granny wants to buy you a car… zwhat kind of vehicle do you want? zclassify the type of automobile...
TRANSCRIPT
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Granny wants to buy you a car…
What kind of vehicle do you want? Classify the type of automobile you want:
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Classification: Goes from General to Specific
Domain: Automobile
Kingdom: Car
Phylum: Ford
Class: Mustang
Order: 2011
Family: Convertible
Genus: Black
Species: two door
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If you don’t classify specifically your granny might get you…
Domain: AutomobileKingdom: Car
Phylum: FordClass: Pinto
Order: 1973Family: Wagon
Genus: Green/WoodSpecies: 3 door
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Scientific Classification
In addition to cars, what do we classify in society?
How do we classify these things in society?
How do we classify in science?
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Aristotle 384 – 322 BC
Chain of being…2 “Kingdoms”1st known attempts to classify life
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2 Kingdoms of Aristotle
P lan ts A n im a ls
A ris to tleD ivid ed in to 2 B road G rou p s
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Further Classification
H erb S h ru b Tree
P lan ts
S ize S h ap e H ab ita t
A n im a ls
A ris to tle
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Early Classification – Aristotle 384-322 B.C.
2 Kingdoms: Plants and Animals Plants – Green, Non Mobile
Animals – Not Green, Mobile
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How would you classify this using the Plant/Animal system?
Praying Mantis
Green but..
Mobile
Aristotle’s Grouping of life not specific enough
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Carl Linnaeus 1707 - 1778
Swedish botanist Started putting species in similar
categories (taxa)Systema Naturae
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Linnaeus – Systema Naturae
Linnaeus changed Aristotle's system. He:
1. Did away with the plant/animal rules2. Based his system on specific, similar
traits (morphology)3. Gave organisms taxa that described
traits, and called them; gave scientific names (binomial nomenclature)
4. Kingdom Species System
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Each category is called a taxon (plural taxa)
1. Kingdom 2. Phylum
3. Class 4. Order
5. Family6. Genus 7. Species
Systema Naturae Taxa – Linnaeus
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Mnemonic Device – To help remember categories and order
Kingdom - King
Phylum - Phillip
Class – Came
Order – Over
Family - For
Genus - Great
Species - Spaghetti
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Example ClassificationLion1. Kingdom – Animalia (all Animals)
2. Phylum – Chordata (All vertebrate animals)3. Class – Mammalia (All Mammals –
mammary glands)
4. Order – Carnivora (Meat eaters)
5. Family – Felidae (includes all Cats)
6. Genus – Panthera (Includes all roaring Cats)
7. Species – leo (Lions)
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Example of Systema NaturaeExample of Systema Naturae
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Common name vs. Scientific name
What is this?Common name(s):
Mountain lion Cougar Panther Puma
Scientific name: Felis concolor
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In binomial nomenclature each species is assigned a two part scientific name
Language = Latin
Written in italics: Genus species
In writing the name, can’t italicize, so underline Homo sapien (Genus and species of Human) Panthera leo (Genus and species of Lion)
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Classification of a Rose
A rose by any other name…Kingdom: PlantaePhylum: AnthophytaClass: MagnoliopsidaOrder: RosalesFamily: RosaceaeGenus: RosaSpecies: multiflora
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Why Classify?
Names won’t change
Keeps living things “universal”
Descriptions of living things cannot be mistaken or “lost in translation” among scientists
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Why Classify?
Useful ID tool for scientists in the field of agriculture, forestry and medicine
Example: A child eats berries from
a poisonous plant; Poison control can identify the plant quickly, giving the info. to physicians to treat quickly
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Human Taxonomy – Do you know how YOU are classified?
Kingdom=Animalia Phylum=Chordata Class=Mammalia Order=Primate Family=Hominidae Genus=Homo Species=sapienWhat is our scientific name
in binomial nomenclature?
What does it mean?
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7 Taxa of Linnaeus
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies •Animalia, Chordata,
Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae, Canis, familiaris
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Match common names with scientific names….
