GrapevineGrapevine propagationpropagation material material movementmovementand and relatedrelated phytosanitaryphytosanitary rulesrules in the EUin the EU

Carlo Carlo FrausinFrausinPlantPlant ProtectionProtection Service Service ofof Friuli Venezia Giulia Friuli Venezia Giulia RegionRegion –– ITALYITALY

ACTION FA0807Integrated Management of PhytoplasmaEpidemics in Different Crop Systems

ACTION FA1003East-West Collaboration for GrapevineDiversity Exploration and Mobilization ofAdaptive Traits for Breeding

Phytoplasmas and viruses management in Grapevine Collections forGermplasm Conservation, Mobilization and Evaluation

SOFIA SOFIA -- 8 May, 20128 May, 2012

GrapevineGrapevine propagationpropagation material material movementmovement and and relatedrelated

phytosanitaryphytosanitary rulesrules in the EUin the EU

Targets of the presentationTargets of the presentation

Understanding bases and goals of Understanding bases and goals of phytosanitaryphytosanitary rules related to grapevine rules related to grapevine germplasmgermplasm movementmovement Assessing current quarantine Assessing current quarantine

phytosanitaryphytosanitary procedures procedures Suggesting possible updatingSuggesting possible updating

Preventing introduction and spread of Preventing introduction and spread of harmful organismsharmful organisms

Promoting safe tradePromoting safe trade

Promoting adequate control measuresPromoting adequate control measures

GOALS: FAO - December 1951; Includes 170 CountriesIncludes 170 Countries

SPS Agreement SPS Agreement Risk assessmentRisk assessment

MembersMembers havehave the right the right toto take take phytosanitaryphytosanitarymeasuresmeasures necessarynecessary forfor the the protectionprotection ofof plantplantlife or life or healthhealth..

Measures must be based on:Measures must be based on: StandardsStandards, Guidelines and Recommendations , Guidelines and Recommendations

(IPPC);(IPPC); Scientifically based risk analysis/assessmentScientifically based risk analysis/assessment

(Art. 2: (Art. 2: Basic Rights and Obligations Basic Rights and Obligations -- Art. 5: Art. 5: Assessment of Assessment of Risk and Determination of the Appropriate Level of Sanitary or Risk and Determination of the Appropriate Level of Sanitary or PhytosanitaryPhytosanitary ProtectionProtection –– Annex A: Definitions)Annex A: Definitions)

DirectiveDirective 2000/29/EC 2000/29/EC ofof the the EuropeanEuropean CouncilCouncil(Dir. 77/93/CEE)(Dir. 77/93/CEE)

protectiveprotective measuresmeasures againstagainst the the introductionintroductionintointo the Community the Community ofof organismsorganisms harmfulharmful totoplantsplants or or plantplant productsproducts and and againstagainst theirtheirspread spread withinwithin the Community.the Community.

providesprovides:: RegulatedRegulated plantsplants, , plantplant productsproducts and and regulatedregulated

quarantine quarantine organismsorganisms withinwithin EU;EU; CriteriaCriteria forfor the the movementmovement ofof plantsplants and and plantplant

productsproducts in EU and in EU and ThirdThird CountriesCountries

VitisVitis L.L.in in DirectiveDirective 2000/29/EC 2000/29/EC ofof the the EuropeanEuropean CouncilCouncil

AnnexAnnex III, part A, no. 15 III, part A, no. 15 Import Import isis prohibitedprohibited fromfromThirdThird CountriesCountries

AnnexAnnex I, part A, I, part A, SectSect. I . I -- D), D), pointpoint 55HARMFUL ORGANISMS WHOSE INTRODUCTION HARMFUL ORGANISMS WHOSE INTRODUCTION INTO, AND SPREAD WITHIN, ALL MEMBER INTO, AND SPREAD WITHIN, ALL MEMBER STATES SHALL BE BANNEDSTATES SHALL BE BANNED

5. Viruses and virus-like organisms of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L., such as:

a) Blueberry leaf mottle virus b) Cherry rasp leaf virus (American) c) Peach mosaic virus (American) d) Peach phony rickettsia e) Peach rosette mosaic virus f) Peach rosette mycoplasm g) Peach X-disease mycoplasm h) Peach yellows mycoplasm i) Plum line pattern virus (American) j) Raspberry leaf curl virus (American) k) Strawberry latent «C» virus l) Strawberry vein banding virus m) Strawberry witches' broom mycoplasm n) Non-European viruses and virus-like organisms of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria

L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. e Vitis L.

