grapevine management guide 2013-14 - charles sturt … · grapevine management . guide 2013–14....
TRANSCRIPT
For further information please call the Syngenta Technical Product Advice Line on 1800 067 108 or visit our website at www.syngenta.com.au. The information contained in this document is believed to be accurate. No responsibility is accepted in respect of this information, save those non-excludable conditions implied by any Federal or State legislation or law of a Territory. ® Registered trademark of a Syngenta Group Company. AD13/569 SYN0042/VG.
Support your vines with Syngenta’s proven performers.
Syngenta’s viticulture products are the pick of the bunch.
Featuring smart technology and proven chemistry, the Syngenta
viticulture range manages disease and insect damage more
effectively, which helps you produce a more successful harvest.
Talk to your local distributor today about Syngenta’s solutions.
SYN0042_VG_297x210-v03.indd 1 3/07/13 3:23 PM
Grapevine management guide 2013–14
Jason Cappello
www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
N S W D P I M A N A G E M E N T G U I D E
Grap
evine m
anag
emen
t gu
ide 2
01
3–1
4
Powerful protection from Downy Mildew inside and out.
Say goodbye to copper. Revus features clever technology that will change
the way you protect your grapes. Revus doesn’t just protect the outside
of your vines it also flows inside the plant for more complete protection.
What’s more, Revus is practically harmless to beneficials.
Talk to your local distributor today about Syngenta’s solutions.For further information please call the Syngenta Technical Product Advice Line on 1800 067 108 or visit www.syngenta.com.au. The information contained in this document is believed to be accurate. No responsibility is accepted in respect of this information, save those non-excludable conditions implied by any Federal or State legislation or law of a Territory. ® Registered trademarks of a Syngenta Group Company. ™Trademark of a Syngenta Group Company. AD13/492
Revus_AD13-492_A4_20130702.indd 1 2/07/13 3:37 PM
Grapevine management guide 2013–14
N S W D P I M A N A G E M E N T G U I D E
www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
Compiled by Jason Cappello Development Officer – Viticulture NSW Department of Primary Industries Griffith
© State of New South Wales through the Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services 2013.
You may copy, distribute and otherwise freely deal with this publication for any purpose, provided that you attribute the Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services as the owner.
ISSN 1036-7551
Published by the NSW Department of Primary Industries, a part of the Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services.
Editing: Ann Munroe, Avalon NSW Cover design: Belinda Keen, NSW DPI, Orange NSW Production: Barry Jensen, NSW DPI, Orange NSW
Main cover photo: Shiraz vines reworked from double to single cordons at NSW DPI Vineyard, Hanwood, July 2012. Insets: left to right; Inter-row cover crop in vines at NSW DPI Vineyard, Hanwood, May 2013; Pastro-Custom AG Vine Desucker sprayer unit at Casella Wines vineyard, December 2012. Photos: Jason Cappello NSW DPI, Griffith.
DisclaimerThe information contained in this publication is based on knowledge and understanding at the time of writing (August 2013). However, because of advances in knowledge, users are reminded of the need to ensure that the information upon which they rely is up to date and to check the currency of the information with the appropriate officer of the Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services or the user’s independent adviser.
The product trade names in this publication are supplied on the understanding that no preference between equivalent products is intended and that the inclusion of a product name does not imply endorsement by the department over any equivalent product from another manufacturer.
Recognising that some of the information in this document is provided by third parties, the State of New South Wales, the author and the publisher take no responsibility for the accuracy, currency, reliability and correctness of any information included in the document provided by third parties.
Always read the labelUsers of agricultural chemical products must always read the label and any permit before using the product, and strictly comply with the directions on the label and the conditions of any permit. Users are not absolved from any compliance with the directions on the label or the conditions of the permit by reason of any statement made or omitted to be made in this publication.
PermitsSome of the chemical use patterns quoted in this publication are approved under permits issued by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) and in force at the time the publication was prepared. Persons wishing to use a chemical in a manner approved under permit should obtain a copy of the relevant permit and approved use pattern from the supplier of the product at point of sale and must read all the details, conditions and limitations relevant to that permit, and must comply with the details, conditions and limitations prior to and during use.
AcknowledgmentsWe would like to acknowledge the valuable contributions made by many members of the Australian wine industry in the preparation of this publication. Particular thanks to staff from: • Local Land Services NSW
• NSW Department of Primary Industries
• Charles Sturt University
• Australian Wine Research Institute
• State Vine Improvement Groups
• Riverina Wine Grapes Marketing Board
• Murray Valley Wine Grape Growers Inc.
• Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation
• NSW Wine Industry Association
• South Australian Research and Development Institute.
The National Wine and Grape Industry Centre is an alliance of Charles Sturt University, NSW Department of Primary Industries and the NSW Wine Industry Association.
The National Wine & Grape Industry Centre delivers high value research, education, training and extension to the Australian Wine Industry.
Schematic diagram of the role of the the National Wine and Grape Industry Centre
The Partners Outputs
The NSW Wine Industry Association represents the
interests of the wine industry in New South Wales
Leading provider of information for the agricultural sector
Leading provider of education for the wine industry
Research
Training
Extension
Education
2
ContentsForeword.......................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Staff 2013 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Future projects 8Managing fungicide resistance in Australian vineyards ........................................................................ 8
Vineyard management 10Major Agrochemical ‘Dog Book’ updates for 2013–2014 ...................................................................... 10
New requirements for the movement of Phylloxera Exclusion Zone winegrapes for accreditation under ICA-33 ............................................................................................................................ 15
Herbicide resistance .................................................................................................................................................. 20
Herbicides for use in vineyards ........................................................................................................................... 21
Root knot nematode and grapevine resistance......................................................................................... 28
Grapevine berry ripening and wine aroma ................................................................................................. 31
Industry project updates 33Botrytis fungicide evaluation trial ...................................................................................................................... 33
Trial of alternative varieties reworked on Chardonnay in the Murray ............................................ 37
Grape marc mulching in Riverina vineyards ................................................................................................ 41
Soil nutrient application: feeder root growth field trial ......................................................................... 51
Appendixes 55Appendix 1 Internet sites for wine and grape industries ................................................................................................... 55
Appendix 2 Where to buy your planting material ............................................................................................................... 59
Appendix 3
Agrochemicals registered for use in Australian viticulture 2013–14 ............................................... 61
3
ForewordWhat’s new?The new structure for horticulture within the NSW Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI) has been bedded down, positioning us as the premier organisation delivering research and development (R&D) outcomes to the horticultural industries of NSW.
As a key component of that change we have appointed seven new industry-facing Development Officers (DOs) to work alongside our research teams and help deliver on the goals and strategies of the horticultural industries.
These positions will be aligned with those industries that are a major focus for us under the National Research Framework for R&D.
The following DOs have been appointed:
Leader Horticulture Myles Parker, Orange Development
Viticulture Jason Cappello, Griffith
Blueberries Phillip Wilk, Wollongbar
Citrus Steven Falivene, Dareton
Macadamias Jeremy Bright, Wollongbar
Protected Cropping Jonathan Lidbetter, Ourimbah
Temperate Fruit Kevin Dodds, Tumut
Vegetables Tony Napier, Yanco
The DOs will be responsible for working within R&D programs and taking the outcomes and delivering them to industry.
The role of the DOs is primarily to support capacity building and industry growth through the adoption of new information and technologies. These are positions with state-wide responsibility for their respective industries.
The Grapevine management guide 2013–2014 is one of NSW DPI's flagship publications. Such publications are a crucial means of packaging information for producers, and as such I recommend this current edition to you.
Full contact details for the recently appointed DOs and Leaders are provided in this guide.
Dr Alison Bowman Director Plant Systems NSW DPI
Farewell to Anthony (Tony) Somers and Shayne HackettTony Somers and Shayne Hackett have been the senior authors of the Grapevine management guide for many years.
Following our recent restructure, Tony (formerly Extension Horticulturist – Hunter Valley) and Shayne (formerly Extension Horticulturist – South Eastern NSW) have now left NSW DPI.
We thank Tony and Shayne for their long-term contribution to this publication and the NSW viticulture industry during their many years of service with NSW DPI.
Feedback pleaseNSW DPI wants to make sure that the information we’re providing is what you need to make your business grow. We would like to receive any feedback that you care to offer – good, bad or indifferent. This will help us to make future editions even more useful. Please contact me with your suggestions by mail, phone, fax or email.
Jason Cappello, Development Officer – Viticulture NSW Department of Primary Industries PO Box 1087 Griffith NSW 2680 Telephone (02) 6960 1315 Fax (02) 6963 0255 Mobile 0457 842 874 Email [email protected]
4
Staff 2013Executive Staff
Professor Alain Deloire Director NWGIC Building 404, Room 213 Phone: (02) 6933 2016 Email: [email protected]
Associate Professor Greg Dunn Deputy Director NWGIC Viticulture Leader NSW DPI Building 404, Room 203 Phone: (02) 6933 2108 Email: [email protected]
Ashley Radburn Facilities Manager NWGIC Building 404, Room 207 Phone: (02) 6933 4137 Email: [email protected]
Administrative Staff
NWGIC Research and Technical Staff (in alphabetical order)Associate Professor Gavin Ash Associate Professor in Plant Pathology Building 286, Room 212 Phone: (02) 6933 2765 Email: [email protected]
Dr Inigo Auzmendi Research Fellow – Viticulture and modelling Building 403B, Room 110 Phone: (02) 6933 4082 Email: [email protected]
Dr Celia Barril Lecturer in Chemistry Building 29, Room 216 Phone: (02) 6933 2551 Email: [email protected]
John Blackman Lecturer in Wine Sciences Building 403B, Room 109 Phone: (02) 6933 4186 Email: [email protected]
Allison Blake Educational Officer – Viticulture Building 403, Room 102 Phone: (02) 6933 4343 Email: allison.blake @dpi.nsw.gov.au
Dr Andrew Clark Senior Lecturer in Wine Chemistry Building 403B, Room 107 Phone: (02) 6933 4181 Email: [email protected]
Dr Simon Clarke Research Fellow – Vine Physiology Building 403B, Room 107 Phone: (02) 6933 4173 Email: [email protected]
Dr Dennis Greer Senior Lecturer in Viticulture Building 404, Room 214 Phone: (02) 6933 2725 Email: [email protected]
Lindsay Greer Technical Officer – Grapevine Biotic Ecology Building 403B, Room 102 Phone: (02) 6933 4079 Email: [email protected]
Dr Andrew Hall Research Associate – Viticulture Building 760 (Albury/Wodonga), Room 247 Phone: (02) 6933 2459 Email: [email protected]
Raylee Macaulay Executive Officer Building 404, Room 216 Phone: (02) 6933 2719 Email: [email protected]
Robyn Cheesley Administration Assistant Building 404, Room 212 Tel: (02) 6933 2940 Email: [email protected]
5
Dr Bruno Holzapfel Senior Research Scientist – Sustainable Resource Use Building 403A, Room 110 Phone: (02) 6933 4023 Email: [email protected]
Rob Lamont Technical Officer – Sustainable Resource Use Building 403A, Room 109 Phone: (02) 6933 4172 Email: [email protected]
Campbell Meeks Experimental Wine Maker Building 402 (Experimental Winery) Phone: (02) 6933 4396 Email: [email protected]
Helen Pan Technical Officer – Quality Management Systems Building 404, Room 211 Phone: (02) 6933 2259 Email: [email protected]
Dr Wayne Pitt Research Associate Grapevine Pathology Building 403B, Room 103 Phone: (02) 6933 2157 Email: [email protected]
Dr Suzy Rogiers Senior Research Scientist – Grapevine Performance Physiology & Adaptation Building 404, Room 206 Phone: (02) 6933 2436 Email: [email protected]
Dr Anthony Saliba Consumer Sensory Scientist Building 404, Room 217 Phone: (02) 6933 2306 Email: [email protected]
Dr Sandra Savocchia Senior Lecturer in Viticulture Building 404, Room 112 Phone: (02) 6933 4341 Email: [email protected]
Dr Leigh Schmidtke Lecturer in Wine Production Building 403B, Room 114 Phone: (02) 6933 4025 Email: [email protected]
Dr Jason Smith Research Fellow – Research Viticulturist Building 403A, Room 104 Phone: (02) 6933 4178 Email: [email protected]
Professor Chris Steel Professor in Viticulture Building 404, Room 210 Phone: (02) 8933 2721 Email: [email protected]
Dr Peter Torley Senior Lecturer in Wine Production and Engineering Building 403, Room 108 Phone: (02) 6933 2283. Email: [email protected]
David Waters Extension Communications Officer Building 404, Room 208 Phone: (02) 6933 4544 Email: [email protected]
Dr Melanie Weckert Senior Research Scientist – Grapevine Biotic Ecology Building 404, Room 205 Phone: (02) 6933 2720 Email: [email protected]
NWGIC Postgraduate StudentsSubhashini Abeysinghe PhD Candidate Specialisation: Grapevine Physiology Building 404, Room 115 Phone: (02) 6933 2158 Email: [email protected]
Aude Gourieroux Research Associate – Plant Physiology Building 403A, Room 108 Phone: (02) 6933 2594 Email: [email protected]
Stewart Hall PhD Candidate Specialisation: Plant Pathology and Molecular Biology Building 412, Room W5 Phone: (02) 6933 4081 Email: [email protected]
Maihemuti Kare PhD Candidate Specialisation: Vine Physiology Building 404, Room 216 Phone: (02) 6933 2431 Email: [email protected]
6
Sujeewa Rathnayake PhD Candidate Specialisation: Bunch Rot Fungicides Building 403B, Room 102 Phone: (02) 6933 2158 Email: [email protected]
Navideh Sadoughi PhD Candidate Specialisation: Chemistry Building 403B, Room 102 Phone: (02) 6933 2158 Email: [email protected]
Bithika Saha Masters Student Specialisation: Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Building 404, Room 209 Phone: (02) 6933 4286 Email: [email protected]
Helen Waite PhD Student Specialisation: Grapevine Propagation Building 404, Room 115 Phone: (02) 6933 2158 Email: [email protected]
Tony Napier Development Officer Vegetables Yanco Agriculture Institute Trunk Road 80, Yanco NSW 2703 Phone: (02) 6951 2796 Mobile: 0427 201 839 Email: [email protected]
Phillip Wilk Development Officer Blueberry Wollongbar Primary industries Institute 1243 Bruxner Highway Wollongbar NSW 2480 Phone (02) 6626 1294 Mobile: 0411 139 567 Email: [email protected]
NSW DPI Development Officers (in alphabetical order)
Myles Parker Leader Horticulture Development NSW Department of Primary Industries 161 Kite Street Orange NSW 2800 Phone (02) 6391 3155 Mobile 0419 217 553 Email: [email protected]
Jason Cappello Development Officer Viticulture Griffith Centre for Irrigated Agriculture Farm 217, Murray Road, Hanwood NSW 2680 Phone: (02) 6960 1315 Mobile: 0457 842 874 Email: [email protected]
Kevin Dodds Development Officer Temperate Fruits 64 Fitzroy Street, Tumut NSW 2720 Phone: (02) 6947 4188 Mobile: 0427 918 315 Email: [email protected]
Steven Falivene Development Officer Citrus Silver City Highway, Dareton NSW 2717 Phone: (03) 5019 8405 Mobile: 0427 208 611 Email: [email protected]
Jonathan Lidbetter Development Officer Covered Cropping University of Newcastle, Ourimbah Campus, North Loop Road, Ourimbah NSW 2258 Phone: (02) 4348 1931 Mobile: 0427 378 549 Email: [email protected]
Leigh James Senior Land Services Officer – Horticulture Hawkesbury Nepean Local Land Services Level 4, 2–6 Station Street, Penrith NSW 2750 Phone: (02 4785 3057 Mobile: 0412 429 418 Email: [email protected]
Gregory Moulds Senior Land Services Officer – Horticulture Murray CMA/Western Local Land Services 32 Enterprise Way, Buronga NSW 2739 Phone: (03) 5021 9460 Mobile: 0427 311 445 Email: [email protected]
Karen O’Malley Senior Land Services Officer – Horticulture Central Tablelands Local Land Services 140 William Street, Bathurst NSW 2795 Phone: (02) 6339 4900 Mobile: 0428 103 665 Email: [email protected]
Local Land Services Horticulture Officers (in alphabetical order)
F2622AA
For more information 1800 334 733 www.csu.edu.au/wine
Have you completed a TAFE course or studied at university?
Ask about credit towards your wine science and viticulture degree at Charles Sturt University.
Pathways to a wine science or viticulture degree
7
Managing fungicide resistance in Australian vineyardsBARBARA HALL (PROJECT LEADER), SOUTH AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE, ADELAIDESUZANNE MCKAY, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE, ADELAIDESANDRA SAVOCCHIA, NWGIC, WAGGA WAGGA
What is fungicide resistance?Fungicide resistance occurs when a plant-disease-causing organism is able to survive exposure to doses of a fungicide that would normally control it.
Resistance is usually due to a genetic mutation that enables the fungus to overcome the activity of a fungicide. Each fungal population may contain a very small number of individuals that have this mutation and can survive the application of a particular fungicide.
If the same fungicide or fungicides from the same activity group are used repeatedly and exclusively, the susceptible individuals are killed but those with natural resistance survive, multiply and become dominant. Fungicide-resistant populations add to the cost of managing a vineyard owing to reduced fungicide efficacy and failure of spray programs to manage disease.
Although industry is advised to follow recommended anti-resistance strategies, there is confusion over which compounds are best to use as mixtures or in alternation. More information on managing fungicide resistance can be found on the web site of CropLife Australia (www.croplifeaustralia.org.au).
Fungicide resistance in AustraliaBotrytis bunch rot, powdery mildew and downy mildew are the three most economically important diseases in Australian vineyards.
Fungicide resistance in the pathogens causing these diseases have been reported within the grape industry, including Botrytis cinerea (botrytis bunch rot) resistance to the fungicide groups dicarboximide (e.g. Rovral®) and anilinopyrimidine (e.g. Scala®), Plasmopara viticola (downy mildew) resistance to metalaxyl, and Erysiphe necator (powdery mildew) resistance to the DMI (demethylation-inhibiting) group of fungicides.
The most recent report of fungicide resistance was of E. necator to the QoI (strobilurin) group of fungicides. As this group of fungicides is also used to control downy mildew, it is vital to determine whether resistance also occurs in P. viticola populations in Australia.
Future project to understand fungicide resistance in Australian vineyardsIt is important to establish the occurrence and geographical distribution of fungicide resistance so that spray programs can be adapted to maintain optimum efficacy.
The viticulture industry needs access to tests for rapid and accurate detection of fungicide resistance. Apart from those used for B. cinerea, tests are currently not available for routine testing at a population level owing to the time and resource demands of conventional phenotyping and genotyping methods.
The genetic basis of resistance is known in some cases and not in others, so this project will combine both phenotypic and genotypic tests to monitor fungicide resistance development in the three pathogens of greatest economic importance to the Australian wine grape industry.
A collaborative project funded by the GWRDC has been established among researchers in SA, NSW and WA. It aims to:
• determine the occurrence and distribution of populations of E. necator, P. viticola and B. cinerea resistant to at-risk fungicides within Australia
• validate high-throughput genotypic testing by using established DNA markers and next-generation DNA sequencing techniques to develop rapid and accurate tests to detect resistance in pathogen populations
• develop and evaluate effective and sustainable resistance-management strategies for the at-risk fungicides
• disseminate the information to industry.
Sample collectionSamples collected from the main viticultural regions of Australia, with collaboration from industry and agrochemical representatives, will be sent to, and processed by, one of three research organisations.
Powdery mildew samples will be processed by the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), downy mildew by the National Wine and Grape Industry Centre (Charles Sturt University, NSW) and botrytis bunch rot by the Australian Centre for Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens (Curtin University, WA).
Industry Groups, companies and representatives are invited to participate in this project by supplying sample materials for analysis. Interested people can contact the key people below for further information and instruction.
BotrytisContact person: Fran Lopez Phone number: (08) 9266 3061
Future projects
8
Future projectsMobile: 0468 766 584 Email: [email protected]
Powdery mildewContact person: Suzanne McKay Phone number: (08) 8303 9759 Email: [email protected]
Downy mildewContact person: Sandra Savocchia Phone number: (02) 6933 4341 Email: [email protected]
SummaryThis GWRDC-funded project is a collaboration among SARDI, Charles Sturt University, Curtin University, the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, the Australian Wine Research Institute, the University of Adelaide and other industry partners.
This project will provide comprehensive information on the fungicide sensitivity and distribution of the key pathogens affecting Australian vineyards. It will also
improve our knowledge of the mechanisms of fungicide resistance.
All of the information will contribute to improved fungicide resistance management strategies through collaboration with CropLife, agrochemical companies and industry.
Maintaining effective use of all of the fungicide groups will help substantially to reduce the economic and environmental impacts of disease in Australian viticulture into the future.
References and further readingAWRI ‘Dog Book’, www.awri.com.au and Agrochemicals registered for use in Australian Viticulture 2013–14, page 61.Fungicide Resistance Action Committee, www.frac.info
Complex Problem, Simple Solution
®
For simple solutions, visit www.farmoz.com.auA simple, cost effective tool for Resistance Management and control of Powdery Mildew in grapes.
Scan here for Custodia FAQs
Future projects
9
Vineyard management
Major Agrochemical ‘Dog Book’ updates for 2013–2014JASON CAPPELLO, DEVELOPMENT OFFICER – VITICULTURE, NSW DPI, GRIFFITH
Reprinted with acknowledgements to the Australian Wine Research Institute.
Major changes in the 2013–2014 'Dog Book' are:
New restrictions on useBOSCALIDThe boscalid (Filan) restriction on use for export grapes has changed. Testing undertaken over the previous season was unable to identify a withholding period that would meet the MRL (maximum residue limit) requirements of some export markets.
Restriction on use for export grapes: Not recom-mended for use on grapes destined for export wines. Consult your winery/grape purchaser prior to the application of any boscalid spray.
Active constituents and targetsAMETOCTRADIN + DIMETHOMORPHAPVMA 63651 Zampro has been granted registration by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) for control of downy mildew in grapevines. Zampro is a BASF product. It is a co-formulation containing
ametoctradin and dimethomorph, which are Group 45 and Group 40 fungicides. ZAMPRO should be used solely as a protectant fungicide.
Restriction on use for export grapes: Use no later than 80% capfall.
Resistance management strategy: Apply a maximum of two consecutive sprays before changing to an alternative mode of action for at least one application. Do not apply more than four sprays per season.
CYFLUFENAMIDAPVMA 66970 Flute 50 EW has been granted registration by the APVMA for control of powdery mildew in grapevines.
Flute 50 EW is an AgNova Technologies Pty Ltd product. It contains the active constituent cyflufenamid, which is a Group U6 fungicide. This is in the phenyl-acetamide chemical family and has an unknown mode of action.
Restriction on use for export grapes: Use no later than E-L 31, berries pea size (7 mm diameter).
Resistance management strategy: CropLife Australia has not released a resistance management strategy for this group, but the label recommends no more than two applications per season.
PROQUINAZIDAPVMA 64165 Talendo has been granted registration by the APVMA for control of powdery mildew in grapevines.
Talendo is a DuPont Australia Ltd product. It contains the active constituent proquinazid, which is a Group 13 fungicide that should be used as a protectant treatment only.
Restriction on use for export grapes: Use no later than 30 days before harvest.
Resistance management strategy: DO NOT apply more than two consecutive sprays of a Group 13 fungicide. DO NOT apply more than three Group 13 sprays per season.
TEBUCONAZOLE and AZOXYSTROBIN APVMA 66541Custodia has been granted registration by the APVMA for control of powdery mildew in grapevines.
Custodia is a Farmoz Pty Ltd product. It contains the active constituents tebuconazole and azoxystrobin. It should be used as a protectant treatment only.
Restriction on use for export grapes: Use no later than 80% capfall.
Resistance management strategy: DO NOT apply more than two consecutive sprays of Custodia. DO NOT apply more than two sprays of Custodia per season. DO NOT use Custodia curatively.
(02) 6964 4777 www.serafinagpro.com.au
Parts, sales & service for all your vineyard
needs
10
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND PEROXYACETIC ACIDAPVMA 66320 Peratec Plus has been granted registration by the APVMA for suppression of botrytis bunch rot, downy mildew and powdery mildew in grapevines.
Peratec Plus is a Jaegar Australia product.
Restriction on use for export grapes: Use no later than 7 days before harvest.
TWO SPOTTED MITEControl options for two spotted mite have been included in the ‘Recommendations’ section of the Dog Book.
Petroleum oil
na Stifle Dormant spray only.
sulfur, present as polysulfide
M2 Lime Sulphur Apply as near as possible to budburst
sulfur, present as elemental or crystalline sulfur
M2 Barmac Wettable Sulphur, Brysulf 800 WG, Chemtura Sulphur WG, Cosamil, Cosavet WG, David Grays Sulphur Spray, GranuSulf 800 WG, InnoSulph 800 WG, Kendon Sulphur, Kumulus DF, Microsul WG Elite, Microthiol Disperss, Notion, Rutec Sulfur, Stollers Flowable Sulphur, Sulfostar DF, Sulfur 800 WG, Sulgran WG, Thiovit Jet, Titan Sulphur 800 WG, Top Wettable Sulphur, Uni-Shield
Use no later than 30 days before harvest.
etoxazole 10B ParaMite Use no later than 21 days before harvest.
AMITROLE + GLYPHOSATE-IPA + AMMONIUM THIOCYANATEAPVMA 55765 All references to the herbicide Illico have been removed, as the product is no longer being marketed. It is advised that growers consult their winery and/or grape purchaser prior to the application of any Illico spray.
CLOTHIANIDINAPVMA 60687 Neonicotinoid insecticides are under review by the APVMA. Pending the outcome of this review, Samurai has been removed from the ‘Recommendations’ section of the Dog Book. Samurai is registered for control of long tailed mealybug in grapes.
It is advised that growers consult their winery and/or grape purchaser prior to the application of any Samurai spray.
DIMETHOATEAll references to insecticides containing dimethoate have been removed, as no products are currently registered for grapes. APVMA permits may allow the use of dimethoate products in grapes/vineyards in some situations.
It is advised that growers consult their winery and/or grape purchaser prior to the application of any dimethoate spray.
DIURONAll references to herbicides containing diuron have been removed, as no products are currently registered for grapes. APVMA permits may allow the use of diuron products in grapes/vineyards in some situations.
It is advised that growers consult their winery and/or grape purchaser prior to the application of any diuron spray.
FENTHIONAll references to insecticides containing fenthion have been removed, as no products are currently registered for grapes. APVMA permits may allow the use of fenthion products in grapes/vineyards in some situations.
It is advised that growers consult their winery and/or grape purchaser prior to the application of any fenthion spray.
GLYPHOSATE-TRIMESIUMAll references to herbicides containing glyphosate trimesium have been removed, as no products are currently registered for grapes.
It is advised that growers consult their winery and/or grape purchaser prior to the application of any glyphosate-trimesium spray.
PARATHION-METHYLAll references to insecticides containing parathion-methyl have been removed, as no products are currently registered for grapes.
SPINOSADAPVMA 56881 APVMA 59303, Entrust Naturalyte and Success 2 Naturalyte have been removed, as they are no longer registered. Growers can use existing stock of Entrust Naturalyte and Success 2 Naturalyte until 4 November 2013 and 23 November 2013, respectively, against grapevine moth and light brown apple moth. The recommendation for export wine is ‘Use no later than E-L 31, berries pea-size (7 mm diameter).
Resistance management strategyThe CropLife Australia powdery mildew resistance management strategy for Group 11 fungicides now comprises the following points: • Apply Group 11 and other systemic fungicides
preventively. • DO NOT apply more than two sprays per season of
Group 11 fungicides. • Where Group 11 products have been routinely used
for many seasons, field research indicates there is an increased risk of powdery mildew resistance to Group 11 fungicides occurring. To ensure continued protection against powdery mildew in these circumstances, either abstain from using Group 11s or mix Group 11 fungicides with a registered rate of a compound from an alternative chemical group for the control of powdery mildew in grapes.
• Alternatively, if applied alone, Group 11 fungicides should be used in strict alternation with fungicides from an alternative chemical group for the control of powdery mildew.
This information is provided to inform the Australian grape and wine sector of agrochemical information. It should not be interpreted as an endorsement.
12
New pack, same top quality sulphur.
Thiovit Jet® has a new look, but it’s what’s inside that counts.
With the same high quality micronised formulation, you can rely on
Thiovit Jet to control powdery mildew in your crop. What’s more, its
excellent water dispersion and suspensibility makes spraying easier.
Talk to your local distributor today about Syngenta’s solutions.For further information please call the Syngenta Technical Product Advice Line on 1800 067 108 or visit www.syngenta.com.au. The information contained in this document is believed to be accurate. No responsibility is accepted in respect of this information, save those non-excludable conditions implied by any Federal or State legislation or law of a Territory. ® Registered trademarks of a Syngenta Group Company. ™Trademark of a Syngenta Group Company. AD13/490
ThiovitJet_AD13-490_A4_20130702_PRESS.indd 1 2/07/13 3:20 PM
13
www.sumitomo-chem.com.auDiPel® is a registered trademark of Valent BioSciences Corporation, Libertyville, IL, USA.
Scan this QR code for more information about DiPel DF:
DiPel – Be Biorational
DiPelBIOLOGICAL INSECTICIDE
Resistance management
rotation option
No re-entry lnterval
No WHP, no residues
Safe to all beneficial insects
Stops feeding immediately
DiPel® DF has been widely used for many years for grape production and continues to provide good cost effective control of light brown apple moth
and vine moth.
ALLOWED INPUT 10332AI
New requirements for the movement of Phylloxera Exclusion Zone winegrapes for accreditation under ICA-33BEV ZUBBO, SENIOR PLANT BIOSECURITY OFFICER, NSW DPI, WAGGA WAGGA
IntroductionThe requirements for movement of wine grapes between Phylloxera Exclusion Zones within NSW and interstate have changed.
For regular updates visit www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/biosecurity/plant/phylloxera-winegrapes-ica-33
NSW DPI, Biosecurity South Australia, the Department of Environment and Primary Industries Victoria (DEPI Vic) and the Wine and Grape Industry have worked together to simplify the documentation required for movements of the 2013 wine grape vintage and for grape movements into the future.
Put simply, only 1) NSW grape growers sending to South Australia and 2) NSW wineries receiving Phylloxera Risk Zone grapes need to be accredited under Interstate Certification Assurance (ICA)-33, Movement of Winegrapes.
Producers and wineries will need to familiarise themselves with Cart Notes, Queensland fruit fly outbreak areas and Phylloxera zones (see below) to meet the new requirements.
Note that the information supplied here is subject to change without notice. Before they consign produce, growers should always contact the responsible government department in the destination state to confirm that state’s entry requirements.
Cart NotesThe Cart Note must travel with each consignment. It must be kept by the winery for a minimum of 2 years and must be made available to an inspector upon request.