Column 1 Column 2
________1. Zebra a. Magnolia grandiflora
________2. Collared lizard b. Mus musculus ________3. Praying mantis c. Pinus sylvestris ________4. Indian elephant d. Cucumis sativus ________5. Map turtle e. Mantis religiosa ________6. Atlantic salmon f. Equus caballus ________7. Giant panda g. Sphagnum affine ________8. Purple finch h. Ulnus americana ________9. Scotch pine i. Elephas maximus _______10. Paper birch j. Ursus horribilis _______11. White clover k. Graptemys geographica _______12. Southern magnolia l. Betula papyrifera _______13. Red maple m. Carpodacus pupureus _______14. American elm n. Trifolium alba _______15. House mouse o. Salmo salar _______16. Sphagnum moss p. Camelus bactrianus _______17. Horse q. Equus zebra _______18. Grizzly bear r. Acer rubrum _______19. Camel s. Ailuropoda melanoleuca _______20. Cucumber t. Crotaphytus collaris
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Timeline of Classification1. 384 – 322 B.C. Aristotle
2 Kingdom Broad Classification2. 1735 - Carl Linnaeus
2 Kingdom Multi-divisional Classification Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus,
Species3. Evolutionary Classification – (post-Darwin)
Group by Evolutionary Descent4. 5 Kingdom System – 1950s5. 6 Kingdom System – 1990s6. 3 Domain System – 1990s
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Multi-Kingdom System
2 Kingdom System not efficient -- WHY? Microscope!!!
Opened a new world of organisms
Biochemical Testing
Modern Classification System 3 Domain – “Superkingdom” 6 Kingdom
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OLD VERSION:What are the 5 Kingdoms?
M on era P ro tis ta F u n g i P lan tae A n im a lia
5 K in g d om s
Monera (bacteria) has been split into 2 Kingdoms!
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6 Kingdom System
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Eubacteria
Archaeabacteria
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3 Domains
Eubacteria – Common Bacteria
Archaea Bacteria – ancient Bacteria
Eukarya – Includes everything else - Protist, Fungi, Monera, Plants, and Animals
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Modern Classification – which taxon is new?
1. *Domain – most general taxa 2. Kingdom
3. Phylum 4. Class
5. Order6. Family
7. Genus 8. Species
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Human Taxonomy – Do you know how YOU are classified?
*Domain = EukaryaKingdom=AnimaliaPhylum=ChordataClass=MammaliaOrder=PrimateFamily=HominidaeGenus=HomoSpecies=sapien
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Domain Kingdom
Bacteria Eubacteria
Archaea Archaebacteria
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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Fan DiagramsHow are fan diagrams different from
cladograms?
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Three Domain System
1. Domain Bacteria Corresponds to Eubacteria Kingdom Unicellular Prokaryotic Organisms
No Nucleus Ecologically Diverse – live everywhere!Metabolically Diverse
Cell Walls contain substance called Peptidoglycan – special protein and sugar
Trait used to distinguish between Bacteria and Archaea Target of many Antibiotics
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Three Domain System2. Domain Archaea – “Ancient Bacteria”
Corresponds to Kingdom Archaeabacteria
Unicellular, Prokaryotes Metabolically DiverseNo nucleusLive in Extreme environments like
those of early EarthCell walls without Peptidoglycan
• A trait used to distinguish between Archaea and Bacteria Domains
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Three Domain System
3. Eukarya Contains Kingdoms:
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Eukaryotic, single or multi-cellular
OrganismsNucleusMost visible lifeHumans are in Domain Eukarya
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The 6 Kingdoms
NOTE: For now, we are going to just get an OVERVIEW of each kingdom – we will visit each one in detail the rest of the semester
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For now we will only introduce the
Important characteristics - Domain Cell type
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Cell arrangement
Unicellular, multicellular or both? Nutrition
Autotrophic, heterotrophic, chemotropic or some of each?
Cell wallIf yes, what’s it made of? (there are different kinds)
Examples and “facts”
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Kingdoms 1 Archaebacteria
archae = Greek "ANCIENT“ Modern archaebacteria MAY BE directly descended
from (and are very similar to) the first organisms on Earth
Biochemical & genetic properties differ from ALL other kinds of life
UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES No distinct nucleus with membrane around it Cell wall = made of pseudopeptidoglycan Most are heterotrophic, a few are autotrophic,
and some are chemotrophic Live in harsh environments
Sulfurous hot springs, very salty lakes, and in ANAEROBIC environments, such as the intestines of mammals
3 phyla: Methanogens Halophiles Thermoacidophiles
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Kingdoms 2 Eubacteria
EU = "TRUE“ UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES No distinct nucleus with membrane
around it
Cell wall = made from peptidoglycan
Some are heterotrophic, some are autotrophic, some are chemotrophic
Examples: Most of the Bacteria (Germs) that
affect your life Includes the disease-causing bacteria
such as tooth decay or food poisoning• E. coli, Salmonella, Streptococcus
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Kingdom 3 Protista
Eukaryotes
Lacks complex organ systems Live in moist environments Cell wall = variety: some are
polysaccharide, some silica, some DON’T have one
Mostly unicellular (some colonial = multicellular)
Heterotrophic & Autotrophic 3 types: plant-like, animal-like,
fungus-like Examples: AMOEBA,
PARAMECIUM, EUGLENA, ALGAE
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Kingdom 4Fungi
Eukaryotes Heterotrophs that
do not move (sessile)
Cell wall = made from chitin
Mostly multicellular
A few are unicellular
Examples: MUSHROOMS MOLDS & MILDEWS YEAST (unicellular)
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Kingdom 5Plants
Eukaryotes Multicellular Autotrophs Sessile Cell walls made of
cellulose Have complex organ
systems Examples: MOSS,
FERNS FLOWERING PLANTS, BUSHES, TREES
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Kingdom 6Animals
Eukaryotes Multicellular Heterotrophs NO CELL WALL MOSTLY Motile Have complex
organ system Examples: INSECTS,
JELLYFISH, HYDRA, CRABS, FISH, BIRDS, LIONS,TIGERS,BEARS (oh my !)