PM 1/2(20) EPPO A1 AND A2 LISTS OF PESTS

RECOMMENDED FOR REGULATION AS QUARANTINE PESTS

lists of pests whose regulation is relevant forthe whole of, or large parts of, the EPPO region

1. List of A1 pests (not present in the EPPO region).

2. List of A2 pests (present in the EPPO regionbut not widely distributed. I.e. absent from or not widely distributed in endangered areas in certain countries, where they are thereforesubject to official control).

(First lists approved 1975)

…it is possible to interrogate the database to obtain specific lists of pests, bystipulating the host species, the commodity, and the countries of interest.

Quarantine Quarantine pestspests forfor whichwhich VitisVitis viniferavinifera isis a a hosthost

MajorMajor GrapevineGrapevine flavescenceflavescence dordorééee phytoplasmaphytoplasma LobesiaLobesia botranabotrana ViteusViteus vitifoliaevitifoliae XylellaXylella fastidiosafastidiosa XylophilusXylophilus ampelinusampelinus GrapevineGrapevine flavescenceflavescence dordorééee phytoplasmaphytoplasma

((asas VitisVitis))

MinorMinor AleurocanthusAleurocanthus woglumiwoglumi HyphantriaHyphantria cuneacunea PhymatotrichopsisPhymatotrichopsis omnivoraomnivora ViteusViteus vitifoliaevitifoliae ((asas VitisVitis)) XylellaXylella fastidiosa (fastidiosa (asas VitisVitis)) XylophilusXylophilus ampelinusampelinus ((asas VitisVitis)) AleurocanthusAleurocanthus woglumiwoglumi ((asas woodywoody plantsplants)) AnastrephaAnastrepha fraterculusfraterculus ((asas fruitfruit treestrees)) AnastrephaAnastrepha ludensludens ((asas fruitfruit treestrees)) AnastrephaAnastrepha suspensasuspensa ((asas fruitfruit treestrees)) BactroceraBactrocera dorsalisdorsalis ((asas fruitfruit treestrees)) BactroceraBactrocera tryonitryoni ((asas fruitfruit treestrees)) CeratitisCeratitis capitata (capitata (asas fruitfruit treestrees)) HyphantriaHyphantria cunea (cunea (asas woodywoody plantsplants)) LymantriaLymantria dispardispar ((asas fruitfruit treestrees)) LymantriaLymantria monachamonacha ((asas woodywoody plantsplants)) PlanococcusPlanococcus lilacinuslilacinus ((asas fruitfruit treestrees))

UnclassifiedUnclassified OtiorhynchusOtiorhynchus sulcatussulcatus PhakosporaPhakospora euvitiseuvitis TetranychusTetranychus pacificuspacificus

IncidentalIncidental FrankliniellaFrankliniella occidentalisoccidentalis TrogodermaTrogoderma granariumgranarium AleurocanthusAleurocanthus woglumiwoglumi ((asas VitisVitis)) CeroplastesCeroplastes destructordestructor ((asas woodywoody plantsplants))

Wild/Wild/WeedWeed XylellaXylella fastidiosa (fastidiosa (asas woodywoody plantsplants))

….…….………..

LowYESNOYESMelanoseSeptoriaampelina

Low?NONO(YES Ukraine)

FungiSpotted necrosis

Rhacodiella vitis

Low-EffectiveYESNO(YES Turkey and

Russia)

YESFungiRot-Brenner

disease

Pseudopezizatracheiphla

Low-EffectiveYESNO (?)YESFungiGrapevine black

rot

Guignardiabidwellii

EffectiveNONO(YES Turkey)

YESFungiEutypa lata

Low-EffectiveYESYESYESFungiGrapevine white

rot

Conielladiploidiella

EffectiveNONO(YES Turkey)

YESBacteria(crown galldisease)

Agrobacteriumtumefaciens

highNONOYESBacteriaBacterial blight

Xylophilusampelinus

Very highNONONOBacteriaPierce’s disease

Xylellafastidiosa

Potential economic impact

efficient control methods available

Present in Central Asia and Caucasus

Present in EUDescriptionHarmful organism

……..

