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Diagnosis and detection of fungi occurring on grapevines in Australia 8th International Congress of Plant Pathology, Christchurch, New Zealand, 2003
Grapevine diseases National Wine and Grape Industry Centre (NWGIC) Industry Symposium, Wagga-Wagga,
NSW Australia 2003
Diagnosis of trunk diseases Hunter Valley Vineyard Seminar Trunk disease Management “Understanding the Big Picture”,
NSW, Australia 2003
Role of ! conidia of Phomopsis viticola in cane and leaf blight of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.)
Australasian Plant Pathology Society 13th Biennial Conference, Cairns, Queensland, Australia, 2001
diagnostic and research work presented at national and international conferences
Grapevine diseases in Australia
Dr Vera Sergeeva
• Grapevines grow all over the country of Australia
• A wide range of fungi occur on grapevines during different stages of their growth
• Fungi can infect different parts of grapevines such as berries, wood and green tissue
• Some of fungi are primary invaders while others are secondary invaders
• Fungi can exist together on grapevines and competition between some these fungi are not obvious
• The trunk diseases are difficult to diagnose in the vineyard because similar symptoms are caused by different fungi
• Diseases have the potential to affect yield of grapes
• They also have the capacity to affect the quality of wine
Grapevine diseases are caused by range of pathogens. They have serious impacts on both fruit yield and quality of wine.
Several fungi, some of pathogenic importance, were observed on grapevines from different viticultural regions of Australia. Twenty-three species of fungi belonging to nineteen genera were recorded during a five-year period from 1997 to 2002:
Botrytis cinerea, Greeneria uvicola, Colletotrichum acutatum,C. gloeosporiodes, Botrytosphaeriacea species, Eutypa lata, Cytospora sp., Pestalotiopsis uvicola, P.menezisiana., Seimatosporium sp., Phomopsis viticola, Coniella diplodiella, Broomella acuta, Aschochyta sp., Volutella sp. Rhizoctonia sp., Rhizopus sp., Fusarium sp, Pythium sp. , Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., were recorded.
Phomopsis
Botrytis
Greeneria
similar symptoms bleaching are caused by different fungi
Botryosphaeria
Colletotrichum
Seimatosporium
Pestalotiopsis
Ripe rot Colletotrichum sp
Grey rot Botrytis cinerea
Fruit rot diseases
Downy mildew Plasmopara viticola
Powdery mildew Uncinula necator
Bitter rot Greeneria uvicola
White rot Coniella diplodiella Macrophoma rot
Botryosphaeria sp.
Phomopsis bunch rot Phomopsisi viticola
Pestalotiopsis rot Pestalotiopsis uvicola Photo credit Peter Magarey
Grey rot/Botrytis rot caused by Botrytis cinerea
Bunch rot caused by Botrytis cinerea is a major disease of grapes in many grape growing areas that causes millions of dollars of crop loss as well as a reduction in vine quality. It is the most difficult fungal disease to control, particularly when wet weather occurs around harvest.
Mummified berries infected with B. cinerea
germinating sclerotia
sclerotium
Flower infection by Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis (basic disease cycle)
Botrytis on grapes
Aborted, infected flowers trapped within bunch
Indicates the importance of pre-bunch closure spray
Mycelial of Botrytis cinerea growth in vitro fungicide resistance bioassay
Ripe rot caused by Colletotrichum spp.