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What would the 6 kingdoms say?
For YOUR kingdom, create a comic/cartoon
Include a color picture of the organism in its environment
Give your organism a dialog bubble where it can speak traits you can’t show in your drawing
Be creative! Make a lasting impression!
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Three Domains of LifeP. 460-461
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Evolutionary Classification System - Phylogeny
Based on:1. Comparative Morphology2. Biochemistry3. Derived Characteristics
AND ALSO COSIDERED IS…PHYLOGENY:
The evolutionary history of an organism
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Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationships between TaxaUses:
Fossil record & comparative morphology Comparing Homologous DNA/RNA –
Mitochondrial DNArRNA
Molecular Clocks Makes Phylogenetic trees and cladograms
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Molecular Clock can Determine Relationships and Derived Characters of Species
We Know how newer species are related to ancestor orgs due to mutation patterns
New mutations are added over evolutionary time; the more recent the organism, the more mutations are seen
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Phylogenetic Tree
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Which organisms are most related?
Ubiquitin geneDogAmino acid sequence:
Met-pro-iso-asp-val-pheWhaleAmino acid sequence:
Met-pro-iso-asp-leu-pheSharkAmino acid sequence:
Met-val-iso-his-leu-arg
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Cladistics
Clade – evolutionary branchShows relationships Organizes organisms in order of evolution
Derived characteristicsnovel characters which define their grouping
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CladisticsA system of classification based on
phylogenyUses “cladograms”
What does a cladogram tell you?
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Cladogram vs. Comparative (Traditional) Morphology p.452
Derived Characters
Common Ancestor
Common Ancestor
<-- Common Ancestor
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Evolutionary classification fixes traditional classification problems
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What is this organism? How do we use classification as tool to find out?
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How to use Classification information? Dichotomous Keys
Dichotomous Key “2 branching” Uses PAIRED
STATEMENTS to classify
Either or statements
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try this one…
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Answers…
A. Deerus magnusB. Deerus pestisC. Deerus octagisD. Deerus purplinisE. Deerus deafusF. Deerus humpis
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Some are quite complex…
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New Species
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Classification Problems
Discovery of new organisms may warrant new categories EX: a new family
might be created
In the fall of 2006, a new type of crab with a furry appearance, found near Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean, was so unusual it warranted a whole new family designation, Kiwaidae. It was found at a depth of ~2000ft, in area where the Antarctic sea-shelf is melting
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Totally new:The Vampire Squid
Kingdom:AnimaliaPhylum:MolluscaClass:CephalopodaOrder:VampyromorphidaFamily:VampyroteuthidaeGenus:VampyroteuthisSpecies:infernalis
Scientific Name:Vampyroteuthis infernalis
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Creepy Critters Lab
What would be your Kingdoms? Phyla? Classes? Orders? Families? Genera? Species?
What would have helped?
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Summary
Classification of organism brings order to the great diversity of life
Each organism is assigned a 2-part latin name (genus & species) recognized by all scientists
Taxonomy today classifies organism on the basis of their evolutionary relationships – phyolgeny, cladistics
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Summary (cont’d)
Organisms are classified in a series of taxa
Each taxa represents a set of more specific characteristics 3 Domains of life contain There are 6 kingdoms Species is the most specific taxa
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No rest for the taxonomist!
New environments Evolution Speciation new species continually forming
Still finding new extant organisms….Deep ocean, rainforest, etc