LowYESNONOTephritidaeFruit fly

Bactrocera tryoni, B. invadens

LowYESNONOAleyrodidaeBlue-grey fly

Aleurocanthuswoglumi

LowYESNONOCitrus codling moth -

polyphagusTortricidae

Thaumatotibialeucotreta

LowYESNONOCotton mealybugPhenacoccussolenopsis

LowYESYESYESGrapevine phylloxera

Daktulosphairavitifoliae

Low - effectiveYESNONOJapanese beetlePopillia japonica

EffectiveYESYESYESWhite Peach scale

Pseudococcuscomstocki

EffectiveYESNONOGroun pearlsRoots scale

Margarodes prieskaensis, M. vitis, M. vredendalensis

Potential economic impact

efficient control methods available

Present in Central Asia and Caucasus

Present in EUDecriptionHarmful organism

Harmful organism Present in EU Present in Central Asia and Caucasus

efficient vector known Economic impact

Ajinashika disease NO NO none Low (affecting only cv.

Koshu) Grapevine stunt NO ? Leafhopper

Arboridia apicalis significant

Summer mottle NO NO NO Low

Blueberry leaf mottle virus

YES (Bulgaria, Hungary,

Portugal)

NO NO (pollen / bees??)

Low (Bulgarian latent

strain:no sympom) Grapevine Flavescence dorèe and other GY

YES (Austria, France, Italy,

Slovenija, Spain)

NO Leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus

Very high

Peach rosette mosaic virus

NO NO Xiphinema americanum (Not present in UE)

Low

Tobacco ringspot virus

YES Wide range of hosts

YES (?) Xiphinema americanum (Not present in UE)

Thrips tabaci , others (?)

Low

Tomato ringspot virus

(“Yellow vein” and other strains)

YES

(restricted in Bulgaria, rare in other EU

Countries

YES

(only Turkey, Iran)

Xiphinema americanum (Not present in UE)

Low

Viteus vitifoliaeGeorgia

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Russia

Turkey

Cut flowers or branches

Plants forplanting

CommissionCommission DirectiveDirective2008/61/EC2008/61/EC CommissionCommission DirectiveDirective 2008/61/EC 2008/61/EC ofof

1717 JuneJune 2008 2008 establishingestablishing the the conditionsconditionsunder under whichwhich certaincertain harmfulharmful organismsorganisms, , plantsplants, , plantplant productsproducts and and otherother objectsobjectslistedlisted in in AnnexesAnnexes I I toto V V toto CouncilCouncil DirectiveDirective2000/29/EC 2000/29/EC maymay bebe introducedintroduced intointo or or movedmoved withinwithin the Community or the Community or certaincertainprotectedprotected zoneszones thereofthereof, , forfor trial or trial or scientificscientific purposespurposes and and forfor work on work on varietalvarietal selectionsselections

CommissionCommission DirectiveDirective 2008/61/EC2008/61/EC

AuthorizationAuthorization proceduresprocedures set up set up byby NPPONPPO ComplianceCompliance withwith technicaltechnical standardsstandards ((AnnexAnnex I)I) appropriate documentary evidence regarding the place of

origin of the material; PhytosanitaryPhytosanitary Certificate Certificate withwith specificspecific AdditionalAdditional DeclarationDeclaration

Certificato Certificato regardingregarding 2008/61/EC;2008/61/EC; material is held under quarantine containment conditions

during introduction or movement. NPPO NPPO surveillancesurveillance on on compliancecompliance ofof quarantine quarantine

measuresmeasures adoptedadopted throughout the duration of the activities, by examination of the premises and activitiesat appropriate times; ReleaseRelease / / destructiondestruction

CommissionCommission DirectiveDirective 2008/61/EC2008/61/ECANNEX I ANNEX I -- AuthorizationAuthorization proceduresprocedures

GENERAL CONDITIONSGENERAL CONDITIONS trial or scientific (non-commercial) purposes ofof

authorizedauthorized activitiesactivities ComplianceCompliance ofof premisespremises and and facilitiesfacilities;; QuantityQuantity ofof materialmaterial adequateadequate toto approvedapproved

activitiesactivities and and availableavailable quarantine quarantine facilitiesfacilities scientific and technical qualifications of the

personnel by whom the activities are to beundertaken

CommissionCommission DirectiveDirective 2008/61/EC2008/61/ECANNEX I ANNEX I -- AuthorizationAuthorization proceduresprocedures

EvaluationEvaluation ofof::materialsmaterials, , premisespremises and and activitiesactivities;;pestpest biologybiology, , possiblepossible spread spread pathwayspathways, , interactioninteraction withwith the the environmentenvironment

