graphene-based biosensors
TRANSCRIPT
OverviewNature Nanotechnology, January 2011
What is Graphene?
G-properties/Superlatives/Applications
Producing Graphene/SynthesisGraphene based Biosensors
Graphene’s patent trend and battle for market space
Conclusion
Tall graphite mine,
near Seathwaite, UK.
Oldest surviving pencil circa 17th Cent.
▪ It is a single layer of Graphite (pure crystaline carbon)
▪ Graphite was discovered in 1564 at Seathwaite
(Borrowdale), Northumberland
What is graphene?
▪ It is a single layer of Graphite (pure crystaline carbon)
▪ Graphite was discovered in 1564 at Seathwaite (Borrowdale), Northumberland
▪ ‘Graphene’ was first isolated in the lab by Professor Andre Geim with former student Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester, England in 2004
2010 Nobel Prize for “groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”
(Both were later Knighted, twice)
What is graphene?Pr
. And
re K
. Gei
m
Pr. K
osty
a N
ovos
elov
Graphene Superlatives thinnest imaginable and strongest material ever measured
stiffest known material (stiffer than diamond)
most stretchable crystal (up to 20% elastically)
record thermal conductivity (outperforming diamond)
highest current density at room T (million times of those in copper)
highest intrinsic mobility (100 times more than in Si)
conducts electricity in the limit of no electrons
Good for flexible, wearable devices
It is transparent: One atom-thick layer sheet absorbs ~2.3% visible light (πα).
most impermeable (even He atoms cannot squeeze through)
……?
Graphene properties Morphological
Surface area – 1gr = 2630 m2 Aspect ratio varies – typically 2 for solvent exfoliation
Optical Transparent to light (97.7 %) and electrons
Mechanical Stiffness = 1 Tpa Strength = 130 GPa
Chemical Easily functionalised Processable
Tremendous applications…
Healthcare
Aerospace & defence
Electronics, optoelectronics and semi-conductors
Energy Storage
Automotive
Plastics, composites
sensors
coating, packaging and paints
telecommunications
15%
27%19%
17%
12%
3%2%2%
3%
Nanoscale, 2015, 7, 4598–4810
How to make graphene
Production by removing elements from a large
starting material.
Assembly of a nanostructure from smaller elements.
Producing Graphene
Nanoscale, 2015, 7, 4598–4810
Mechanical Electrical conductivity
Optical Permeability Thermal Surface area Biocompatibility
CVDgraphene
Platelets
GO
Structural composites
• Rollable epaper• Foldable OLED display• Touch screen
Conductive ink• Packaging• Toys • Smart items
Conductive layer• Solar cells/PV • Smart windows
Electromagnetic shield coating or
composites
Barrier coating• Anti corrosion in
structure• Food packaging
Ultra fast laser
• Wound dressing management
• Biomaterials for regenerative medicine
• ‘smart’ biomaterials• Drug delivery• Medical devices• Scaffold for tissue
engineeringElectrodes for batteries and
super-capacitors
Chemical sensors
Electromagnetic shield layer
Barrier coating for cupper connects in
electronics
‘smart’ hydrogels
composites for contact
lenses
Conductive filler for hydrogel composites
• Drug delivery systems• Regenerative medicine• Tissue engineering
Heat sink for semi-
conductors
HealthcareAerospace, defencePackagingElectronicsSensorsCompositesEnergy storage
Membranes• Solvent/gas purification• Separation/dessalination
Conductive filler for composites
Additive for heat
dissipation in polymers
Biosensors
Graphene-based Biosensors Graphene-based Electrochemical Biosensors
Excellent electrochemical behaviors of graphene Promising electrode materials in electroanalysis High electrocatalyst activity toward H2O2 The graphene film accelerates the electrodic reaction A high background current is observed due to the large surface
area of graphene. Electrodes have more uniform distribution of electrochemically
active sites. Graphene: 2D structure: very efficient in detecting adsorbed
molecules
Graphene-based Optical Biosensors
Low cross-sensitivity Long life & lower contamination sensitivity Detecting biomolecules optically using graphene by attaching a
fluorophore (exhibit different photophysical properties because of its interaction with carbon)
(a) Response of sensor film to various concentrations of BSA. (b): Equilibrium analysis of binding of anti-BSA protein to a high-affinity
BSA protein.