The Cart Note must contain at least the following information:
• grower’s name, contact details and the (physical) address of the property on which the wine grapes were grown
• name and physical address of the receiving winery
When using a cart note to enter any part of NSW, you must ensure at least the following information is captured on the cart note:
Figure 1. An example of a Cart Note and the minimum information required.
Vineyard m
anagement
15
• quantity of wine goods supplied to the winery
• variety of the grapes
• name and signature of the signatory
• date the document was endorsed.
Figure 1 is an example of a Cart Note. It shows the minimum information required to meet NSW certification requirements.
Please note that although ICA-33 is still required for grapes to enter South Australia, an option for issuing Cart Notes under ICA-33 for entry into South Australia from NSW is being pursued. Cart Notes issued under ICA-33 are likely to require more information than those required to enter NSW; growers should contact Biosecurity South Australia for further information.
Queensland fruit fly outbreak Grape growers and wineries should check to see whether the grapes are being loaded within, or will pass through, a Queensland Fruit Fly outbreak. For outbreak information see the following web sites:
• NSW: www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/responses/qff
• Victoria: www.depi.vic.gov.au/agriculture-and-food/pests-diseases-and-weeds/pest-insects-and-mites/queensland-fruit-fly
Phylloxera zone mapGrape growers and wineries should check to see where the Phylloxera exclusion, risk and infested zones (www.phylloxera.com.au) are located (Figure 2).
Information for growersMovement conditionsWine grapes moving into the NSW and Victorian Sunraysia Pest Free Area (PFA) need to be securely transported and processed within 24 hours of arrival. Note: No changes have occurred for wine grapes originating from Phylloxera Risk Zones; these wine grapes must still be certified under ICA-33 and be received by an ICA-33 accredited winery.
Certification requirements for Phylloxera Exclusion Zone wine grapesIn addition to being securely transported and processed within 24 hours, wine grapes moving into the NSW portion of the PFA must be accompanied by at least a Cart Note, depending on where the consignment originates from (see Table 1).
If you are moving locally within the Victorian Northern and Southern suspension zones, there are no requirements. Please contact DEPI Vic for information on the areas covered by these zones or any other queries in relation to movement conditions for wine grapes moving into Victoria from NSW.
Figure 2. Current Phylloxera management zones of Australia
16
Loads going from NSW into Victoria can also be moved under a Cart Note without ICA-33 accreditation. Contact DEPI Vic for further information.
As a general rule for NSW growers, if you ensure your load is securely transported and the grapes are accompanied by a Cart Note and processed at the winery within 24 hours, then you can send wine grapes anywhere in NSW and Victoria.
Loads going from NSW into South Australia still require full certification under ICA-33 and must meet the conditions of that arrangement. South Australia is considering an allowance for issuing Cart Notes under ICA-33 in place of a Plant Health Assurance Certificate. Cart Notes issued under ICA-33 will require more information than that required to enter NSW. Please contact Biosecurity South Australia to confirm movement conditions and certification requirements for wine grapes moving into South Australia from NSW.
See Table 1 for a full explanation of movement conditions and certification requirements by origin and destination in NSW.
Information for wineriesFirst, you are required to keep all Cart Notes that arrive with consignments of wine grapes for at least 2 years and to make them available to a DPI inspector upon request. Please remember that Cart Note information must also be kept in accordance with the Commonwealth Wine Australia Corporation Act 1980 as part of the Label Integrity Program.
Second, you need to be accredited under Part B of ICA-33 only if you receive grapes from the Phylloxera Risk Zone. Grape growers in the Phylloxera Risk Zone still need to be accredited under Part A of ICA-33 and must follow all conditions of this arrangement.
Lastly, wine grapes grown in Phylloxera Infested Zones are still prohibited from entry into, or movement within, NSW.
What do growers do in the following situations?I am a grower who sends some or all of my wine grapes to South Australia.You need to be accredited under ICA-33 and follow all conditions of this arrangement. Make sure that you reapply before your current accreditation expires. Contact Biosecurity South Australia for the specifics of consigning wine grapes under ICA-33 to South Australia.
I am a grower outside the NSW Phylloxera Exclusion Zone (e.g. Hunter Valley), and I send all of my wine grapes to NSW and Victorian wineries.Good news, you don’t need to be accredited under ICA-33 and you don’t need to send a Plant Health Assurance Certificate or Plant Health Certificate with your wine grapes. However, if you send into the PFA you will need to secure your loads and send a Cart Note with each load. You may continue to use ICA-33 if you wish.
I am a grower inside the Phylloxera Exclusion Zone, and I send all of my wine grapes to NSW and Victorian wineries in the Victorian Suspension Zones.Good news, there are no requirements for this movement. Please contact DEPI Vic for more details regarding the location of the Victorian Suspension Zones.
Table 1. Movement of Phylloxera Exclusion Zone wine grapes into and within NSW for processing
From PFA (no QFF outbreak)
From PFA (QFF outbreak)
From Vic Suspension Zones
From QFF-free area of southern Victoria
From South Australia
From NSW other than PFA
From Qld
To PFA No requirements • Cart Note*• secure load• processed within
24 hours
• Cart Note*• secure load• processed within
24 hours
• Cart Note*• secure load• processed within
24 hours
• Cart Note*• secure Load• processed within
24 hours
• Cart Note*• secure load• processed within
24 hours
• Cart Note*• secure load• processed within
24 hoursTo NSW FFEZ No requirements No requirements No requirements • secure load
• processed within 24 hours
• secure load • processed within
24 hours
• Cart Note*• secure load• processed within
24 hours
• Cart Note*• secure load• processed within
24 hoursTo NSW other than PFA or FFEZ
No requirements No requirements No requirements No requirements No requirements No requirements No requirements
PFA, Pest Free Area; QFF, Queensland fruit fly; FFEZ, fruit fly exclusion zoneNote: There has been no change to the conditions imposed on wine grapes that originate from a Phylloxera Risk Zone or a Phylloxera Infested Zone. The conditions specified in this table apply only to movements of wine grapes originating from a Phylloxera Exclusion Zone.* A Cart Note must travel with each consignment of wine grapes and be kept by the receiving winery for at least 2 years and made available to a NSW DPI inspector upon request. Growers may continue to use a Plant Health Assurance Certificate issued under ICA-33 or a Plant Health Certificate issued by an Inspector in place of a Cart Note.‘Secure Load’ means secured so as to prevent spillage during transport. This is left to the discretion of the transporter/vineyard.
Vineyard m
anagement
17
I am a grower inside the PFA but I am affected by a Queensland Fruit Fly outbreak. I send all of my wine grapes to NSW and Victorian wineries in the PFA.Good news, you don’t need to be accredited under ICA-33 and you don’t need to send a Plant Health Assurance Certificate or Plant Health Certificate with your wine grapes. However, you need to secure your loads and send a Cart Note with each load.
Summary of Phylloxera movement conditionsTable 2 summarizes the conditions required to move Phylloxera.
Further informationBiosecurity NSW, Bev Zurbo, Senior Plant Biosecurity Officer, NSW DPI, Wagga Wagga, (02) 6938 1976.
Biosecurity South Australia, 1300 666 010
DEPI Vic, (03) 5051 4618.
Table 2 Summary of Phylloxera movement conditions. The table is an indicative summary of the conditions of movement under Director’s Approval P176/09/02 and Permit No. P176 PER01. Refer to the Approval and Permit at www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/aboutus/about/legislation-acts/plant-diseases for full conditions of movement and certification requirements.
PHC means Plant Health Certificate; PHAC means Plant Health Assurance Certificate; Cart Note only between NSW and Victoria. Important: Other regulations may apply on the account of other pests (for example Queensland Fruit Fly). It is the responsibility of the person introducing, importing or bringing into NSW, or moving within NSW, any of the items in the table to ensure that all regulations, including those applying to Phylloxera, are appropriately addressed.
18
CB Alexander Campus, PatersonPhone: 1800 025 520 Email: [email protected] Web: www.tocal.comPostal: The Principal, Tocal College, Paterson NSW 2421Murrumbidgee Rural Studies Centre, YancoPhone: 1800 628 422 Email: [email protected] College Centres for PROfarm CoursesCamden/Sydney basin: (02) 4640 6333 Tamworth/Northern NSW: (02) 6763 1100
Tocal College – specialised training to rural industries
rto number 91166
Tocal College is a leading Australian Provider of specialised training to rural industries. It consists of CB Alexander Campus at Paterson and the Murrumbidgee Rural Studies Centre at Yanco, with education staff also located at Camden, Gosford, Tamworth and Wagga Wagga.
Tocal offers adult education through delivery of PROfarm short courses and external courses and through skills recognition (life experience) programs.
Skills Recognition (Life Experience) ProgramSkills recognition is sometimes referred to as Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL). Skills Recognition gives formal credit for the knowledge and abilities you have already gained through life, in formal course work at recognised institutions, or by attending workshops and short courses.
Skills recognition is available for a range of qualifications, including the nationally recognised Diploma in Horticulture and the Diploma of Agriculture. It reduces the number of units you need to study to complete these qualifications. Skills recognition gives you a flying start and allows you to build knowledge and skills gained through short courses towards a full qualification.
PROfarm Short CoursesThe PROfarm program consists of over 100 specialist courses in agriculture, conservation and land management, natural resource management, farm business management and other rural industry areas.
Courses range in length from one to five days and are designed to meet the needs of farmers, primary industries, agribusiness and the community. The courses focus on real-world issues and are delivered throughout New South Wales by specialist extension and education staff of NSW Department of Primary Industries. For details see www.profarm.com.au
External Courses Tocal College offers external courses at diploma level in agriculture and in conservation and land management. These courses provide the opportunity for specialisation in areas such as integrated weed management, farm business management and vertebrate pest management.
Tocal’s external courses feature a blend of skills recognition (see above) and structured study units.
TraineeshipsThe College provides industry traineeships in agriculture, horticulture, irrigation and wine industry operations. Trainees are expected to attend training on a part time basis.
tocal college A4 ad.indd 1 13/08/2013 11:39:39 AM
Herbicide resistanceMARCEL ESSLING, SENIOR VITICULTURIST, AUSTRALIAN WINE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, URRBRAE SA
There have been reports of herbicides failing to control weeds in vineyards. To minimise the chance of resistance, the following integrated weed management principles should be incorporated into all herbicide programs.
• Don’t rely solely on chemical techniques for weed control. Grazing, mulching, cultivation, slashing and adding a competitive cover crop can reduce weed pressure.
• Rotate mode-of-action groups within and across years. Consider using tank mixes of different actives if labels recommend this.
• Read and follow label directions carefully, making note of the correct doses and timings.
• Identify and monitor your surviving weed populations, and check for resistant weeds.
• If you suspect failure, don’t use the same product or group again.
• Control weed escapes before the weeds set and shed viable seed.
The greatest resistance problem in vineyards is with glyphosate-resistant ryegrass. Tests by the University of Adelaide’s Weed Science Group have found resistance in 20 ryegrass samples from vineyards in South Australia, and the total number of confirmed cases of glyphosate resistance in ryegrass in that state is now 150. It is likely that there are hundreds more unconfirmed cases. The herbicide activity groups that are registered for viticulture and that carry an increased risk of causing resistance are listed below.
HIGH RESISTANCE RISK herbicidesGroup A (fluazifop, haloxyfop and quizalofop). The key recommendation for preventing Group A resistance in grass weeds is not to use them two seasons in a row, irrespective of how well they worked the previous season.
MODERATE RESISTANCE RISK herbicidesGroup C (simazine, diuron, propanil and bromoxynil). Resistance to this group is known to exist in a range of weeds in horticulture. Always use the label rate, apply to weeds at the critical growth stage (as stated on the label) and ensure that no weeds set and shed viable seed.
Group D (oryzalin, pendimethalin and trifluralin). Resistance is known in an increasing number of populations of annual ryegrass, so where possible avoid this group where ryegrass is dense. Rotate Group D with other groups.
Group F (diflufenican). Resistance is known in wild radish and mustards. Avoid applying this group in consecutive years unless one application is a mixture with another group that is active on the same weed, or unless a follow-up spray (with a different group) is applied to those weeds that are not controlled.
Group J (2,2-DAP). Resistance is possible in a range of weeds (especially annual ryegrass). To delay resistance, rotate groups and don’t cut herbicide rates. Use the maximum rate for annual ryegrass.
Group K (napropamide). Avoid use on dense populations of annual ryegrass. Consider using alternative methods of weed control to reduce weed numbers before applying herbicides.
Group L (diquat and paraquat). Resistance exists in a range of weeds such as ryegrass, barley grass and capeweed. Vineyards are considered a high resistance risk where frequent applications are made each season or cultivation is not used. Rotate group L with other knockdown herbicides. Where possible, use residual herbicides that are effective on the same weeds and use alternative modes of action to selectively control grass and broadleaf weeds. Consider following a glyphosate application 1 to 7 days later with a full-cut cultivation or spraying with a paraquat-based product.
Group M (glyphosate). Resistance to this group occurs commonly when there has been intensive (year-to-year) use, lack of rotation of other herbicides, or little or no cultivation following the glyphosate application.
Group Q (amitrole). Annual ryegrass resistance is rare in Australia but has occurred. Alternate Group Q with herbicides with other modes of action, and consider alternative methods of weed control before applying herbicides.
The Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI) acknowledges CropLife Australia’s Herbicide Resistance Management Strategies. You should consult the full document at www.croplifeaustralia.org.au. The AWRI is grateful for the help of Dr Peter Boutsalis and Andrew Weeks in reviewing this document.
Susceptible (left) and resistant (right) annual ryegrass after glyphosate application. Photo courtesy of Peter Boutsalis, Plant Science Consulting.
20
Herbicides for use in vineyardsJASON CAPPELLO, DEVELOPMENT OFFICER – VITICULTURE, NSW DPI, GRIFFITHGREGORY MOULDS, SENIOR LAND SERVICES OFFICER – HORTICULTURE, LOCAL LAND SERVICES, BURONGA
Herbicide groups (see following tables)
• High Risk: Groups A
• Moderate Risk: Groups C–Q
Remember:
• Read and follow the label directions of registered herbicide products before using.
• Calibrate spraying equipment and provide sufficient agitation of herbicide in tank, especially when using WP – wettable powder WG – wettable granules DF – dry flowable SC – suspension concentrate.
• Consult the label for recommendations for use of wetting agents.
• Practise herbicide-resistance minimisation strategies.
Check withholding periods of herbicides before use, as well as rainfast times.
Table 3 lists post-emergent herbicides registered in NSW for use in vineyards. Table 4 lists the residual herbicides registered for use in vineyards, and Table 5 shows non-selective post-emergent herbicides registered for grapevine sucker control in vineyards.
Remember: Read the product label before using a herbicide.
Vineyard m
anagement
21
Tabl
e 3.
Pos
t-em
erge
nt h
erbi
cide
s reg
ister
ed in
NSW
for u
se in
vin
eyar
ds. R
ead
the
prod
uct l
abel
bef
ore
use.
Grou
pCh
emica
lTr
ade n
ames
Rate
sW
eeds
cont
rolle
dCo
mm
ents
Q25
0 g/L
amitr
ole +
220 g
/L am
mon
ium
thioc
yana
te
Amitr
ole T
4–12
L/10
0 L w
ater
Broa
dleaf
weed
s and
gras
ses
Apply
whe
n wee
ds ar
e sm
all an
d mak
ing ac
tive g
rowth
. Rep
eat a
pplic
ation
may
be ne
eded
in 6–
8 we
eks.
Apply
as a
direc
ted sp
ray to
wee
ds on
ly. U
se hi
gher
rates
for la
rger
and m
ore to
leran
t wee
ds.
Q +
M16
0 g/L
amitr
ole +
60
/L g
lypho
sate
– ipa
and 2
20 g/
L am
mon
ium
thioc
yana
te
Illico
6–
12 L/
ha9–
12 L/
haBr
oadle
af we
eds a
nd gr
asse
sM
arshm
allow
, com
mon
stor
ksbil
lFo
r bes
t res
ults,
apply
whe
n wee
ds ar
e sm
all an
d acti
vely
growi
ng. U
se hi
gher
rates
for la
rger
weed
s. Ap
ply as
a dir
ected
spray
to w
eeds
only.
Gr
ower
s sho
uld c
onsu
lt th
eir w
iner
y or g
rape
purch
aser
befo
re ap
plyin
g Illi
co sp
ray.
J74
0 g/k
g 2,2
-DPA
-sodiu
m Pro
pon,
Agsp
ray At
lapon
Boom
: 10 k
g per
spray
ed he
ctare
Annu
al an
d pere
nnial
gras
ses i
nclud
ing co
uch,
pasp
alum
Vines
mus
t be a
t leas
t 4 ye
ars ol
d. DO
NOT
exce
ed 10
kg/h
a per
year.
App
ly as
a dir
ect s
pray
into
vine
rows.
Half r
ate at
10 to
14 da
y int
erva
ls.
G24
0 g/L
ca
rfent
razon
e-eth
yl Sp
otlig
ht Pl
us
NAIL™
240 E
C Ha
mm
er ®
100–
300 m
L/ha
plus
reco
mm
ende
d lab
el
rates
of kn
ock-
down
herb
icide
s Sp
ot sp
ray 40
mL/
100 L
plus
reco
mm
ende
d lab
el sp
ot sp
ray ra
tes of
knoc
kdow
n herb
icide
s25
–75 m
L/ha
plus
reco
mm
ende
d lab
el rat
es of
kn
ockd
own h
erbici
des
Spot
spray
10 m
L/10
0 L pl
us re
com
men
ded
label
spot
spray
rates
of kn
ockd
own h
erbici
des
Small
-flow
ered m
allow
and c
ertai
n oth
er br
oadle
af an
nual
weed
sAp
ply as
a tan
k mix
with
Glad
iator,
Roun
dup P
owerM
AX or
othe
r glyp
hosa
te pr
oduc
ts or
with
Spray
Se
ed, S
hirqu
at, N
uqua
t or o
ther
paraq
uat p
roduc
ts.Ad
dition
of Sp
otlig
ht Pl
us to
knoc
kdow
n herb
icide
s will
increa
se th
e spe
ed at
whic
h trea
ted br
oadle
af we
eds i
n gen
eral d
evelo
p visi
ble sy
mpt
oms (
com
pared
with
resu
lts ac
hieve
d with
knoc
kdow
n he
rbici
des a
pplie
d alon
e) an
d may
impr
ove fi
nal c
ontro
l of b
roadle
af we
eds,
includ
ing ce
rtain
hard
-to-
kill w
eeds
(mars
hmall
ow in
parti
cular
).Th
e use
of hi
gher
rates
and f
ull so
il dist
urba
nce m
ay im
prov
e con
trol o
f mars
hmall
ow in
parti
cular
. Use
th
e low
er rat
es on
youn
ger p
lants
or pl
ants
growi
ng un
der g
ood c
ondit
ions a
nd th
e high
er rat
es on
old
er pla
nts o
r plan
ts gro
wing
unde
r less
optim
um co
nditio
ns.
The l
ower
rate m
ay on
ly pr
ovide
supp
ressio
n of c
apew
eed,
wild
radish
, com
mon
stor
ksbil
l and
do
ubleg
ee un
der p
oor g
rowing
cond
itions
.
N20
0 g/L
glufo
sinate
- am
mon
iumBa
sta1.0
–5.0
L/ha
Annu
al an
d pere
nnial
wee
dsAp
ply as
a dir
ected
or sh
ielde
d spr
ay. R
efer t
o the
labe
l sec
tion A
pplic
ation
Equip
men
t for
spec
ific
infor
mati
on on
appli
catio
n meth
ods.
Cont
rolled
Drop
let A
pplic
ation
equip
men
t mus
t not
be us
ed fo
r ap
plica
tion i
n che
rry or
chard
s. W
arning
s: Do
not a
llow
spray
or sp
ray dr
ift to
cont
act d
esira
ble fo
liage
or gr
een (
unca
llous
ed) b
ark. To
avoid
po
tentia
l crop
dam
age,
refer
to th
e lab
el se
ction
s on A
pplic
ation
Equi
pmen
t and
PROT
ECTIO
N OF
CROP
S, NA
TIVE A
ND O
THER
NON
-TARG
ET PL
ANTS
. Ba
sta m
ay be
used
arou
nd tr
ees o
r vine
s les
s tha
n 2 ye
ars ol
d prov
ided t
hat t
hey a
re eff
ectiv
ely sh
ielde
d fro
m sp
ray an
d spr
ay dr
ift.
M36
0 g/L
glyp
hosa
te –
ipaRo
undu
pAn
nual
weed
s:Bo
om: 2
–3 L
per s
pray
ed he
ctare
Peren
nial w
eeds
:Bo
om: 3
–9 L
per s
pray
ed ha
W
eed-
wipin
g equ
ipmen
t: 1 L
mix:
2 L w
ater
Broa
d spe
ctrum
. Hard
-to-k
ill pe
rennia
ls (co
uch,
pasp
alum
, etc.
) req
uire h
igher
rates
. Use
low
rates
wh
ere w
eeds
are l
ess t
han 1
5 cm
high
.
Apply
as a
direc
ted or
shiel
ded s
pray
or us
ing w
iper e
quipm
ent. D
o NOT
apply
as a
spray
near
trees
or vi
nes
less t
han 3
years
old u
nless
they
are e
ffecti
vely
shiel
ded f
rom sp
ray an
d spr
ay dr
ift. D
o NOT
allow
wipe
r su
rface
to co
ntac
t any
part
of th
e tree
, vine
or pa
lm. A
void
paint
ing ou
t stu
mps
with
this
prod
uct, a
s inju
ry res
ulting
from
root
graft
ing m
ay oc
cur in
adjac
ent t
rees.
Citru
s fru
it, nu
ts, ol
ives,
pom
e fru
it an
d vin
eyar
ds. D
o NOT
allow
spray
or sp
ray dr
ift to
cont
act g
reen
bark
or st
ems,
cane
s, lat
erals,
suck
ers, fr
esh w
ound
s, fol
iage o
r fru
it. DO
NOT
allow
wipe
r equ
ipmen
t to
cont
act v
ines.
For r
esidu
al co
ntrol
of an
nual
weed
s, gly
phos
ate m
ay be
tank
-mixe
d with
certa
in res
idual
herb
icide
s. Se
e lab
el for
direc
tions
.
M36
0 g/L
glyp
hosa
te (p
resen
t as i
pa an
d m
ono-
amm
onium
sa
lts)
Wee
dmas
ter D
uoSe
e lab
el for
direc
tions
See l
abel
for di
rectio
ns.
See l
abel
for di
rectio
ns
22
Grou
pCh
emica
lTr
ade n
ames
Rate
sW
eeds
cont
rolle
dCo
mm
ents
M45
0 g/L
glyp
hosa
te –
ipaVa
rious
See l
abel
for di
rectio
ns.
See l
abel
for di
rectio
ns.
See l
abel
for di
rectio
ns.
M54
0 g/L
glyp
hosa
te –
ipa/m
asCre
ditSe
e lab
el for
direc
tions
.Se
e lab
el for
direc
tions
.Se
e lab
el for
direc
tions
.
M54
0 g/L
glyp
hosa
te (p
resen
t as t
he
potas
sium
salt)
Roun
dup A
ttack
See l
abel
for di
rectio
ns.
See l
abel
for di
rectio
ns.
See l
abel
for di
rectio
ns.
A13
0 g/L
halox
yfop-
R-m
ethyl
Asse
tAn
nual
gras
ses:
800 m
L/ha
Couc
h: 1.6
–3.2
L/ha
Pasp
alum
, Joh
nson
gras
s: 0.8
–1.6
L/ha
Wide
rang
e of a
nnua
l and
peren
nial g
rasse
s (co
uch
and p
aspa
lum)
Direc
t the
spray
to th
e bas
e of t
rees o
r vine
s at a
ny gr
owth
stage
, but
mak
e sur
e con
tact w
ith fr
uit an
d foli
age i
s avo
ided.
See p
roduc
t labe
l Dire
ction
s for
Use
table
for r
ates.
Couc
h gras
s (es
tablis
hed)
: Use
the h
igher
rate i
f cou
ch is
atth
e late
tiller
ing m
ature
stage
.Pa
spalu
m/Jo
hnso
n gras
s: Us
e the
lowe
r rate
whe
n wee
d is i
nth
e veg
etativ
e to e
arly t
illerin
g stag
e. Hi
gher
rate r
equir
ed at
the l
ate til
lering
stag
e.An
nual
gras
ses:
Use t
he lo
wer r
ate w
hen w
eed s
tage i
s from
2-lea
f to e
arly t
illerin
g.
A52
0 g/L
halox
yfop-
R-m
ethyl
Verd
ict 52
0An
nual
gras
ses:
200 m
L/ha
Peren
nial g
rasse
s:Co
uch,
Rhod
es, s
lende
r rats
tail 4
00–8
00 m
L/ha
Pasp
alum
, kiku
yu, b
uffel,
John
son,
Setar
ia 20
0 mL/
ha
See l
abel
for ad
dition
al pla
nts
2-lea
f to t
illerin
g Es
tablis
hed s
tands
Ve
getat
ive to
early
tiller
ing
Use 4
00 m
L for
late
tiller
ing
Spray
shou
ld be
direc
ted to
base
of vi
ne. A
void
cont
act w
ith fr
uit an
d foli
age.
Spot
spray
: use
25–5
0 mL/
100 L
(high
rate
on la
te-til
lering
matu
re gr
asse
s).
Verd
ict 52
0 rate
s are
to be
used
with
spray
ing oi
l or n
on-io
nic w
etter,
acco
rding
to la
bel d
irecti
ons.
Whe
n usin
g pere
nnial
rates
, ann
ual g
rasse
s are
also c
ontro
lled.
Q +
L25
0 g/L
amitr
ole
125g
/L pa
raqua
tAl
lianc
eSe
e lab
el for
direc
tions
See l
abel
for di
rectio
nsSe
e lab
el for
direc
tions
.
L25
0 g/L
paraq
uat
Gram
oxon
e Nu
quat
Knap
sack
: 50 m
L Para
quat
plus 3
0 mL n
on-io
nic
wette
r/15 L
(add
30 m
L diqu
at if c
apew
eed i
s pr
esen
t) Bo
om: 1
.7 L/
ha. If
prod
uct r
ate is
less
than
40
0 mL/
100 L
, add
100 m
L Agr
al or
60 m
L BS
1000
/100
L of
spray
mix.
Ad
d diqu
at if c
apew
eed i
s pres
ent. S
ee la
bel
for ra
tes.
Broa
d-sp
ectru
m an
nual
weed
cont
rol. M
ost a
ctive
ag
ainst
gras
ses.
See l
abel
for ra
tes at
incre
ased
wett
ing
agen
t whe
re fat
hen a
nd Po
rtulac
a spp
. are
pres
ent.
Spray
as ne
cessa
ry fo
r con
trol o
f ann
ual w
eeds
. Avo
id co
ntac
ting c
rop fo
liage
. In ba
nana
s app
ly so
on af
ter
weed
emerg
ence
and b
efore
weed
s rea
ch 15
cm in
heigh
t. Use
spray
ing pr
essu
re les
s tha
n 240
kPa.
Avoid
ch
emica
l con
tact w
ith ro
ots a
nd pe
epers
near
the p
seud
o stem
. Rep
eat s
pray
s as r
equir
ed. G
ramox
one 2
50
will n
ot ha
rm tr
ees o
r vine
s with
matu
re br
own b
ark if
this
prod
uct is
spray
ed. U
se th
e high
er rat
e for
dens
e we
ed gr
owth
.
L20
0 g/L
diqu
atRe
glone
1.5 L
+ 1.
4 L A
gral
in 70
0 L w
ater/h
a plu
s 1.6
L/ha
Gram
oxon
e 250
Cape
weed
Apply
as a
direc
ted sp
ray un
der t
rees o
r vine
s. Un
der m
ost c
ondit
ions G
ramox
one 2
50 at
1.6 t
o 3.2
L/ha
or
Spray
.Seed
250 a
t 2.4
to 3.
2 L/h
a will
give e
ffecti
ve co
ntrol
of gr
asse
s and
broa
dleaf
weed
s in o
rchard
s, bu
t whe
re he
avy i
nfes
tation
s of c
apew
eed o
ccur
Reglo
ne sh
ould
be ad
ded t
o Gram
oxon
e 250
at th
e rate
of
1.5 L/
ha. F
or in
ter-ro
w or
arou
nd bu
tts us
e high
-volu
me a
pplic
ation
s. Gr
amox
one 2
50, S
pray
.Seed
250 a
nd
Reglo
ne ha
ve no
effec
t on b
rown b
ark, b
ut ca
re sh
ould
be ta
ken w
hen s
pray
ing ar
ound
tree
s to a
void
spray
co
ntac
ting g
reen b
ark or
plan
t mate
rial.
Vineyard m
anagement
23
Grou
pCh
emica
lTr
ade n
ames
Rate
sW
eeds
cont
rolle
dCo
mm
ents
L13
5 g/L
paraq
uat +
115 g
/L di
quat
Spray
.Seed
250
Herb
icide
Spot
spray
ing: 2
40–3
20 m
L/10
0 L. A
dd 17
0 mL
Agral
or 10
0 mL B
S100
0 per
100 L
Bo
om: 2
.4–3.2
L/ha
. If vo
lume o
f wate
r app
lied
exce
eds 2
00 L/
ha, a
dd 20
0 mL A
gral
or 12
0 mL
BS10
00 pe
r 100
L of
addit
ional
water
.
Broa
d spe
ctrum
. For
rapid
kill o
f a w
ide ra
nge o
f an
nual
gras
ses a
nd br
oadle
af we
eds s
ee la
bel.
Thoro
ughly
wet
plant
folia
ge. U
se th
e high
rate
for de
nse,
more
estab
lishe
d wee
d grow
th. R
epea
t trea
tmen
t on
rege
nerat
ed gr
een p
erenn
ial w
eeds
(suc
h as p
aspa
lum an
d doc
ks) w
hile p
lants
are w
eake
ned f
rom
prev
ious t
reatm
ent.
Addit
ion of
Spark
at 25
0 mL/
ha w
ill im
prov
e con
trol o
f sm
all-fl
owere
d mall
ow, e
venin
g prim
rose a
nd ot
her
weed
s sen
sitive
to Sp
ark. R
efer t
o the
Spark
labe
l.No
te: S
pot s
pray
rate
assu
mes
1000
L wa
ter/h
a. Fo
r lowe
r wate
r volu
mes
incre
ase d
ilutio
n rate
as be
low:
– wa
ter vo
lume 2
50 L/
ha: u
se 96
0 to 1
280 m
L/10
0 L–
water
volum
e 500
L/ha
: use
480 t
o 640
mL/
100 L
– wa
ter vo
lume 7
50 L/
ha: u
se 32
0 to 4
30 m
L/10
0 LOR
Mea
sure
how
muc
h spr
ay is
requ
ired t
o cov
er an
area
of 10
0 m2 us
ing yo
ur no
rmal
appli
catio
n volu
me.
