohesive Devices

A variety of useful English Conjunctions exists, which complete this list of the most used Cohesive Devices. Together, they can help to express a cohesive view and easy understandable and readable texts.

There are three basic types of conjunctions:

Definition coordinating conjunctions used to connect two independent clauses

subordinating conjunctions used to establish the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence

correlative conjunctions used to join various sentence elements which are grammatically equal

Coordinating Conjunctions

Comes usually in the middle of a sentence, and a comma is used before the conjunction (unless both clauses are very short). They join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. Whereas coordinating conjunctions join parts of a sentence, the purpose of transitional words and phrases usually is to join two 'sentences'.

Examples: We can draw lessons from the past, but we cannot live in it. [Lyndon B. Johnson] The purpose of most computer languages is to lengthen your resume by a word and a comma. [Larry Wall]

And, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet — are the seven coordinating conjunctions. To remember them, the acronym FANBOYS can be used.

۱. F = for ۲. A = and

۳. N = nor ٤. B = but ٥. O = or ٦. Y = yet ۷. S = so

Subordinating Conjunctions

Also called subordinators, introduce a dependent clause. These adverbs that act like conjunctions are placed at the front of the clause - and a comma is needed at the end of the adverbial phrase when it precedes the main clause.

Examples: If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail. [Abraham Maslow] Some people make headlines while others make history. [Philip Elmer-DeWitt]

Conjunctions Concession • though • although • even though • while

Conjunctions Condition • if • only if • unless • until • provided that • assuming that • even if • in case (that) • lest

Conjunctions Comparison • than

• rather than • whether • as much as • whereas

Conjunctions Time • after • as long as • as soon as • before • by the time • now that • once • since • till • until • when • whenever • while

Conjunctions Reason • because • since • so that • in order (that) • why

Relative Adjective • that • what • whatever • which • whichever •

Relative Pronoun • who • whoever • whom • whomever

• whose • •

Conjunctions Manner • how • as though • as if

Conjunctions Place • where • wherever

Correlative Conjunctions

They are always used in pairs and denote equality; and show the relationship between ideas expressed in different parts of a sentence - and thus make the joining tighter and more emphatic. When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural.

• as . . . as • just as . . . so • both . . . and • hardly . . . when • scarcely . . . when • either . . . or • neither . . . nor • • if . . . then • not . . . but • what with . . . and • whether . . . or • not only . . . but also • no sooner . . . than • rather . . . than

Conjunctive Adverbs

They are often used as a linking device between ideas. They show logical relationships expressed in clauses, sentences or paragraphs. Conjunctive adverbs are very emphatic, so they should be used sparingly.

Similar to And • • also • besides • furthermore • likewise • moreover

Similar to But • • however • nevertheless • nonetheless • still • • conversely • instead • otherwise • rather

Similar to So • • accordingly • consequently • hence • meanwhile • then • therefore • thus