GRAPHS and CHARTS IN PEDIATRICS

DR MANDAR HAVALD.C.H. D.N.B

GENETICS

A - Cheyne-Stokes: may follow diffuse cortical injury, but more often reflects bilateral thalamic injury.B - Central neurogenic hyperventilation: pontomesencephalic regionC - Apneustic: lateral tegmentum of the lower half of the ponsD - Ataxic (Biot’s): lower dorsomedial medulla

LIGHT REFLEX

ACCOMADATION REFLEX

CAPNOGRAM

CAPNOGRAM

CAPNOGRAM

CAPNOGRAM

SPIROMETER TRACE

Image of flow-volume curves.

AUDIOMETRY

Conductive hearing loss

SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS

FOREST PLOT

• Forest plot (forest plot shows information from individual studies that went into meta-analysis at a glance. They show the amount of variation between the studies and an estimate of the overall result.

• Each square symbol represents a study contributing to metanalysis and the area of square corresponds to the weight of the corresponding study to the metaanalysis.

• The horizontal line through the square shows the confidence interval. The solid vertical line represents no effect.

• The diamond represents the overall estimate from the meta-analysis.

• The centre of diamond represents the pooled point estimate and the horizontal tips represent the confidence interval.

SCATTER PLOTS

(a) 'shotgun' scatter, with low correlation, (b) strong positive correlation, (c) strong negative correlation, (d) and (e) low correlation, with very little change in one variable compared with the other, (f) this scatter would generate a spurious high correlation because of the effect of the five points enclosed by the shaded area

'BOX AND WHISKER'

Cardiac pressure/volume loop corners:A) Mitral valve closesB) Aortic valve opensC) Aortic valve closesD) Mitral valve opens

Pulse Waveform

Pulse Waveform

BERA TEST

1. Cochlear nerves - waves I and II2. Cochlear nucleus - wave III3. Superior olivary complex - wave IV4. Nulclei of lateral lemniscus - wave V5. Inferior colliculus - waves VI and VII

TABLE I : CRITERIA FOR PASSING APPETITE TESTBody weight Minimum amount of RUTF(kg) to be consumed for passing the Appetite Test (mL or grams)>4 154 –6.9 257 –9.9 3510 –14.9 50

SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION

Calculation of Target Height and Target Height Centile. Measure the parent’s heights and make a note of their heights on the chart. Calculate the child’s target height (TH) and plot it at 18 years and mark it with an arrow on the growth chart. This represents the child’s projected height and the target range is produced by plotting two points 7.5 cms above and below for a boy and 6 cm above and below for a girl (representing the 10th and the 90th centile for that child). In the example shown above, the 50th percentile for the general population is the 90th centile for the child measured andthe 10th centile for the child is below the 10th centile for the population.

Source: Cowell CT. Short Stature. In: Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology, 3rd edn. Ed. Brook CGD. London, Blackwell Science,1995; pp 136-172.

Principles of Development Cephalo → Caudal Proximal → Distal Simple → Complex General → Specific Involuntary → Voluntary Continuous Sequence same, Rate varies Maturation AND Environment

VENTURI MASK

THANK YOU