Your
dilut
ion ra
te is
24 to
32 m
L of S
pray
.Seed
250 i
n this
volum
e.
A12
8 g/L
fluaz
ifop-
PFu
silad
e For
te1.6
5 L/h
a
Grow
ing ac
tively
at 5-
leaf t
o earl
y tille
ring:
Annu
al (W
imm
era) r
yegr
ass,
barle
y gras
s, ba
rnya
rd gr
ass,
brom
e gras
ses,
crows
foot g
rass,
John
son
gras
s, liv
ersee
d gras
s, pr
airie
gras
s, su
mm
er gr
ass
(crab
gras
s), w
ild oa
ts.
Apply
in no
t less
than
200 L
/ha.
Direc
t the
spray
to th
e bas
e of t
he vi
neW
ithho
lding
perio
d: 4 w
eeks
.Yo
ung g
rowth
is m
ost s
usce
ptibl
e at 5
leav
es to
early
tiller
ing w
hen a
ctive
ly gr
owing
. High
er rat
es m
ay be
req
uired
for m
ore ad
vanc
ed pl
ants.
Supp
ressio
n is o
nly be
yond
the 5
-leaf
stage
.
2.5 L/
haGr
owing
activ
ely at
5-lea
f to e
arly t
illerin
g: Inn
ocen
t wee
d and
stink
gras
s.
3.3 or
6.6 L
/ha
Grow
ing ac
tively
at 3-
to 5-
leaf s
tage:
Foxta
il (TA
S) se
edlin
gs (S
etaria
spp.)
, pige
on gr
ass
Youn
g veg
etativ
e grow
th (3
–6 le
aves
per s
hoot
) whe
n ac
tively
grow
ing.
Estab
lishe
d plan
ts of
couc
h gras
s, En
glish
couc
h (rop
e tw
itch)
, wate
r cou
ch, J
ohns
on gr
ass,
pasp
alum
, ben
t gr
ass a
nd ki
kuyu
gras
s.
Use t
he hi
gher
rate f
or w
ell es
tablis
hed i
nfes
tation
s or w
here
grea
ter co
ntrol
is re
quire
d in o
ne se
ason
. Or
cons
ider a
doub
le kn
ock o
f Spr
ay.Se
ed fo
llowe
d by F
usila
de w
hen f
resh g
rowth
has e
merg
ed –
may
be
nece
ssary
for c
ouch
cont
rol.
Note
: Tan
k mixe
s of F
usila
de ar
e not
reco
mm
ende
d, an
d the
re sh
ould
be a
mini
mum
of 3
days
befor
e any
ot
her h
erbici
de is
appli
ed.
Fusil
ade d
oes n
ot co
ntrol
wint
er gr
ass o
r silv
er gr
ass.
A40
0 g/L
quiza
lofop
-P-
ethyl
Navig
ator, T
arga,
Targ
a For
te,
Leop
ard, H
iJack
65–1
25 m
L/10
0 LSe
lected
post-
emerg
ent s
ystem
ic gr
ass c
ontro
l. For
detai
ls on
cont
rol of
awnle
ss ba
rnya
rd, cr
owsfo
ot,
pasp
alum
, Joh
nson
gras
s and
kiku
yu, s
ee la
bel.
Avoid
spray
ing st
resse
d wee
ds. C
onsu
lt lab
el for
with
holdi
ng pe
riods
and w
etting
agen
ts.
C + F
25 g/
L diflu
fenica
n25
0 g/L
brom
oxyn
ilJa
guar
500 m
L–1 L
Certa
in br
oadle
af we
eds i
n cov
er cro
ps.
Apply
durin
g vine
dorm
ancy
only.
Avoid
cont
act w
ith vi
nes.
Parti
cular
care
shou
ld be
take
n if a
pplie
d in l
ate
autu
mn o
r earl
y spr
ing, w
hen v
ines m
ay no
t be f
ully d
orm
ant. A
pply
from
early
post-
emerg
ence
and w
hen
weed
s are
activ
ely gr
owing
.
Tabl
e 4.
Res
idua
l her
bici
des r
egist
ered
in N
SW fo
r use
in v
iney
ards
: lon
g-te
rm p
re-e
mer
gent
con
trol
of a
rang
e of
wee
ds d
epen
ding
on
rate
, soi
l and
moi
stur
e. R
ead
labe
l bef
ore
use.
Grou
pCh
emica
lTr
ade n
ames
Rate
sW
eeds
cont
rolle
dCo
mm
ents
C50
0 g/L
sim
azine
Vario
usBo
om 2.
3–4.5
L/ha
. Use
2.3 L
/ha o
n san
dy al
kalin
e so
ils an
d 4.5
L/ha
on he
avy s
oils.
In fir
st ye
ar of
use,
split
appli
catio
ns ar
e pref
erred
.
Annu
al we
eds a
nd gr
asse
s.Gr
apev
ines m
ust b
e esta
blish
ed fo
r 3 ye
ars. In
the fi
rst ye
ar a s
plit a
pplic
ation
is pr
eferre
d. No
rmall
y app
ly to
bare,
mois
t soil
befor
e wee
d em
ergen
ce. D
amag
e may
resu
lt from
using
high
rat
es on
sand
y soil
s low
in or
ganic
matt
er. M
echa
nical
incor
porat
ion is
not n
eces
sary,
but f
or be
st res
ults 1
3 mm
rain
or sp
rinkle
r irrig
ation
is re
quire
d with
in 2 w
eeks
of ap
plica
tion t
o give
he
rbici
de ac
tivity
in so
il.
24
Grou
pCh
emica
lTr
ade n
ames
Rate
sW
eeds
cont
rolle
dCo
mm
ents
C60
0 g/L
sim
azine
Gesa
top 6
00 SC
Boom
: 1.9
to 3.
8 L/h
aUs
e 1.9
L/ha
on sa
ndy a
lkalin
e soil
s and
3.8
L/ha
on he
avy s
oils.
In fir
st ye
ar of
use,
split
appli
catio
ns ar
e pref
erred
.
Annu
al rye
gras
s, an
nual
thist
les, b
arley
gras
s, bin
dy-e
ye,
brom
e gras
s, ca
pewe
ed, c
hickw
eed,
com
mon
sowt
histle
, cre
eping
oxali
s, fat
hen,
geran
ium, iv
y-lea
f spe
edwe
ll, ne
ttles
, pot
ato w
eed,
Powe
ll’s am
arant
h, red
root a
mara
nth,
redsh
ank,
shep
herd
’s pur
se, s
lim am
arant
h, tu
rnips
(not
NS
W),
wild
mus
tard,
wild
oats,
wint
er gr
ass,
wirew
eed
(not
TAS)
and s
uppr
essio
n of s
ourso
b.
As fo
r abo
ve
C90
0 g/k
g sim
azine
Vario
us
1.25 k
g/ha
– lig
ht so
il2.5
kg/h
a – he
avy s
oilAs
for a
bove
.As
for a
bove
. Use
on vi
nes 2
years
or ol
der. I
n the
first
year
split
appli
catio
ns ar
e pref
erred
, e.g.
us
e 2.2
kg/h
a in J
uly or
Aug
ust a
nd 2.
2 kg/
ha in
Octo
ber.
Warn
ing: d
o not
use o
n exc
essiv
ely sa
ndy s
oils,
as cr
op da
mag
e may
occu
r.
D50
0 g/L
oryz
alin
Surfl
an 50
0 Flo
wable
4.5 L/
ha –
up to
4 m
onth
s’ wee
d con
trol
6.8 L/
ha –
6–8 m
onth
s’ wee
d con
trol
Use 2
00–4
50 L
water
/ha.
Cont
rols m
any a
nnua
l gras
ses a
nd br
oadle
af we
eds.
Suita
ble fo
r nur
serie
s and
newl
y plan
ted an
d esta
blish
ed vi
neya
rds.
For b
est r
esult
s, if i
rriga
tion
or ra
in is
not e
xpec
ted w
ithin
21 da
ys af
ter ap
plica
tion,
then
mec
hanic
ally i
ncor
porat
e int
o the
to
p 2.5
cm of
soil.
Soil m
ust b
e free
of w
eeds
, of g
ood t
ilth,
and fi
rm.
K50
0 g/k
g nap
ropam
ideDe
vrino
l WG
4.5 kg
/ha –
light
to m
edium
soils
6.7 kg
/ha –
heav
y clay
soils
apply
in 50
0–10
00 L
of wa
ter/h
a as a
band
spray
Annu
al rye
gras
s Ba
rnya
rd gr
ass
Crows
foot g
rass
Innoc
ent w
eed
Livers
eed g
rass
Pigwe
ed
Potat
o wee
d Re
dsha
nk
Sowt
histle
Sti
nkgr
ass
Sum
mer
gras
s W
inter
gras
s
Soil m
ust b
e free
of w
eeds
and t
rash a
nd m
ust h
ave a
fine t
ilth.
Apply
in 50
0–10
00 L
of
water
/ha.
Apply
as a
direc
ted ba
nd sp
ray, a
voidi
ng co
ntac
t with
fruit
or fo
liage
. In irr
igated
area
s app
ly in
early
sprin
g and
follo
w wi
th sp
rinkle
r irrig
ation
to 5
cm so
il dep
th w
ithin
10 da
ys of
appli
catio
n. In
non-
irriga
ted w
inter
rainf
all ar
eas a
pply
late a
utum
n/wi
nter
and m
echa
nicall
y inc
orpo
rate
with
in 10
days
. If ra
infall
exce
eds 2
0 mm
durin
g this
10-d
ay pe
riod,
mec
hanic
al inc
orpo
ration
wi
ll be u
nnec
essa
ry.
O67
.5 g/
kg di
chlob
enil
Caso
ron G
60–9
0 kg/
treate
d hec
tare
(2 m
× 5
km)
Annu
al gr
asse
s and
broa
dleaf
weed
s.Fo
r bea
ring a
nd no
n-be
aring
vine
s. Sp
read g
ranule
s eve
nly ov
er th
e soil
of th
e area
to be
trea
ted.
Rem
ove e
xistin
g wee
ds by
hand
, des
iccati
on or
culti
vatio
n. Us
e high
er rat
e on h
eavie
r soil
s.
O75
0 g/k
g iso
xabe
nGa
llery
750
375–
750 g
/ha
Broa
d-sp
ectru
m re
sidua
l broa
dleaf
weed
cont
rol. S
ee
Galle
ry 75
0 lab
el for
full w
eed l
ist.
Apply
to w
eed-
free,
even
soil s
urfac
e. Ne
eds m
oistu
re via
rainf
all or
irriga
tion w
ithin
21 da
ys of
ap
plica
tion t
o be a
ctiva
ted. M
ix wi
th pe
ndim
ethali
n or o
ryza
lin to
prov
ide ad
dition
al gr
ass w
eed
cont
rol.
Vineyard m
anagement
25
Grou
pCh
emica
lTr
ade n
ames
Rate
sW
eeds
cont
rolle
dCo
mm
ents
D33
0 g/L
pend
imeth
alin
Vario
us9–
12 L/
haAn
nual
gras
ses a
nd br
oadle
af we
eds.
See l
abel
for si
maz
ine
rates
whe
n con
trollin
g calt
rop, c
obble
rs pe
g, cu
rious
wee
d an
d stin
king R
oger.
Do n
ot us
e sim
azine
on al
kalin
e soil
s.
Do no
t app
ly aft
er vin
es af
ter bu
d swe
ll. Us
e low
rate
on lig
ht-te
xtured
soils
. Us
e the
high
er rat
e on m
edium
to he
avy t
extu
red so
ils an
d the
lowe
r rate
on lig
ht te
xtured
soils
. Us
e a di
rected
spray
, avo
iding
cont
act w
ith gr
een b
ark, fr
uit an
d foli
age.
If app
lied t
o fres
hly tr
ansp
lanted
tree
s or v
ines,
soil s
hould
be co
mpa
cted b
efore
appli
catio
n of
pend
imeth
alin h
erbici
de to
avoid
cont
act w
ith ro
ots.
Pend
imeth
alin h
erbici
de m
ust b
e inc
orpo
rated
by a
mini
mum
of 5
mm
of ra
infall
or sp
ray
irriga
tion a
s soo
n as p
ossib
le an
d no l
ater t
han 1
0 day
s afte
r app
licati
on, o
r wee
d con
trol m
ay be
red
uced
. Fo
r bes
t res
ults,
soil s
urfac
e sho
uld be
free o
f wee
ds, s
urfac
e litt
er an
d clod
s at t
he tim
e of
appli
catio
n. If s
mall
wee
ds ar
e pres
ent a
t the
time o
f app
licati
on, p
endim
ethali
n herb
icide
shou
ld be
tank
m
ixed w
ith a
knoc
kdow
n herb
icide
at th
e rec
omm
ende
d rate
.Ca
ution
: Use
of si
maz
ine m
ixtur
es co
uld le
ad to
crop
dam
age o
n vine
s you
nger
than
3 ye
ars of
ag
e. Re
fer to
the s
imaz
ine la
bel.
DO N
OT ap
ply si
maz
ine m
ixtur
es to
alka
line s
oils.
A12
0 g/L
quiza
lofop
-P-
tefur
ylPa
ntera
125–
250 m
L/10
0LAs
for a
bove
.As
for a
bove
.
G24
0 g/L
oxyfl
uorfe
nGo
al, Po
int
Herb
icide
, Spa
rk,Str
iker
Wee
d-fre
e soil
: 3–4
L/ha
Befor
e germ
inatio
n: W
ild ra
dish,
giant
pigw
eed,
thor
napp
le, st
arbur
r, cap
ewee
d, bla
ckbe
rry ni
ghtsh
ade,
sour
sob,
caltr
op, b
ladde
r ketm
ia, sh
ephe
rd’s p
urse
, wild
m
ustar
d, red
shan
k, sm
all-fl
ower
mall
ow, d
eadn
ettle,
so
w-th
istle,
fat h
en, p
igwee
d, pr
ickly
lettu
ce, c
hickw
eed,
Amsin
ckia,
wire
weed
, rye
gras
s, ba
rnya
rd gr
ass,
sum
mer
gras
s, liv
ersee
d gras
s, ba
rley g
rass,
burrg
rass,
crows
foot
gras
s, sti
nk gr
ass,
pigeo
n gras
s, lov
egras
s
Wee
d-fre
e soil
: app
ly to
fresh
ly wo
rked w
eed-
free s
oil. U
se th
e high
er rat
e whe
n lon
ger r
esidu
al co
ntrol
is re
quire
d (up
to 4
mon
ths).
W
here
gras
s wee
ds ar
e exp
ected
to be
a m
ajor p
roblem
, or w
hen c
ontro
l of a
wide
r wee
d sp
ectru
m is
requ
ired,
mix
the l
ower
rate w
ith 4.
5 L Su
rflan
500 p
er tre
ated h
ectar
e.Us
e the
high
er rat
e whe
n lon
ger r
esidu
al ac
tivity
(up t
o 4 m
onth
s) is
requir
ed. W
hen y
oung
se
edlin
g gras
ses a
nd/o
r broa
dleaf
weed
s are
pres
ent, a
pply
as a
tank m
ix wi
th ce
rtain
post-
emerg
ent h
erbici
des t
o prod
uce b
oth k
nock
down
and r
esidu
al co
ntrol
. A no
n-ion
ic su
rfacta
nt
shou
ld be
used
in th
e spr
ay m
ixtur
e at 1
00 m
L/10
0 L.
Matu
re es
tablis
hed w
eeds
mus
t be e
limina
ted by
mec
hanic
al or
chem
ical m
eans
befor
e ap
plica
tion.
See l
abel
for m
ore de
tails.
75 m
L/ha
plus
certa
in kn
ockd
own h
erbici
des.
See
label
for di
rectio
ns.
Seed
lings
: Sm
all-fl
owere
d mall
ow, d
eadn
ettle,
sting
ing
nettl
e, Am
sinck
ia, so
wthis
tle, s
heph
erd’s p
urse
, reds
hank
, wi
ld rad
ish, c
apew
eed,
pigwe
ed, s
tink g
rass,
crows
foot
gras
s, liv
ersee
d gras
s.
D48
0 g/L
triflu
ralin
Vario
us1.2
L/ha
– lig
ht so
ils1.7
L/ha
– m
edium
soils
2.3 L/
ha –
heav
y soil
s
Annu
al gr
asse
s and
certa
in br
oadle
af we
eds.
Does
not
cont
rol es
tablis
hed w
eeds
.M
echa
nicall
y inc
orpo
rate i
nto s
oil. N
ew pl
antin
gs: a
pply
durin
g pre-
plant
culti
vatio
n.Es
tablis
hed v
ines:
apply
durin
g spr
ing
26
Grou
pCh
emica
lTr
ade n
ames
Rate
sW
eeds
cont
rolle
dCo
mm
ents
F80
0 g/L
norfl
uraz
onZo
liar D
FSo
licam
DF
2.5 kg
Annu
al rye
gras
s, ba
rley g
rass,
black
berry
nigh
tshad
e, Bra
chiar
ia (g
reen s
umm
er gr
ass),
caltr
op, c
apew
eed,
chick
weed
, com
mon
sowt
histle
(milk
thist
le), d
ande
lion
seed
lings
, cur
led do
ck se
edlin
gs, fa
lse ca
per s
eedli
ngs,
fat he
n†, In
dian h
edge
mus
tard,
innoc
ent w
eed (
sprin
g bu
rrgras
s), m
edic,
hedg
e mus
tards
, pas
palum
, plan
tain
seed
lings
, pigw
eed (
Portu
laca)
, prai
rie gr
ass,
prick
ly let
tuce
, grea
t brom
e (rip
gut b
rome)
, salv
ation
Jane
, sca
rlet
pimpe
rnel,
shep
herd
’s pur
se, s
ilver
gras
s, sk
eleto
n wee
d se
edlin
gs, s
orrel
seed
lings
, sou
rsob†
, stin
kgras
s, sti
nking
Ro
ger, s
ubter
ranea
n clov
er, su
mm
er gr
ass (
crabg
rass),
th
ree-c
orne
red Ja
ck (d
ouble
gee,
spiny
emex
), va
riega
ted
thist
le, w
ild oa
ts, w
ild ra
dish,
wild
turn
ip, w
inter
gras
s, wi
rewee
d, wi
tch gr
ass,
yello
w we
ed, Y
orks
hire f
og gr
ass.
† Sup
pres
sion o
nly.
Apply
using
a bo
om sp
ray to
bare
grou
nd be
fore w
eed e
merg
ence
. App
ly as
a dir
ected
spray
in
300 t
o 500
L wa
ter/h
a. Av
oid co
ntac
t with
folia
ge or
fruit
. An a
pplic
ation
in ea
rly au
tum
n will
give w
inter
weed
cont
rol, o
r in ea
rly to
mids
pring
will
give f
ull su
mm
er we
ed co
ntrol
.No
tes:
For g
rapes
only:
Not r
ecom
men
ded f
or gr
apes
grow
n in s
and o
r loam
y san
d soil
s with
less
than
1% or
ganic
m
atter
and p
H gr
eater
than
7.5,
as ve
inal c
hloros
is m
ay oc
cur.
Do no
t app
ly to
nurse
ry st
ock.
Do no
t use
more
than
5 kg
/ha e
ach y
ear.
5.0 kg
Couc
h gras
s†, d
ande
lion,
curle
d doc
k, fal
se ca
per, J
ohns
on
gras
s†, s
kelet
on w
eed,
sorre
l, sou
rsob.
† Sup
pres
sion o
nly.
1.25 k
g Zoli
ar DF
+ 2.
0 L Si
maz
ine 50
0 g/L
Pigwe
ed (P
ortu
laca)
.
1.9 kg
Zolia
r DF +
2.0
L Sim
azine
500 g
/LBa
rnya
rd gr
ass,
clam
my g
oose
foot, c
obble
r’s pe
gs, g
reen
pigeo
n gras
s, red
root a
mara
nth,
sum
mer
gras
s, wi
rewee
d.
Tabl
e 5.
Che
mic
al d
esuc
kerin
g: N
on-s
elec
tive
post
-em
erge
nt ‘k
nock
dow
n’ h
erbi
cide
s reg
ister
ed in
NSW
for u
se in
vin
eyar
ds. R
ead
the
prod
uct l
abel
bef
ore
use.
Grou
pCh
emica
lTr
ade n
ames
Rate
sW
eeds
cont
rolle
dCo
mm
ents
G24
0 g/L
carfe
ntraz
one
– eth
ylSp
otlig
ht Pl
us30
0 mL/
100 L
spray
ed to
point
of ru
n-off
. A
mini
mum
volum
e of 5
0 L of
spray
solut
ion
per k
ilom
etre o
f vine
row
(bot
h side
s spr
ayed
) is
recom
men
ded.
Cont
rol of
unwa
nted
suck
ers (w
ater s
hoot
s) ari
sing f
rom
the m
ain st
em or
trun
k.Ap
plica
tion o
f Spo
tligh
t Plus
to su
ckers
(wate
r sho
ots)
arisin
g from
the m
ain st
em w
ill res
ult in
rap
id bu
rn do
wn an
d exte
nded
cont
rol of
regr
owth
. Any
regr
owth
may
be le
ss vig
orous
but m
ay
need
a rep
eat a
pplic
ation
for s
easo
n lon
g con
trol. S
ucke
rs ari
sing f
rom pr
uned
stub
s or r
oots
may
be
less
well c
ontro
lled.
More
vigo
rous v
arieti
es an
d graf
ted vi
nes o
n vigo
rous r
ootst
ocks
may
ne
ed se
veral
appli
catio
ns de
pend
ing on
the g
rowth
cond
itions
. Pre
ferab
ly ap
ply w
ith a
fully
shrou
ded s
pray
er de
signe
d for
the p
urpo
se an
d targ
eting
the b
asal
60 cm
of th
e tru
nk. A
ir-ind
uctio
n, off
-cen
tre no
zzles
such
as A
irMix
OC or
sim
ilar a
re pr
eferre
d to
mini
mise
the p
roduc
tion o
f fine
, drif
table
drop
lets. T
he op
timum
nozz
le co
nfigu
ration
is to
have
no
zzles
point
ing fo
rward
s and
back
ward
s to e
nsur
e all s
urfac
es of
the s
hoot
s are
spray
ed.
Use s
ufficie
nt sp
ray vo
lume t
o ens
ure t
hat t
he sp
ray so
lution
thoro
ughly
wets
the f
oliag
e and
ste
ms o
f unw
anted
suck
ers to
the p
oint o
f run
-off.
Vineyard m
anagement
27
Root knot nematode and grapevine resistanceLOOTHFAR RAHMAN, FORMER PLANT PATHOLOGIST, NWGIC, WAGGA WAGGAJASON CAPPELLO, DEVELOPMENT OFFICER VITICULTURE, NSW DPI GRIFFITHMELANIE WECKERT, RESEARCH PLANT PATHOLOGIST, NWGIC, WAGGA WAGGA
BackgroundRoot knot nematode species (Meloidogyne javanica,
M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. hapla) are considered
the most important and damaging grapevine plant
parasitic nematodes in Australia. Of them, M. javanica is
predominant in most grape-growing regions in Australia.
The second-stage juveniles (J2) of the nematode live in
the soil and initiate infection in the young feeder roots.
Once it enters the roots, the nematode establishes a
feeding site within the root tissues and starts drawing
the root cell contents from the site into its body.
As a result, rapid cell division and enlargement occurs at
the feeding site of an infected root cell. Thus the infected
cells swell to form a characteristic ‘gall’ or ‘knot’ in the
roots, which may contain one or several females.
The ‘galls’ can be seen if the roots of an infected vine
are dug out from soil. Inside the galls, the nutrient-
conducting tissues are damaged and thus the roots are
unable to take up or transport nutrients or water from
the soil to the aboveground parts of the vine.
Once the nematode become well established inside the roots over time, external symptoms such as stunted growth, leaf yellowing and yield decline become evident.
Yield loss can range from 7% to 20% in most cultivars but may increase up to 60% over time, depending on the susceptibility of the cultivars and the duration and severity of nematode infection. In severe cases of infection, a vineyard will require replanting with a resistant rootstock.
Life cycleBecause root knot nematode species are internal parasites of roots, they develop and reproduce inside the roots.
There are six developmental stages: the eggs, four juvenile (J) stages and an adult stage. The J1 stage develops inside the egg and hatches out as the J2 stage. The J2 stage lives in the soil, enters the young feeder roots and develops into the J3 and J4 stages (immature females) and adult female stage inside the roots.
The adult females lay eggs into a gelatinous matrix, where they are protected and can survive under adverse conditions. The female nematodes with the egg masses
Grapevine root with root knot nematode ‘galls’. Photo: Loothfar Rahman
Females of root knot nematode inside the gall of a vine root. Photo: Loothfar Rahman
‘Gall’
Femalenematodes
Egg
28
Juvenile stage 1 (J2)hatches from eggsand lives in soil
J2 enters rootsand develops intoJ3 stages
J3 stages
Egg mass (J1 stagedevelops inside egg)
Mature/adult femaleJ4 stage orimmature female
Life cycle of the root knot nematode. Photos: Loothfar Rahman
protrude through the outer cell layer of the roots; thus the eggs are released into the soil.
These developmental phases are repeated again and again. The average generation is about 3 to 5 weeks, depending on the environmental conditions.
A single female nematode may produce several hundred eggs at a time; thus a low population at planting can build up to a high population over time. This population increase will also increase yield loss gradually in a vineyard planted with a susceptible cultivar. The nematode is less active in winter.
Management optionsComplete eradication of the root knot nematode from a newly planted or established vineyard is very unlikely.
However, application of chemicals (e.g. Nemacur®) in the soil, cultivation of biofumigation crops (e.g. mustard, turnip) in the inter-row space and incorporation of organic amendments (e.g. mustard seed meal, chicken litter, biochar) into the undervine and/or inter-row soil for a few consecutive years may reduce the population density to below the damage-risk threshold (<200 J2 individuals/kg dry soil).
Alternatively, despite its high initial cost, planting resistant rootstocks is a sustainable and long-term
solution to overcome the root knot nematode problem in an infested vineyard.
Several root-knot-nematode-resistant rootstocks have been developed and are commercially available in Australia (see below). In contrast, it is believed that all own-rooted cultivars are susceptible to root knot nematode. However, the degree of susceptibility may vary between cultivars.
Recently, at NWGIC we tested six rootstocks and 14 varietal clones to verify their susceptible or resistant reactions to root knot nematode (M. javanica) under glasshouse conditions.
All the tested clones are popularly grown across grape-growing districts. We classified the tested rootstocks and varietal clones on the basis of the number of galls present in each root system and the number of J2 stage and female nematodes per gram of roots (Table 6).
On the basis of this classification, Ramsey A11V2 and Dogridge A6V8 were rated as highly resistant (HR), 5C Teleki 10-48-49 Gm and K-51-40 Lider D13V15 as resistant to highly resistant (R-HR), and 1103 Paulsen 200HT and 140 Ruggeri Q45-3A as moderately resistant to resistant (R).
All the tested varietal clones showed susceptible (S) to highly susceptible (HS) reactions (Table 6).
Vineyard m
anagement
29
Some suggestions to consider• Before planting, test your vineyard soil for the
presence of nematodes. • Take appropriate nematode control measures before
planting with rootstocks or own-rooted cultivars (if your vineyard soil is infected).
• Check that rootlings are free from any root knot nematode galls before planting.
If you purchase rootlings with root knot nematode galls, ask the nursery whether they have been hot-water-treated, or return them to the nursery. For confirmation, send some root samples to a testing laboratory to examine them for the presence of any live nematodes
Table. 6. Host reactions* of rootstocks and varietal clones of grapevines to root knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica)
Rootstock/cultivar Clone No. of galls/ root system No. J2 / g root No. females/g root Range of reaction
Relatively resistant clones1103 Paulsen 200 HT MR MR R MR–R5C Teleki 10-48-49 Gm R HR HR R–HRRamsey A11V2 HR HR HR HRK51-40 Lider D13V15 HR R R R–HRDogridge A6V8 HR HR HR HR140 Ruggeri Q45-3A R R MR MR–RRelatively susceptible clonesCabernet Sauvignon 125 HS HS S S–HSCabernet Sauvignon G9V3 HS HS S S–HSChardonnay I10V5 HS HS MR MR–HSChardonnay 95 HS HS HS HSChardonnay G9V7 HS S S S–HSPinot Noir 115 HS S S S–HSPinot Noir MV5 HS HS MR MR–HSPinot Noir MV6 HS S S S–HSSemillon 82 HS HS HS HSSemillon DA16162 HS HS S S–HSSemillon T09081 HS HS S S–HSShiraz BVRC12 HS HS S S–HSShiraz ESA03021 HS HS S S–HSShiraz PT23 HS HS S S–HS* Host reaction was assigned on the basis of either the number of galls per root system, the number of J2 individuals/g root or the number of females/g root, as follows:
0 = HR; 1–3 = R; 4–10 = MR; 11–20 = S; >20 = HS
in the galls. Contact details can be found in the AWRI Research to Practice guide Nematodes: A sampling method for nematode monitoring at www.awri.com.au/wp-content/uploads/nematodes_sample_method.pdf
Monitor your vineyard soil and vine roots from time to time if you have planted an own-rooted cultivar in an infested vineyard.
Contact your nearest NSW DPI office to ask where to send your samples for nematode testing.
VINE SIGHT
AUSTRALIA WIDE SERVICE VINEYARD REMOVAL RE-WORKING RE-TRELLISING
WWW.VINESIGHT.COM.AUSCAN HERE FOR MORE INFORMATION
Grapevine berry ripening and wine aroma ALAIN DELOIRE, DIRECTOR, NWGIC, WAGGA WAGGA
Optimal maturity of grapes depends on multi-faceted criteria. Several important classes of compounds are biosynthesized during the berry growth period, before and/or after veraison (e.g. aromatic precursors, phenolics, hormones and organic acids), whereas others are provided by roots and/or leaves (e.g. water, minerals and sugar). Several of these compounds change during the ripening stage of the grape berry. These changes do not occur in a highly coordinated fashion; instead, they suggest a series of independently regulated pathways of synthesis. Each pathway is influenced by seasonal climatic factors, vineyard practices, and cultivar. To add to this complexity, each berry within a bunch has its own dynamic of growth and maturation.
The question therefore is how to capture this complexity and to decide on or predict the appropriate harvest dates in relation to wine styles and categories?
How are today’s harvesting decisions made by viticulturists and winemakers? There are several methods:
• harvest according to knowledge of a specific cultivar and vineyard, without any analysis but through visual observations (building up personal experience as a vigneron)
• harvest according to one criterion that requires simple, routine analysis, such as Brix (the most commonly used indicator in the wine industry today)
• harvest according to berry tasting, which can be very subjective. The decision is related mainly to the personal experience and training of the taster.
• harvest by using a series of indicators and appropriate analysis methods. This implies that the necessary apparatus is available on the estate or at an appropriate laboratory nearby. Knowledge in interpreting analytical results to take the appropriate decision is therefore required. The cost per hectare also has to be considered.