PremisesPremises and and facilitiesfacilitiesensureensure:: PestPest containmentcontainment and and exclusionexclusion ofof the the riskrisk ofof

spreadspread

CommissionCommission DirectiveDirective 2008/61/EC2008/61/ECANNEX IANNEX I

PremisesPremises and and facilitiesfacilities -- ControlControl ofof:: IsolationIsolation RegulatedRegulated AccessAccess InternalInternal activityactivity traceabilitytraceability SafetySafety and and alarmalarm systemssystems HygeneHygene and and disinfectiondisinfection proceduresprocedures in in activityactivity

managementmanagement AnalysisAnalysis and and indexingindexing proceduresprocedures DisposalDisposal OtherOther specificspecific measuresmeasures dependingdepending on on harmfulharmful

organismsorganisms

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES

ISPM 34

DESIGN AND OPERATION OF POST-ENTRY QUARANTINE STATIONS FOR PLANTS

(2010)

ISPM 34

1. General Requirements for PEQ Stations2. Specific Requirements for PEQ Stations Location2.2 Physical requirements2.3 Operational requirements2.3.1 Staff requirements2.3.2 Technical and operational procedures2.3.3 Record-keeping2.4 Diagnosis and removal of quarantine pests or vectors2.5 Audit of PEQ stations3. Completion of PEQ ProcessAPPENDIX 1: Requirements for PEQ stations

CommissionCommission DirectiveDirective 2008/61/EC2008/61/ECOfficialOfficial releaserelease

ReleaseRelease fromfrom QuarantineQuarantine followingfollowing

QuarantineQuarantine Appropriate Appropriate teststests statingstating thatthat the material the material isis

free free fromfrom ANY HARMFUL ORGANISMANY HARMFUL ORGANISM notnot yetyetpresentpresent in the EU.in the EU.

(art. 2, pt. 4 Dir. 2008/61/EC: (art. 2, pt. 4 Dir. 2008/61/EC: ““The details of suchquarantine measures shall be completed and inserted in Annex III to this Directive once the necessary technical information is available”

CommissionCommission DirectiveDirective 2008/61/EC2008/61/ECANNEX IIIANNEX III

QUARANTINE MEASURESQUARANTINE MEASURES INCLUDING TESTING INCLUDING TESTING ON ON PLANTSPLANTS, PLANT PRODUCTS AND OTHER , PLANT PRODUCTS AND OTHER

OBJECTSOBJECTSINTENDED FOR RELEASE FROM QUARANTINEINTENDED FOR RELEASE FROM QUARANTINE

SectSect. III, . III, Plants of Vitis L., other than fruits

““1. 1. The plant material shall be subjected toappropriate therapy procedures, as laid down in FAO/IBPGR Technical Guidelines””

““FAO / IBPGR FAO / IBPGR TechnicalTechnical GuidelinesGuidelines forforthe SAFE MOVEMENT OF the SAFE MOVEMENT OF GRAPEVINE GERMPLASMGRAPEVINE GERMPLASM”” editededited byby E.A. E.A. FrisonFrison and and R.IkinR.Ikin Food and AgricoltureOrganization of the Food and AgricoltureOrganization of the

UnitedUnited NationsNations International Board International Board forfor PlantPlant GeneticGenetic

ResourcesResources International International CouncilCouncil forfor the the studystudy of of

virusesviruses and and virusesviruses dieasesdieases of the of the grapevinegrapevine

(Ed. (Ed. E.AE.A. . FrisonFrison and R. and R. IkinIkin, 1991), 1991)

FAO / IBPGR FAO / IBPGR TechnicalTechnical GuidelinesGuidelines forfor the the SAFE MOVEMENT OF GRAPEVINE SAFE MOVEMENT OF GRAPEVINE GERMPLASMGERMPLASM””

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONSGENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONSTECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS CollectingCollecting and and movementmovement ofof seedsseeds CollectingCollecting and and movementmovement ofof cuttingscuttings CollectingCollecting and and movementmovement ofof in vitro in vitro culturescultures movementmovement ofof pollenpollen

THERAPY AND INDEXING STRATEGIESTHERAPY AND INDEXING STRATEGIES

FAO/IBPGRGrapevine – therapy and indexing strategy for cuttings

Dormant cuttings Green cuttings

Establishment

DormancyHOT WATERTREATMENT

THERAPYSHORT TERMINDEXING

LONG TERMINDEXING

RELEASE

DESTRUCTIONneg

negPos.