Biosensor chip using an immunoassay method for detecting a protein using a gold binding. (a) Conventional SPR chip and (b) GOS film-based SPR chip
Chiu et al., Graphene oxide-based SPR biosensor chip for immunoassay applications, Nanoscale Research Letters 2014, 9:445.
Graphene-based Biosensors Graphene-based DNA Biosensors
High sensitivity, high selectivity & low cost for the detection of selected DNA sequence or mutated genes associated with human disease
Providing a simple, accurate and inexpensive platform of patien diagnosis
20- S. Liu et al., Self-assembled graphene platelet–glucose oxidase nanostructures for glucose biosensing, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 26 (2011)
4491–4496.
Graphene-based Biosensors Research groups and companiesResearch Group/Lab Research Interests Country
National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester
Nanomaterials, Graphene plasmonics, Graphene bio-sensing, Graphene bio-catalysis and Grapehene bio-energy
U.K
Graphene Research Laboratory (The Hong group), Seoul National University
Nanomaterials Synthesis, nanoanalysis, Graphene-based sensors
South Korea
The Walter Schottky Institut (WSI) - Garrido Group, TUM
Graphene Biosensors, Carbon nanotubes Germany
James M Tour Group, Rice University
Graphene for Various Applications USA
Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, The Catalan Institute of Nanotechnology (ICN)
Graphene, Graphene-based biosensing, nanoparticle-based lab-on-a-chip system, Nanomaterials
Spain
Yuanbo Zhang Group, Fudan University
Graphene, Quantum Transport in Graphene China
Ajayan Research Group, Rice University
Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, 2D and 3D materials USA
Graphene Centre at Chalmers, Chalmers University of Technology
Graphene Spintronics, Graphene-based TeraHertz Electronics
Sweden
Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge
Science and technology of graphene, Hybrid nanomaterials
U.K
Losic Group, University of Adelaide Graphene based composites, Graphene for biomedical applications: drug delivery and imaging
Australia
The Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Graphene Composites, Graphene electrodes, Graphene transistors
Germany
Craighead Group, Cornell University
Graphene based biosensors, nanotechnology USA
Bolotin research group, Vanderbilt University
Graphene, Nanoscale electronics USA
Nam Group, University of Inninois Graphene Nanoelectronic Biomaterials USA
Compnay Location Main activities
Graphene Frontiers (spun off from the University of Pennsylvania)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Graphene field effect transistor (GFET) based chemical and biosensors
AMO GmBH Aachen, Germany
Biochips based on fluorescence techniques, graphene-based photodetectors.
Calevia Montreal, QC, Canada
graphene-based cancer thermal treatment platform
Graphene Sensors Inc. Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaChai Wan, Hong Kong, China
Ultrasensitive biosensor made from the wonder material grapheme uses to detect molecules that indicate an increased risk of developing cancer
2-DTech Manchester, UK
Prototyping of graphene based devices and characterisation service
Graphene’s patent trend and battle for market space
22- Graphene: The worldwide patent landscape in 2015, UK Intellectual Property Office, 2015.
Concept Development – focus is on a) increasing the technology development TRL – manufacturing scale up, characterisation and measurement, b) experiment with the art of the
possible future applications and concepts and c) provide inputs to Concept Development.
Value creation through the
delivery of Product or via the
Integration of Complex Systems
Technology/Capability Demonstration
Programmes – focused on increasing the SRL to
de-risk and showcase next generation
products and applications
Route to Commercialisation
Technology Readiness Level
Syst
em R
eadi
ness
Lev
el
Uni
vers
itiy
Uni
vers
ity Incu
batio
n
Indu
stry
1 9
9
End
Use
r-
Prog
ram
me
&
Prod
uct
Del
iver
y
Appl
icati
on- S
uppl
y Ch
ain
Academia
Concept Development
Material Supply Chain
Technology/Capability Demonstration
Programmes
Conclusion The possibility to detect and characterize a single cell or very
lowly expressed biomolecules makes Graphen-based biosensors among the most promising tools for efficient translational, integrative, regenerative and personalized medicine
Future targets are the development of graphene-based biosensor devices on a flexible substrates
Investing in graphene: discover the next big thing
Graphene Valley?
Concept for an artificial retina