• harvest by using new decision-making tools and taking into consideration new scientific results. This implies the ability to access the information, understand and assimilate it, and then implement it successfully by using an extension and adoption process. In addition, the ability to afford this new technology, which may be expensive, has to be considered.
This list is not complete. It is important that those responsible for deciding on a harvest date also acquire the necessary skills and information. Such skills include, for example, being able to interpret the analytical data, to use the analytical tools properly according to a standard protocol, and to sample properly in the first place.
Optimal grape ripeness is defined according to the wine style goal, which in turn is dictated by market demand or by the objective of producing a wine that respects the expression of a typical terroir-related character. (‘Terroir’ refers to a combination of local geography, geology and climate.)
Professionals working within the sector are therefore obliged to accurately characterize the grapes in order to make an informed decision about optimum harvest date; they also need to adapt fermentation and winery practices to obtain a target wine style.
One of the most important and difficult parts of the viticulturist’s and winemaker’s job is to predict the wine style from the berries and the enological process. Classical indicators such as Brix, malic and tartaric acid levels, titratable acidity, and levels of tannins and anthocyanins are strongly related to the perception of the taste of the wine (mouth feel). Therefore, it is also highly useful to be able to predict or predetermine the future wine style, in terms of aroma, from the fruit itself.
Berry ripening, wine flavours, and the production of low alcohol wines are, today, among the priorities of the wine industry worldwide, mainly in the context of climate change (i.e. increases in temperature and evapotranspiration) and scarcity of water.
The harvest-decision-making method that we are calibrating to suit red cultivars in the Australian wine industry uses the concept of berry sugar loading. The method that is being adapted to suit white cultivars uses berry colour evolution.
Berry sugar loading in red cultivarsThe method used to evaluate ripening in red cultivars is based on the fact that, from veraison onwards, the berry aromatic sequence that occurs when sugar per berry reaches a plateau seems to be stable and therefore can be predicted (Figure 3). This aroma sequence consists of fresh, neutral/spicy, mature, and over-ripe or ‘jammy’ stages (Figure 3).
Figure 3. The berry aromatic sequence for red cultivars
Vineyard m
anagement
VINE SIGHT
AUSTRALIA WIDE SERVICE VINEYARD REMOVAL RE-WORKING RE-TRELLISING
WWW.VINESIGHT.COM.AUSCAN HERE FOR MORE INFORMATION31
is determined by using optical technologies, as an indicator of berry ripening versus wine aromatic profile. This method is based on an indirect relationship between the evolution of the berry tint angle (according to the HSL model – Hue, Saturation, Luminescence; Figure 5) and the wine sensorial analysis (Table 7). It has potential to be very useful for profiling berry maturation and harvest potential and for selecting the most appropriate harvest dates for white cultivars.
Table 7. Thresholds of berry hue (in degrees) according to the HSL model of colour representation and expected styles of wine for most of the white cultivars. Simplified thresholds (berry colour evolution occurs irrespectively of Brix and titrable acidity) are:
> 80 = green/asparagus/citrus/unripe < 80 and > 70 = tropical/grapefruit/citrus/boxtree < 70 = fermentative/neutral/terpene
Berry hue thresholds (in degrees) Expected wine aromatic profile
> 90 Green/unripe
90–85 Green/asparagus
85–80 Asparagus/citrus
80–75 Asparagus/tropical fruit/grapefruit/citrus
75–70 Tropical fruit
70–65 Fermentative/terpene
65–60 Phenolic/neutral/terpene
For white cultivars, no direct relationship has yet been established between berry colour development from veraison to harvest and Brix and titrable acidity values.
No doubt climate change will influence berry ripening, and this may have repercussions for time of harvest and style of wine produced.
As the world becomes more technologically advanced, more advanced technology is being developed to monitor berry ripening. Such decision-making tools are rapidly being adopted by large estates and co-operatives to enhance their marketing edge. The National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, in collaboration with the Australian Wine Research Institute and other partners, aims to calibrate these tools for the Australian wine industry and to improve their efficiency. The methods presented in this article are not exclusive: new methods or decision-making tools are likely to be developed in parallel with these ones.
Acknowledgments We acknowledge Distell, the Stellenbosch University Department of Viticulture and Oenology and Winetech for funding and helping to develop harvest-analysis methods applicable to South Africa. This article is a synthesis of articles already published in Wineland Magazine (South Africa) and Practical Winery and Vineyard Journal (California). We thank Vivelys (France) for providing the Dyostem tool and their international database on berry ripening.
Figure 4. Example of Syrah berry aromatic sequence
However, there is no direct relationship between fruit Brix (i.e. fruit sugar content) or titratable acidity level and the berry aromatic sequence stages (e.g. see Figure 4), meaning that the fresh, neutral/spicy (or pre-ripe), and mature stages can be reached at the same Brix value, although this depends to a certain extent on the individual situation. Thus the berry aromatic sequence model shows that using the Brix value alone cannot help us to predict harvest date and wine style.
Berry colour evolution in white cultivarsBerry colour is a new and important indicator of ripening in white varieties, because a possible relationship exists between berry colour and berry aromatic potential. Carotenoids, which are phyto-protective pigments produced by photosynthesis, are localized in the skin and are considered to be biogenetic precursors of C13-norisoprenoid glycosides. Certain aromas are derived from the degradation of such skin pigments.
A technology for measuring berry skin colour has been developed by the Vivelys Society in France and is currently being used in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The method uses the development of the berry tint angle (berry colour evolution), which
Figure 5. The Hue, Saturation and Luminescence (HSL) model of colour representation, which gives hue values in degrees from 0° to 360°.
32
Botrytis fungicide evaluation trialRICHARD HILDER, NSW WINE INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION R&D COMMITTEEMELANIE WECKERT, SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTIST, NWGIC, WAGGA WAGGA
Because of above-average rainfall in 2011–12, Botrytis infection of mature grapes resulted in them not being harvested in vintages 2011 and 2012. This placed financial strain on producers and caused losses of premium wine.
Rainfall from veraison to harvest is the factor most likely to cause losses from Botrytis infection. Moreover, rain during flowering can cause latent Botrytis to show up as the grapes approach maturity. The incidence of Botrytis is influenced by site selection, canopy management, crop load, vineyard floor management and whether protective spray programs are used.
To reduce the incidence of Botrytis, the NSW Wine Industry Association R&D Committee nominated trials and extension as a number 1 priority. Funding from the GWRDC Innovative Committee has been granted to implement these for the 2013 and 2014 seasons.
Since 2011, a number of Hunter Valley growers have adopted the use of products containing the fungus Trichoderma for Botrytis control. This natural predator of Botrytis is now available in sprays for Botrytis suppression and can be used as an alternative to conventional synthetic chemicals registered for Botrytis control. Anecdotally, these growers have had encouraging results using Trichoderma sprays in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommended protocols rates and timing.
The Trichoderma that is present within the grape bunches consumes Botrytis, but it is annihilated by other Botrytis fungicides. No doubt this partly explains why organic vineyards where the Trichoderma fungi are not endangered often have lower rates of Botrytis infection, even when the prevailing conditions favour its occurrence.
With the help of Dr Greg Dunn and Dr Melanie Weckert at NWGIC Wagga Wagga, a Botrytis Fungicide Trial was designed to compare an organic botrytis spray program with a conventional Botrytis spray program.
DesignThe treatments (30 vines per treatment) were:
T1: Conventional Botrytis spray control
T2: Trichoderma products (Colonizer® and Antagonizer®)
T3: Potassium salts of fatty acids (i.e. soap salts; Ecoprotector®)
T4: Control (no Botrytis fungicides).
The experiment was conducted in a 4.35-ha, 12-year-old block of Chardonnay at Glenesk Vineyard at Denman in the Upper Hunter Valley of NSW.
ApplicationFor each treatment we used a separate dedicated hand-spraying knapsack. The conventional spray treatment was applied by knapsack at the same time as it was applied to the rest of the Chardonnay in the block.
Colonizer® (Trichoderma koningii) was applied at >20% capfall (on 28 September 2012), with a second spray at >80% capfall on 6 October. Care was taken to ensure that fungicides for powdery mildew and downy mildew were not applied to the whole block within 7 days either side of applying the Trichoderma sprays.
As a continuation of the Trichoderma treatment, Antagonizer® (Trichoderma harzianum) was applied after veraison on 28 December, and again after rain on 24 January in the New Year (2013).
Ecoprotector® was applied at <5% capfall, at pre-bunch closure, and after veraison on 28 December 2012 and on 24 January 2013.
The block was picked on 7 February 2113 at >12.8 Baumé or 23° Brix.
MeasurementsMethod of monitoring for latent Botrytis infectionThe treated plots were monitored for Botrytis infection of the leaves before flowering: the presence of infection in the leaves could increase the spore load, especially if spores became trapped within a bunch.
We assessed the four middle vines of the middle row of each treatment (i.e. row 2, vines 4, 5, 6, 7 of 10 treated vines).
Industry project updates
The Chardonnay trial site, Glenesk Vineyard at Denman in the Upper Hunter Valley of NSW Photo: Richard Hilder
Industry project updates
33
One week after the 80% capfall spray, four inflorescences per vine from each treatment were randomly selected, secured in four separate ziplock plastic bags, and despatched to Dr Weckert for microscopy.
At inspection of the trial on 25 January 2013 there was no visible evidence of Botrytis infection in any of the treatment plots.
On 4 February, 3 days before harvest and after 117 mm of rain had fallen in the previous 3 days, the vines were inspected again for Botrytis rot.
A day later, three bunches from each treatment plot were randomly selected, secured in separate ziplock plastic bags, and then placed on a bench in the vineyard’s recreation room for later observation of Botrytis development.
Bunches were collected only from treatments T2, T3 and T4 at harvest; they were sent to Dr Weckert for analysis.
Laboratory resultsInfection on inflorescencesFour inflorescences (immature bunches) were collected from each of six replicates of every treatment 1 week after 80% capfall and sent to Melanie Weckert for fungal analysis.
The inflorescences were frozen for 2 weeks to disrupt the plant cells. The frozen inflorescences were thawed, placed in ziplock plastic bags and incubated for 2 weeks at room temperature.
The inflorescences were then weighed, placed in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7), and shaken well to dislodge most microbes from their surfaces. The phosphate-buffered saline was serially diluted a number of times, and the diluted washes were spread over DRBC (dichloran rose-bengal chloramphenicol) and Botrytis Selective Medium (BSM) and incubated at 25°C in darkness. After 5 days, Melanie counted all of the colonies at the 10–3 and 10–5 dilutions. BSM agar turns brown around Botrytis colonies. As none of the fungal colonies was surrounded by a brown zone, this indicated that there was no Botrytis on the inflorescences.
This meant that it was highly unlikely that there was any latent infection at that stage (Table 8).
Table 8. Dilution plating of inflorescences (80% cap fall)
Treatment number
Treatment details Botrytis cinerea on inflorescences?
Trichoderma spp. on inflorescences
(cfu per g of 5 mm berries) (x 106)
Trichoderma spp. as % of total fungi
T1 Conventional Botrytis sprays no 100 b 1.9 b
T2 Colonizer® (Trichoderma koningii) plus Antagonizer® (Trichoderma harzianum)
no 3000 a 58.7 a
T3 Ecoprotector® (Potassium salts of fatty acids) no 200 b 16.4 b
T4 Control (water spray) no 40 b 0.3 b
P value <0.001 0.001Values down columns with the same letter(s) do not differ significantly (P< 0.05).
As expected, inflorescences from treatment T2 (Trichoderma Colonizer® and Antagonizer® products) contained significantly higher levels of Trichoderma spp., and higher percentages of the total fungi were Trichoderma spp. (Table 8).
Infection on berries at harvestBunches were collected only from treatments T2, T3 and T4 at harvest. Bunches were frozen at –20°C for 7 days before incubation.
Freezing bunches terminates host resistance and promotes development of the fungal pathogen within the plant tissues, giving a more realistic estimation of bunch rot severity and incidence under the most adverse conditions.
After being frozen, these bunches were incubated at 25ºC for 10 days in ziplock plastic bags containing moist paper towels to increase humidity.
Bunches were scored for coverage of Botrytis bunch rot (i.e. severity). The incidence was 100% (i.e. every bunch had some Botrytis bunch rot). The percentage rot per bunch was significantly decreased by the T2 Trichoderma treatments (43% decrease) and by the T3 Ecoprotector® treatment (97% decrease), although the difference between these two treatments was not statistically significant (Table 9).
Conclusions from laboratory investigationsThere was no latent Botrytis cinerea in the inflorescences. The combined Colonizer®–Antagonizer® Trichoderma
Table 9. Incidence and severity of Botrytis on bunches at harvest
Treatment number
Treatment details
Incidence (number of
bunches with visible Botrytis)
Severity (% of bunch)
covered in B. cinerea)
T2 Colonizer® (Trichoderma koningii)plus Antagonizer®(Trichoderma harzianum)
100% 41.7 bc
T3 Ecoprotector®(potassium saltsof fatty acids)
100% 29.2 c
T4 Control (water spray) 100% 73.3 a
P value 0.013Values down columns with the same letter(s) do not differ significantly (P < 0.05).
34
treatment successfully increased Trichoderma spp. colonisation of the inflorescences.
Both the Trichoderma and the Ecoprotector® treatment decreased colonisation of grape bunches by Botrytis cinerea later in the season, although there was no statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of these two treatments.
Results of field observations Severity and incidence of BotrytisTable 10 shows the severity and incidence of Botrytis as assessed in the field for each treatment on 4 February (3 days before harvest and after 117 mm of rain had fallen in the previous 3 days).
Table 11 shows the severity of Botrytis infection in the four treatment groups after three bunches from each had been left in ziplock bags on the recreation room benches for 7 days.
Unlike with the method used to obtain the results in Table 9, these bunches were not frozen before incubation; this explained the lesser degree of Botrytis severity in Table 11 than in Table 9.
Season 1 final conclusionsApart from a few light showers during flowering, rainfall was not a predisposing factor for Botrytis infection until the rain events beginning on 20 January 2013.
The laboratory results indicated that the light rain during flowering at the trial site did not cause latent infection.
Table 10. Results of field observations three days before harvest: Severity and incidence of Botrytis
Treatment Treatment details
Severity (% of bunch covered in B. cinerea)
Incidence (number of
bunches with visible Botrytis)
T1 Conventional Botrytis sprays 2% 3%T2 Colonizer® (Trichoderma
koningii) plus Antagonizer® (Trichoderma harzianum)
2% 2%
T3 Ecoprotector®(Potassium salts of fatty acids)
1.5% 2%
T4 Control 3% 3%
Table 11. Incidence and severity of Botrytis in incubated bunches at harvest (unfrozen)
Treatment Treatment Severity (% of bunch covered in
B. cinerea)T1 Conventional Botrytis sprays 40%T2 Colonizer® (Trichoderma koningii) plus
Antagonizer® (Trichoderma harzianum)30%
T3 Ecoprotector®(potassium salts of fatty acids)
10%
T4 Control 40%
Treated bunch in treatment 1, T1: Conventional Botrytis spray control. Photo: Richard Hilder
Treated bunch in treatment 2, T2: Trichoderma products (Colonizer® and Antagonizer®). Photo: Richard Hilder
Image of treated bunch in treatment 3, T3: Potassium salts of fatty acids (i.e. soap salts; Ecoprotector®) Photo: Richard Hilder
Industry project updates
35
The new low foam Captan 900WGCrop Care’s Captan 800WG has always been the first choice for disease control on a broad range of crops. Now Crop Care is proud to present the new leader in Captan’s: Captan 900WG. Made in Australia, it provides all the same benefits of the 800WG, in a new low foam, higher strength patented granule. w w w.c r op ca r e .co m . a u
Crop Care Australasia Pty Ltd ACN 061 362 347
Crop Care Captan 900WGOther Captan’s
floor management, and the use of protective spray programs. Attention to these details helps immensely in reducing losses from Botrytis.
This trial will be continued next season. As a result of this year’s findings we plan to introduce several extra treatments, including a combination of Trichoderma and Ecoprotector® together in one program.
These products cannot be tank mixed, and the Trichoderma products need to be sprayed at least 7 days after the Ecoprotector® spray so as not to kill the living spores.
On the basis of our preliminary results, a suggested combination program would be:
1. Ecoprotector® at 5% to 10% capfall
2. Colonizer® at 80% capfall
3. Ecoprotector® at pre-bunch closure
4. Antagonizer® at veraison
5. Ecoprotector® up to 14 days before harvest (before the 14-day withholding period)
6. Antagonizer® if required because of rain (Antagonizer® has a 1-day withholding period).
Treated bunch in treatment 4, T4: Control (no Botrytis fungicides). Photo: Richard Hilder
At visual inspection of the trial site on 25 January 2013 there was no evidence of Botrytis infection in any of the treatment plots.
However, the 117 mm of rain over a 3-day period before harvest caused Botrytis infection in all treatment plots before the harvest (on 7 February), although the entire trial block was harvested within the winery tolerance of <4% Botrytis incidence.
Recommendations for the future: looking forwardThe severity and incidence of Botrytis are influenced by site selection, canopy management, crop load, vineyard
The new low foam Captan 900WGCrop Care’s Captan 800WG has always been the first choice for disease control on a broad range of crops. Now Crop Care is proud to present the new leader in Captan’s: Captan 900WG. Made in Australia, it provides all the same benefits of the 800WG, in a new low foam, higher strength patented granule. w w w.c r op ca r e .co m . a u
Crop Care Australasia Pty Ltd ACN 061 362 347
Crop Care Captan 900WGOther Captan’s
Trial of alternative varieties reworked on Chardonnay in the MurrayGREGORY MOULDS, SENIOR LAND SERVICES OFFICER – HORTICULTURE, LOCAL LAND SERVICES, BURONGA APRIL WINCKEL, MURRAY VALLEY WINEGROWERS’ INCORPORATED, MILDURA
‘‘Alternative varieties’ has been a buzz word in the industry, but how climatically or economically suitable are these alternatives?
This trial investigated the best way to change over to an alternative variety. It also compared the performances of a range of alternative varieties with those of traditional varieties in the Murray Valley.
The trialA trial was established at the Dareton Research Institute, near Mildura, to demonstrate the suitability of alternative varieties to this region and evaluate two methods of reworking that can be used to establish the new varieties on existing vines.
The trial site was 0.6 ha planted to Chardonnay on Ramsey in 1995. The block also contained two rows of Chardonnay on six different rootstocks used in a previous trial, giving us the opportunity to examine the effect of rootstock on the performance of the alternative varieties we tested.
The vines were planted in 3.3-m rows with 2.4-m vine spacing on a two-wire vertical trellis, and they were box-pruned.
The soil was a sandy loam varying in depth from 70 to 105 cm, with an active root depth of 40 to 75 cm. The vines were irrigated with drippers spaced every 50 cm. Nutrition was applied by fertigation and a routine foliar program.
Two methods of reworking were used: grafting a bud of the new variety into the original rootstock (mostly Ramsey) and grafting a bud of a new variety into the Chardonnay trunk (see photos). The losses were highest in vines reworked into the rootstock.
Grafting observations• Savagnin and Montepulciano had the greatest
number of vines that had to be re-budded because of graft failure.
• Pinot Gris, Lagrein, Pinotage, Montepulciano and Tannat suffered the most canopy roll in the first two seasons of establishment and required the most training during the season.
• In the first season, the yields of Muscat Gordo, Arneis, Pinot Gris and Montepulciano grafted into the Ramsey rootstock were less than 50% of those of the same varieties bud-grafted into the Chardonnay trunk.
A bud grafted into the existing Chardonnay trunk being secured in place with grafting tape. Photo: Greg Moulds
A bud grafted into the existing rootstock trunk secured in place with grafting tape. Photo: Greg Moulds
The trial site, showing the two methods of grafting. Rootstocks can be seen close to the ground; Chardonnay trunks still at waist height can be seen in the background. Photo: Greg Moulds
Industry project updates
37
Varietal growth and maturity observationsSixteen varieties were selected for establishment (eight reds and eight whites). The varieties, which included standard varieties for comparison, were:
• White grapes: Arneis, Fiano, Vermentino, Sauvignon Blanc, Savagnin (formally Albarino), Viognier, and Muscat Gordo Blanco
• Red grapes: Pinot Gris, Graciano, Lagrein, Montepulciano, Pinotage, Tannat, Tempranillo, Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon.
Below is a summary of the alternative varieties tested.
Arneis
Arneis has erect growth and high vigour, with thin spindly shoots and medium-sized leaves. This variety grew well after a slow start in the first season. The fruit was spread evenly throughout the canopy and was easy to harvest. Bunches were compact, and yield was in the high range and better than expected. Bunches were very susceptible to rot damage.
ARNEIS TRIAL OBSERVATIONS Disease susceptibility Moderate
Vine vigour High Bunch compaction Tight compact
Juice Baumé 13 Average bunch weight (g) 209
Juice pH 3.5 Fruit yield (kg/vine) 22
Juice TA (g/L) 5.9 Estimated yield (t/ha) 26.4
TA, titratable acidity
Mature Arneis leaf and ripening bunch. Photo: Greg Moulds
FianoThis variety is erect and highly vigorous, with long shoots and large leaves. It appeared to be well suited to the Murray Valley climate. Some vines showed hen and chicken (mixed berry size) and also a second crop on the lateral shoots. Fiano had loose bunches with small berries of consistent quality and good disease resistance.
FIANO TRIAL OBSERVATIONS Disease susceptibility Low
Vine vigour High Bunch compaction Loose
Juice Baumé 12.3 Average bunch weight (g) 149
Juice pH 8.2 Fruit yield (kg/vine 18.4
Juice TA (g/L) 3.3 Estimated yield (t/ha) 22.1
Mature Fiano leaf. Photo: Greg Moulds
Vermentino Vermentino is an erect, highly vigorous variety producing long shoots with large wavy leaves. It appears well suited to Murray Valley climatic conditions. The vines have grown well in the very hot spring and summer. In our trials the variety produced the highest yield and the largest bunches of all varieties in both seasons.
VERMENTINO TRIAL OBSERVATIONS Disease susceptibility Low
Vine vigour High Bunch compaction Loose
Juice Baumé 11.7 Average bunch weight (g) 262
Juice pH 6 Fruit yield (kg/vine) 30.0
Juice TA (g/L) 3.5 Estimated yield (t/ha) 36.0
Mature Vermentino leaf. Photo: Greg Moulds
GracianoThis variety is erect and highly vigorous, with long canes and large leaves. It appears well suited to Murray Valley conditions. Graciano was the best red variety at establishment, losing no vines throughout the hot spring and summer. This variety produced the largest bunches of the red varieties with small berries.
GRACIANO TRIAL OBSERVATIONS Disease susceptibility Low–moderate
Vine vigour High Bunch compaction Loose
Juice Baumé 11.1 Average bunch weight (g) 239
Juice pH 5.2 Fruit yield (kg/vine) 23.3
Juice TA (g/L) 3.7 Estimated yield (t/ha) 28.0
Anthocyanin colour (mg/g fresh berry weight) 0.93
Mature Graciano Leaf. Photo: Greg Moulds
38
Lagrein Lagrein grew well and seems well suited to the Murray Valley conditions. The very drooping canopy has spindly, deep green canes and medium to large leaves that protect and support the fruit, which is evenly spread under the canopy. The fruit is susceptible to bunch rot in wet seasons.
LAGREIN TRIAL OBSERVATIONS Disease susceptibility High
Vine vigour Medium - high Bunch compaction Loose
Juice Baumé 11.7 Average bunch weight (g) 179
Juice pH 6.3 Fruit yield (kg/vine) 21.0
Juice TA (g/L) 3.7 Estimated yield (t/ha) 25.2
Anthocyanin colour (mg/g fresh berry weight) 1.2
Montepulciano This variety is the latest to ripen and hence to harvest. Vines produce light crops of loose bunches that have a tough skin resistant to bunch rots. In our trial, Montepulciano produced low to medium yields of good quality fruit with good colour.
MONTEPULCIANO TRIAL OBSERVATIONS Disease susceptibility Low
Vine vigour Medium Bunch compaction Loose
Juice Baumé 12.2 Average bunch weight (g) 144
Juice pH 6.6 Fruit yield (kg/vine) 16.7
Juice TA (g/L) 3.6 Estimated yield (t/ha) 20
Anthocyanin colour (mg/g fresh berry weight) 1.45
Mature Montepulciano leaf and ripening bunch. Photo: Greg Moulds
Tannat This variety is slightly erect and highly vigorous, with long canes and medium to large leathery leaves that roll backwards. Tannat was the most difficult to train and develop a full canopy owing to its tendency to roll. Problems of excessive vigour, vine death and low yield may indicate that Ramsey is not a suitable rootstock for Tannat.
TANNAT TRIAL OBSERVATIONS Disease susceptibility Medium - Low
Vine vigour High Bunch compaction Very tight
Juice Baumé 12.3 Average bunch weight (g) 195
Juice pH 6.3 Fruit yield (kg/vine) 11.3
Juice TA (g/L) 3.4 Estimated yield (t/ha) 15.1
Anthocyanin colour (mg/g fresh berry weight) 1.84
Mature Tannat leaf and ripening bunch Photos: Greg Moulds
Production yieldsThe first-year yield was drastically reduced by botrytis infection following abnormal mid-summer rain.
On the basis of the second year’s results (2011–12, Figure 6), varieties were categorised into low (purple), medium (blue) and high (orange) -yielding.
The lowest-yielding varieties were Pinot Gris, Tannat and Montepulciano. In general, the yields obtained would be considered lower than district averages for similar red varieties.
Tannat and Pinot Gris produced low yields owing to poor canopy development, and they seemed to suffer from waterlogging of the soil and the root zone.
The medium-yielding varieties included Fiano and Tempranillo; they produced yields comparable to that of Cabernet Sauvignon. There was no reduction in Fiano yield through bunch rot.
Of the remaining, high-yielding varieties, Graciano and Vermentino had the lowest percentages of fruit with sunburn or fruit rot.
RootstocksIn addition to being planted on Ramsey, Pinot Gris and Fiano were reworked into the trunks on the following rootstocks: Ramsey, Schwarzmann, Ruggeri 140, K51-40 and SO4.
Industry project updates
Mature Lagrein Leaf. Photo: Greg Moulds
39
Our observations revealed that Fiano was a vigorous variety. Careful consideration is therefore required in selecting a suitable rootstock for this highly vigorous variety. In our early results the Fiano yield did not differ significantly among the different rootstock selections (see Figure 7).
Pinot Gris yield differed by 88% (Figure 8) between the best and worst rootstock combinations, suggesting that a highly vigorous rootstock is important for this variety.
Not enough vines were measured to reliably assess rootstock combinations, so rootstock choices should not be based on these early results.
Some suggestions to consider• Reworking of alternative varieties directly into the
Chardonnay vines on the Ramsey rootstock has been successful.
• Muscat Gordo, Tannat, Montepulciano and Shiraz reworked directly onto the Ramsey rootstock performed poorly.
• Cropping levels returned two seasons after the reworking.
• From observations over the past two seasons we can make the following conclusions:
— Fiano, Vermentino and Graciano are the varieties most suited to the area. Graciano has performed very well and is a good prospect for the Murray Valley.
— Fiano appears to be suitable for use with lower vigour rootstocks, although more work will be required to confirm this observation.
— Graciano required more water applications from veraison till harvest to maintain fresh fruit in good physical state.
— Sauvignon Blanc, Savagnin, Arneis, Lagrein and Tempranillo are considered less suitable because of the high costs associated with managing vegetative growth and the susceptibility of these varieties to bunch rots.
AcknowledgmentsWe thank April Winckel and Liz Singh of Murray Valley Winegrowers Incorporated.
References and further reading Anonymous (2010) ‘Fiano’, Australia New Zealand Wine Industry Journal 14(4), 69–73 Chalmers Nurseries Pty Ltd. www.chalmersnurseries.com. Accessed 20/11– 30/11/2010.Jackson R.S. (2008) Wine Science: Principles and Applications. Third edition, Academic Press, Burlington MA. Kennison K., Fennessy R., WA Department of Agriculture and Food, Food & Wine Industry Association of WA and WA Vine Improvement Association (2011) Evaluation of Alternative Wine Grape Varieties in Manjimup, Western Australia. Department of Agriculture and Food, South Perth, WALooney K. (2011) Vivacious Vermentino, Wine & Viticulture Journal 26(6), 88McKay A.D., Crittenden G.J., Dry P.R. and Hardie W.J. (1999) Italian Winegrape Varieties in Australia: Exploring the Potential of Barbera, Nebbiolo, Sangiovese, Vernaccia di San Gimignano, Dolcetto and Arneis. Winetitles, AdelaidePinotage Association (n.d.) Pinotage History: Recognition. Retrieved on 16 July 2013 from www.pinotage.co.za/index.php/about-pinotageRobinson J. (1986) Vines, Grapes & Wines, p. 214, Mitchell Beazley, London Tassie, L., Dry, P.R. and Essling, M. (2010) Alternative varieties: emerging options for a changing environment. Research to Practice, Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, SAVan de Loo F. (2010) Grace under pressure: Graciano offers quality in warm and dry conditions, Australia New Zealand Wine Industry Journal 25(1), 11–13
19.4 19.421.1
2223.1 23.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
Richter 110 K51-40 Ramsey Ruggeri 140 Schwarzmann S04
Rootstock
Yiel
d (k
g/vi
ne)
Figure 7. Fiano yields on different rootstocks in 2011–2012
2
9 9
1213
17
0
5
10
15
20
25
Schwarzmann Richter 110 S04 K51-40 Ramsey Ruggeri 140
Rootstock
Yiel
d (k
g/vi
ne)
Figure 8. Pinot Gris yields on different rootstocks in 2011–2012
Figure 6. Average yields (in kg/vine) in the second year of the trial (2011–12) at Dareton for all varieties.
11.312.6
16.718.4 18.7 18.9 19.4
21 21.2 22 2223.3 23.3 23.8
24.9
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Pinot G
ris
Tann
at
Monte
pulci
ano
Fiano
Caber
net Sa
uvigno
n
Tempra
nillo
Sauvig
non Blanc
Lagre
in
Pinotag
e
Arneis
Musc
at Gord
o
Gracia
noSh
iraz
Viognier
Sava
gnin
Vermentin
o
Variety
Yiel
d (k
g/vi
ne)
40
Grape marc mulching in Riverina vineyardsJASON CAPPELLO, DEVELOPMENT OFFICER VITICULTURE, NSW DPI, GRIFFITH
IntroductionGrape growers in the Riverina are wanting to know the benefits and impacts of applying grape marc to their vineyards. To answer this question a demonstration trial was established at the NSW DPI Hanwood vineyard, near Griffith. The aim of the trial is examine soil chemical properties, vine health, grape and wine composition and grape yield to find out what happens when grape marc is used as mulch.