Disease favoured by warm, wet weather. Survives as dormant mycelium in mummified berries
immature berries
mature berries
• The fungus survives on dormant wood
• The salmon-coloured spores produced in spring causes disease in new season
Colletotrichum acutatum and C.gloeosporioides isolated from dormant canes and buds are reported for the first time
spore mass
Bud infection
dormant cane infected with Colletotrichum
bleached spur
scarring
infected berries
Phomopsis bunch rot caused by Phomopsis viticola (rarely observed)
Mummified fruits carry fungal infection
Phomopsis viticola alpha and beta conidia
Oozing pycnidium on dormant canes
Germination of ! conidia
Spore mass
Phomopsis can remain dormant Ininfected canes, spurs and dead wood for a number of years
Phomopsis on green shoot
infection on upper internodes
Phomopsis leaf symptoms
brown spots with yellow halo
Pestalotiopsis fruit rot caused by Pestalotiopsis uvicola
Flower infection
Berry infection
bleached spur
redish colour on internode
Oozing pycnidium on dormant canes after incubation
Pestalotiopsis uvicola
spore mass
spores
Pestalotiopsis on young vine
inhibition in budburst
Cross section of trunk infection by Pestalotiopsis uvicola through soil–root transmission
Pestalotiopsis uvicola infect canes, woods, green shoots, buds,
berries, flowers, leaves
Pestalotiopsis on young shoots at the base of trunk
Pestalotiopsis menezesiana
Spore mass
Seimatosporium hysterioides
acervulus
recorded infected canes caused by: Seimatosporium hysterioides Pestalotiopsis menezesiana Sporocadus rhododendriand Truncatella angustata
red colour
spores
Bitter rot caused by Greeneria uvicola
Infected berry
spores
Spore mass
Bitter rot (Greeneria uvicola) • Fungus overwinters on stem lesions and mummified berries • Infection starts at flowering • Spreads from stem-end to whole of berry • Light-colored berries become brownish and often show concentric rings of acervuli • Damages fruit especially if rainy weather persists into the harvest season • Grape berries have a bitter taste
acervuli
Dormant canes infected with Greeneria uvicola
Bud infection
cracking of epidermis Phomopsis viticola
Spore mass
showing symptoms of dead-arm, dieback, bud infection - reported for the first time
Spore mass Greeneria uvicola
sp.
Cross section of trunk infected with Greeneria uvicola
Botryosphaeria cross section of cordon (arm)
Botryosphaeriaceae species recorded in vineyards NSW, SA, WA including: Diplodia seriata, Diplodia mutila, Neofusicoccum parvum, Neofusicoccum australe, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Botryosphaeria stevency, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Dothiorella viticola and Dothiorella iberica
Botryosphaeria associated disease: - Black dead arm - Botryosphaeria canker and dieback - Excoriose - Grapevine decline syndrome - Macrophoma rot - Diploidia cane dieback and bunch rot
Spore mass on dormant cane
Spore mass
Pycnidia of Botryosphaeria sp. produce spores in spring which are splashed onto green tissue
Macrophoma rot caused by Botryosphaeria sp.
Infected berries can shrivel and dry out
Conidia-bearing structures (pycnidia)
Cane infected with Botryosphaeria obtusa
Pycnidia under bark
Cross section of trunk infection by B. stevensii through soil–root transmission
Botryosphaeriaceae species are recognized as important pathogens symptoms vary depending on the species of fungi infecting aerial parts or through soil-root transmission
Cross section of trunk infected with several fungi, including Phaeomoniella chlamidospora and Fomitiporia
Esca disease complex involving several fungi, including Phaeomoniella chlamidospora (the fungus responsible for Petri disease) and Fomitiporia (a soft rotting fungus). Esca is rarely observed.
Eutypa dieback, caused by fungus Eutypa lata, is a major trunk disease of grapevines in NSW and SA. Grapevines symptoms of Eutypa dieback, dead spurs, cankers, or discoloured vascular tissue.
Wood symptoms caused by fungi individually & in combination
Infection of grapevine by wood infecting fungi can cause death of the plant
dead 2 years old spur and uneven budburst
Trunk diseases are usually diagnosed by isolations from discoloured tissue in the infected wood. Trunk disease pathogens may cause shoot, leaf or fruit symptoms but generally do not directly infect those parts of the vine. Cross section of trunk showed after isolation that different microflora was associated with each necrosis fungi genera such as: Phaeomoniella, Phaeoacremonium, Eutypa, Fomotipora Botryosphaeria, Pestalotiopsis, Phomopsis, Stereum, Greeneria
Young vine infected with Rhizoctonia and Fusarium
bark removed to show infection
Unknown
Open fruiting body (apothecium)
• Occurs on canes with other pathogens such as Phomopsis • Survives on dormant canes • Wet weather favours
Closed fruiting body
Thank you