Pos

FAO/IBPGRGrapevine – therapy and indexing strategy for cuttings

CRITICAL POINTS:CRITICAL POINTS:1.1. INDEXING THROUGH GRAFTING ON INDEXING THROUGH GRAFTING ON

INDICATOR PLANTSINDICATOR PLANTS-- COSTSCOSTS-- TIMETIME

2.2. HOT WATER THERMOTHERAPYHOT WATER THERMOTHERAPY-- NOT FULLY EFFECTIVENOT FULLY EFFECTIVE-- IMPACT ON ENDOPHYTESIMPACT ON ENDOPHYTES-- IMPACT ON GRAPEVINE PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION IMPACT ON GRAPEVINE PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION

(?)(?)

HotHot--waterwater treatment:treatment: effecteffect on fungi on fungi detectionsdetections

L.Casieri, V.Hofstetter, O.Viret, P.-H.Dubuis et K.Gindro - 2009

(D. Bulgari et al., 2011)

Relations between Endophytic communities and Phytosanitary status

IsIs itit possiblepossible a a newnew quarantine quarantine strategystrategy??

1. 1. FieldField controlscontrols on on mothermother plantplant at the at the placeplace ofofproduction, in appropriate timing;production, in appropriate timing;

2. 2. SelectionSelection ((exclusionexclusion ofof allall symptomaticsymptomatic vinesvines););3. 3. ELISA / PCR ELISA / PCR teststests forfor grapevinegrapevine knownknown harmfulharmful

pathogenspathogens (positive statement in (positive statement in phytosanitaryphytosanitary certificate)certificate)

4. 4. CollectingCollecting woodywoody canescanes5. 5. DippingDipping inin appropriate appropriate insecticideinsecticide and and fungicidefungicide (?)(?)6. 6. ConsignmentConsignment withwith appropriate appropriate PhytosanitaryPhytosanitary

Certificate Certificate ((specificspecific additionaladditional declarationdeclaration))

A. PRE-SHIPPING CONTROLS

a a newnew quarantine quarantine strategystrategy

7. 7. ArrivalArrival in in ““Post Entry Quarantine StationPost Entry Quarantine Station””,, under under officialofficial controlcontrol byby NPPO;NPPO;

8. 8. VisualVisual TestingTesting ((insectsinsects, , mitesmites, , epyphyticepyphytic bacteriabacteria and and fungi);fungi);

9. 9. DetectingDetecting, , isolationisolation and and identificationidentification ofof epiphyticepiphyticbacteriabacteria and fungi (and fungi (e.d.e.d. BiologBiolog))

10. 10. ELISAELISA or or RTRT--PCRPCR ((forfor relevantrelevant grapevinegrapevine harmfulharmfulvirusesviruses, , phitoplasmasphitoplasmas on on dormantdormant cuttingscuttings););

11. (11. (benchbench) ) graftinggrafting on appropriate on appropriate rootstockrootstock12. Production 12. Production ofof rootedrooted plantsplants

B. POST-ENTRY CONTROLS

a a newnew quarantine quarantine strategystrategy

13.13. FieldField plantingplanting (in (in isolatedisolated conditionsconditions? ? EvaluationEvaluation ofof vectorvector’’s s presencepresence))

14.14. MonitoringMonitoring duringduring experimentalexperimental activityactivity

B. POST-ENTRY CONTROLS

a a newnew quarantine quarantine strategystrategy

EnvironmentalEnvironmental sequencingsequencing ((MetagenomicsMetagenomics + + BLASTBLAST analysisanalysis or or similarsimilar) ) toto determinedeterminepresencepresence ofof harmfulharmful organismsorganisms notnot yetyet presentpresentin EU .in EU .

PestPest RiskRisk AnalysisAnalysis ((forfor PestsPests))

FurtherFurther specificspecific teststests forfor tradetrade purposespurposes ((seesee PM 4/8(2) EPPO PM 4/8(2) EPPO ““PathogenPathogen--testedtested

material material ofof grapevinegrapevine varietiesvarieties and and rootstocksrootstocks””))

C. FINAL TESTS for OFFICIAL RELEASE

Da: F. Del Zan; O. Failla; A. Scienza, 2004

Da: F. Del Zan; O. Failla; A. Scienza, 2009

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Illegal import of Vitis L. plants in EU 2007-2011 - Interceptions

Source: Europhyt

86

4 16

1 3 1 1 1 2 10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

TURKEY

AZERBAIJAN

ARMENIA

SERBIA - CROATIA

- FYROM

LEBANON

GIORDANIA

SYRIA ARAB REP.

EGYPT

TAHILAND

UNITED STATES

SOUTH AFRICA

Illegal import of Vitis plants in EU - 2011

Intercepted….

Notintercepted…???