Trial background• The Riverina has over 70 000 t of aged grape marc
available for use. In other regions across South Australia, grape marc is used annually to improve soil conditions.
• Locally, because of previous negative experiences and supply problems, vineyards have not favoured the regular use of grape marc, and hence there are only a small number of vineyards using it.
• This trial tested the use of grape marc applied beneath the vine in a drip-irrigated vineyard in the Riverina.
The treatmentsSix treatments were applied at the NSW DPI Hanwood vineyard, using Shiraz PT23 on Ramsey rootstock:
• Treatment 1: Control, i.e. no treatment to vines
• Treatment 2: Grape marc applied to the soil surface at about 100 t/ha to achieve a mulch layer between 3 and 4 centimetres thick, with mixed NPK fertiliser added at 250 kg/ha applied before the grape marc
• Treatment 3: Grape marc applied to the soil surface at about 100 t/ha to achieve a mulch layer between 3 and 4 centimetres thick
• Treatment 4: Grape marc applied to the soil surface at about 50 t/ha to achieve a half-rate mulch layer
• Treatment 5: Grape marc with added chicken manure or litter applied to the soil surface at about 50 t/ha
• Treatment 6: Mixed NPK fertiliser applied to the soil surface at 250 kg/ha, with no grape marc applied.
Results from the first seasonSoil moisture levelsWe monitored soil moisture with an Enviroscan Sentek system. The monitoring showed an increase in soil moisture retention under the thick grape-marc mulch (treatments 2 and 3).
Soil temperature levelsTemperature sensors were installed in the soil to measure temperature within the top 10 cm of the soil, based on past mulching projects.
All of the data has not yet been analysed, but examination of the mid-season data revealed a reduction in soil temperature in treatments 2 and 3 (Table 12).Table 12. Soil temperature analysis 10 cm below the soil surface from 1 October 2012 to 18 December 2012 at Hanwood
Treatment1 2 3 4 5 6
Temperature (°C)Maximum 37.72 29.13 30.30 32.80 30.45 37.25Minimum 9.28 12.50 12.60 11.50 10.20 9.35Average 21.71 21.36 21.78 21.61 20.75 21.67
The soil temperature results showed that there was a buffering effect in the soil covered thickly with grape marc mulch (treatments 2 and 3). Mulch insulates the soil surface, regulating the temperature in the root zone (Figure 9) so that roots are able to survive better in the top 200 mm of soil. Mulch also improves soil structure by adding organic matter and increases water infiltration (Compost for Soils, 2011).
Satellite image taken of the vine trial site in October 2012, three weeks after the mulch applications. Photo: Google Earth, 19 June 2013
Figure 9. Soil temperature comparison 10 cm below the soil surface between the control (treatment 1) and the high rate of grape marc mulch application (treatment 3)
Industry project updates
41
Nutrient analysis of treatmentsTable 13 shows the nutrients in the various products used in the trial.
Petiole and soil chemical analysisPetiole samples were collected at 80% capfall and sent away for analysis. We found no statistically significant differences among treatments.
Soil samples were collected from the plots in September 2012, before any of the treatment applications. We found no statistically significant differences among treatments. Soil samples will be collected again, in September 2013, to view changes in the nutrient levels within the soil over the first 12 months since application of the treatments.
Maturity and yield analysisSamples consisted of 10 bunches selected randomly from each plot, with five bunches taken on the western side of the vine and five bunches taken on the eastern side.
Baumé. We tracked fruit maturity from 20 January 2013 (average 10.3 Baumé) until 26 February 2013 (average 13.8 Baumé). At harvest 1 week later, on 4 March 2013, the average Baumé value was 14.5 across all the treatments and there were no significant differences. Figure 10 shows the average Baumé changes between sample dates across all replicated plots in each treatment.
Berry juice pH. A decline in berry pH occurred in week 4 (15 February 2013) in most treatments, with the exception of treatment 5. A subsequent increase the following week was observed in all treatments. Figure 11 shows the average pH change between sample dates across all replicated plots in each treatment.
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.50
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.00
30/01/13 5/02/13 11/02/13 15/02/13 19/02/13 26/02/13 4/03/13
Date
Baum
é
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Figure 10. Maturity Baumé analysis across treatment plots
3.50
3.60
3.70
3.80
3.90
4.00
4.10
4.20
4.30
4.40
30/01/13 5/02/13 11/02/13 15/02/13 19/02/13 26/02/13 4/03/13
Date
pH
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Figure 11. Maturity berry pH analysis across treatment plots
Table 13. Comparative nutrient analysis of the various inputs
Nutrient Units Typical compost nutrients (average)
Standardcow manure
Standardchicken manure
Standardgrape marc
Trialchicken & grape
marc blend
Trialgrape marc
TrialHydrocomplex™
fertiliserNitrogen N % 2.0 1.80 4.40 2.20 4.57* 1.91 12.00Phosphorus P % 0.5 1.70 2.90 0.29 0.56 0.28 4.80Potassium K % 0.8 2.10 2.10 1.90 1.90 1.99 15.00Sulfur S % <0.5 0.70 0.36 0.15 3.532* 0.17 8.00Calcium Ca % 3.0 1.74 4.40 0.52 1.27 0.61 2.50Magnesium Mg % 0.5 0.76 0.80 0.12 0.21 0.19 1.60Copper Cu mg/kg 60 38 182 27 53.68 41.57 –Zinc Zn mg/kg 180 250 267 22 107.01 25.81 –Manganese Mn mg/kg 300 168 634 100 172.19 114.25 –Boron B mg/kg 40 8.8 – 4.0 29.18 34.29 –Carbon C % >30 22.2 29.0 55.0 38.61 37.49 –Carbon : Nitrogen ratio units <15 12.30 6.59 25.00 8.44 19.56 –pH (1:5 water) na 5.0–7.5 8.1 8.4 4.6 6.4 7.4 –Notes: 1. All analyses are by dry weight. Samples were dried at 40°C for 24 hours before being finely ground.2. Samples were digested on a hotblock digestor by using Aqua Regia acid and then analysed by ICP-MS.3. Carbon, nitrogen and sulfur were quantified with an LECO CNS2000 analyser.4. mg/kg = ppm; 1% = 10,000 ppm* There were slight increases in nitrogen and sulfur levels due to ammonium sulfate fertiliser runoff from a nearby stockpile.
Titratable acidity. Titratable acidity declined over time across the sampling period. No treatment effects were observed (Figure 12).
Bunch weight. Bunch weight rose between the first two sampling dates, declined for 3 weeks and then increased after this, although it did not recover to week 2 levels. When averaged across dates, bunch weight for treatment 1 was lower than those for all the other treatments, and bunch weight for treatment 6 was lower than for treatments 5 and 3 (Figure 13).
42
Fung
icid
e P
rogr
ams
fo
r G
rape
vine
s
•
Res
ista
nce:
Al
l us
es co
mpl
y w
ith C
ropL
ife
reco
mm
enda
tions
for
fun
gici
de
resi
stan
ce m
anag
emen
t.
Mar
gare
t R
iver
, Coo
naw
arra
, Yar
ra V
alle
y, M
udge
e/O
rang
e an
d S
tant
horp
e
Pho
mop
sis,
Bla
ck S
pot,
Pow
dery
and
Dow
ny M
ildew
, and
Bot
ryti
s R
ot C
ontr
ol
Fung
icid
e P
rogr
am for
Gra
pevi
nes
Coo
l/W
et C
limat
es
Wit
hhol
ding
Per
iods
:Al
l sug
gest
ions
com
ply
with
AW
RI
reco
mm
enda
tions
, pro
vide
d the
last
Cap
tan
spra
y is
at le
ast 30 d
ays
befo
re h
arve
st a
nd the
last
C
orve
tte
spra
y is
at le
ast 7 d
ays
befo
re h
arve
st.
Do
rm
an
tW
oo
ly
bu
Db
uD
b
ur
st
sh
oo
t g
ro
Wth
up
to
5%
ca
p f
all
5%
-80%
c
ap
fa
llEa
rly
bu
nc
h
clo
su
rE
bu
nc
h
clo
su
rE
10 D
ays
a
ftEr
bu
nc
h
clo
su
rE
vEr
ais
on
pr
E-h
ar
vEs
tp
os
t-h
ar
vEs
t
Lege
nd1
+C
apta
n
Sul
fur
+C
upro
fix
or D
uple
x2
x3
Cap
tan
Cor
vett
eSul
fur
+C
upro
fix
Pho
mop
sis
Pho
mop
sis
Bla
ck s
pot
Pow
dery
mild
ew
Pow
dery
m
ildew
Dow
ny
mild
ew
Bot
ryti
s
Dow
ny
mild
ew
Pow
dery
m
ildew
Bot
ryti
s
Pow
dery
m
ildew
Bot
ryti
s
Dow
ny
mild
ew
Pow
dery
m
ildew
Pow
dery
m
ildew
Dow
ny
mild
ew
Dow
ny
mild
ewB
otry
tis
Dow
ny
mild
ew
Pow
dery
m
ildew
hi
gh
D
is
Ea
sE
p
rE
ss
ur
E
Cap
tan
+
Viv
ando
Embl
em
Pho
mop
sis
Mit
es
Bla
ck s
pot
Sup
erno
vaSup
erno
va+
Fila
n
Cor
vett
e+
DM
I
Del
an
+
Sul
fur
x2
Bar
rack
+
Viv
ando
x2
TARGET DISEASEPRODUCT
• D
orm
ant.
.................................
200L/
ha
• W
ooly
bud
to
early
flow
er...........
500L/
ha
• L
ate
flow
er t
o pr
e-bu
nch
clos
ure
750L/
ha
• B
unch
clo
sure
to
vint
age.
.........
1,0
00L/
ha
1 In
form
atio
n on
the
IPM
com
patib
ility
of
Lege
nd is
not
ava
ilabl
e.2
U
se D
uple
x in
stea
d of
Cup
rofix
if th
ere
has
been
an
infe
ctio
n pe
riod
for d
owny
mild
ew
and/
or d
owny
mild
ew in
fect
ion
is d
etec
ted
in th
e vi
neya
rd. D
o no
t app
ly m
ore
than
two
cons
ecut
ive
spra
ys o
f Dup
lex.
Sug
gest
ed t
otal
vol
umes
for
dilu
te s
pray
ing:
•
1 In
form
atio
n on
the
IPM
com
patib
ility
of
Lege
nd is
not
ava
ilabl
e.2
U
se D
uple
x in
stea
d of
Cup
rofix
if th
ere
has
been
an
infe
ctio
n pe
riod
for d
owny
mild
ew
and/
or d
owny
mild
ew in
fect
ion
is d
etec
ted
in th
e vi
neya
rd. D
o no
t app
ly m
ore
than
two
cons
ecut
ive
spra
ys o
f Dup
lex.
Res
ista
nce:
Al
l us
es co
mpl
y w
ith C
ropL
ife
reco
mm
enda
tions
for
fun
gici
de
resi
stan
ce m
anag
emen
t.
Bar
ossa
, Riv
erla
nd, S
unra
ysia
, Mur
rum
bidg
ee I
rrig
atio
n A
rea
(MIA
), H
unte
r Va
lley
and
Inla
nd Q
ueen
slan
d
Pho
mop
sis,
Bla
ck S
pot,
Pow
dery
and
Dow
ny M
ildew
, and
Bot
ryti
s R
ot C
ontr
ol
Wit
hhol
ding
Per
iods
:Al
l sug
gest
ions
com
ply
with
AW
RI
reco
mm
enda
tions
, pro
vide
d the
last
Cap
tan
spra
y is
at le
ast 30 d
ays
befo
re h
arve
st a
nd the
last
C
orve
tte
spra
y is
at le
ast 7 d
ays
befo
re h
arve
st.
Do
rm
an
tW
oo
ly
bu
Db
uD
b
ur
st
sh
oo
t g
ro
Wth
up
to
5%
ca
p f
all
5%
-80%
c
ap
fa
llEa
rly
bu
nc
h
clo
su
rE
bu
nc
h
clo
su
rE
10 D
ays
a
ftEr
bu
nc
h
clo
su
rE
vEr
ais
on
pr
E-h
ar
vEs
tp
os
t-h
ar
vEs
t
Cap
tan
Cor
vett
eSul
fur
+C
upro
fix
Pho
mop
sis
Pho
mop
sis
Bla
ck s
pot
Pow
dery
mild
ew
Pow
dery
m
ildew
Dow
ny
mild
ew
Bot
ryti
s
Dow
ny
mild
ew
Pow
dery
m
ildew
Bot
ryti
s
Dow
ny
mild
ew
Pow
dery
m
ildew
hi
gh
D
is
Ea
sE
p
rE
ss
ur
E
Cap
tan
+
Viv
ando
Cap
tan
+
Viv
ando
Embl
emSup
erno
va+
Cor
vett
e
Cap
tan
+
Lege
nd1
Sul
fur
+C
upro
fix
or D
uple
x2
x3
Del
an
+
Sul
fur
x2
TARGET DISEASEPRODUCT
• D
orm
ant.
.................................
200L/
ha
• W
ooly
bud
to
early
flow
er...........
500L/
ha
• L
ate
flow
er t
o pr
e-bu
nch
clos
ure
750-1
,000L/
ha
• B
unch
clo
sure
to
vint
age.
.........
1,0
00-1
,500L/
ha
Fung
icid
e P
rogr
am for
Gra
pevi
nes
War
m/D
ry C
limat
es
Pho
mop
sis
Mit
es
Bla
ck s
pot
Bot
ryti
s
Dow
ny m
ildew
Pow
dery
mild
ew
Pow
dery
mild
ew
Dow
ny m
ildew
Sug
gest
ed t
otal
vol
umes
for
dilu
te s
pray
ing:
•
Res
ista
nce:
Al
l us
es co
mpl
y w
ith C
ropL
ife
reco
mm
enda
tions
for
fun
gici
de
resi
stan
ce m
anag
emen
t.
Mar
gare
t R
iver
, Coo
naw
arra
, Yar
ra V
alle
y, M
udge
e/O
rang
e an
d S
tant
horp
e
Pho
mop
sis,
Bla
ck S
pot,
Pow
dery
and
Dow
ny M
ildew
, and
Bot
ryti
s R
ot C
ontr
ol
Fung
icid
e P
rogr
am for
Gra
pevi
nes
Coo
l/W
et C
limat
es
Wit
hhol
ding
Per
iods
:Al
l sug
gest
ions
com
ply
with
AW
RI
reco
mm
enda
tions
, pro
vide
d the
last
Cap
tan
spra
y is
at le
ast 30 d
ays
befo
re h
arve
st a
nd the
last
C
orve
tte
spra
y is
at le
ast 7 d
ays
befo
re h
arve
st.
Do
rm
an
tW
oo
ly
bu
Db
uD
b
ur
st
sh
oo
t g
ro
Wth
up
to
5%
ca
p f
all
5%
-80%
c
ap
fa
llEa
rly
bu
nc
h
clo
su
rE
bu
nc
h
clo
su
rE
10 D
ays
a
ftEr
bu
nc
h
clo
su
rE
vEr
ais
on
pr
E-h
ar
vEs
tp
os
t-h
ar
vEs
t
Lege
nd1
+C
apta
n
Sul
fur
+C
upro
fix
or D
uple
x2
x3
Cap
tan
Cor
vett
eSul
fur
+C
upro
fix
Pho
mop
sis
Pho
mop
sis
Bla
ck s
pot
Pow
dery
mild
ew
Pow
dery
m
ildew
Dow
ny
mild
ew
Bot
ryti
s
Dow
ny
mild
ew
Pow
dery
m
ildew
Bot
ryti
s
Pow
dery
m
ildew
Bot
ryti
s
Dow
ny
mild
ew
Pow
dery
m
ildew
Pow
dery
m
ildew
Dow
ny
mild
ew
Dow
ny
mild
ewB
otry
tis
Dow
ny
mild
ew
Pow
dery
m
ildew
hi
gh
D
is
Ea
sE
p
rE
ss
ur
E
Cap
tan
+
Viv
ando
Embl
em
Pho
mop
sis
Mit
es
Bla
ck s
pot
Sup
erno
vaSup
erno
va+
Fila
n
Cor
vett
e+
DM
I
Del
an
+
Sul
fur
x2
Bar
rack
+
Viv
ando
x2
TARGET DISEASEPRODUCT
• D
orm
ant.
.................................
200L/
ha
• W
ooly
bud
to
early
flow
er...........
500L/
ha
• L
ate
flow
er t
o pr
e-bu
nch
clos
ure
750L/
ha
• B
unch
clo
sure
to
vint
age.
.........
1,0
00L/
ha
1 In
form
atio
n on
the
IPM
com
patib
ility
of
Lege
nd is
not
ava
ilabl
e.2
U
se D
uple
x in
stea
d of
Cup
rofix
if th
ere
has
been
an
infe
ctio
n pe
riod
for d
owny
mild
ew
and/
or d
owny
mild
ew in
fect
ion
is d
etec
ted
in th
e vi
neya
rd. D
o no
t app
ly m
ore
than
two
cons
ecut
ive
spra
ys o
f Dup
lex.
Sug
gest
ed t
otal
vol
umes
for
dilu
te s
pray
ing:
Fung
icid
e P
rogr
am for
Gra
pevi
nes
Spr
ay G
uide
lines
The
spra
y pr
ogra
m fo
r war
m d
ry c
limat
es is
des
igne
d to
giv
e yo
u th
e be
st o
ptio
ns fo
r dis
ease
con
trol t
hrou
ghou
t th
e se
ason
in d
istri
cts
such
as
Bar
ossa
, Riv
erla
nd, S
unra
ysia
, Mur
rum
bidg
ee Ir
rigat
ion
Area
(MIA
), H
unte
r Val
ley
and
Inla
nd Q
ueen
slan
d gr
ape
grow
ing
regi
ons.
The
spra
y pr
ogra
m fo
r coo
l wet
clim
ates
is d
esig
ned
to g
ive
you
the
best
opt
ions
for d
isea
se c
ontro
l thr
ough
out
the
seas
on in
dis
trict
s su
ch a
s M
arga
ret R
iver
, Coo
naw
arra
, Yar
ra V
alle
y, M
udge
e/O
rang
e an
d Sta
ntho
rpe
grap
e gr
owin
g re
gion
s.In
bot
h si
tuat
ions
the
num
ber o
f spr
ays
need
ed w
ill v
ary
with
dis
ease
pre
ssur
e an
d th
e d
isea
ses
pres
ent.
The
prog
ram
s pr
ovid
ed a
re fo
r con
ditio
ns o
f hig
h di
seas
e pr
essu
re. I
mpo
rtan
t fac
tors
con
side
red
whe
n pr
epar
ing
thes
e pr
ogra
ms
are
outli
ned
belo
w.
str
ateg
ic c
over
age:
The
viti
cultu
re in
dust
ry h
as b
ecom
e m
ore
focu
sed
on g
ood
phom
opsi
s co
ntro
l,
than
ks to
rese
arch
ove
r rec
ent y
ears
, whi
ch h
as id
entifi
ed d
iffer
ent s
train
s w
ith d
iffer
ent p
atho
geni
city,
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f pru
ning
met
hods
and
effe
ctiv
e fu
ngic
ides
. The
impo
rtan
ce o
f ear
ly s
easo
n co
ntro
l of t
his
dise
ase
is s
uppo
rted
by
pre-
budb
urst
app
licat
ion
of E
mbl
em®. T
his
is fo
llow
ed b
y ap
plic
atio
ns o
f Del
an®
and
Cap
tan
betw
een
budb
urst
and
pre
-flow
erin
g. T
hese
two
fung
icid
es h
ave
been
sho
wn
to b
e ve
ry e
ffect
ive
as
prot
ecta
nt fu
ngic
ides
aga
inst
pho
mop
sis.
An
othe
r exa
mpl
e is
the
cont
rol o
f Bot
rytis
with
a b
alan
ce b
etw
een
high
val
ue s
yste
mic
pro
duct
s at
crit
ical
tim
es
of th
e cr
op/d
isea
se li
fe c
ycle
. In
this
cas
e th
e hi
ghly
effe
ctiv
e bu
nch
rot f
ungi
cide
s Fi
lan® a
nd C
orve
tte® a
re
reco
mm
ende
d in
coo
l wet
clim
ates
at t
he c
ritic
al s
tage
s of
80%
cap
fall,
pre
-bun
ch c
losu
re a
nd p
re h
arve
st.
Whe
re B
otry
tis p
ress
ure
is m
uch
low
er o
r the
sta
ge o
f the
cro
p/di
seas
e lif
e cy
cle
is le
ss c
ritic
al, t
he p
rote
ctan
ts
Bar
rack
® an
d Cap
tan
are
reco
mm
ende
d.
mod
e of
act
ion:
To
redu
ce th
e ch
ance
of f
ungi
cide
resi
stan
ce d
evel
opin
g, a
rang
e of
mod
es o
f act
ion
are
reco
mm
ende
d fo
r con
trol o
f dis
ease
s. F
ungi
cide
s ar
e al
so re
com
men
ded
at ti
mes
of t
he d
isea
se li
fe c
ycle
whe
re
they
will
be
mos
t effe
ctiv
e ac
cord
ing
to th
eir m
ode
of a
ctio
n.Fo
r exa
mpl
e, fo
r pow
dery
mild
ew c
ontro
l we
reco
mm
end
the
prot
ecta
nt fu
ngic
ide
sulp
hur (
Gro
up M
2) fo
r ear
ly
and
late
spr
ays.
Bef
ore,
dur
ing
and
afte
r flow
erin
g, w
hich
are
the
criti
cal p
erio
ds fo
r pow
dery
mild
ew c
ontro
l, w
e re
com
men
d 3
spra
ys o
f Viv
ando
® (G
roup
U8)
, 2 s
pray
s of
Sup
erno
va®
(Gro
up 1
1), 1
DM
I (G
roup
3) s
pray
and
1
Lege
nd®
(Gro
up 1
3) s
pray
, so
that
5 m
odes
of a
ctio
n pr
oduc
ts a
re re
com
men
ded
for p
owde
ry m
ildew
con
trol.
fung
icid
e r
esis
tanc
e m
anag
emen
t: T
he m
axim
um n
umbe
r of s
pray
s as
reco
mm
ende
d by
Cro
pLife
is a
lway
s ad
here
d to
so
as to
min
imis
e th
e ris
k of
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f fun
gici
de re
sist
ance
. In
som
e ca
ses
the
num
ber o
f sp
rays
of a
pro
duct
in th
e pr
ogra
m m
ay b
e le
ss th
an th
e re
com
men
ded
max
imum
, but
nev
er m
ore.
Rel
ativ
ely
chea
p an
d ef
fect
ive
fung
icid
e op
tions
suc
h as
DM
I, co
pper
and
sul
phur
are
incl
uded
. How
ever
, red
uced
ef
fect
iven
ess
of s
ome
DM
I’s h
as b
een
repo
rted
and
we
have
ther
efor
e re
stric
ted
the
num
ber o
f DM
I spr
ays
to
one,
dep
endi
ng o
n cl
imat
e, a
nd in
trodu
ced
prod
ucts
from
diff
eren
t mod
es o
f act
ion
for p
owde
ry m
ildew
con
trol.
A m
axim
um o
f 1 o
r 2 d
icar
boxi
mid
es (d
epen
ding
on
the
tota
l spr
ays
for t
his
dise
ase)
are
reco
mm
ende
d by
Cro
pLife
fo
r Bot
rytis
con
trol i
n vi
nes.
The
refo
re tw
o ap
plic
atio
ns o
f Cor
vette
® are
reco
mm
ende
d in
our
pro
gram
s.
inte
grat
ed p
est
man
agem
ent:
The
effe
ct o
f fun
gici
des
on b
iolo
gica
l con
trol a
gent
s su
ch a
s pr
edat
ory
mite
s is
ca
refu
lly c
onsi
dere
d. F
ungi
cide
s w
hich
are
kno
wn
to h
ave
an a
dver
se a
ffect
are
gen
eral
ly n
ot in
clud
ed in
the
spra
y pr
ogra
m u
nles
s th
ere
is n
o al
tern
ativ
e pr
oduc
t with
a b
ette
r IPM
pro
file.
Cap
tan
and
Del
an c
ontro
l a w
ide
spec
trum
of d
isea
ses
(pho
mop
sis
cane
and
leaf
blig
ht, d
owny
mild
ew a
nd
blac
k sp
ot) a
nd a
t the
sam
e tim
e ha
ve e
xcel
lent
IPM
pro
files
. Som
e ot
her p
rote
ctan
t fun
gici
des
such
as
thos
e ba
sed
on m
anco
zeb
are
know
n to
hav
e a
dam
agin
g af
fect
on
a ra
nge
of p
reda
tory
mite
s w
hich
ass
ist i
n th
e m
anag
emen
t of b
ud m
ite a
nd ru
st m
ite in
vin
es. W
e do
not
reco
mm
end
them
.
Wit
hhol
ding
per
iod:
With
hold
ing
requ
irem
ents
for e
xpor
t win
es, a
s re
com
men
ded
by t
he A
ustra
lian
Win
e Res
earc
h In
stitu
te (A
WRI)
have
bee
n st
rictly
adh
ered
to.
Alth
ough
Bar
rack
has
a 7
day
with
hold
ing
perio
d in
Aus
tralia
n gr
apes
, MRL’s
do
not e
xist
in s
ome
impo
rtan
t ov
erse
as w
ine
mar
kets
and
ther
efor
e it
is n
ot re
com
men
ded
past
80%
cap
fall
as re
com
men
ded
by th
e AW
RI.
cos
t Ef
fect
iven
ess:
Whe
re th
ere
are
2 al
tern
ativ
e pr
oduc
ts o
r pro
duct
com
bina
tions
that
will
fulfi
l a
sim
ilar r
ole,
the
one,
whi
ch c
osts
less
, is
reco
mm
ende
d.Sev
eral
pro
duct
s ar
e re
gist
ered
for p
rote
ctiv
e an
d po
st in
fect
ion
cont
rol o
f dow
ny m
ildew
, but
thes
e
are
gene
rally
mor
e ex
pens
ive
than
stra
ight
pro
tect
ants
. We
only
reco
mm
end
thes
e pr
oduc
ts
(e.g
. Cro
p Car
e’s
new
Dup
lex®
) whe
re th
ere
has
been
a d
owny
mild
ew in
fect
ion
and
cura
tive
ac
tivity
is re
quire
d. O
ther
wis
e w
e re
com
men
d th
e pr
otec
tant
cop
per p
rodu
ct C
upro
fix® D
ispe
rss®
.
cro
p Ef
fect
s: W
here
a la
rge
num
ber o
f spr
ays
of a
pro
duct
may
hav
e an
adv
erse
affe
ct o
n vi
nes
or
the
envi
ronm
ent,
the
tota
l spr
ays
are
redu
ced
(or s
omet
imes
elim
inat
ed) a
nd a
noth
er p
rodu
ct
with
sim
ilar a
ctiv
ity is
reco
mm
ende
d.Fo
r exa
mpl
e co
pper
pro
duct
s us
ed th
roug
hout
the
seas
on w
ill c
ause
a b
ronz
ing
of le
aves
of m
any
va
rietie
s an
d m
ay re
sult
in p
olle
n st
erili
ty a
t flow
erin
g. W
e re
com
men
d ou
r cop
per p
rodu
ct C
upro
fix
Dis
pers
s on
ly a
fter fl
ower
ing
and
late
r in
the
seas
on a
fter e
arlie
r spr
ays
of D
elan
, Bar
rack
and
Cap
tan.
for
mor
e in
form
atio
n, p
leas
e co
ntac
t yo
ur lo
cal
tech
nica
l sal
es r
epre
sent
ativ
e.
cus
tom
er s
ervi
ce (
aus
tral
ia-w
ide)
: 18
00 1
11 4
54
ww
w.c
ropc
are.
com
.au
® D
elan
, Viv
ando
and
Fila
n ar
e re
gist
ered
trad
emar
ks o
f BAS
F® C
upro
fix a
nd D
ispe
rss
are
regi
ster
ed t
rade
mar
ks o
f C
erax
agri
SA
® B
arra
ck a
nd S
uper
nova
are
reg
iste
red
trad
emar
ks o
f C
rop
Car
e Au
stra
lasi
a® C
orve
tte,
Dup
lex
and
Embl
em a
re r
egis
tere
d tr
adem
arks
® Le
gend
is a
reg
iste
red
trad
emar
k of
Dow
Agr
oSci
ence
s
115.00
120.00
125.00
130.00
135.00
140.00
145.00
150.00
155.00
160.00
5/02/13 11/02/13 19/02/13 26/02/13
Date
100-
berr
y w
eigh
t (g
)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Figure 15. Maturity anthocyanin colour values across treatment plots
Figure 16. Combined harvested yields across treatment plots
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
5/02/13 11/02/13 19/02/13 26/02/13
Date
Ant
hocy
anin
col
our
(mg/
g be
rry)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Berry weight. There were no treatment effects on berry weight, which declined over time (Figure 14). Berry weight measurements were not obtained on 30 January 2013 or 15 February 2013.
Anthocyanin colour (mg/g berry weight). There were significant effects of both treatment and date. Treatment 6 gave the highest colour averaged over all dates (Figure 15). Measurements were not obtained for anthocyanin colour on 30 January 2013 or 15 February 2013.
For the analyses we used the wet chemistry method in the Australian Wine Research Institute 2009 factsheet Measuring total anthocyanins (colour) in red grape berries (see www.awri.com.au/wp-content/uploads/anthocyanins_fact_sheet.pdf ).
Harvest yield. ANOVA analysis indicated that on the basis of this one year’s worth of data we do not have enough evidence to be 95% confident of the treatment differences. Further investigation in future years of the variability of the different treatments is needed to confirm a difference in harvest yield between treatment 6 and treatment 3.
Figure 16 shows the combined yields of the harvested plots for each treatment and the estimated yields per hectare.
Wine analysis and potassium levels. Small-lot wines were made from the grapes from all treatments. This was done at the NWGIC’s experimental winery at Wagga Wagga. The wines were made by collecting all the fruit harvested from each replicate plot of the treatment and then crushing them to obtain three replicates of 60-L wine batches.
Figure 14. Maturity 100-berry-weight analysis across treatment plots
3.30
3.80
4.30
4.80
5.30
5.80
6.30
30/01/13 5/02/13 11/02/13 15/02/13 19/02/13 26/02/13 4/03/13
Date
Titr
atab
le a
cidi
ty (g
/L)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Figure 12. Maturity titratable acidity analysis across treatment plots
160.00
180.00
200.00
220.00
240.00
260.00
30/01/13 5/02/13 11/02/13 15/02/13 19/02/13 26/02/13
Date
Bunc
h w
eigh
t (g
)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Figure 13. Maturity bunch weights analysis across treatment plots
Industry project updates
At the time of bottling a final analysis was done to observe any chemical differences between the wines (Table 14). Also a potassium ion concentration analysis was done to determine whether the first year of using the grape marc in the vineyard had caused any elevation in potassium ion concentrations. Potassium ion concentrations did not differ greatly from those of commercial wines.
Table 14. Wine analysis results averaged across replicates at the time of bottling
Treatment no.
Free SO2
(ppm)
Total SO2
(ppm)
pH Titratable acidity (g/L)
Acetic acid (g/L)
Alcohol (% v/v)
Potassium (mg/L)
1 33 71 3.79 5.8 0.19 14.57 13902 31 71 3.77 5.9 0.20 14.58 14163 34 71 3.78 5.9 0.20 14.33 14844 34 68 3.8 5.9 0.23 14.50 15135 33 70 3.72 5.6 0.50 14.25 12616 34 68 3.76 5.8 0.30 14.86 1356
47
Fine white root hairs evident under grape marc application compared with nil treatment. Photo: Jason Cappello
Sensors installed in the soil to monitor the soil temperature for each treatment. Photo: Jason Cappello
Vineyard area slashed and set up in preparation for the trials in the third week of September 2012. Photo: Jason Cappello
Marc and other mulch materials applied on 25 September 2012. Photo: Jason Cappello
Marc on 24 October 2012, one month after application. Photo: Jason Cappello
Attendees interact on 22 November 2012 during a field walk at the trial site. Photo: James Codemo
48
Fruit for processing into wine at the National Wine and Grape Industry Centre’s experimental winery at Wagga Wagga. Photo: Jason Cappello
Marc on 26 November 2012, two months after application. Photo: Jason Cappello
Marc on 21 December 2012, three months after application. Photo: Jason Cappello
Harvest setup for collecting fruit to make wine, 4 March 2013. Photo: Jason Cappello
Harvesting the treated plots in March 2013. Photo: Jason Cappello
Industry project updates
Undervine weed managementWeeds have become established under all treatments of the trial. In those plots where thicker grape marc has been applied, the weed count has been reduced to one or two plants per metre, whereas in plots with exposed soil there are more than 10 plants per metre.
Costing for applications as at September 2012The delivery and application cost for using the grape march in this project was estimated at $15/tonne (freight was $10/t and spreader/loader hire was $5/tonne), not including labour and tractor-running costs.
Hire rates generally work out at about $300/day for a spreader. Loader fees may be included or additional to the spreader hire.
Freight can cost between $5 and $10 a tonne, depending on the distance and the quantity of material to be moved.
The loading fee charged by Tarac Technologies near Griffith, the supplier of the marc, is about $2 or $3 a tonne to recover operational costs.
Other information of interestTarac Technologies at Beelbangera, near Griffith, has the only major distillation processing facility in NSW and presently has a large quantity of aged marc that could be put to use.
Work done in Western Australia by the Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation’s (GWRDC’s) regional Grassroots Solutions program has resulted in the development of updated information guides on composts and mulching for industry. To view these documents, visit www.perthregionnrm.com/media/57989/grapevine_nutrition_amended.pdf (Managing grapevine nutrition and vineyard soil health) or www.perthregionnrm.com/media/65488/utilising_mulch_and_composts_in_vineyards.pdf (The use of mulch and compost in vineyards).
49
Take-home message and things to think about before using mulches undervine• Compared with the results in bare earth soil, using
grape marc mulch improved soil moisture retention under thick levels of mulch and reduced soil temperature fluctuation within the top 10 cm of the soil.
• Greater amounts of fine vine roots were observed with the use of grape marc mulch than with bare earth soil.
• It is important to have a clean soil free from weeds and prunings before you apply thick layers of organic material: fresh prunings can take root and need to be sprayed out with herbicide.
• Ensure that the source material has been subjected to a recent nutrient analysis test. This allows you to identify whether there are any issues with the material, such as a high pH or carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio.
• If the organic material has a high C:N ratio (>25:1), add a nitrogen fertiliser before you apply the organic material to the soil. This will reduce the drawdown of soil nitrogen stocks.
• It may be more economical to use high rates of mulch to target poorer areas of a vineyard (i.e. poorly designed irrigation setups or lighter soil types in a vineyard patch) rather than the whole vineyard.
• Consider using pre-emergent herbicides before marc application to improve weed management, unless you are applying thick mulch layers (between 5 and 7 cm thick).
References and further readingCompost for Soils 2011. Compost for vineyards. – a case study from Treasury Wine Estates, SA. Treasury Wine Estates - Fleurieu vineyards. Treasury Wine Estates.www.compostforsoils.com.au/uploads/file/pdfs/casestudies/cfs_cs_treasury_web.pdf. Accessed 2 August 2013.AWRI (2009) Measuring total anthocyanins (colour) in red grape berries. www.awri.com.au/wp-content/uploads/anthocyanins_fact_sheet.pdf. Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, SAKodur S. (2011) Effects of juice pH and potassium on juice and wine quality, and regulation of potassium in grapevines through rootstocks (Vitis): a short review. Vitis 50, 1–6Mundy, D.C. and Agnew R.H. (2002) Grape marc in mulches: the potassium effect. The Australian and New Zealand Grapegrower and Winemaker 458, 59–62.Patti A.F., Issa J. (G.) and Wilkinson K. 2004. What are we putting on the ground? Characterisation of Grape Marc Composts from the Goulburn and Yarra Valley Regions of Victoria. Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation report RT 02/42-4 and RT 02/43-4. Monash University, Clayton Victoria
AcknowledgmentsThis project is being made possible through the Wine Grapes Marketing Board under the GWRDC Grassroots regional extension program.
We are very grateful to the following people for helping to make the project happen: Brenton Mengersen and Scott Blenkiron, Tarac Technologies; Iva Quarisa, NSW DPI Irrigation Officer; Michael Vardanega, NSW DPI Farm Assistance; Darren Fahey, NSW Market and Industry Development Officer, Australian Organics Recycling Association; Glen and Louie Villata, Bangera Farms; Jim Panarello, Presto Spreading; Riverina Viticulturist members; and NSW DPI Research staff from NWGIC Wagga Wagga.
50
IntroductionGrape growers would like to have more detailed information on the optimal timing and rate of fertiliser applications in vineyards.
We have established a trial in the Murray Valley to address this need through field observations of root growth under different conditions and with different varieties of wine grapes.
Periodicity of root growthGrapevine roots do more than just anchor the vines. Roots absorb water and minerals, store carbohydrates and nitrogen, and produce hormones to control plant development (Comas et al. 2010).
The study of root growth is difficult, as roots are not easily measured or observed without damaging the environment in which they grow. Most studies have used root chambers to examine the pattern of root growth over the growing season. The perennial root system develops over a period of 5 to 7 years after planting, and the morphology and density of the roots that develop depend on the soil structure, depth and moisture and also on the rootstock if the variety is grafted.
New roots are produced on a yearly or seasonal basis from perennial structural roots: they are white when they are growing and become brown over the season. The new root system formed yearly, namely the fine roots, is very important for vine function. The number of fine roots affects vine water status (water adsorption) and vine mineral balance (mineral adsorption). The growth pattern of the fine roots has been determined by numerous studies (e.g. Freeman and Smart 1976; Van Zyl 1984, 1988) and is shown in Figure 17. Studies of root production on Chardonnay and Shiraz at Wagga Wagga
have indicated that the major flush of root growth occurs at about the time of flowering (Holzapfel et al. 2009).
Root growth appears to be regulated by soil temperature, moisture and mineral composition (‘exogenous’ factors) and carbohydrate and nitrogen reserves (‘endogenous’ factors).
Under different climatic conditions and with different soil structures, moisture (or irrigation management) levels, temperatures and mineral compositions, the periodicity of root growth could vary. The structure of the canopy could play a role as well.
Root growth is greatest when the nutrient demand of vines is at its highest (Holzapfel et al. 2012). This suggests that the most effective time to apply nutrients to improve grape production is when the roots are growing. Actively growing roots are white, and when they are this colour they are most active in nutrient uptake.
Why study root growth?Studying root growth in the Murray Valley region will help us to understand how the conditions at individual sites interact with the cultivar and the rootstock to influence the fine root growth profile. This can help us to make recommendations on soil management (including cover crop choice and the need for mulching), irrigation and fertilisation (e.g. whether to choose a soil or foliar fertiliser).
Measuring root growth in root chambersA number of options are available to measure root growth; they include using minirhizotrons, digging soil pits, sampling roots, planting into clear pots, digging up whole plants and using root chambers.
A root chamber is a non-destructive means of monitoring root growth (Anderson et al. 2003). The advantage of root chambers is that they require no specialised equipment. However, the limitations are that their large size makes them difficult to install, and at shallow depths the number of roots tends to be underestimated (Glinski et al. 1993). Because in this study we are interested in observing the timing of root growth, not the root density, we did not regard this latter characteristic as an issue.
Root chambers and locationsA root chamber is a box with perspex and plastic sides; it has no bottom and a solid wooden or metal lid. The chambers are installed within the vine row midway between two vines.
Soil nutrient application: feeder root growth field trialAPRIL WINCKEL AND LIZ SINGH, MURRAY VALLEY WINEGROWERS, INCORPORATED, MILDURA
Figure 17. Possible rhythm of fine root growth on Colombard vines (Van Zyl 1988).
Industry project updates
51
Root chamber installed in vine row. Photo: April Winckel
We selected six sites to cover the two main types of irrigation and three grape varieties. The sites are:
• Chardonnay grafted on Ramsey under drip irrigation and with no cover crop
• Chardonnay grafted on Ruggeri 140 under low-level sprinklers and with an active cover crop and mulch
• Shiraz (non-grafted) under drip irrigation and with a cover crop
• Shiraz (non-grafted) under low-level sprinklers and with a cover crop
• Cabernet Sauvignon (grafted on Schwarzmann) under drip irrigation and in a light soil
• Cabernet Sauvignon (grafted on Schwarzmann) under drip irrigation and in a heavy soil.
First-season resultsRoots were photographed from the start of the growing season in August, through to October, and then again after harvest until May, when root darkening indicated that growth had ceased.
In addition, soil temperatures were recorded with loggers placed in the base of each root chamber to evaluate whether there was a correlation between local soil temperature conditions and the timing of root growth.
TemperatureAverage air temperatures fluctuated greatly over the season, whereas the soil temperature was more stable. Figure 18 compares the soil temperature averaged over all root chambers with the air temperature.
One study of Thompson seedless grapes has shown that roots grow at soil temperatures of 15°C to 30°C (Callejas et al. 2009). We, too, observed that root growth stopped once the soil temperature dropped below 15°C.
Soil temperature varied only slightly among root chambers. This variation may have been due to differences in the position of the data logger, the location of the chamber, the vineyard soil type or vineyard management techniques. In the case of Cabernet Sauvignon drip-irrigated in a heavy soil, the soil temperature was consistently cooler during the season
(Figure 19). The soil was generally warmest in the case of Shiraz irrigated by drip and Cabernet Sauvignon drip-irrigated in sandy (i.e. light) soil.
Figure 19. Changes in soil temperature according to soil type and irrigation method. Note that the temperature scale on the graph has been intentionally adjusted to visually enhance any differences.
Figure 18. Soil and air temperature evolution across the growing season in 2012–2013.
Root chamber root growth according to soil type, irrigation and variety during flowering (E-L stage 19) to fruit set (E-L stage 27). SHZ LL, Shiraz (non-grafted) under low-level sprinklers and with a cover crop; CHA LL, Chardonnay (grafted on Ruggeri 140) under low-level sprinklers and with an active cover crop and mulch; CAB Heavy, Cabernet Sauvignon (grafted on Schwarzmann) under drip irrigation in a heavy soil; SHZ drip, Shiraz (non-grafted) under drip irrigation and with a cover crop; CHA drip, Chardonnay (grafted on Ramsey) under drip irrigation and with no cover crop; and CAB sandy, Cabernet Sauvignon (grafted on Schwarzmann) under drip irrigation and in a light soil. Photo: April Winckel
5-11-2012, SHZ LL 5-11-2012, CHA LL 10-12-2012, CAB Heavy
23-10-2012, SHZ Drip 23-10-2012, CHA Drip 20-11-2012, CAB Sandy
52
Root growth timingThe flush of root growth, as shown by the growth of fine white roots, depend on various parameters, and the results of scientific studies vary (Van Zyl 1988; Callejas et al. 2009). Roots continue to grow throughout the year but at a slower rate during the winter.
The root chambers were installed late in August and therefore had been in the ground only for a short time before budburst. At the trial sites, budburst started on about 3 September for Chardonnay, on 12 September for Shiraz, and not until 21 September for Cabernet Sauvignon, and there was no root growth evident. In the Riverina, a few white roots have been seen before budburst on own-rooted Shiraz, but not on Chardonnay grafted on Ramsey; Cabernet Sauvignon was not included in that study (Holzapfel et al. 2012). In future studies it would be useful to see the canes bleeding (i.e. losing water through pruning wounds; this indicates that the root system is pumping water even if there is no root growth) so as to differentiate between root growth and root functioning.
In our study, flowering occurred on 23 October for Chardonnay, 30 October for Shiraz and 5 November for Cabernet Sauvignon, by which time there was root activity in all of the root chambers (see photos). Root activity ceased close to fruit set.
Post-harvest roots began to actively grow (see photos) in Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon but not in Chardonnay. Shiraz roots continued to grow for longer than did those of the other two varieties. These results are the reverse of
the 2007–08 Riverina study results, in which white roots were observed on Chardonnay but not Shiraz during the post-harvest period (Holzapfel et al. 2012).
Soil typeSoil hardness strongly affects root growth. Plants growing in hard soil that is very loose have poorly developed and often stunted roots (Bassoi et al. 2003). In coarse-textured soils the root density is low in the top 20 cm, possibly because of soil moisture availability issues (Smart et al. 2006).
In the first season of our project the roots in the lighter soils displayed more growth than those in the heavier soils; moreover, the soil temperatures were higher in the former.
First-year challengesThe initial installation required us to dig a hole for placement of the root chamber, thus causing root damage. Because of differences in root density, soil type and digging accuracy, the extent of root damage varied among sites. This problem will not be an issue in future observations because the chambers will already be in place.
PerspectivesAs new research continues to be done, it appears that our current understanding of root activity is incomplete and that root activity is far from simple. Climatic region and seasonal variation (Comas et al. 2010) have substantial influences on root growth and functioning, and new fine root growth vary according to soil type, structure, moisture, pH, temperature and mineral composition.
Continued examination of root growth is needed before recommendations can be made about the best time to apply nutrients. We intend to do further work using the root chambers this season (2013–14). Observations will start before budburst, at which time we will also observe the vines for cane bleeding.
References and further readingAnderson L.J., Comas L.H., Lakso A.N. and Eissenstat DM (2003) Multiple risk factors in root survivorship: a 4-year study in Concord grape. New Phytologist 158 (93), 489–501AWRI (2010) Vineyard Activity Guides. A Method for Examining Grapevine Root Systems. Australian Wine Research Institute. Research to Practice 0052. www.awri.com.au/wp-content/uploads/v_activity_root_systems.pdf Accessed 7 August 2013Bassoi L.H., Hopmans J.W., de Castro Jorge L.A., de Alencar C.M. and Moura e Silva J.A. (2003) Grapevine root distribution in drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation. Scientia Agricola 60(2), 377–387Callejas R., Canales P. and de Cortazar H. (2009) Relationship between root growth of ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapevines and soil temperature. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 69(4), 496–502Comas L.H., Bauerle T.L. and EIssenstat D.M. (2010) Biological and environmental factors controlling root dynamics and function: effects of root ageing and soil moisture. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 16, 131–137Coombe B.G. and Dry P.R. (2004) Viticulture Volume 2 – Practices. Winetitles, Adelaide
Industry project updates
Root chamber root growth post-harvest. SHZ LL, Shiraz (non-grafted) under low-level sprinklers and with a cover crop; CHA LL, Chardonnay (grafted on Ruggeri 140) under low-level sprinklers and with an active cover crop and mulch; CAB Heavy, Cabernet Sauvignon (grafted on Schwarzmann) under drip irrigation in a heavy soil; SHZ drip, Shiraz (non-grafted) under drip irrigation and with a cover crop; CHA drip, Chardonnay (grafted on Ramsey) under drip irrigation and with no cover crop; and CAB sandy, Cabernet Sauvignon (grafted on Schwarzmann) under drip irrigation and in a light soil. Photo: April Winckel
14-5-2013, SHZ LL 9-4-2013, CHA LL 27-2-2013, CAB Heavy
16-4-2013, SHZ Drip 27-3-2013, CHA Drip 27-2-2013, CAB Sandy
53
Dry P. and Coombe B. (eds) (2004) Revised version of Grapevine growth stages – The modified E-L system. Viticulture 1 – Resources. 2nd edition. www.awri.com.au/wp-content/uploads/grapegrowth.pdfFranck N., Morales J.P., Arancibia-Avendan D., de Cortázar V.G., Perez-Quezada J.F., Zurita-Silva A. and Pastenes C. (2011) Seasonal fluctuations in Vitis vinifera root respiration in the field. New Physiologist 192, 939–951Freeman B.M. and Smart R.E. (1976) A root observation laboratory for studies with grapevines. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 27, 36–39Glinski D.S., Karnok K.J. and Carrow R.N. (1993) Comparison of reporting methods for root growth data from transparent-interface measurements. Crop Science 33(2), 310–314Holzapfel B.P., Field S.K., Hackett S.D. and Smith J.P. (2009) Vine Nutrient Reserves, Rootstocks and Root Dynamics. National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Wagga WaggaHolzapfel B.P., Field S.K., Quirk L. and Smith J.P. (2012) Post Harvest Care Of Grapevines: Irrigation, Nutrition and Salinity. Module 1: Water and Vine. Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation, AdelaideNagarajah S. (1987) Effects of soil texture on the rooting patterns of ‘Thompson Seedless’ vines on own roots and on Ramsey rootstock in irrigated vineyards. American Journal of Oenology and Viticulture 38, 54–59.Smart D., Schwass E., Kakso A. and Morano L. (2006) Grapevine rooting patterns: a comprehensive analysis and review. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 57(1), 89–104Swanepoel J.J. and Southey J.M. (1989) The influence of rootstock on the rooting pattern of the grapevine. South African Journal for Oenology and Viticulture 10(1), 23–28Wells C.E. and Eissenstat D.M. (2003) Beyond the roots of young seedlings: the influence of age and order on fine root physiology. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 21, 324–334Van Zyl J.L. (1984) Response of Colombard grapevines to irrigation as regards quality aspects and growth. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture 5, 19–28. Van Zyl J.L. (1988) Response of grapevine roots soil water regimes and irrigation systems. In: Van Zyl J.L. (ed.). The Grapevine Root and its Environment. Technical Communication of the Department of Agricultural Water Supply, P/B X144, Pretoria 0001, 74–87.
54
Internet services include:
• Electronic mail (email)
• World Wide Web (www)
• Internet relay chat (IRC) groups.
Listed are some of the web sites accessible to wine and grape industries. To access the sites, enter the address into a browser window, or go to the NSW Department of Primary Industries website, www.dpi.nsw.gov.au, and search for ‘grapes’.
General weather siteswww.bom.gov.au
Bureau of Meteorology is the national meteorological authority for Australia, providing meteorological, hydrological and oceanographic services. The web site features education, publications, news, weather forecasts, warnings and observations, other weather services, climate services, and hydrology services.
www.bom.gov.au/watl/index.shtml
Water and land information is a service of the Bureau of Meteorology. It provides detailed weather services for agriculture and natural resource managers, including national rain forecast maps and frost potential maps.
www.longpaddock.qld.gov.au
Ten-day precipitation outlook for Australia and New Zealand viewed through two 5-day charts and precipitation percentage of normal chart.
http://wxmaps.org/pix/aus.vv.html
This site presents Global Forecast System medium-range 7-day forecast maps of vertical velocity and rainfall for Australia and NZ.
Organic agriculture siteswww.ofa.org.au
Organic Federation of Australia is the peak Australian organic producers’ industry body. Site includes an organic directory, information forums and events.
www.ifoam.org
The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements is the international umbrella body for national organic producer groups.
Australian organic certification and grower groupswww.nasaa.com.au
The National Association for Sustainable Agriculture (Australia) provides certification services for Australian producers; these services are also suitable for export markets.
www.bfa.com.au
Biological Farmers of Australia Co Op Ltd. is an Australian organisation for biological farming (both biodynamic and organic farming). BFA helps the organic industry with education and trade and is also a certifying body for the following programs:
www.australianorganic.com.au
Australian Certified Organic is Australia’s largest certifier for organic and biodynamic produce. ACO currently certifies 55% of the Australian organic industry.
www.organicgrowers.org.au
Organic Growers Australia Certified Ltd (OGA) is Australia’s first certification service to specifically cater for the needs of the smaller organic producer.
www.demeter.org.au
The Biodynamic Research Institute is the grower association and certifier for biodynamic producers in Australia. Certified bio-dynamic producers use the Demeter biodynamic label on produce.
www.organicfoodchain.com.au
Organic Food Chain is a company that certifies producers under its own label, as well as to export standards.
www.ausqual.com.au
Aus-Qual is an Australian company offering a range of quality assurance and certification systems, including organic certification.
Wine industry organisations www.wineaustralia.com/australia
The Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation web site features newsletters, statistics, vintage reports, publications, contacts, exporting, promotion, geographical indications (wine zones and regions) and a register of protected names. The link to www.wineaustralia.com provides statistical information and an interactive wine tasting challenge (BYO bottle).
Appendix 1 Internet sites for wine and grape industries
AppendixesA
ppendixes
55
www.avia.org.au
The Australian Vine Improvement Association is made up of participating Vine improvement groups throughout Australia.
Government siteswww.dpi.nsw.gov.au
NSW Department of Primary Industries is a leading provider of information for profitable, sustainable food and fibre industries. The web site features horticulture, animals, field crops and pasture, pests, diseases and weeds, natural resources and climate, farm business, trade, research, advisory and education services, community services, corporate information, employment, news, media, a bookshop and links.
www.daff.gov.au
The Australian Government Agriculture Portal provides all government services and information under the one web site.
www.agric.wa.gov.au
Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia.
www.depi.vic.gov.au
Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries.
www.pir.sa.gov.au
Department of Primary Industries and Resources South Australia.
www.daff.qld.gov.au
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries within the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation.
www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/Home/1?Open
Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment.
www.csiro.au
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation.
www.workcover.nsw.gov.au
WorkCover Authority of NSW looks at all relevant issues pertaining to safety in your business enterprise.
www.daff.gov.au/biosecurity
DAFF Biosecurity manages quarantine controls at our borders to minimise the risk of exotic pests and diseases entering the country. DAFF Biosecurity also provides import and export inspection and certification to help retain Australia’s highly favourable animal, plant and human health status and wide access to overseas export markets.
www.gwrdc.com.au
The Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation is the body responsible for investing in grape and wine research and development on behalf of the Australian wine industry and community. The web site features information on grape and wine research, newsletters, research applications, contacts and the National Vine Health Steering Committee.
www.awri.com.au
The Australian Wine Research Institute provides research, development and extension services. The web site features industry services, links, agrochemicals, information resources, wine exporting, publications, wine and health and research projects.
www.crcv.com.au
The Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture promotes cooperative scientific research and is a joint venture between the viticulture industry and research and education organisations. The web site features information on research programs, education and training, Viticare, AusVit, publications and links.
www.asvo.com.au
The Australian Society of Viticulture and Oenology Inc. serves the interests of practising winemakers and viticulturists by encouraging the exchange of technical information. Activities include seminars, a newsletter, and industry awards.
www.nswwine.com.au
The NSW Wine Industry Association Inc. (NSWWIA) represents the wine regions of NSW. Committees formed since the Association began cover Research and Development, Education and Training, Licensing, Tourism and Promotion, and Water and Resources. The web site provides information on activities of the Association, promotion opportunities and events. See the list of regional associations at www.nswwine.com.au/pages/NSW-Wine-Regions.html
www.csu.edu.au/nwgic
The National Wine and Grape Industry Centre was formed by bringing together the resources of the NSW Department of Primary Industries, Charles Sturt University, and the NSW Wine Industry Association. This unique initiative helps the industry to maintain its internationally competitive edge through research, education, training and extension. The web site contents include courses available, a contact page and research topics.
www.healthyvines.com.au
The Phylloxera and Grape Industry Board of South Australia web site provides information about the Board, phylloxera, research results, rootstocks, other pests, young vine management, news, statistics and links to other web sites.
56
Appendixes
www.austrade.gov.au
Austrade (Australian Trade Commission) provides export and investment services to Australian companies and international buyers and investors in 94 locations worldwide. It is the official trade and investment facilitation agency of the Australian Government. Some of the web site features are trade events, useful links, publications, industry and country information and information on exporting and investment.
www.abs.gov.au
Australian Bureau of Statistics is Australia’s official statistical organisation. The web site features media releases, news, statistics, education resources, census data, products and services.
www.daff.gov.au/abares
Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE) is a professionally independent applied economic research agency. It provides stakeholders in Australia’s rural and resource industries with up-to-date public policy analysis and commodity forecasts. The web site features ABARE data, commodity analyses, agricultural surveys, economics, media releases, conferences, publications, related links and feedback.
www.customs.gov.au
Australian Customs and Border Protection Service is a statutory authority that services the government, the business community and the people of Australia. Some features of the web site are: a business guide to customs, media and publications, customs tax reform, customs notices, importing goods into Australia, links to other sites, Minister’s Home Page, and customs forms.
www.efic.gov.au
The Export Finance and Insurance Corporation helps Australian exports to compete internationally by providing insurance and finance facilities to support their overseas contracts. The web site contains customer service, country information, environment policy, news, publications and market watch.
Journalswww.winetitles.com.au
Publisher of Australian Viticulture.
www.winebiz.com.au
Publisher of Australian & New Zealand Grapegrower & Winemaker.
Pest, disease and pesticide informationwww.awri.com.au/industry_support/viticulture/agrochemicals/
A comprehensive list of Agrochemicals registered for use in Australian viticulture. It also lists current MRLs, Fungicides Resistance Management Strategies and off-label grapevine permits.
www.cropwatch.com.au
CropWatch SA provides grapegrowers in the Riverland, McLaren Vale, Mildura, Swan Hill and Robin Vale areas with timely information on the potential risks of important diseases and pests like downy mildew, powdery mildew, black spot and light brown apple moth. It has an interactive disease diagnosis page based on Ausvit’s The Australian and New Zealand Field Guide to Diseases, Pests and Disorders of Grapes.
www.apvma.gov.au
The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (formerly National Registration Authority) operates the Australian system that evaluates, registers and regulates agricultural and veterinary chemicals. The web site includes a PUBCRIS database, which contains details of registered agricultural and veterinary chemical products.
Education and trainingwww.dpi.nsw.gov.au/education
NSW Department of Primary Industries is a provider of short courses and education and training through the Murrumbidgee Rural Studies Centre at Yanco and the CB Alexander Agricultural College at Paterson (‘Tocal’). For more details see below, and see the NSW Department of Primary Industries web site for information on short courses.
www.csu.edu.au/nwgic
National Wine and Grape Industry Centre (NWGIC). Through Charles Sturt University (CSU) the NWGIC provides higher education to the Australian Wine Industry. CSU provides undergraduate and postgraduate programs in Winegrowing, Wine Science, Food Processing and Food Science.
www.tocal.nsw.edu.au
CB Alexander Agricultural College or ‘Tocal’ is a part of the NSW Department of Primary Industries. The site contains details of full-time and part-time courses for school leavers who want to pursue careers in agriculture. It also has details of external courses in agriculture and natural resource management, short courses, coming events and education resources for sale.
57
www.uws.edu.au
The University of Western Sydney. Some web site features are: search engine, learning, research, academic publications, Internet support, library, news, colleges and schools.
www.tafensw.edu.au
NSW Department of Education and Communities, Technical and Further Education (TAFE NSW). Web site features include courses and careers, campuses and institutes, flexible study options, getting started at TAFE and news.
USA siteswww.tablegrape.com
The California Table Grape Commission gives a guide to fresh table grapes, including recipes, cooking tips and nutritional information.
www.nysaes.cornell.edu
New York State Agricultural Experiment Station has researchers and extension educators working to develop good farming, food storage and processing practices. Web site features departments, information, news, press releases.
www.universityofcalifornia.edu
The University of California develops and promotes the use of integrated pest management. The web site features information, education, publications, programs and a directory.
http://wineserver.ucdavis.edu
The Department of Viticulture and Oenology, University of California, Davis is a research and educational institution. The web site features wine and grape information, programs, research, newsletters, courses and links.
New Zealand siteswww.lincoln.ac.nz
Lincoln University Centre for Viticulture and Oenology is an internationally renowned university specialising in commerce and management, primary production, natural resources, science, engineering and social science. The web site features departments, information, news and press releases.
www.massey.ac.nz
Massey University Laboratory for Wine Microbiology is a leader in the fields of sciences, design, social sciences, education and business. The web site features research and library information, business and community information, and links.
French siteswww.montpellier.inra.fr
The Montpellier INRA Centre is a leader in wine research and a major teaching site for southern France.
German siteswww.campus-geisenheim.de
The Geisenheim Research Centre is one of the oldest research institutions in the areas of viticulture, oenology, wine technology and beverage research, horticulture and landscape architecture in Germany.
www.genres.de/en/
The Grape and Vine Variety Catalogue web site features an online search, a database and links. Links to an English language page of the German site.
Other overseas siteswww.arc.agric.za
The South African Institute for Research in Viticulture and Oenology (Agricultural Research Council) promotes the agricultural and related sectors through research, technological development and transfer. Web site features are strategic plan, events, products, opportunities and links.
www.brocku.ca/ccovi/
Brock University's Cool Climate Oenology and Viticulture Institute. This Canadian web site features research, academic programs, background and links.
58
Appendixes
Appendix 2 Where to buy your planting materialApproved sources for purchasing cuttings in NSW, Victoria and South AustraliaVine improvement organisation Address and Email Mobile Telephone FacsimileMIA Vine Improvement SocietyContact: Leo De Paoli
PO Box 486, YENDA NSW [email protected]
0429 318 397 (02) 6968 1202 (02) 6968 1479
Victorian and Murray Valley Vine Improvement AssociationContact: Gary ThomasOrders accepted at any time
PO Box 5051, MILDURA VIC [email protected]
0418 997 730 (03) 5022 8499 (03) 5021 4833
Riverland Vine Improvement Committee*Contact: David NitschkePreference given to orders received by 31 May
PO Box 292, MONASH SA [email protected]
0407 974 149 (08) 8583 5366 (08) 8583 5504
Australian Vine Improvement Association Inc.Contact: Gary Thomas
PO Box 5051, MILDURA VIC 3502www.avia.org.au
0418 997 730 (03) 5022 8499 (03) 5021 4833
Nurseries supplying rootlings from approved sourcesThe nurseries listed are recognised for using material sourced from vine improvement organisations. However, they may use material obtained from other sources. This information is provided to inform the Australian grape and wine sector of nursery supplier information, and it should not be interpreted as an endorsement. Buyers should check the source of the material they intend to purchase to ensure it meets their needs.
New South WalesNursery Name Address and Email Mobile Telephone FacsimileAdro Grafted Vines* PO Box 539, GRIFFITH 2680
[email protected] 447 246 (02) 6964 4288 (02) 6964 4288
Binjara Vine Nursery Pty Ltd* PO Box 75, EUSTON 2737 [email protected]
0417 148 429 (03) 5026 1661 (03) 5026 1050
Hanwood Grafted Vines PO Box 55, HANWOOD [email protected]
0412 699 476 (02) 6963 0247 (02) 6963 0247
Mallee Point Nursery* PO Box 438, YENDA [email protected]
0428 690 208 (02) 6968 1086 (02) 6968 1786
Sunraysia Nurseries* PO Box 45, GOL GOL 2738 [email protected]
– (03) 5024 8502 (03) 5024 8551
VictoriaNursery Name Address and Email Mobile Telephone FacsimileAusvine Nursery PO Box 243, MILDURA 3502 0429 950 031 (03) 5021 0068 (03) 5021 0068
Boulevarde Nurseries PO Box 816, IRYMPLE 3498 [email protected]
– (03) 5024 9000 (03) 5024 6692
Binjara Vine Nursery Pty Ltd* See NSW details
Freck’s Vine Nursery PO Box 1161, RED CLIFFS [email protected]
0412 947 426 (03) 5024 2885 (03) 5024 2885
KC Vines & Rootstocks* PO Box 1054, MILDURA 3502 [email protected]
0407 309 961 (03) 5024 8812 (03) 5024 8834
Fussy Britches Nursery PO Box 5033, MILDURA 3502 [email protected]
0428 502 588 (03) 5023 4370 (03) 5023 5393
Murray Lea Nurseries PO Box 201, RED CLIFFS [email protected]
0407 349 466 (03) 5024 3245 (03) 5024 3805
TJ Schreiber Nurseries Pty Ltd PO Box 498, IRYMPLE [email protected]
0429 873 114 (03) 5024 5986 (03) 5024 6596
Sunraysia Nurseries* See NSW details* Vine Improvement Nursery Association Accredited.
59
South AustraliaNursery Name Address and Email Mobile Telephone FacsimileAdelaide Hills Vine Improvement Inc* C/- Box 38, KANGARILLA 5157
www.adelaidehillsvineimprovement.org0422 644 825 (08) 8383 7532 (08) 8383 7532
Barossa Vine Improvement* PO Box 293, NURIOOTPA 5355 (08) 8562 2011 (08) 8562 4410Fleurieu Vine Nursery 3 Clemens Road, LANGHORNE CREEK 5255
[email protected] 676 014 (08) 8537 3286 –
Glenavon Nurseries Pty Ltd* Bremer Rd, LANGHORNE CREEK 5255 www.glenavon.com.au
0417 883 826 (08) 8537 3207 (08) 8537 3250
Golding Vine Nursery C/- Box 700, LOBETHAL [email protected]
0413 942 272 (08) 8389 5120 (08) 8389 5290
Langhorne Creek Vine Improvement* C/- PO, LANGHORNE CREEK 5255 0439 373 450 (08) 8537 3450 (08) 8537 3450Loxton Vine & Citrus Nursery Pty Ltd PO Box 491, LOXTON 5333
www.pippos.com0418 815 655 (08) 8584 5544 (08) 8584 5544
RVIC Nursery PO 292, MONASH 5345 www.rvic.org.au
0407 974 149 (08) 8583 5366 (08) 8583 5504
Ramco Wine Group Box 889, NURIOOTPA 5355 [email protected]
0400 742 603 (08) 8541 9013 –
River Murray Nursery PO Box 995, LOXTON 5333 0428 819 540 (08) 8584 4968 –Yalumba Nursery* PO Box 10, ANGASTON 5353
www.yalumbanursery.com [email protected]
0411 487 495 (08) 8568 7700 (08) 8568 7710
Vinewright* PO Box 180, MOUNT PLEASANT 5235www.vinewright.com.au [email protected]
0438 682 345 (08) 8568 2385 (08) 8568 2345
TasmaniaNursery Name Address Mobile Telephone FacsimileWoodlea Nursery* 49 Whish-Wilson Rd, SCOTTSDALE 7260
(03) 6352 7262 (03) 6352 7252
Western AustraliaNursery Name Address Mobile Telephone FacsimileViticlone Supplies* Box 202, DUNSBOROUGH 6281
0418 946 901 (08) 9755 2030 (08) 9755 2030
* Vine Improvement Nursery Association Accredited.
Note: Check with the respective authorities that all certificates are obtained for planting material to enter your state. Written consent is required to introduce grapevine material, regardless of its origin, into the proclaimed phylloxera exclusion area.Quality planting stock is the best investment a grower can make to establish a long-lived and productive vineyard.Producers wanting to purchase new vine material should refer to the Grapevine management guide 2012–2013 article 'Quality planting stock: it's your business' on pages 27–32, written by Helen Waite.
60
Appendixes
Appendix 3 Agrochemicals registered for use in Australian viticulture 2013–14COMPILED BY MARCEL ESSLING AND MARDI LONGBOTTOM REPRODUCED COURTESY OF THE AUSTRALIAN WINE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Always read the labelUsers of agricultural (or veterinary) chemical products must always read the label, and any Permit before using the product, and strictly comply with the directions on the label and conditions of any permit.
Users are not absolved from compliance with the directions on the label or the conditions of the Permit by reasons of any statement made or omitted to be made in this publication.
The product trade names in this publication are supplied on the understanding that no preference between equivalent products is intended and the inclusion of a product does not imply endorsement by the NSW Department of Primary Industries over any other equivalent product from other manufacturers.
Some of the chemical use patterns quoted in this publication are approved under Permits issu ed by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority and were in force at the time the publication was prepared. Persons wishing to use a chemical in a manner approved under Permit should obtain a copy of the relevant Permit from APVMA.
They must read all the details, conditions and limitations relevant to that Permit and must comply with the details,conditions and limitations prior to use.
PermitsSome of the chemical use patterns quoted in this publication are approved under permits issued by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) and were in force at the time the publication was prepared.
Persons wishing to use a chemical in a manner approved under permit should obtain a copy of the relevant permit and approved use pattern from the supplier of the product at point of sale and must read all the details, conditions and limitations relevant to that permit, and must comply with the details, conditions and limitations prior to and during use.
Below is a list of the key permits currently related to Viticulture in NSW. This information was obtained from the APVMA website, accessed on 9 July 2013.
Permit No. Description Expiry date
PER11748 Sodium Metabisulfite / Table Grapes (packaged) / Phylloxera 31-Oct-14
PER12439 Trichlorfon / Table grapes / Fruit Fly 31-May-14
PER12690 Trichlorfon / Stone fruit & guava / Mediterranean fruit fly 31-May-14
PER13253 Maldison / Table grapes / Queensland and Mediterranean Fruit fly 31-May-14
PER13378 Torque Miticide (fenbutatin-oxide) / Table grapes / Rust mite & Two-spotted mite 30-Sep-17
PER13424 Sulphur Dioxide & Carbon Dioxide / Table grapes / Redback Spiders 31-Mar-17
PER13840 Lebaycid Insecticide Spray (fenthion) / Possession, supply and use during suspension / WA only
30-Oct-13
PER13841 Lebaycid Insecticide Spray (fenthion) / Possession, supply and use during suspension / ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Vic and TAS
30-Oct-13
PER13944 Ammonium Nitrate and Calcium Nitrate / Grape Vines (for dried fruit production) / Chemical cordon bunch removal
31-Mar-18
61
Compiled by Marcel Essling and Mardi Longbottom
Updated 31 May 2013
Agrochemicals registered for use in Australian viticulture
A must for grapegrowers and winemakers exporting wine
13/14
The Australian Wine Research Institute
62
Appendixes
Disclaimer
The Australian Wine Research Institute has used all reasonable care and skill in compiling this information, but does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this publication. Except to the extent that the AWRI is prevented by law from limiting its liability for such loss, the AWRI will not be liable for any loss suffered by any person using (either directly or indirectly) this publication, whether that loss arises from the AWRI’s negligence or otherwise. Any person using this publication should independently verify that information before relying on it.
Notwithstanding that this publication mentions a particular product, the AWRI does not endorse that product or give any warranty in relation to it.
The information in this publication is current as at 31 May, 2013. The AWRI is not responsible for ensuring that you receive any further updates of this publication.
The support provided by the Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation, and the member companies of CropLife Australia in the publication of this document is gratefully acknowledged.
ISBN 978 0 987 0480 7 3
ISSN 1320 3703
© Copyright 2013 The Australian Wine Research Institute Ltd PO Box 197 Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia ACN 007 558 296
© Copyright: Reprint and quotation of the information published herein is permitted on the condition that full credit be given to The Australian Wine Research Institute and the compilers.
Further copies of this document can be downloaded from the AWRI’s website, or are available on request; contact Marcel Essling at the above address, or on:
Telephone: 61 8 8313 6600 Facsimile: 61 8 8313 6601 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.awri.com.au
63
Contents
S E C T I O N O N E
Recommendations – Growing grapes for export wine?… choose the right chemical 1 Frequently asked questions 2
Important points 3
Recommendations 4
S E C T I O N T W O
Agrochemicals registered for use in Australian viticulture 12
S E C T I O N T H R E E
CropLife Australia chemical resistance management strategies 19
64
Appendixes
65
1 A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E
Growing grapes for export wine?… choose the right chemical
Governments around the world set limits for the amount of residue of a fungicide, insecticide or herbicide that is legally allowed in a food, such as grapes or wine. These limits for agrochemicals are commonly referred to as MRLs (maximum residue limits), and for Australia they are listed in the Australian New Zealand Food Standards Code.
Over the past year, Australian wineries have exported wine worth more than $1.85 billion, mostly to countries that have MRLs vastly different to, and sometimes lower than, those set by our own government. In fact, some chemicals commonly used by Australian grapegrowers do not have MRLs in some of our major export markets. Often this is because grapes are not grown commercially in these countries and, therefore, there is no need to register products for use on grapes. As a result no MRL is set, which means that the importing country will either not allow any detectable residue of the agrochemical in wine, or only permit ‘safe’ amounts of it.
To ensure that wine meets these requirements, it is necessary to restrict the application of certain chemicals or to avoid their use altogether. Since 1991, some wineries have provided their grapegrowers with a list of recommended fungicides and insecticides and the associated ‘export harvest interval’ (the minimum number of days before the last application and harvest). The export harvest interval is sometimes much longer than the withholding period stated on the chemical label, and it has been calculated to minimise the likelihood of residues affecting fermentation, affecting sales of the wine and to reduce the exposure of the public to pesticides.
The following tables list the preferred agrochemicals for use in the production of grapes for export wine, and any restriction on their use, for the 2013/2014 season. Some biological control agents are also listed. The recommendations have been developed to satisfy the lowest MRL for any of Australia’s major wine markets after considering available data on the persistence of the chemical, both on grapes and through winemaking. Many of these data were gathered as a result of a large, multi-agency research effort, funded by the Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation and the Dried Fruits Research and Development Council. A list of current MRLs and supporting information can be obtained by visiting the AWRI’s website: www.awri.com.au, or by contacting Marcel Essling on telephone (08) 8313 6600.
If you are a member of the Australian wine industry and would like to receive email notices from the AWRI on technical issues, including agrochemicals, please visit the AWRI website www.awri.com.au to subscribe to eBulletins.
66
Appendixes
A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E 2
RE
CO
MM
EN
DA
TI
ON
S
AWRI Agrochemical search app and online search facility The AWRI agrochemicals online search facility and agrochemcial search app allows the user to rapidly access information contained in the current ‘Agrochemicals registered for use in Australian viticulture’ booklet (often called the Dog Book). These tools also contain additional information derived from the AWRI database i.e. they allow the user to search for products registered for use on targets that are not listed in the Agrochemical booklet. Visit www.awri.com.au/agrochemicals/ or scan the QR code below to download the app.
Frequently asked questions Why does The Australian Wine Research Institute recommend that the application of some products (for example Scala) be restricted to before 80% capfall? The recommendations in the tables have been developed to satisfy the lowest maximum residue limit (MRL) for any of Australia’s major wine markets after considering available data on the persistence of the agrochemical, both on grapes and through winemaking.
In the case of Scala (pyrimethanil), it is known that if it is sprayed onto grapes after 80% capfall, residues might be detectable in the resultant wine. Some of the markets to which Australia exports wine have a very low MRL for pyrimethanil, or alternatively, have not announced their position on the course of action they would take if pyrimethanil was detected in wine. To ensure that Australian wine meets MRLs set by all of these markets, the 80% capfall restriction is suggested.
Are there exceptions to these restrictions? Yes. Products may be used closer to harvest than the suggested restriction period in consultation with the winery/grape purchaser.
A winery may choose to ignore the restriction if the wine made from the grapes will be sold in Australia alone, or to an export market that has an MRL greater than the expected residue or if the market otherwise permits residues of the agrochemical. In this case, the label withholding period is the minimum delay that should be observed between spraying the grapes and harvest.
Can I use a product that is not listed? Yes. Provided that it is in consultation with your winery and used according to the label specifications.
Apple iTunes Google play
67
3 A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E
Important points
• Ask your winery if they have specific chemical recommendations. These might differ from the recommendations suggested below.
• Grapevine growth-stage can be variable across a block. When assessing grapevine phenology for the purpose of applying agrochemicals, base the assessment on the most advanced vines in the block to minimise the possibility of residues at harvest.
• When spraying, ensure that the amount of chemical applied never exceeds the rate specified on the manufacturer’s label (unless otherwise specified).
• If you are unable to keep to these recommendations, or if you need to spray closer than 30 days before harvest, contact your winery or The Australian Wine Research Institute for advice.
• Avoid spraying some types of foliar fertilisers closer than 60 days before harvest, as wine quality might be affected.
• Always read the label on the chemical container. The products mentioned in the table might not necessarily be registered for use in your State.
• Keep a record of agrochemical applications. Some wineries might not accept delivery of grapes without receipt of a signed spray diary from the producer. An industry accepted spray diary template can be downloaded from the AWRI agrochemical website www.awri.com.au/agrochemicals/
• These recommendations have been developed as a general guide and assume that the wine will be sent to a range of overseas markets, each with differing MRLs. If you only sell wine in Australia, or to only a few countries, contact The Australian Wine Research Institute to discuss how the recommendations might differ. We can also provide advice regarding the persistence of a chemical on grapes or through winemaking, and MRLs for most major export destinations.
How to use the following table
Active Constituent(s) Activity group Some registered products Restriction on Use
Grouped alphabetically within each restriction on use for every target
Australian agrochemical codes. Note; International codes for fungicides were introduced in 2009
List of chemical products available
The recommended withholding period for export grapes
68
Appendixes
A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E 4
RE
CO
MM
EN
DA
TI
ON
S
Recommendations
Active Constituent (s) Activitiy group Some registered products Restriction on Use
BLACK SPOT
benalaxyl + mancozeb 4 + M3 Galben M Use no later than 80% capfall.chlorothalonil M5 Applonil 720, Barrack 720, Barrack Betterstick, Bravo 720,
Bravo Weather Stik, Cavalry 720 SC, Cavalry Weatherguard, Cheers 720, Cheers 720 Weathershield, Chemtura Chlorothalonil, Chlornil, Chlorothalonil 720, Chlorothalonil 900 WG, Echo 720, Echo 900 WDG, Elect 500, Fung-o-nil 500, Unite 720, Whack 720, Whack 900 WG
metiram M3 Polyram DF
thiram M3 Thiragranz, Thiram DG
ziram M3 Ziragranz, Ziram DG, Ziram Granuflo
captan M4 Captan, Captan 800 WG, Captan 900 WG, Captan WG Use no later than 30 days before harvest.captan + metalaxyl M4 + 4 Duplex WG
copper hydroxide + mancozeb
M1 + M3
ManKocide DF
copper oxychloride M1 Copper Oxychloride WP, Oxydul DF
dithianon M9 Delan 700 WG
mancozeb M3 Choice Mancozeb 750 WG, Dithane Rainshield Neo Tec, innova Mancozeb 750, Kencozeb 750DF, Mancozeb 750 DF, Mancozeb 750 WG, Mancozeb 800, Mancozeb 800 WP, Mancozeb DF, Mancozeb DG, Manfil, Manzate DF, Manzeb, Penncozeb 750DF, UniZeb 750 DF
BOTRYTIS BUNCH ROT
boscalid1 7 Filan Not recommended for use on grapes destined for export wines.
Consult your winery/grape purchaser1.
azoxystrobin 11 Amistar 250 SC, Avior 800 WG, Azoxystrobin 250 SC, Azoxystrobin 500 WG, Connect 800 WG, Mirador 250 SC, Spartacus 250 SC, Supernova 250SC
Use no later than 80% capfall.
chlorothalonil M5 Applonil 720, Barrack 720, Barrack Betterstick, Bravo 720, Bravo Weather Stik, Cavalry 720 SC, Cavalry Weatherguard, Cheers 720, Cheers 720 Weathershield, Chemtura Chlorothalonil, Chlornil, Chlorothalonil 720, Chlorothalonil 900 WG, Echo 500SC, Echo 720, Echo 900 WDG, Elect 500, Fung-o-nil 500, Unite 720, Whack 720, Whack 900 WG
fenhexamid 17 Teldor 500 SC
pyrimethanil 9 Pyrus 400 SC, Scala 400 SC
69
5 A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E
Active Constituent (s) Activitiy group Some registered products Restriction on Use
BOTRYTIS BUNCH ROT (CONT.)
cyprodinil + fludioxonil2
9 + 12 Switch Use no later than E-L 295, berries pepper-corn size (4 mm diameter). Do not use within 60 days of harvest.
captan M4 Captan, Captan 800 WG, Captan 900 WG, Captan WG Use no later than 30 days before harvest.
captan + metalaxyl M4 + 4 Duplex WG
potassium salts of fatty acids
U1 Ecoprotector Use no later than 14 days before harvest.
hydrogen peroxide + peroxyacetic acid (suppression only)
M + M Peracetic Acid, Peratec, Peratec Plus, Peroxy Treat Use no later than 7 days before harvest.
iprodione 2 Aquaflow 500 SC, Chief Aquaflo, Chief 250 Liquid, Corvette Flowable, Corvette Liquid, Fungol 500, Ippon 500 Aquaflo, Ipral 250, Iprine 250, Iprine 500, Iprodione 250, Iprodione Aquaflow 500, Iprodione Liquid 250, Rovral Aquaflo, Rovral Liquid, Subscribe, Transact
Use no later than 7 days before harvest. Consult your winery/grape purchaser before spraying within 30 days of harvest.
DOWNY MILDEW
phosphorous acid3 33 Agri-Fos 600, ChemPhos 400, Country Phospot 400, Country Phospot 400 pH 7.2, Country Phospot 600, Dominator 600, Fungacid 600, Fungi-Fos 400, Fungi-Fos 400 pH 7.2, Grow-Phos 600, Phos Phyt 400, Sprayphos 400, Sprayphos 600, Sprayphos 620, Throw Down, Throw Down 600
Not recommended for use on grapes destined for export wines.
Consult your winery/grape purchaser3.
ametoctradin + dimethomorph
45 + 40 Zampro Use no later than 80% capfall.
azoxystrobin 11 Amistar 250 SC, Avior 800 WG, Azoxystrobin 250 SC, Azoxystrobin 500 WG, Connect 800 WG, Mirador 250 SC, Spartacus 250 SC, Supernova 250SC
benalaxyl + mancozeb 4 + M3 Galben M
chlorothalonil M5 Applonil 720, Barrack 720, Barrack Betterstick, Bravo 720, Bravo Weather Stik, Cavalry 720 SC, Cavalry Weatherguard, Cheers 720, Cheers 720 Weathershield, Chemtura Chlorothalonil, Chlornil, Chlorothalonil 720, Chlorothalonil 900 WG, Echo 500SC, Echo 720, Echo 900 WDG, Elect 500, Fung-o-nil 500, Unite 720, Whack 720, Whack 900 WG
dimethomorph 40 Acrobat SC, Sphinx
metiram M3 Polyram DF
oxadixyl + propineb 4 + M3 Rebound WP
zineb M3 Zineb
mandipropamid 40 Revus Use no later than E-L 265 (cap-fall complete).
70
Appendixes
A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E 6
RE
CO
MM
EN
DA
TI
ON
S
Active Constituent (s) Activitiy group Some registered products Restriction on Use
DOWNY MILDEW (CONT.)
trifloxystrobin 11 Flint 500 WG (suppression only) Use no later than E-L 315, berries pea-size (7 mm diameter).
pyraclostrobin 11 Cabrio, Cabrio 200WG Use no later than E-L 315, berries pea-size (7 mm diameter). Do not use within 63 days of harvest.
captan M4 Captan, Captan 800 WG, Captan 900 WG, Captan WG Use no later than 30 days before harvest.
captan + metalaxyl M4 + 4 Duplex WG
copper ammonium acetate
M1 Cop-IT
copper ammonium complex
M1 Copperguard, Liquicop
copper cuprous oxide M1 Ag Copp 750, Nordox 500, Norshield WG, Red Copper WG
copper hydroxide M1 Blue Shield DF, Champ Dry Prill WG, Cung Fu 350 SC, Flo-Bordo, Hydrocop, Kocide Blue Xtra, Kocide Opti, Vitra 400 WG
copper hydroxide + mancozeb
M1 + M3
ManKocide DF
copper octanoate M1 Tricop
copper oxychloride M1 Copper Oxychloride, Copper Oxychloride WP, Coppox WG, Coppox WP, Country Copper Oxychloride 500 WP, Neoram 375 WG, Oxydul DF, Uni-Guard 500 WP
copper sulphate tribasic
M1 Bordeaux WG, Cuprofix Disperss, Tri-Base Blue
copper sulphate tribasic + mancozeb
M1 + M3
Copman DF, Novofix Disperss,
dithianon M9 Delan 700 WG
mancozeb M3 Choice Mancozeb 750 WG, Dithane Rainshield Neo Tec, innova Mancozeb 750, Kencozeb 750DF, Mancozeb 750 DF, Mancozeb 750 WG, Mancozeb 800, Mancozeb 800 WP, Mancozeb DF, Mancozeb DG, Manfil, Manzate DF, Manzeb, Penncozeb 420 SC, Penncozeb 750DF, UniZeb 750 DF
metalaxyl - M + copper hydroxide
4 + M1 Ridomil Gold Plus
metalaxyl - M + mancozeb
4 + M3 Ridomil Gold MZ WG
metalaxyl + copper oxychloride
4 + M1 Axiom Plus, Copper Plus, Medley Plus, Zeemil Plus
metalaxyl + mancozeb 4 + M3 Axiom MZ 720, Maxyl, Medley MZ, Metal-Man MZ 720, Zeemil MZB 720 WP
sulfur + copper oxychloride
M2 + M1
Mildex WG
71
7 A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E
Active Constituent (s) Activitiy group Some registered products Restriction on Use
DOWNY MILDEW (CONT.)
hydrogen peroxide + peroxyacetic acid (suppression only)
M + M Peratec Plus Use no later than 7 days before harvest.
PHOMOPSIS CANE AND LEAF SPOT
fluazinam 29 Emblem, Gem4, Shirlan4 Dormancy spray only.
metiram M3 Polyram DF Use no later than 80% capfall.
captan M4 Captan, Captan 800 WG, Captan 900 WG, Captan WG Use no later than 30 days before harvest.captan + metalaxyl M4 + 4 Duplex WG
copper sulphate tribasic + mancozeb
M1 + M3
Novofix Disperss
dithianon M9 Delan 700 WG
mancozeb M3 Choice Mancozeb 750 WG, Dithane Rainshield NeoTec, innova Mancozeb 750, Mancozeb 750 DF, Mancozeb 750 WG, Mancozeb DF, Manfil, Manzate DF, Manzeb, Penncozeb 420 SC, Penncozeb 750DF, UniZeb 750 DF
POWDERY MILDEW
boscalid1 7 Filan Not recommended for use on grapes destined for export wines. Consult your winery/grape purchaser1.
azoxystrobin 11 Amistar 250 SC, Avior 800 WG, Azoxystrobin 250 SC, Azoxystrobin 500 WG, Connect 800 WG, Mirador 250 SC, Spartacus 250 SC, Supernova 250SC
Use no later than 80% capfall.
hexaconazole 3 Viva
metrafenone U8 Vivando
spiroxamine 5 Prosper 500 EC
tebuconazole 3 Folicur 430 SC, Laguna Xtreme 800 WG, Orius 430 SC, Zolo 430 SC
tebuconazole + azoxystrobin
3 + 11 Custodia
sulfur, present as elemental or crystalline sulfur
M2 Dusting Sulphur, Dusting Sulphur 900 Use no later than 12 weeks before harvest.
paraffinic oil n/a BioPest Use no later than E-L 315, berries pea-size (7mm diameter).trifloxystrobin 11 Flint 500 WG
cyflufenamid U6 Flute 50 EW
pyraclostrobin 11 Cabrio, Cabrio 200WG Use no later than E-L 315, berries pea-size (7mm diameter). Do not use within 63 days of harvest.
72
Appendixes
A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E 8
RE
CO
MM
EN
DA
TI
ON
S
Active Constituent (s) Activitiy group Some registered products Restriction on Use
POWDERY MILDEW (CONT.)
penconazole 3 Topas 100 EC Use no later than E-L 315, berries pea-size (7mm diameter). Do not use within 60 days of harvest.
tetraconazole 3 Domark 40ME, Mettle 40ME
quinoxyfen 13 Legend Use no later than E-L 345, (before commencement of veraison). Do not use within 42 days of harvest.
fenarimol 3 Rubigan SC Use no later than 35 days before harvest.
myclobutanil 3 Mycloss Xtra
triadimefon 3 Slingshot, Triad 125, Triadimefon 125, Triadimefon 125 EC
triadimenol 3 Allitron, Bayfidan 250 EC, Triadimenol 250 EC, Tridim 250 EC
copper ammonium acetate
M1 Cop-IT Use no later than 30 days before harvest.
copper ammonium complex
M1 Copperguard, Liquicop
proquinazid 13 Talendo
sulfur, present as elemental or crystalline sulfur
M2 Barmac Wettable Sulphur, Brysulf 800 WG, Chemtura Sulphur WG, Cosamil, Cosavet WG, David Grays Sulphur Spray, GranuSulf 800 WG, InnoSulph 800 WG, Kendon Sulphur, Kumulus DF, Microsul WG Elite, Microthiol Disperss, Notion, Rutec Sulfur, Stollers Flowable Sulphur, Sulfostar DF, Sulfur 800 WG, Sulgran WG, Sulphur 800 WG, Thiovit Jet, Titan Sulphur 800 WG, Top Wettable Sulphur, Uni-Shield
sulfur + copper oxychloride
M2 + M1
Mildex WG
hydrogen peroxide + peroxyacetic acid (suppression only)
M + M Peratec Plus Use no later than 7 days before harvest.
potassium bicarbonate M2 Ecocarb
AUSTRALIAN PLAGUE LOCUST
Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum
n/a Green Guard SC, Green Guard SC Premium Use no later than 7 days before harvest.
BUD MITE
sulfur, present as polysulfide
M2 Lime Sulphur Apply as near as possible to budburst.
73
9 A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E
**
Active Constituent (s) Activitiy group Some registered products Restriction on Use
BUD MITE (CONT.)
sulfur, present as elemental or crystalline sulfur
M2 Barmac Wettable Sulphur, Brysulf 800 WG, Chemtura Sulphur WG, Cosamil, Cosavet WG, GranuSulf 800 WG, InnoSulph 800 WG, Kumulus DF, Microsul WG Elite, Microthiol Disperss, Notion, Sulfostar DF, Sulfur 800 WG, Sulgran WG, Thiovit Jet, Titan Sulphur 800 WG, Top Wettable Sulphur, Uni-Shield
Use no later than 30 days before harvest.
BUNCH MITE
sulfur, present as polysulfide
M2 Lime Sulphur Apply as near as possible to budburst.
sulfur, present as elemental or crystalline sulfur
M2 Barmac Wettable Sulphur, Brysulf 800 WG, Chemtura Sulphur WG, Cosamil, Cosavet WG, GranuSulf 800 WG, InnoSulph 800 WG, Microsul WG Elite, Sulfur 800 WG, Sulgran WG, Thiovit Jet, Titan Sulphur 800 WG
Use no later than 30 days before harvest.
GARDEN WEEVIL
esfenvalerate 3A Sumi-Alpha Flex Foliar spray only.
Use no later than 80% capfall.
indoxacarb 22A Avatar Use no later than E-L 315, berries pea-size (7 mm diameter). Do not use within 56 days of harvest.
GRAPE LEAF BLISTER MITE
petroleum oil n/a Caltex Winter Spray Oil, Stifle, Vicol Winter Oil Dormant spray only.
sulfur, present as polysulfide
M2 Lime Sulphur Apply as near as possible to budburst.
sulfur, present as elemental or crystalline sulfur
M2 Barmac Wettable Sulphur, Brysulf 800 WG, Chemtura Sulphur WG, Cosamil, Cosavet WG, David Grays Sulphur Spray, GranuSulf 800 WG, InnoSulph 800 WG, Kendon Sulphur, Kumulus DF, Microsul WG Elite, Microthiol Disperss, Notion, Rutec Sulfur, Stollers Flowable Sulphur, Sulfostar DF, Sulfur 800 WG, Sulgran WG, Thiovit Jet, Titan Sulphur 800 WG, Top Wettable Sulphur, Uni-Shield
Use no later than 30 days before harvest.
GRAPE LEAF RUST MITE
sulfur, present as polysulfide
M2 Lime Sulphur Apply as near as possible to budburst.
sulfur, present as elemental or crystalline sulfur
M2 Barmac Wettable Sulphur, Brysulf 800 WG, Chemtura Sulphur WG, Cosamil, Cosavet WG, David Grays Sulphur Spray, GranuSulf 800 WG, InnoSulph 800 WG, Kendon Sulphur, Kumulus DF, Microsul WG Elite, Microthiol Disperss, Notion, Rutec Sulfur, Stollers Flowable Sulphur, Sulfostar DF, Sulfur 800 WG, Sulgran WG, Thiovit Jet, Titan Sulphur 800 WG, Top Wettable Sulphur, Uni-Shield
Use no later than 30 days before harvest.
GRAPEVINE MOTH
chlorantraniliprole 28 Altacor Use no later than 80% capfall.
spinetoram 5 Delegate Use no later than E-L 315, berries pea-size (7 mm diameter).
74
Appendixes
A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E 10
RE
CO
MM
EN
DA
TI
ON
S
Active Constituent (s) Activitiy group Some registered products Restriction on Use
GRAPEVINE MOTH (CONT.)
emamectin 6 Proclaim Use no later than E-L 315, berries pea-size (7 mm diameter). Do not use within 56 days of harvest.
indoxacarb 22A Avatar
Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai
11 Bacchus WG May be used until harvest.
Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki
11 BioCrystal Kurstaki, Delfin, DiPel DF May be used until harvest.
Trichogrammanza carverae
n/a Trichogramma parasitic wasp
GRAPEVINE SCALE
azinphos-methyl 1B Gusathion 200 SC Dormant spray only.
chlorpyrifos 1B Chlorpos, Chlorpyrifos 500, Chlorpyrifos 500 EC, Cyren 500 EC, Generifos 500 EC, Kensban 500, Lorsban 500 EC, Strike-Out 500 EC
maldison (malathion) 1B Fyfanon 440 EW, Hy-Mal, Maldison 500
methidathion 1B Supracide 400, Suprathion 400 EC
paraffinic oil n/a Bioclear, BioPest, Trump Spray Oil
petroleum oil n/a All Seasons White Oil, Caltex Summer Spray Oil, Caltex Winter Spray Oil, D-C-Tron Plus Spray Oil, Sacoa Summer Spray Oil, Stifle, Vicol Summer Oil, Vicol Winter Oil
LIGHT BROWN APPLE MOTH
chlorantraniliprole 28 Altacor Use no later than 80% capfall.
methoxyfenozide 18 Prodigy
spinetoram 5 Delegate Use no later than E-L 315, berries pea-size (7 mm diameter).
emamectin 6 Proclaim Use no later than E-L 315, berries pea-size (7 mm diameter). Do not use within 56 days of harvest.
indoxacarb 22A Avatar
Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai
11 Bacchus WG, May be used until harvest.
Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki
11 BioCrystal Kurstaki, Delfin, DiPel DF
tetradecenyl acetate + tetradecadienyl acetate
n/a Isomate LBAM Plus Pheromone
Trichogrammanza carverae
n/a Trichogramma parasitic wasp
MEALYBUG 6
paraffinic oil n/a Bioclear, BioPest, Trump Spray Oil Dormant spray only.
buprofezin 16 Applaud, Clap, Scale & Bug Use no later than 80% capfall.
75
11 A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E
Active Constituent (s) Activitiy group Some registered products Restriction on Use
MEDITERRANEAN/QUEENSLAND FRUIT FLY
A baiting program that does not target fruit or foliage is recommended.
Control options for fruit fly are subject to APVMA permit conditions.
Contact your winery or grape purchaser prior to any 1A, 1B, 2B or 3A insecticide.
SNAIL
copper complex n/a Escar-go Dormant spray only.
metaldehyde n/a Meta, Metarex, Pestmaster, Slug Out, Slugger Ground application only. Use no later than 7 days before harvest.
iron EDTA complex n/a Multiguard Snail and Slug Killer Ground application only. May be used until harvest.
TWO SPOTTED MITE
petroleum oil n/a Stifle Dormant spray only.
sulfur, present as polysulfide
M2 Lime Sulphur Apply as near as possible to budburst.
sulfur, present as elemental or crystalline sulfur
M2 Barmac Wettable Sulphur, Brysulf 800 WG, Chemtura Sulphur WG, Cosamil, Cosavet WG, David Grays Sulphur Spray, GranuSulf 800 WG, InnoSulph 800 WG, Kendon Sulphur, Kumulus DF, Microsul WG Elite, Microthiol Disperss, Notion, Rutec Sulfur, Stollers Flowable Sulphur, Sulfostar DF, Sulfur 800 WG, Sulgran WG, Thiovit Jet, Titan Sulphur 800 WG, Top Wettable Sulphur, Uni-Shield
Use no later than 30 days before harvest.
etoxazole 10B ParaMite Use no later than 21 days before harvest
WINGLESS GRASSHOPPER
indoxacarb 22A Avatar Use no later than E-L 315, berries pea-size (7 mm diameter). Do not use within 56 days of harvest.
Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum
n/a Green Guard SC, Green Guard SC Premium Use no later than 7 days before harvest.
1. Contact your winery or grape purchaser prior to the application of any boscalid spray.2. Do not apply Switch at both flowering and growth stage E-L 29.3. Contact your winery or grape purchaser prior to the application of any phosphorous acid spray.4. Gem and Shirlan have a 32 day re-entry period.5. Definitions of stages of grapevine growth: Coombe, B (1995) Adoption of a system for identifying
grapevine growth stages. Aust. J. Grape and Wine Res. 1:104-110. The chart can be downloaded from the AWRI website www.awri.com.au/agrochemicals/.
6. Consult product label, registration may apply to specific mealybug species. 5% capfall: E-L stage 19-20; 5% capfall and no developing berries present.80% capfall: E-L stage 25; 80% caps off. E-L stage 26 (cap-fall compete). E-L stage 29 Berries pepper-corn size (4 mm diameter); bunches tending downwards. E-L stage 31 Berries pea-size (7 mm diameter); bunches hanging down.E-L stage 34 (before veraison): Berries begin to soften and Brix starts increasing.
Notes:
76
Appendixes
A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E 12
Agrochemicals registered for use in Australian viticulture
The following products are registered by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority for use in wine grape production in Australia. Always read the label on the chemical container as the products listed in the table might not necessarily be registered for use in your State.
To avoid the development of chemical resistance, it is necessary to know how the product works. Most chemicals have been allocated an ‘activity group’ based on their mode of action. The activity group appears on the product label as a number (or letter and number) for fungicides, a letter for herbicides and a number and letter or only a letter in the case of insecticides and miticides. Sometimes the resistance management strategy is also shown on the label. Management strategies to avoid the development of fungicide resistance have been published by CropLife Australia, and are described on page 19. More information regarding activity groups can be found on the CropLife Australia website: www.croplifeaustralia.org.au
In the past, the export restriction on use for many of the insecticides listed in the table below has not been provided. Due to international pressures, the use of agrochemicals belonging to chemical groups such as the organophosphates and carbamates is not encouraged. The recommended restriction on use for all 1A, 1B, 2B and 4A insecticides listed in this booklet is ‘Use no later than 80% capfall’. In addition, it is recommended that any 3A insecticides that are not restricted to use during dormancy only (label withholding period), should not be used later than 80% capfall. However, it is essential that you contact your winery/grape purchaser prior to the application of any 1A, 1B, 2B, 3A or 4A insecticide.
The CropLife resistance management strategies on page 20 are a guide only and do not endorse particular products, groups of products or cultural methods in terms of their performance. Always follow the product label for specific use instructions. While all effort has been taken with the information supplied in this document no responsibility, actual or implied, is taken for the day to day accuracy of product or active constituent specific information. Readers should check with the Australian regulator’s (APVMA) product database for contemporary information on products and actives. The database can be sourced through www.apvma.gov.au. The information given in the resistance management strategies is provided in good faith and without any liability for loss or damage suffered as a result of its application and use.
How to use the following table
Active Constituent(s) Some registered productsActivity Group
from 2009
Grouped alphabetically for each chemical type
List of chemical products available
Australian agrochemical codes. Note: International codes for fungicides were introduced in 2009
AG
RO
CH
EM
ICA
LS
RE
GIS
TE
RE
D F
OR
US
E
77
13 A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E
Active Constituent(s) Some registered productsActivity Group
from 2009
FUNGICIDE
ametoctradin + dimethomorph
Zampro 45 + 40
azoxystrobin Amistar 250 SC, Avior 800 WG, Azoxystrobin 250 SC, Azoxystrobin 500 WG, Connect 800 WG, Mirador 250 SC, Spartacus 250 SC, Supernova 250SC
11
benalaxyl + mancozeb Galben M 4 + M3
boscalid Filan 7
captan Captan, Captan 800 WG, Captan 900 WG, Captan WG M4
captan + metalaxyl Duplex WG M4 + 4
chlorothalonil Applonil 720, Barrack 720, Barrack Betterstick, Bravo 720, Bravo Weather Stik, Cavalry 720 SC, Cavalry Weatherguard, Cheers 720, Cheers 720 Weathershield, Chemtura Chlorothalonil, Chlornil, Chlorothalonil 720, Chlorothalonil 900 WG, Echo 500SC, Echo 720, Echo 900 WDG, Elect 500, Fung-o-nil 500, Unite 720, Whack 720, Whack 900 WG
M5
copper ammonium acetate
Cop-IT M1
copper ammonium complex
Copperguard, Liquicop M1
copper cuprous oxide Ag Copp 750, Nordox 500, Norshield WG, Red Copper WG M1
copper hydroxide Blue Shield DF, Champ Dry Prill WG, Cung Fu 350 SC, Flo-Bordo, Hydrocop, Kocide Blue Xtra, Kocide Opti, Vitra 400 WG
M1
copper hydroxide + mancozeb
ManKocide DF M1 + M3
copper octanoate Tricop M1
copper oxychloride Copper Oxychloride, Copper Oxychloride WP, Coppox WG, Coppox WP, Country Copper Oxychloride 500 WP, Neoram 375 WG, Oxydul DF, Uni-Guard 500 WP
M1
copper sulphate tribasic
Bordeaux WG, Cuprofix Disperss, Tri-Base Blue M1
copper sulphate tribasic + mancozeb
Copman DF, Novofix Disperss M1 + M3
cyflufenamid Flute 50 EW U6
cyprodinil + fludioxonil Switch 9 + 12
dimethomorph Acrobat SC, Sphinx 40
dithianon Delan 700 WG M9
fenarimol Rubigan SC 3
fenhexamid Teldor 500 SC 17
fluazinam Emblem, Gem, Shirlan 29
hexaconazole Viva 3
hydrogen peroxide + peroxyacetic acid
Peracetic Acid, Peratec, Peratec Plus, Peroxy Treat M + M
78
Appendixes
A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E 14
*Active Constituent(s) Some registered products
Activity Group
from 2009
FUNGICIDE (CONT.)
iprodione Aquaflow 500 SC, Chief 250 Liquid, Chief Aquaflo, Corvette Flowable, Corvette Liquid, Fungol 500, Ippon 500 Aquaflo, Ipral 250, Iprine 250, Iprine 500, Iprodione 250, Iprodione Aquaflow 500, Iprodione Liquid 250, Rovral Aquaflo, Rovral Liquid, Subscribe, Transact
2
mancozeb Choice Mancozeb 750 WG, Dithane Rainshield Neo Tec, innova Mancozeb 750, Kencozeb 750DF, Mancozeb 750 DF, Mancozeb 750 WG, Mancozeb 800, Mancozeb 800 WP, Mancozeb DF, Mancozeb DG, Manfil, Manzate DF, Manzeb, Penncozeb 420 SC, Penncozeb 750DF, UniZeb 750 DF
M3
mandipropamid Revus 40
metalaxyl - M + copper hydroxide
Ridomil Gold Plus 4 + M1
metalaxyl - M + mancozeb
Ridomil Gold MZ WG 4 + M3
metalaxyl + copper oxychloride
Axiom Plus, Copper Plus, Medley Plus, Zeemil Plus 4 + M1
metalaxyl + mancozeb Axiom MZ 720, Maxyl, Medley MZ, Metal-man MZ 720, Zeemil MZB 720 WP 4 + M3
metiram Polyram DF M3
metrafenone Vivando U8
myclobutanil Mycloss Xtra 3
oxadixyl + propineb Rebound WP 4 + M3
paraffinic oil BioPest unspecified
penconazole Topas 100 EC 3
phosphorous acid Agri-Fos 600, ChemPhos 400, Country Phospot 400, Country Phospot 400 pH 7.2, Country Phospot 600, Dominator 600, Fungacid 600, Fungi-Fos 400, Fungi-Fos 400 pH 7.2, Grow-Phos 600, Phos Phyt 400, Sprayphos 400, Sprayphos 600, Sprayphos 620, Throw Down, Throwdown 600
33
potassium bicarbonate Ecocarb M2
potassium salts of fatty acids
Ecoprotector U1
procymidone Fortress 500, Procymidone 500, Proflex 500, Spiral Aquaflo, Sumisclex 500 2
proquinazid Talendo 13
pyraclostrobin Cabrio, Cabrio 200WG 11
pyrimethanil Pyrus 400 SC, Scala 400 SC 9
quinoxyfen Legend 13
spiroxamine Prosper 500 EC 5
sulfur + copper oxychloride
Mildex WG M2 + M1
AG
RO
CH
EM
ICA
LS
RE
GIS
TE
RE
D F
OR
US
E
79
15 A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E
Active Constituent(s) Some registered productsActivity Group
from 2009
FUNGICIDE (CONT.)
sulfur present as polysulfide
Lime sulphur M2
sulfur, present as elemental or crystalline sulfur
Barmac Wettable Sulphur, Brysulf 800 WG, Chemtura Suphur WG, Cosamil, Cosavet WG, David Grays Sulphur Spray, Dusting Sulphur, Dusting Sulphur 900, GranuSulf 800 WG, InnoSulph 800 WG, Kendon Sulphur, Kumulus DF, Microsul WG Elite, Microthiol Disperss, Notion, Rutec Sulfur, Stollers Flowable Sulphur, Sulfostar DF, Sulfur 800 WG, Sulgran WG, Thiovit Jet, Titan Sulphur 800 WG, Top Wettable Sulphur, Uni-Shield
M2
tebuconazole Folicur 430 SC, Greenseal, Laguna Xtreme 800 WG, Orius 430 SC, Zolo 430 SC 3
tebuconazole + azoxystrobin
Custodia 3 + 11
tetraconazole Domark 40ME, Mettle 40ME 3
thiram Thiragranz, Thiram DG M3
triadimefon Slingshot, Triad 125, Triadimefon 125, Triadimefon 125 EC
3
triadimenol Allitron, Bayfidan 250 EC, Triadimenol 250 EC, Tridim 250 EC 3
Trichoderma harzianum Vinevax Bio-Implants, Vinevax Wound Dressing unspecified
trifloxystrobin Flint 500 WG 11
zineb Zineb M3
ziram Ziragranz, Ziram DG, Ziram Granuflo M3
HERBICIDE
2,2-DPA-sodium (dalapon-sodium)
Atlapon, Dalapon 740 SP J
amitrole + ammonium thiocyanate
Amitrole T Q
amitrole + paraquat Alliance Q + L
bromoxynil + diflufenican
Barracuda, Colt, Cougar, Difluken B, Jaguar C + F
carfentrazone-ethyl Nail 240 EC, Spotlight Plus G
dichlobenil Casoron G O
diquat Desiquat, Diquat 200, Reglone L
diquat + paraquat Blowout, Brown Out 250, Di-Par 250, EOS, Kwicknock 250, Paraquat/Diquat, Paraquat + Diquat 250, Pre-Seed 250, Revolver, Scorcher 250, Speedy 250, Spray & Sow, Spray Out 250, Spray Seed 250, Spraykill 250, Uni-Spray 250
L + L
fluazifop-P Fusilade Forte, Fuzilier A
glufosinate-ammonium Basta, Biffo, Cease, Exile, Fiestar, Glufosinate 200 N
80
Appendixes
A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E 16
Active Constituent(s) Some registered productsActivity Group
from 2009
HERBICIDE (CONT.)
glyphosate-ipa AllOut 450, Banish 360, BioChoice 360, ClearUp Bio 360, ClearUp 450, Country Glyphosate 360, Envirospray 360, Eradicator 450, Eradicator 540, Gladiator, Gladiator Maximus, Glymount, Glyphos classic 450, Glyphosate 360, Glyphosate 450, Glyphosate 450 SL, Glyphosate 510, Glyphosate 510SL, Glyphosate CT, Ken-Up 450 CT, Ken-Up Aquatic 360, Ken-Up Gold 500, Knockout 450, Knockout Blow 510, Nugget, Pestmaster Aqua-Tech 360, Pestmaster CT, Raze, Ripper 480, Roundup, Roundup Biactive, RoundupCT, Sanos 360, Sanos 450, Sickle 540, SquareDown 360, Wipe-Out 360, Wipe-Out 450, Wipe-Out Bio
M
glyphosate-ipa + carfentrazone ethyl
Broadway M + G
glyphosate-ipa + mas Banish 360 Sync, Credit, Weedmaster Duo M + M
glyphosate-mas Bazooka Dry 800 SG, ClearUp 700 Bio-Dri, ClearUp 700 Dri Broadacre, ClearUp 840 Dry-Flo, Glyphos 700 SG, Glyphosate 680, Glyphosate 700, Glyphosate 700SG, Ken-Up Dry 680 WG, Nugget Dry 680 WG, Roundup Ready, Roundup Ready Plantshield
M
glyphosate-mea Clear Up 450 SL, Wipe-Out Plus M
glyphosate-potassium salt
Firebolt, Gladiator Optimax, Glyphosate 495 K Salt, Max Out 540, Roundup Attack, Roundup PowerMAX, Touchdown Hitech, Warlord 540 Hi-Load, Wipe-Out Accelerate
M
glyphosate-potassium salt + mas
Roundup DST M + M
haloxyfop-R methyl ester
Asset, Convict, Exert 520, Firepower, Haloxyfop 520, Haloxyfop 520 EC, Haloxyken 520, Hermes 520, Recon 520, Verdict 520
A
isoxaben Gallery 750 DF O
napropamide Devrinol WG K
norflurazon Zoliar DF F
oryzalin Cameo 500, Oryzalin 500, Prolan 500, Surflan 500 D
oxyfluorfen Cavalier, Convert 240 EC, Goal, GoalTender, Ox 240, Oxen, Oxyfan, Oxyfluorfen 240 EC , Point, Striker
G
paraquat Explode250, Gramoxone250, Nuquat 250, Para-Ken250, Para-Ken334, Paraquat 250, Paraquat 250 SL, Shirquat250, Sprayquat250, Spraytop250SL, Uniquat 250
L
pendimethalin Argo 440EC, Cyclone 330 EC, Fist 330, Panida Grande, Pendimethalin 330, Pendimethex, Rifle 330, Rifle 440, Stomp 440
D
pine oil BioWeed unspecified
quizalofop-P-ethyl Atomic Selective Herbicide, Elantra, Elantra Xtreme, Leopard, Quinella 100 EC, Quinella Upgrade, Quiz, Quizalofop-P-ethyl 200 EC, Sextant, Tiger
A
quizalofop-P-tefuryl Pantera A
simazine Gesatop 600 SC, Gesatop Granules 900 WG, Simagranz, Simanex 600 SC, Simanex 900 WG, SimaPhos 900, Simaquest 900 WG, Simazine 500, Simazine 500 Flowable, Simazine 500 SC, Simazine 900 DF, Simazine 900 WDG, Simazine 900 WG, Simazine 900DF, Simazine Hi-Load 600
C
AG
RO
CH
EM
ICA
LS
RE
GIS
TE
RE
D F
OR
US
E
81
17 A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E
Active Constituent(s) Some registered productsActivity Group
from 2009
HERBICIDE (CONT.)
trifluralin Tricon Flexi 480, Triflur X, Triflur Xcel, Trifluralin 480, Trifluralin 480 EC, Triflurasip 480, Trilogy, Uni-Try
D
INSECTICIDE
alpha-cypermethrin Alpha Duo 100, Alpha Duo 100 EC, Alpha Duop 100, Alpha Forte 250 SC, Alpha-Cyp 100 Duo, Alpha-Cyper 100 EC, Alpha-Cypermethrin 100, Alpha-Cypermethrin 100 EC, Alpha-Scud Elite, Astound Duo, Dictate Duo 100, Dominex Duo, Fastac Duo, Ken-Tac 100, Mascot Duo, Unitox 100EC
3A
azinphos-methyl Gusathion 200 SC 1B
Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai
Bacchus WG 11
Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki
BioCrystal Kurstaki, Delfin, DiPel DF 11
bifenthrin Arrow 100 EC, Astral 250 EC, Bifenthrin 100, Bifenthrin 100 EC, Bifentin, Choice BiFendoff 100, Disect 100 EC, Out of Bounds, Tal-Ken 100, Talstar 100 EC, Talstar 250 EC, Venom 100 EC
3A
buprofezin Applaud, Clap, Scale & Bug Insecticide 16
carbaryl Bugmaster Flowable, Carbaryl 500 Flowable, Cricket and Grasshopper Killer Bait
1A
chlorantraniliprole Altacor 28
chlorpyrifos Chlorpos, Chlorpyrifos 500, Chlorpyrifos 500 EC, Country Chlorpyrifos 500, Cyren 500 EC, Cyren 500 WP, Generifos 500 EC, Kensban 500, Lorsban 500 EC, Lorsban 750 WG, Strike-Out 500 EC, Strike-Out 500 WP, suSCon Green
1B
clothianidin Samurai (bare soil application only) 4A
copper complex Escar-Go unspecified
diazinon Country Diazinon 800, Diazinon 1B
dicofol Miti-Fol EC UN
emamectin Proclaim 6
esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha Flex 3A
etoxazole ParaMite 10B
fenamiphos Assassinator 400, Country Fenamiphos 400, Fenamiphos 400, Nemacur 400 1B
fenitrothion Fenitrothion 1000, Fenitrothion 1000 EC 1B
fipronil Albatross 200 SC, Amulet Cue-Lure, Regal 800, Regent 200SC 2B
indoxacarb Avatar 22A
iron EDTA complex Multiguard Snail and Slug Killer unspecified
maldison (malathion) Fyfanon 440 EW, Hy-Mal, Maldison 500 1B
metaldehyde Meta (pellets), Metarex Snail and Slug bait, Pestmaster Snail and Slug pellets, Slug Out (bait), Slugger Slug and Snail pellets
unspecified
82
Appendixes
A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E 18
Active Constituent(s) Some registered productsActivity Group
from 2009
INSECTICIDE (CONT.)
Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum
Green Guard SC, Green Guard SC Premium unspecified
methidathion Supracide 400, Suprathion 400 EC 1B
methiocarb Mesurol Snail and Slug Bait 1A
methomyl Electra 225, Lannate L, Marlin, Methomyl 225 1A
methoxyfenozide Prodigy 18
paraffinic oil Bioclear, BioPest, Trump Spray Oil unspecified
petroleum oil All Seasons White Oil, Caltex Summer Spray Oil, Caltex Winter Spray Oil, D-C-Tron Plus Spray Oil, Sacoa Summer Spray Oil, Stifle, Vicol Summer Oil, Vicol Winter Oil
unspecified
pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide
Py-Bo Natural Pyrethrum 3A
spinetoram Delegate 5
spinosad Naturalure Fruit Fly Bait Concentrate 5
sulfur, present as elemental or crystalline sulfur
Barmac Wettable Sulphur, Brysulf 800 WG, Chemtura Sulphur WG, Cosamil, Cosavet WG, David Grays Sulphur Spray, GranuSulf 800 WG, InnoSulph 800 WG, Kendon Sulphur, Kumulus DF, Microsul WG Elite, Microthiol Disperss, Notion, Rutec Sulfur, Stollers Flowable Sulphur, Sulfostar DF, Sulfur 800 WG, Sulgran WG, Thiovit Jet, Titan Sulphur 800 WG, Top Wettable Sulphur, Uni-Shield
M2
sulfur, present as polysulfide
Lime Sulphur M2
tetradecenyl acetate + tetradecadienyl acetate
Isomate LBAM Plus Pheromone unspecified
trichlorfon Dipterex 500 SL, Lepidex 500 1B
Trichogrammanza carverae
Trichogramma parasitic wasp unspecified
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
chlormequat Cycocel 77A unspecified
cyanamide Cyan, Dormex unspecified
ethephon Country Ethephon 480, Ethephon 720, Ethrel 720, K-Ethephon, Promote 720 unspecified
gibberellic acid Gala, Gibber, N-Large, ProGibb SG unspecified
methyl esters of fatty acids
Waiken unspecified
AG
RO
CH
EM
ICA
LS
RE
GIS
TE
RE
D F
OR
US
E
83
19 A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E
Chemical resistance management strategies
What is 'chemical resistance'? Chemical resistance is the inherited ability of an organism, be it a disease, weed or insect to survive doses of an agrochemical that would normally control it. Resistance may develop after frequent use of one chemical, or chemicals from the same activity group. Incorrect chemical use such as under or over dosing or application at the wrong time in the life cycle of the target can also promote resistance.
How does resistance develop? Any population might contain a very small number of individuals which are naturally able to survive the application of a particular chemical. If the same chemical, or chemicals from the same activity group are used repeatedly, and exclusively, the susceptible individuals continue to be removed, and those with natural resistance survive and multiply to essentially dominate the population. The chemistry then ‘fails’ in the field.
It has been observed in vineyards that despite several herbicides being used over a season, they are often applied at the same time each season. As such, the weed species peculiar to that time are treated with the same herbicide each year, therefore promoting resistance.
Resistance countering measures Manage unwanted pathogens, weeds and insects using non-chemical means when possible.
When using chemicals, get the most out of them by: timing them to when the target is most susceptible; using the correct dose; adding suitable adjuvants; and, applying when the conditions are right.
Minimise chemical selection pressure by not overusing chemicals from the same activity group.
CropLife Australia maintains Resistance Management Strategies for fungicides, insecticides and herbicides. These are available at www.croplifeaustralia.org.au.
Fungicide resistance status Resistance to fungicides is a serious problem worldwide and Australia has not been spared. Resistance to many of the commonly used fungicides now exists.
CropLife Australia incorporates two initiatives in fungicide resistance management which ensures the best control with least risk of developing resistance. These are:
1. All fungicides have been classified by activity group, which appears as a number or letter and number code on the fungicide product label; and
2. Strategies have been developed for the use of fungicides in crops where resistance by a particular organism is already evident or considered a risk. See following page.
The advice given in the CropLife strategies is valid at the time of going to print. Current versions of the strategy are available from the CropLife Australia website: www.croplifeaustralia.org.au.
84
Appendixes
A G R O C H E M I C A L S R E G I S T E R E D F O R U S E I N A U S T R A L I A N V I T I C U LT U R E 20
Grey mould (Botrytis bunch rot)
Fungicide activity groups: Group 2 (dicarboximide); Group 9 (anilinopyrimidine); Group 12 (phenylpyrroles); Group 17 (hydroxyanilide); Group 7 (carboxamide)
1. If three or fewer bunch rot sprays are applied in a season, use no more than one spray from the same fungicide group during the season, for any Group 2 or 9 (including combinations with Group 12), Group 17 or 7 fungicides.
2. If four or more bunch rot sprays are applied in a season, use no more than two sprays from the same fungicide group during the season, for any Group 2 or 9 (including combinations with Group 12), Group 17 or 7 fungicides.
3. DO NOT apply more than two consecutive sprays from the same fungicide group, for any Group 2 or 9 (including combinations with Group 12), or Group 17 fungicides, including from the end of one season to the start of the following season.
4. DO NOT apply consecutive sprays of Group 7 fungicides, including from the end of one season to the start of the following season.
5. Late season fungicide treatments should be applied before Botrytis infection reaches unacceptably high levels in the vineyard.
Downy mildew
Fungicide activity groups: Group 4 (phenylamide); Group 11 (quinone outside inhibitor); Group 40 (dimethomorph)
1. Start disease control sprays using a protectant or non-phenylamide fungicide and continue spraying at 7-21 days depending on disease pressure and rate of grapevine growth, typically when the shoots are 10 cm (E-L 12 stage) or longer.
2. When conditions favour disease development, apply two consecutive sprays of a Group 4 product. DO NOT apply more than two consecutive sprays of a Group 4 product. DO NOT apply more than four sprays of a Group 4 product per season.
3. DO NOT apply more than three consecutive sprays of a Group 40 fungicide, and no more than a total of six sprays per season.
4. DO NOT apply more than two sprays per season of Group 11 fungicides. If two consecutive applications of Group 11 fungicides are used, then they must be followed by at least the same number of applications of fungicide(s) from a different group(s), before a Group 11 fungicide is used again, either in the current or following season.
5. Apply Group 11 fungicides preventatively. 6. Apply a maximum of two consecutive applications in alternation with fungicides from a different MOA group with
satisfactory efficacy against the target pathogen/s.
Powdery mildew
Fungicide activity groups: Group 3 (DMI); Group 5 (amine); Group 7 (carboxamide); Group 11 (quinone outside inhibitor); Group 13 (quinoline), Group U8 (actin inhibitor)
1. DO NOT apply more than two consecutive sprays of a Group 3 fungicide.DO NOT apply more than three Group 3 sprays per season.DO NOT use Group 3 fungicides curatively.
2. DO NOT apply more than two consecutive sprays of a Group 5 fungicide.DO NOT apply more than three Group 5 sprays per season.
3. DO NOT apply consecutive sprays of Group 7 fungicides, including from the end of one season to the start of the following season. DO NOT apply more than four Group 7 sprays per season.
4. Apply Group 11 and other systemic fungicides preventatively.5. DO NOT apply more than two sprays per season of Group 11 fungicides.6. Where Group 11 products have been routinely used for many seasons, field research indicates there is an increased
risk of powdery mildew resistance to Group 11 fungicides occurring. To ensure continued protection against powdery mildew in these circumstances, either abstain from using Group 11s or mix Group 11 fungicides with a registered rate of a compound from an alternative chemical group for the control of powdery mildew in grapes.
7. Alternatively, if applied alone, Group 11 fungicides should be used in strict alternation with fungicides from an alternative chemical group for the control of powdery mildew.
8. DO NOT apply more than two consecutive sprays of a Group 13 fungicide.DO NOT apply more than three Group 13 sprays per season.
RE
SI
ST
AN
CE
M
AN
AG
EM
EN
T
85
World Class Research Facilities
Expertise in Vine to Wine and Consumer Research
Integrated and Comprehensive Research Programs Helping to lead the Australian Wine Industry in the 21st Century
National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, McKeown Drive Wagga Wagga NSW 2678
www.nwgic.org, [email protected]
86
Notes
87
Notes
88
The proven power trio against powdery mildew
EARLY
GROWING SEASON
MID
LATE
BCH0405
www.bayercropscience.com.au
Bayer CropScience Pty Ltd ABN 87 000 226 022, 391–393 Tooronga Road, Hawthorn East, Vic 3123Technical Enquiries: 1800 804 479 [email protected]®, Flint® and Bayfidan® are registered trademarks of the Bayer Group
Powdery mildew can have a devastating impact
on the value of both table and wine grapes. Our powerful trio of
fungicides provides the foundation for a cost-effective control program right
through the season. To find out more, visit our website or contact your local
Bayer CropScience representative.
For further information please call the Syngenta Technical Product Advice Line on 1800 067 108 or visit our website at www.syngenta.com.au. The information contained in this document is believed to be accurate. No responsibility is accepted in respect of this information, save those non-excludable conditions implied by any Federal or State legislation or law of a Territory. ® Registered trademark of a Syngenta Group Company. AD13/569 SYN0042/VG.
Support your vines with Syngenta’s proven performers.
Syngenta’s viticulture products are the pick of the bunch.
Featuring smart technology and proven chemistry, the Syngenta
viticulture range manages disease and insect damage more
effectively, which helps you produce a more successful harvest.
Talk to your local distributor today about Syngenta’s solutions.
SYN0042_VG_297x210-v03.indd 1 3/07/13 3:23 PM
1207
3
Grap
evine m
anag
emen
t gu
ide 2
01
3–1
4